山东轻工业学院外国语学院
翻译理论与实践上机实践
报告书
学期 _____20##-20##-2_____
班级 英语08-5
课程 翻译理论与实践上机实践
姓名 邹昕润 ____
学号 200810011127
实践心得
这学期的第一个星期我们进行了专业实践，主要是关于翻译技巧的。我们需要运用在线翻译等网络工具来翻译文章，利用网络搜索引擎解决翻译过程中遇到的困难；同时，在翻译实践的过程中能更加熟悉office的相关应用，为之后的工作打下坚实的基础。我们的翻译任务是两篇文章，分别为英译汉和汉译英。在这次的实践过程中，我又学习到了很多东西，比如office软件的特殊功能、个别高级词汇、还有中西方文化差距等等。以前这些都是在课本上了解的，现在真正的在实际操作过程中运用，真的让我受益匪浅。
作为一名翻译工作者，首先我们要充分了解文本软件office的各种功能。Office软件就像我们使用的纸张一样，如果不会熟悉运用，即时翻译得再好，没有工具记下了也是白忙活一场。虽然平时老师向我们讲解过如何运用，但是在实际操作过程中还是第一不懂。比如给疑难单词加上标，若不是老师又为我们操作了一遍，恐怕我要花费很长时间才能找到。现在我们对office软件已经基本能熟练使用了，只是还有个别不常用的功能还不是很了解，以后我们还需要多加练习。
再者，我们要对翻译文章的背景知识有个大体了解。只有掌握一定程度的背景知识，我们才能更好的从作者的角度出发，来了解这篇文章，从而翻译出作者想要传达的思想。第一篇英译汉的文章是关于著名画家梵高的，对于这位画家，虽然我们早已经认识，他的很多作品我们也在课本上见过，但是他的生平经历我们还是不太了解。所以我运用了网络搜索引擎“百度”查询了梵高的资料，了解到他的家族历史，这对之后的翻译工作有了很大的帮助。在第二篇文章中，充分了解文章背景这一技巧就不太符合了，因为文章中的主人翁我们根本没有听说过，所以只了解人物背景还是远远不够的。
第三，在翻译的过程中，准确理解单词的含义也非常重要。碰到生单词时需要借助在线的翻译工具，比如谷歌在线翻译和有道翻译软件，但是有时候翻译出来的译文不是很标准，需要我们自己加以修改。我们需要根据上下文的内容，准确理解生单词在文章的含义，以便翻译出正确的意思。例如，第一篇文章的“demystify”通过网络翻译出来是“是非神秘化；阐明；启发”的意思。原文想要表达的意思是艺术史学家们试图揭开梵高神秘的面纱，如果选择直译，将其翻译成艺术史学家们使梵高的神话非神秘化。这样听起来虽然是忠于原文，却缺乏美感，不符合翻译标准中的“雅”。在第二篇中，“遗妻李氏”这四个字更是难以翻译。中国的文章讲究神韵，如果采取简单的直译法，根本体现不出来这四个字想要表达的意境。但是我又不能更好的用英文表达，所以觉得翻译的不是很好，还需要老师的改正。
第四，翻译的时候要掌握中西方文化的不同之处。英语文章善于运用名词，而汉语则是利用一连串的动词来生动的表达当时的场景，我们在翻译的过程中需要注意这一点。比如第二篇文章中的“置身、追赠、抚摸、抱住、掏出、喷涌和敲击”等词，作者利用这些动词形象生动的向我们展示了抗战烈士的英勇伟大及其妻子的悲痛与愤慨。还有一点就是文章人物的名字该怎么明确翻译。比如第一篇中，作者有时候会称呼梵高的名字“Vincent”，但是在文章后面他的叔叔也被称为“Cent”，翻译成中文就是文森特与森特，很容易使读者将其搞混，所以在翻译时，我直接翻译成了梵高。在第二篇中的“嫂子”一词也是不能精确表达。根据我自己的理解，西方人一般直称人的名字，所以我将它翻译成了“Mrs.Cao”。
第五，还有一点需要注意的就是语态的问题。英语文章中十分注重时态的把握，不同的时态能表达出不同的意境，不同的感情；而汉语文章中，对时态的要求并不严格，通常是用一些动词或是介词等来表达事件发生的时间与人物的情感。比如在第二篇汉译英的文章中，原文是“这位烈士的遗妻李兑承和曹芳震同乡。”，此处是一句陈述句，没有明显表示时态的词语，但是翻译成英文，却要使用“came”这个单词表示文章所叙述的事情是发生在过去。所以，以后在翻译的过程中也不能忽视时态的问题。
最后，大致翻译出原文的意思后，开始对原文进行最后的修改和整理，使文章尽量达到“信、达、雅“的标准。尽管我们现在的水平有限，但还是要忠于原文，表达出原文的意境。
通过这次实践，我对自己平时的学习习惯、自己的知识水品又有了一次新的认识，同时我也意识到自己还存在许多问题。在实践的过程中，我发现自己的单词量远远不够，不仅是对生单词来说，已经学过的单词我也不能熟练运用。以后一定要多加注意，不能掉以轻心，语言是需要一天一天慢慢积累的。另外，我觉得自己对课外知识了解的也很少，在平时我只是按照老师的指导学习课本，不注重对课外知识的积累，对时事政治、国外的风俗习惯和名人名著等不够了解。对于我们语言专业的学生来说，知识面太窄就不能够很好的理解作者的写作思想、文章的背景知识，就更不能很好的翻译文章。所以，在以后的学习过程中，要注重养成良好的学习习惯，增强自己的翻译能力，为将来的工作打下夯实的基础。
成为一名优秀的翻译人员一直是我的梦想，翻译官也是一个令人向往的工作。如今，翻译人员有很多，但是能成为一名极为优秀的翻译人员少之甚少。我知道要想成为一名优秀的翻译人员非常艰难，但是我一定会努力，尽自己最大的力量，在今后的学习过程中，不断提升自己的能力，使自己能成为一名优秀的翻译人员。
附录：问题类型统计表
英译汉部分（文学文本1篇）
汉译英部分（文学文本1篇）
翻译实践原文与译文
英译汉
原文：
Although art historians have spent decades demystifying [1] van Gogh's legend, they have done little to diminish[2] his vast popularity. Auction prices still soar[3], visitors still overpopulate[4] van Gogh exhibitions, and The Starry Night remains ubiquitous[5] on dormitory and kitchen walls. So complete is van Gogh's global apotheosis[6] that Japanese tourists now make pilgrimages to Auvers[7] to sprinkle[8] their relatives' ashes on his grave. What accounts for the endless appeal of the van Gogh myth? It has at least two deep and powerful sources. At the most primitive level, it provides a satisfying and nearly universal revenge fantasy disguised[9] as the story of heroic sacrifice to art. Anyone who has ever felt isolated and unappreciated can identify with van Gogh and hope not only for a spectacular[10]redemption[11] but also to put critics and doubting relatives to shame. At the same time, the myth offers an alluringly[12]simplistic[13] conception of great art as the product, not of particular historical circumstances and the artist's painstaking[14] calculations, but of the naive and spontaneous outpouring[15] of a mad, holy fool. The gaping[16]discrepancy[17] between van Gogh's long-suffering life and his remarkable posthumous[18] fame remains a great and undeniable historical irony. But the notion that he was an artistic idiot savant[19] is quickly dispelled by even the most glancing examination of the artist's letters. It also must be dropped after acquainting oneself with the rudimentary[20] facts of van Gogh's family background, upbringing, and early adulthood.【21】
The image of van Gogh as a disturbed[22] and forsaken[23] artist is so strong that one easily reads it back into his childhood and adolescence. But if van Gogh had died at age twenty, no one would have connected him with failure or mental illness. Instead he would have been remembered by those close to him as a competent[24] and dutiful son with a promising career in the family art-dealing business. He was, in fact, poised[25] to surpass his father and to come closer to living up to the much-esteemed[26] can Gogh name.
The van Goghs were an old and distinguished Dutch family who could trace their lineage[27] in Holland[28] back to the sixteenth century. Among Vincent’s five uncles, one reached the highest rank of vice-admiral【29】 in the Navy and three others prospered as successful art dealers. Van Gogh's grandfather, also named Vincent, had attained an equally illustrations status as an intellectually accomplished Protestant minister. The comparatively modest achievements of the artist's father, Theodorus, proved the exception, not the rule. Although Theodorus was the only one of grandfather Vincent's six sons to follow him into the ministry, he faltered as a preacher[30] and could obtain only modest positions in provincial churches. It was for this reason that Theodorus and his new wife, Anna, found themselves in Groot Zundert[31], a small town near the Belgian[32] border. Vincent was born a few years after their arrival.
Van Gogh enjoyed a relatively uneventful[33] childhood save for the birth of five siblings (three by the time he was six and two more by his fourteenth year) and his attendance at two different boarding schools. In rural Zundert he took long walks in the Brabant countryside and developed a naturalist's love of animals and plants. At his two boarding schools, he excelled at his studies and laid down the foundation for his lifelong facility in French and English. The family's decision to apprentice him at sixteen to Uncle Vincent's art gallery in The Hague[34] was far from a nepotistic[35] last resort.【36】 Uncle Vincent, called "Cent," had transformed an art supply store into a prestigious[37] art gallery and had become a senior partner in Goupil et Cie.【38】, one of the largest art-dealing firms in Europe. Vincent had not better opportunity for advancement than working at The Hague branch of Goupil's. And it was a testament to Vincent's abilities that the childless "Uncle Cent" took a paternal interest in him and arranged for his position as Goupil's youngest employee.
Vincent's duties progressed from record keeping and correspondence chores in the back office to dealing, if only in a subordinate way, with clients. This confronts us with the nearly unthinkable image of the "socially competent" Vincent. But such was the case at this stage in his life.【39】 The same man whose eccentricity would one day make young girls scream in fright dressed appropriately and charmed customers with his enthusiasm for art. Vincent also ingratiated himself with the local artists of The Hague School and earned his colleagues' respect. Although his status as Uncle Cent's nephew and protégé must have smoothed his way, Vincent appears to have been genuinely dedicated and effective at Goupil’s. His boss, Tersteeg, sent home glowing reports and after four years at The Hague he was promoted to the London branch.
译文：
虽然艺术史学家们花费了数十年的时间来探索【1】梵高的传奇，却丝毫没有减弱【2】他的名气。他的作品拍卖价格持续上涨【3】，展览馆里挤满了【4】游客，《星夜》依然遍布【5】宿舍和厨房的墙壁上。如今梵高为全世界的人所神化【6】，日本的游客甚至一路朝拜到奥维【7】，为的就是将亲属的骨灰洒在【8】梵高的墓地上。究竟是什么让梵高的神话有如此大的吸引力？我认为它至少有含两个深远而有力的原因。最基本的一点，在英雄为艺术牺牲的故事下，隐藏【9】的是一个令人满足和几乎全面报复性的幻想。任何一个感到被孤立或不被欣赏的人都会认同梵高，期待着不仅能得到一场壮观的【10】救赎【11】，还能让批评者和有怀疑的人都感到羞愧。与此同时，这个神话还向人们提供了一个比较吸引人的【12】、将伟大艺术作为产品的过于简单化【13】的概念，认为艺术不是在独特的历史氛围和艺术家呕心沥血的【14】努力下形成的，而是一个疯子，神圣的傻瓜自发的真情流露【15】。梵高饱受风霜的生活和他死后【18】卓越的名声产生极大地【16】矛盾【17】，无可否认，这个矛盾仍然是一个极大的历史性讽刺。即使是单凭检查梵高的信件，或是在了解他的家庭背景、成长环境和成年【20】早期后才，也能迅速消除认为他是艺术白痴学者【19】的想法。【21】
梵高精神失常【22】、孤独凄凉的【23】艺术形象非常强烈，人们可以容易地通过他的作品从他的童年和青春期中看出。但是如果梵高在二十岁的时候就去世了，那么就没有人会将他和失败或是心理疾病联系在一起了。相反，亲近他的人会铭记他是能干【24】又孝顺的儿子，在经营艺术品交易的家族里拥有着美好的前途。事实上，他正在【25】超越他的父亲，不负【26】梵高世家之名。
梵高家族是一个古老高贵的荷兰【28】家族，他们的家系【27】能够追溯到十六世纪。在文森特·梵·高的五位叔叔当中，有一位在海军部队【29】中升到了中将的高位，其他三位也成为了成功的艺术品商人。梵高的祖父也叫文特森，他曾经拥有相当于的辉煌地位，是个博学多闻的新教牧师。相比之下。梵高的父亲西奥多卢却成绩平平，是家族里的一个例外。尽管西奥多卢是文特森祖父的六个儿子中唯一一个跟随他进入担任牧师共作的人，但他却只是一名传教士【30】，只能在偏远的教堂里得到卑微的工作。正因如此，西奥多卢才在靠近比利时【32】边界的小镇格鲁特·宗德尔【31】特上结识了他的妻子安娜。他们结婚之后几年就生下了梵高。
在梵高的童年中，除了五个兄弟姐妹的诞生（在他六岁的时候有了三个弟妹，到十四岁时增加到五个）和去了两所寄宿学校之外，一切都很平凡【33】。在宗德尔特，他经常在布拉班特区的郊外散步，由此产生了对动植物自然主义者的爱好。在两所寄宿学校中，梵高的学习非常出色并为之后的法语和英语打下了基础。在梵高十六岁时，他的家人决定将他送到海牙【34】，去文森特叔叔的艺术长廊里当学徒，不过这绝非万不得已而动用亲戚【35】关系。【36】文森特叔叔，被人们称为“森特”，他将一家艺术品供应商店转变成享有声望的【37】艺术长廊，同时成为欧洲最大的艺术品交易公司之一“古比尔”【38】里面地位较高的合作伙伴。梵高通过在海牙工作得到了进步的最好机会。森特叔叔像父亲一样照顾他，在“古比尔”里为他安排了一个职位，使他成为了里面最年轻的职员，而这也是对文森特能力的考验。
文森特的职务从在办公室里记录档案、整理零碎事务进展到同客户做交易。这个时期的梵高向我们展示了令人无法想象的“社会适应良好”的形象。但这是他生命这一阶段的事实。【39】这个在后来以怪异举止吓得女士尖叫的人，当时穿着得体，用他对艺术的热爱吸引顾客。梵高也逢迎海牙学校的当地艺术家们，以此来赢得同事们的尊重。尽管作为森特叔叔的侄子，他一路顺利，但他在公司里尽职尽力，也很有效率。他的老板，特斯特格在写给梵高的信中称赞他。在海牙呆了四年之后，他被提升到伦敦分。
汉译英
原文：
民族烈士墓地【1】是一个民族的精神家园。置身“航空烈士公墓”我获得一个印象：鹰巢。沿紫金山【2】北坡拾级而上，产生飞机升空的庄严感。二百六十座坟墓,托举二百六十方石板。是墓碑，但象征停机坪【3】，一方停机坪等待一只鹰。
36号墓前那块石板上刻有如下文字：
曹芳震烈士(亦名芳镇)，湖南省湘乡县人，生于1913年5月10日。中央航空学校第六期毕业，任空军第五大队第二十四队少尉【4】本级飞行员。1937年10月12日南京空战中阵亡。追赠中尉。遗妻李氏。
陵园【5】很静，我听得出自己抚摸碑文【6】的沙沙声。触及最后四个字，似有雷电涌动【7】。过分冗长使人厌倦，过分简洁使人震惊。“遗妻李氏”，仅仅四个字。【8】不乏四个字的欢乐，不乏四个字的痛苦，可四个字如何描写一只鹰呢？
这位烈士的遗妻李兑承和曹芳震同乡。在长沙举行的婚礼上新郎说：“我此生只有三个纪念日——一是航校毕业，一是今天结婚，第三当是抗击日寇、血洒长空那一天了。”一语既出，满座骇异。新娘颤颤举杯，连酒带泪一口喝了下去。假满归队，新郎在自己的名片上写下“亲爱的，珍重，你的芳震”，再把名片悄悄放进新娘的梳妆盒【9】。谁知一言竞成凿语，夫妻一场，仅共五天。
1937年10月12日下午，日寇以九架三菱重轰炸机【10】、六架同式驱逐机【11】配以水上侦察机【12】自北而南奔袭石城。【13】四大队大队长高志航、廿四队队长刘粹刚率领驱逐机八架迎敌于龙潭一万五千英尺高空。是役，我军三比一胜。而“三比一”的这个“一”，恰是年仅二十四岁的曹芳震。兀鹰【14】身中十七弹，折翅笆斗山麓。
身置军营，面对国殇，李兑承缄口垂泪守灵七日。临行，她一把抱住血衣，颤颤巍巍从军装口袋里掏出一支浸血的枪。殷红，炽热，枪身的血仿佛是从枪膛【15】里喷涌出来的。双手捧枪，失声恸哭。良久，她向队长刘粹刚硬咽求告:“作为遗属我什么都不要，请把这支手枪给我吧。”一听这话东北大汉刘粹刚声泪俱下，他说:“嫂子，你要什么都可以，独独这支枪我不能给你呀……”说完，他向李兑承，也向那支枪庄严敬礼【16】。手触帽沿他想:世间什么力量能够战胜一个敢以复仇作为遗物的民族呢?【17】
五日新婚，七日守灵，阴间阳界，聚首十二天。【18】两月后南京沦陷——魂归故里，遗骸何置？就在李兑承面向北方伸出双臂的瞬间，她的一头黑发猛地全白了。
为纪念抗战爆发五十周年，也是中国空军首战告捷五十周年，1987年11月21日，李兑承来到航空烈士公墓。脊背俯伏，目光迟滞，步履瞒姗。哒，哒，哒，哒，竹杖【19】敲击墓道像苍天滴泪。行至36号墓，天地禁声。漫漫半个世纪，对于鹰的寻觅终于走到鹰巢近边。老人的手掌本应抚摸孩子面颊，她却抚摸石头。陵园很静，听得出她抚摸碑文的沙沙声。触及最后四个字，老人晕倒了。倒下还摩挲石板——石板下面，埋着那支枪吗?
寂静中飞起一只鹰，鹰以双翅抚摸天空。
译文：
The National martyrs’s cemetery【1】 is the spiritual home of a nation. Standing in the aviation martyrs cemetery I get the impression: eagle nests. Stepping up along the northern slope of the Purple Mountain【2】, I have a sense of Solemnity just like the aircraft took off. In the Cemetery there are two hundred and sixty graves which lift two hundred and sixty square stone. They are the tombstone, but symbolize the apron【3】. One apron is waiting for one eagle.
Words engraved on the stone in front of the 36th grave are as follows:
The Martyr Cao Fang Zhen (also known as Fang town), was born at the Xiangxiang County of Hunan Province in the May 10, 1913. Graduating from the Central Aviation School as the sixth term of the graduates, he served as the second lieutenant【4】 pilot in the twenty-fourth group of Fifth Battalion in the Air Force. On October 12, 1937 he was killed in the combat in Nanjing. He was given the lieutenant position, but left his wife Li.
The cemetery【5】 was so quiet that I could hear the rustle when I touch the Inscription【6】. When I reach the last four words, it seems to be the surging【7】 of the thunder and lightning. People tired of the over-long words, shocked of the over-simple. ‘Left his wife Li’ although only four words,【8】 they are full of the happiness and the pain. But how can these words describe an eagle?
The hero and his wife LiChendui came from the same place. On their wedding which held in Changsha the bridegroom said:‘there are only there anniversaries in my whole life –the first is the day when I graduated from aviation school, the second is today, and the third is the day when we repel the Japanese invaders.’ Everyone was shocked by his words. The bride lift the cup tremblingly, and drank the wine with tear. When the holiday was over, the bridegroom wrote in his cards‘honey, please take care of yourself. your Fangzheng’, and then quietly put it into the bride’s dressing box【9】. Unfortunately, this became a reality. They only had five days of the couple.
October 12, 1937 afternoon, nine Japanese Mitsubishi heavy-bomber planes【10】, six expulsion aircrafts【11】accompanied by the sea reconnaissance plane【12】 flied from north to south to fight the city stone.[13] The captain of the Fourth Air Force GaoZhihang, and Liu Cuigang who was the leader of the 24th Air Force led eight chasers to meet the enemy on fifteen thousand feet in altitude of Longtan. In this battle, our army three to one got victory. But this ‘one’ was just CaoFangzhen who was only twenty-four years old. Condor[14] was shot of seventeen shells, fell in the mountain of Badou.
Standing in the barracks, LiDuicheng did not say a word but cried for seven days facing the bad news. Before leaving, she hugged the bloody uniform, pulled quiveringly a bloody gun out from its pocket. Bright red, hot, the blood on the gun is like spewing out from the barrel[15]. She held the gun with both her hands and wept uncontrollably. After a long time, she said to the captain Yan Cui Gang with choked voice : "As his wife I do not want anything, please give this gun to me. "On hearing this LiuCuigang cried out and said:‘Mrs.Cao, you can want everything but this gun.’ Then he saluted[16] to Lee and the gun solemnly. Touch the hat he thought: What force can overcome the people which dare to regard the revenge as a relic?[17]
They stayed together only twelve days, including five wedding days in the same world and seven days in the different world[18]. Two months after Nanjing was invaded----- hero’s Soul came back to his hometown, but where to settle down the remains? The moment Li Duicheng open her arms for the north, her black hair was suddenly all white. November 21, 1987, Li Duicheng went to the aviation martyrs cemetery To commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the outbreak of war,also The fiftieth anniversary of the Chinese Air Force won the first battle. Her back curved, eyes laged, gait tottered. Da，da，da，da，the sound of bamboo[19] crunch knock the tomb passage just like weep of the heaven. When she came to the 36th grave, everywhere is quite. Looking for the eagle for half century has finally come nearly to eagle nests Her hands which should touch a child’s cheek touched the stone. The cemetery was so quiet that the rustle when she touched the Inscription could be heared. Reached the last four words, the old woman fainted. but she also rubbed the stone—did the gun buried under the stone?
Silent launched into an eagle launched in the silent, it used the wings to touch the sky.