新东方英语写作必备六级

时间：2024.5.8

1. 当今, 大学生心理健康问题值得重视;

2. 分析大学生产生心理健康问题的原因;

3. 作为一名大学生,我应该…

Psychological problems among college students are increasingly worrisome, severely affecting their academic performance on campus as well as their social performance in the future. It is high time that the schools and the whole society paid their full attention to the psychological health of the university students.

There are a host of reasons for this phenomenon. To start with, some students suffer a lot from not getting along well with classmates or roommates. More than too often they tend to settle the misunderstandings over violence, or choose to hide their emotions, which always lead to more serious psychological problems. In addition, peer pressure is likely to deprive students of confidence, making them feel inferior to their peers. And pressure from the study and the job-hunting competition are also contributors to all kinds of psychological problems.

As a college student myself, I do believe we should be tough and courageous enough to face new challenges in our new life, and I strongly recommend the schools to offer more effective psychological instructions.

第二篇：新东方英语六级精品全程班写作讲义

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大学英语六级考试短文写作短写

一、六级写作评分标准

大学英语六级考试作文的目的旨在考核学生英语书面表达的能力。作文考试时间为

分钟,要求写出不少于 150 个词的短文。六级考试作文的出题方式有：命题作文，看图画或图表作文，根据所给文章（英文或中文）写出文章摘要或大意，给出关键词作文等。考试的作文内容为社会、文化或日常生活的一般常识，不涉及知识面过广、专业性太强的内容。对30作文的要求是：切题，文理通顺，表达正确，意思连贯，无重大语言错误。

下面介绍六级考试作文的评分原则和标准，并通过五份样卷作一个详细说明。

(一)作文评分原则

2.CET 是检查考生是否达到大学英语教学大纲规定的六级教学要求，对作文的评判应以此要求为准则。CET 作文题采用总体评分（Global Scoring ）方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分

（Reward Scores）,而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。

3.从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体，作文应表达题

目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而确切地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。

4.避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，包括满分；该给低分的给低分，包括

卷人员在所阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。0 分，一名阅

(二)作文评分标准

3.本题满分为 15 分。阅卷标准共分五等: 2 分、5 分、8 分、11 分及 14 分。各有标准样卷一至二份。阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数（如

分数（即8 分），若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数，即可加一分（即8 分）相似，即定为该9 分）或减一分（即7分），但不得加或减半分。

4.评分标准：

2 分……条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。

5 分……基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。

8 分……基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。

11 分……切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。

14 分……切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。

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[注:白卷,作文与题目毫不相关 ,或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想 ,则给 0 分。]

5.字数不足应酌情扣分

累计字数

扣分140-1491130-1392120-1293110-1194100-109590-99680-897＜799

[注:]1. 如题目中给出主题句,

2.起始句,结束句,均不得计入所写字数规定内容未写全者，按比例扣分。

实例一

2003 年 1 月真题

Directions:For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic It

Pays t BeB Honest.You should write at least 150 words and base your composition onthe outline (given in Chinese) below:

1.当今社会上存在着很多不诚实的现象。

2.诚实利人利己，做人应该诚实。

It Pat BeB Honest

① In our modern social life, there are many examples around us show many people are

cheated. Advertisements cheat people, salesmen cheat people, even one's closest friends cheat himor her. So many heartbreaks are heard everyday that we cannot help asking: where is our honest

exist?

Everybody is taught honest in the primary school or even in the kindergarten. Honesty does

good not only to ourselves, but to others as well. If we are honest to others. We will be happier andbe in a better mood. Otherwise, we'll feel guilt at last. To a company and its advertisement, honestywill bring it more consumer and more profit. If we cheat others, friends will never believe you andthey will leave you alone. To a company, no consumer will buy your product again.

So, as the above is said, it pays to be honest. Let's create a morally outstanding social.

②Although honesty is believed to be a virtue, there are still dishonest people in our society.For example, some businessmen sell fake product to their consumers; some students cheat in theexams.

Dishonest people are short-sighted. Those who sell fake products may make money at first,but consumers won't buy their products any more. As a result, they will lose their fortune or evenbe sent to prison. By contrast, honest people gain a lot. Those who always tell truth or keep to theirpromise not only let others trust them but gain respect from other people as well. Such persons are

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sure to have a lot of good friends. Because they are trustable and respectable, everyone is eager tomake friends with them. Besides, it is easier for a person with a good record to get a good job.

Generally speaking, every employer wants his employees to be honest. So we can say that anyone

who is honest will be paid back later.

In a word, honesty wins trust, respect and honor. So it is important that we should be honest.③ With the development of modern economic and industry, competitive is becoming more

and more obvious. At the same time, the performance of dishonest is becoming more and more

clearly.

Nowadays, there are many dishonest performance in our society. For example, some people

found that he saled goods had past the preservation date. Not throw them away, they revised the

perservation date, and saled them again after several days. Another case in the point, a pair of shoes

was made from goat. However, in order to sale at a high price, the salers would say they were made

from cow which has good quality.

From the foregoing, we can see that dishonest dose not only harm to yourselves but also

harm to others. And it is no use only realise the harmness of dishonest. We should be honest from

now on and be honest in our daily life. It is only that people all over the world are honest them our

country will be beautiful and wealthy.

④ Now in our society, many people are not honest in doing soming. We often can

with soming happened cause by people who are not honest. For example, Now we take the bus

need carry cents own, and when you upstairs the bus, you should put the cent into the money box.

Every people do that, but some of the people put the other things instead the cents.meetFor anotherexample, it is more normal that in the exams we can always find some students see others.

I consider that every people should be honest. As a people, honest should be first, because it

can make us to be increase and make our socity develop. In doing every thing we should be honestall, study, word, life and so on. If you are honest, every people will be friend to you, and who willregard you are good people.

But if you don't be honest, people must unwilling to trath with you. So if you are want to be a

good people, remember honest first.

⑤Nowadays, many people choose not to be honest in our modern society. We almost can findsuch things every day of our life: some students cheat in the exam for higher marks; some

corporations tell wrong data to the public in order to get more investment; and some doctors treattheir patients with unnecessary and expensive medicines in order to make money, sometimesdamaged the patients' health, even their life.

Seeing this situation. I think it must be changed. Being honest will benefit not only others, butalso ourselves. First, your honesty will make others willing to trust you. Second, being honest can

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lead you to face your problem bravely, which helps to solve it. And the last, honest surely helps tomake the society more harmony.

So. I think everyone should start to be honest and everyone should have the idea that our

society can not do without honesty.

实例二

1999 年 6 月真题

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Reading

Selectively or ExtensivelYou should write at least 120 words and you should baseyour composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

1.有些人认为读书要有选择

2.有些人认为应当博览群书

3.我的看法

Readingn SelectivelyOr Extensivel

① When it comes to reading, some people think that reading selectively is a good way, but

some other people do not agree with them, they think that reading extensively is better.

Those people, who think that reading selectively is better, believe that good books are as many

as bad books. Those good books can give us pleasure and knowledge, while those bad books canonly lead us to the wrong way. So, they suggest that we should only choose the good books to readand never touch the bad books.

But, the other people, who hold that reading extensively is better, think that one kind of books

can only give us one aspect of knowledge. Even the best book only contains one field of

information. So, they can easily come to the conclusion that“to know more, to read more”. Sothey believe that reading extensively is better.

To my point, we should choose good books to read and read good books as many as possible.

By this way, we can increase the quality and quantity of reading.

② I think reading not only selectively but also extensively. Because the two sides are not

contradict. Our time is limited. So we can not read every book in the world. However, we will notbe interested in every book. We should read those books may be useful to ours, read those bookswhich we like. But those books which we choose must be extensively so it can give ours all kinds

of knowledge, news and so on, it also make ours become a wise man. On the one hand readingselectively let ours not waste our time which it is limitted. Moreover it can emphasis among all

books that we can read. On the other hand reading extensively can deal with all kinds of need in ourlife. They are all useful to ours.

③ Most people thought that read books should have been selectived. But others belived

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reading extentively was correction.

Selective books or reading extensively?

Sure, you can choice one from previous ideas,

on one hand, There are too book to read for us. We should choose those which we intrested,and it would be helpful for us.

on another hand. Someone's intresting was wide. Each book could bring you specific contain

we couldn't reading at only one level.

I confirmed all of these ideas were good but weren't wise.

As a reader, the main task is to discover more and more books the second task is to held somewhich wonderful and helpful for us. Don't treat these books with rackless abandon.

The best technology of reading is connect.

④ How should we read? Should we read selectively or extensively? Everyone has his ownview.

Some people think we should read selectively. They argue that with the development of

modern science and technology, more and more books are published. It is impossible for us to readall the books. What's more, there are many bad books that are poisonous to our mind, and weshouldn't read them. Since we can't read all the books and we shouldn't read bad books, we mustread selectively.

But others may not agree. They emphasize that today's society is not what it was. If one man

has many kinds of knowledge he'll have more chances to succeed. If a man knows much in onefield but knows nothing in other fields, he may be useless. Since we must have many kinds ofknowledge, we must read extensively.

Who's right? I think both of them have something right. But I think we should read extensivelyfirst. We should read books in many fields, and read selectively in one field.

⑤ Some people think reading shall be choosed. Because some books are good to hummenbeings and some books are harmful to people.

Some people think that men shoud read books widely. Because wide reading can help man getmuch knowledge. And man can use it to change the world.

It is my point that reading must be selectively. Because reading is important to man. Somebooks can help man but some books can lead some people to crime. It can be seen in the

newspapers and watched on TV. We can make full use of some good books and gain more usefulknowledge. It can make our life more beauiful. We must give up those unhelpful books. They arenot good to us. Reading them is wasting time and money. So reading selectively is an importantpart in reading.

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二、写作常见错误分析

一、语法错误

（一）句子结构错误

1．主从句叠置

1) There are more and more students like to use the computer.

2) There are still many problems should be noted and resolved.

2．简单句叠置

I like chatting on line very much, I go to the net bar almost every weekend.

3．从句叠置

As is known to all that computers play an important role in many fields of our life.

4．句子成分缺失

If work hard, we will surely be successful.

5．语序错误

1) Why college students spend more and more time on the computer?

2) I often wonder where have they got their money.

（二）动词错误

1．时态错误

Many people thought that the Internet will be more useful in the future.

2．语态错误

1)I have excited several days at the news that you will come here.

2)Most of the students satisfy with the service in the dining hall.

3．单复数错误

1)Wise man seek opportunities rather than wait for them.

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2)Someone are afraid that computer may control men in the future.

4．非谓语动词错误

1)Let me to represent everyone to say “hello” to you.

2)Do exercise in the morning is good for one’s health.

3)Having studied in our school for 3 years, the canteen service has changed a lot.

（三）代词错误

1)We can use computers in doing everything you like.

2)A college student should be able to do their washing on their own.

（四）冠词错误

2)Horse is an useful animal.The exam will be held in the December, 2004.

（五）词性错误

2)I wish you can consider my suggests.If a person wants to success, he must learn to endure sufferings and setbacks.

二、用词错误

3)Students must know how to apply a computer.People can touch many new things on the Internet.The purpose of this letter is to react some opinions on the service in the dining hall.

三、表达习惯错误

1)Why generated so large a change?

2)Now 6000 yuan can buy a P4 computer.

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3)A room often lives 6-8 students.

4)I think this great change has three reasons.

5)The prices of the food are too expensive.

6)The reason for this is because some people want to earn plenty of money without

working hard.

四、标点符号及大小写错误

1)However, every coin has two sides, I think the surroundings in our canteen are the

best among all universities.

2)The man was racing down the street. Because he was late for the class.

3)At last I want to let you know, I love our university very much.

4)My favorite sports are swimming、jogging、mountaineering and playing table tennis.

5)The best English film in my eyes is《Forrest Gump》.

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三、六级写作题型分类

（一）对立观点型

2000 年 6 月

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic IsTe

of SpokEnglishNecessary? The First sentence has already been written for you.You should write at least 120 words, and you should base your composition on theoutline (given in Chinese) below:

1.很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是 ......

2.也有人持不同意见， ......

3.我的看法和打算

1999 年 6 月

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Reading

Selectively or ExtensivelYou should write at least 120 words and you should baseyour composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

1.有些人认为读书要有选择

2.有些人认为应当博览群书

3.我的看法

1998 年 6 月

Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topicDo

“Luckyk NumbersReallBringGo

1.有些人认为某些数字会带来好运

2.我认为数字和运气无关......LucYou should write at least 120 wordsand you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

1997 年 6 月

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic My Vi

onJob-Hopping.You should write at least 120 words and you should base yourcomposition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

1.有些人喜欢始终从事一种工作，因为 ......

2.有些人喜欢经常更换工作，因为 ......

3.我的看法

1996 年 1 月

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the title:

WhyTaColleEnglisTest Ban6. You should base your composition on the

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following outline (given in Chinese).

1.有些人认为没有必要参加大学英语六级考试

2.我参加 CET-6 考试的理由

1995 年 6 月

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Should

Firecrackersk r BeB Banned?You should write at least 120 words and you should baseyour composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

1.有人认为放鞭炮是好事，为什么 ?

2.有人认为放鞭炮是坏事，为什么 ?

3.我的看法

1993 年 6 月

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic My

View onOpportunity. You must base your composition on the following instructions(given in Chinese):

有的人认为机会是极少的，另一些人则认为人人都会有某种机会。你的看法如何？写出你的理由并且适当举例。在你的文章结尾处不要忘记写出你的结论。Your composition should be no less than 120 words. Remember to write it neatly.

（二）解决问题型

2003 年 12 月

Directions:For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a short essay entitled Reduce

Waste onCampus.You should write at least 150 words following the outline givenbelow:

1．有些大学校园浪费的现象日益严重

2．浪费的危害

3．杜绝浪费，从我做起

2000 年 1 月

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic How

Finance M CollegeEducatioYou should write at least 120 words, and base yourcomposition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

1.上大学的费用（tuition and fees）可以通过多种途径解决。

2.哪种途径适合我（说明理由）。

1998 年 1 月

Directions:For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic My

View onFakeCommoditieYou should write at least 120 words, and base your

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composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

1.假冒伪劣商品的危害

2.怎样杜绝假冒伪劣商品

1995 年 1 月

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the title: My

ViewontheNegativeEffectsofSomeAdvertisements.You should base yourcomposition on the following outline (given in Chinese).

1.现在有些不良的商业广告

2.这些广告的副作用和危害性

3.我对这些广告的态度

You must write your composition in no less than 120 words on the Composition Sheetand remember to write in readable handwriting.

1990 年 6 月

Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic How to

Solve thHousings n Problem in BiCities. Four suggested solutions to this problem

are listed below. You are supposed to write in favor of one suggestion (ONE only) andagainst another (ONE only). You should give your reasons in both cases. You shouldwrite no less than 120 words. Remember to give a short introduction and a briefconclusion. Write your composition clearly.

四种可能解决住房问题的方案：

1.多造高层建筑

2.向地下发展

3.建造卫星城市

4.疏散城市人口

1990 年 1 月

Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic How to

SolvetheProblemofHeaTrafficaccording to the following OUTLINE. Yourcomposition should be no less than 120 words. Remember that the contents of theOUTLINE should ALL be included in your composition. But you are not supposed totranslate the OUTLINE word for word.

OUTLINE

问题：城市交通拥挤

解决方案（solution）

1. 建造(lay down)更多道路

优点：(1)降低街道拥挤程度

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(2)加速车流（flow of traffic）

缺点：占地过多

2.开辟（open up）更多公共汽车线路

优点：减少自行车与小汽车

缺点：对部分人可能造成不方便

结论：两者结合

（三）谚语警句型

1997 年 1 月

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Haste

MakesWaste.You should write at least 120 words and you should base yourcomposition on the outline (given in Chinese) below.

1.为什么“欲速则不达”？

2.举例说明。

（四）图表图画型 2003 年 9 月

2003 年 6 月

2002 年 6 月

1996 年 6 月

1992 年 1 月

1991 年 6 月

（详见“九、历年写作真题”部分）

（五）应用写作型

2004 年 6 月

2002 年 1 月

2001 年 6 月

（详见“九、历年写作真题”部分）

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四、六级写作分类范文

（一）对立观点型

1. I a Test o Spoken EngliNecessary

A test of spoken English will be included as an optional component of College English Test(CET). Some people argue that it is absolutely necessary to hold a test of spoken English in Chinabecause we have been informed frequently that a Chinese student who has been learning Englishfor over ten years cannot even communicate with a native speaker. A test of spoken English willbring the college students an awareness of the importance of oral English, and will thus help themwith their communicating skills.

On the other hand, some others still maintain that a good command of reading and writingskills will be enough for the English learners. To some extent their opinion derives from the factthat students are already under considerable pressure from their coursework. Another required testwill only add to their burden.

In my opinion, a test of spoken English will do more good than harm. Since China will

continue its policy of opening and reform, the ability to speak English fluently is a must for anyonewho wants to surpass others in a highly competitive society. Whether I take the test or not, I shallspare no efforts to practice oral English in the remaining years of my college study.

2. D“Lucky Numbers ”Really Bring GoLuck

There are people who believe that some numbers bring good luck, while others bring bad luck.For instance, in China the number eight is thought to be lucky. Turning our attention to the West,

we find that the number seven is considered lucky, but the number 13 is avoided like the plague.

In spite of all these claims, most people would agree that there is little evidence that numbershave any influence on our lives. In fact, they say, the reverse seems to be the case. For one thing,we might expect calculators to break down every time they note the number 13, and for another,although every week has seven days we know that not every week is lucky for us.view. It is obvious that there is no scientific basis for the belief that there is a connection betweenluck and numbers. All in all, it seems to me to be superstition.

3. M View on Job-Hoppip n

Job-hopping, or frequent change of jobs, is becoming increasingly common in China today. Asthe economy grows, more opportunities for employment are appearing than before. The result isthat people, especially young people, are tempted to change jobs frequently, seeking higher salariesor more interesting positions.

Nevertheless, many people prefer to stay in their old jobs. This is partly because they feelloyal to their work units, and partly because they dislike the idea of having to spend much timetraining for a new job. In addition, although a new job may offer higher pay or more opportunities

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for promotion, it may be located far from home and be inconvenient to reach.

I think it is a good thing for the workforce to be flexible, so that new demands for personnelcan be satisfied quickly. However, if a person changes jobs too often, he or she will cause losses tothe employing units. Moreover, frequent job-hopping prevents a person from gaining valuable jobexperience and developing good work habits.

4．WhyTakCollege Englis TestBan

(a)6

Some people consider that it is unnecessary to take College English Test Band 6 (CET-6). One

reason they cite is that most schools set CET-4 as the main requirement. Another reason is that theythink that CET-6 is simply too difficult for them.

I, however, have decided to accept the challenge of CET-6. The preparation for this test willforce me to raise the level of my English ability. Besides, I regard CET-6 as a stepping-stone tofurther qualifications in English which will help me in my future career.

All in all, taking CET-6 is advantageous for both a student’s studies and his personal

development. The first advantage is that he will improve his English skills in an all-round way. Thesecond is that he will strengthen his character by continuing his English studies when other peoplehave been lazy and stopped.

(b)

When it comes to College English Test Band 6 (CET-6), opinions differ from person to person.Some hold the positive view. They believe that taking CET-6 is advantageous for both a student’sstudies and his personal development. The first advantage is that he will improve his English skillsin an all-round way. The second is that he will strengthen his character by continuing his Englishstudies when other people have been lazy and stopped.

Others, however, hold the opposite view. They maintain that it is unnecessary to take CollegeEnglish Test Band 6 (CET-6). One reason they cite is that most schools set CET-4 as the mainrequirement. Another reason is that they think that CET-6 is simply too difficult for them.

Personally, I have decided to accept the challenge of CET-6. The preparation for this test will

force me to raise the level of my English ability. Besides, I regard CET-6 as a stepping-stone tofurther qualifications in English which will help me in my future career.

5. ShouFirecracker BeB Banned?

(a)

Some people think that setting off firecrackers is a good thing. They say that it is an ancientChinese custom which should be preserved. They also claim that firecrackers make festivals andholiday occasions more colorful and entertaining for both adults and children.

On the other hand, there are many people who say that firecrackers should be banned. Theypoint out that firecrackers are responsible for fires which destroy property, and for injuries suffered

both by the people who set them off and by innocent bystanders. They also say that firecrackers area waste of money and resources.

新东方

My own point of view is that we should preserve the old custom of letting off firecrackers,while at the same time making them harmless. We can do this by banning firecrackers from public

places. In addition, we should restrict the setting off of firecrackers to festival days.

(b)

There is no denying the fact that setting off firecrackers has been a hotly debated topic in

China. People’s opinions differ sharply on this issue. Some hold the positive view. They say that it

is an ancient Chinese custom which should be preserved. They also claim that firecrackers make

festivals and holiday occasions more colorful and entertaining for both adults and children. Withoutfirecrackers, festivals would become dull and cheerless.

Others, however, hold the opposite view. They maintain that firecrackers should be banned.They point out that firecrackers are responsible for fires, which destroy, property, and for injuries

suffered both by the people who set them off and by innocent bystanders. They also argue thatfirecrackers are a waste of money and resources.

Personally, I believe that we should not go to extremes. On the one hand, we should preservethe old custom of letting off firecrackers; on the other hand, we should make it harmless. This canbe done by banning firecrackers from public places. In addition, the setting off of firecrackersshould be restricted to festival days.

(c)

party owning convincing evidences. Those who are in favor of setting firecrackers claim that it isan ancient Chinese custom that should be preserved. They also argue that firecrackers makefestivals and holiday occasions more colorful and entertaining for both adults and children. Withoutfirecrackers, festivals would become cold and cheerless.

On the other hand, there are many people who are of the opinion that firecrackers should bebanned. They point out that firecrackers are responsible for fires which destroy property, and for

injuries suffered both by the people who set them off and by innocent bystanders. Besides, theymaintain that firecrackers lead to a waste of money and resources.

Personally, I think that both sides have something right. Actually, firecrackers should begive up eating for fear of choking. The best policy, as I see it, is to maximize their advantages and6. M View on Opportuni

There is no consensus of opinion in society about opportunities. There are some who think thatopportunities come only rarely, and only to lucky people. Others argue that opportunities come toeveryone from time to time.

Personally, I agree with the latter opinion. It seems to me that various kinds of opportunitiesare all around us all the time. The secret is to recognize opportunities and to grasp them in time,because they will not come to you of their own accord. For example, my classmates once refused to

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enter a national chemistry competition, because they thought that they had no chance of winning.But I took this opportunity, and by preparing well I managed to win the first prize.

Now my motto is: Watch out for opportunities, and at all times prepare yourself to take

advantage of them.

（二）解决问题型

7.eduWast ono Campus

(a)

Nobody could have failed to notice the fact that wasting has become a grave problem in manycampuses. In the dining hall, much food are left in the plates and dumped into the trash can. In theclassroom, blank or half blank pieces of paper are left on the desks. In the dorm building, taps areleft open and water left running or dripping all the time. And there can be more such examples.

In view of the expanding population and the shortage of various resources, wasting is really a

harmful habit. It put strains on the already short supply of food, water, electricity and the like.Besides, it goes against traditional virtue of hard work and simple living and may leads to aluxurious life style, which is dangerous to the souls of mankind.

Therefore, it is high time that we take steps to stop wasting. We should start from trifles

around ourselves: remember to turn off the tap when we finish washing; try to order the exactamount of food we can consume; never throw away any blank or half blank pieces of paper. Andalways remember, a penny saved is a penny earned.

(b)

Nobody could have failed to notice the fact that wasting has been a grave problem with whichwe are confronted. Taking a look around, we can find examples too numerous to list: in the dininghall, much food are left in the plates and dumped into the trash can; in the classroom, blank piecesof paper are left on the desks; in the dorm building, taps are left open and water left running all thetime.

Wasting is bound to generate severe consequences if we keep turning a blind eye to it. Firstand foremost, it put strains on the already short supply of food, water, electricity and the like.Besides, it goes against traditional virtue of hard work and simple living and may leads to aluxurious life style, which is dangerous to the souls of mankind.

In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures must be taken before things get

worse. First, it is essential that regulations be worked out and enforced to ban wasting. Secondly,students should enhance their awareness of saving resources. With proper laws and an alert public,it will only be a matter of time for wasting to become a thing of the past.

8.oI Finance M College Educatit o

(a)

Nowadays, if we want to go to college, we will have to pay a big sum of money. It's a problemto many students.Many ways can contribute to solve this serious problem. But the following onesmay be the most effective. First, you can ask your parents for help if they have nice careers.

Another way to solve this problem is to apply for a bank loan. Finally, we can find a part time jobto get enough money.

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As to me, I'm in favor of the second idea. My reasons of choice can be listed as follows. Firstof all, my parents are not rich enough to afford me. Secondly, you'll not have enough time andenergy to study after finishing the part time job. Finally, I'm sure that I'll get a nice job aftergraduation. Then I'll be able to pay back the loan.

Through the analysis above, I believe that bank loan is my best choice.

(b)

Nobody could have failed to notice the fact that college tuition and fees are a grave problemwith which many families and students are confronted in China. Taking a look around, we can findmany excellent students are denied the chance to go to college due to lack of money.

In view of the seriousness of the situation, effective measures must be taken before things get

worse. Actually, the problem can be dealt with in many ways. First, you can ask your parents forhelp if they have nice careers. Another way to solve this problem is to apply for a bank loan. Finally,we can find a part time job to get enough money.

graduation. Then I'll be able to pay back the loan. Through the analysis above, I believe that bankloan is my best choice.

9. M View o Fake Commodities

Nobody could have failed to notice the fact that fake commodities have been a grave problemwith which we are confronted. Fake and shoddy goods flood the market. Taking a look around, wecan find examples too numerous to list: pirated editions of books and films, food and drinks of poorquality and the like.

Fake and shoddy goods are bound to generate severe consequences if we keep turning a blindeye to them. First and foremost, they directly infringe upon consumers’ rights, wasting their moneyand threatening their health and even lives. Besides, the production and sale of fake goods causeserious losses on the part of honest and lawful producers. Last but not least, the destruction of fakecommodities means a grievous waste of the nation’s resources.manufacture and circulation of fake and shoddy goods. Secondly, the public should enhance theirawareness of identifying and refusing sub-standard commodities. With proper laws and an alertpublic, it will only be a matter of time for fake and shoddy goods to become things of the past. /10. M View o the Negativet v Effects o Some Advertisemen

There is no denying the fact that many commercial advertisements carry undesirable messages.They advertise luxury goods, unhealthy foodstuffs and drinks, and sometimes even dangerous orenvironmentally harmful products such as motor cars. In addition, they may advertise spiritually

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harmful publications or entertainment.

Such advertisements are bound to generate severe consequences if we keep turning a blind eyeto them. First, they encourage people to waste money and resources. Moreover, they set a bad

example to youngsters, arousing in them the desire for luxuries instead of teaching them the good

habit of leading a simple life-style.

In view of the seriousness of the situation, effective measures should be taken before thingsget worse. For one thing, proper laws and regulations should be worked out and enforced to banthese ads. For another, the pubic should be educated to identify these ads and refuse to buy the

products recommended by them. With these measures taken, it will be a matter of time before theseads to become things of the past.

11. How to SolthHousings n Problem in BiCities

The shortage of housing in big cities is one of the most serious problems of modern living.Increasing numbers of people are finding it difficult to conduct normal family and work dutiesbecause they either have nowhere to live or their houses are inadequate. This is a problem thatrequires an urgent solution because it leads to social unrest and economic inefficiency.

Some people suggest that the solution to the problem is to build more high-rise apartments,others are in favor of underground housing areas. I prefer the first idea, because it is cheaper to

build above ground than below. Besides, people prefer to live in the open air and see the sunshine.

The second idea is not practical. One reason for this is that it is dangerous to construct living

places under streets and buildings. Another reason is that it would take too much time to carry out,and in the meantime the number of people waiting for houses would increase, thus making theproblem worse.

12. Hoto SolthProblem of HeavTraffic

Nowadays, China’s cities are getting increasingly crowded. The rapid increase in population is

being made worse by the steady influx of people from the rural areas seeking employment. As aresult, heavy traffic is a big headache, with all the roads packed with cars, bicycles and pedestrians.

In my opinion, there are two ways to solve the problem. One is to build more and wider roadsto make the public highways less crowded and speed up the flow of traffic. The other is to expandthe number of public bus routes, so that more people can be transported and fewer people will haveto travel by car or bicycle.

However, each of these solutions brings problems with it. The former may occupy too muchland that could be used for farms or houses; the latter may cause inconvenience for long periods inbus lines. I think the best answer to the problem of heavy traffic is a combination of the two: buildmore roads in places where land is less useful, and at the same time increase the number of publicbus routes.

（三）谚语警句型

13. HasMakWast

A famous saying goes “Haste makes waste”, which means that one should do everything stepby step. Even simple operations can easily be spoiled if we rush to complete them, neglectingimportant stages in the process. One should make full preparations before beginning any task.

新东方be English study. Without a good command of pronunciation, we can never hope to speak in an

understandable way. Similarly, if we do not learn to spell properly and to acquire a basic grasp of

grammar, we will never succeed in writing good compositions.

( 或Actually, history abounds with examples of haste making waste. A well-known Chinese

fable goes that a farm tried to help the shoots grow by pulling them upward, only to find that they

died soon. Another case in point is the so-called Great Leap Forward movement in China in 1950’sand 1960’s. At that time, the Chinese people were so eager to develop their economy that they tooksome improper measures, only to hinder the expansion of economy.)

(或 the age of 11 or 12, I began to learn to ride. Eager to ride as well as others, I started by sitting onthe saddle at the very beginning. Predictably, I often fell from over the bike. Lots of time had beenwasted before I realized that I should do it step by step. I tried to slide by standing on one pedal.Then I began to ride the bike from under the cross bar. Finally, I succeeded. )

In short, laying a solid foundation is essential if we want to make achievements in our studiesor work, or indeed in any other aspect of our lives. At every step, review what has been achievedand assess the problems ahead before moving to the next step. And remember, Rome was not builtin a day.

（四）图表图画型

14.eadin Preferences

It can be seen from the table that popular fiction is most popular with American students,accounting for 65.9% of book circulation in the library. General nonfiction comes next, taking up18.2%, while books concerning science, technology and education take up only 10.8%. The leastpreferred category is that of art, literature and poetry, with a circulation rate of merely 5.1%.

A number of factors could account for the reading preferences, but the following are the mostcritical ones. Firstly, popular fiction is fascinating to the young students. Secondly, books aboutscience and technology are usually too complex and difficult to read. They often contain manyspecial terms which most students can’t understand. Finally, in today’s market economy, muchmore emphasis is laid on practical and vocational books rather than arts or poetry.

When it comes to me, poetry and art are my favorites. Such kind of books can nourish mymind, broaden my horizons and render me a fresh feeling. Reading a piece of good poetry tends torelieve my burden and lessen my tension, making me more creative and dynamic. It gets me into animaginary world, fresh and beautiful. I just love it!

15Changi theOwnership of House ini China

It can be seen from the chart that there have been dramatic changes in the ownership of housesin China in the past 50 years. While the percentage of state-owned houses has dropped from 70% in1950’s to 20% in 1990’s, that of private houses has soared from 30% to 80% during the sameperiod of time.19

新东方money to improve their housing. Secondly, other relevant state policies and the boom of real estateindustry provide citizens with more opportunities to choose their own dwelling places. Last but notpurchased houses in their own favor.16. Studen Use o Computer

Students tend to use computers more and more frequently nowadays. Reading this chart, wecan find that the average number of hours a student spends on the computer per week has increasedsharply. In 1990, it was less than 2 hours; and in 1995, it increased to almost 4 hours, and in 2000,the number soared to 20 hours.

Obviously computers are becoming increasingly popular. There are several reasons for thischange. First, computers facilitate us in more aspects of life. Also, the fast development of the

Internet enlarges our demands for using computers. We can easily contact with friends in remoteplaces through the Internet. Besides, the prices of computers are getting lower and lower, whichenables more students to purchase them.

However, there still exist some problems, such as poor quality, out-of-date designs and so on.

And how to balance the time between using computers and studying is also a serious problem.Anyhow, we will benefit a lot from computers as long as we use them properly.

17.ealGainin DevelopinCountries

It can be seen from the chart that there have been dramatic changes in life expectancy andinfant mortality in developing countries in the past decades. As the chart shows, people’s lifeexpectancy soared from 40 years old to 60 years old from 1960 to 1990. Meanwhile, infantmortality declined from 200 to 150 deaths per thousand births.

The change in the chart may be attributed to a number of factors, but the following are themost critical ones. First, developing countries’ economy has been developing at a considerably highspeed in the past decades. Therefore, people have more extra money to improve their health.Secondly, the advances in medical sciences and boom of medical industry provide citizens withmore opportunities to cure their diseases. Last but not least, people have attached greater

importance to their quality of life, thus they have spent more money and time to build up theirbodies.

In a word, this chart is a perfect indicator of developing nations’ fast expanding economy andpeople’s rising standard of life. Although a series of problems have arisen in the process, it is

reasonable for us to believe that they can be solved in the near future with effective measures takenby both the government and the public.

(或 If this trend continues, developing countries will soon approach the developed countries in

terms of health care. People will live longer and healthier lives. The result of this will be happier

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and more productive populations.)

18. FiIs GivinWay to T

(a)

The latest statistics show that the number of people attending cinemas is getting steadilysmaller. At the same time, the number of television viewers is growing at almost the same rate.

Experts say that these two trends are connected in three ways. First, over the past few decades

television sets have appeared in almost every home. Second, films very quickly become available

on video, and can be shown on the TV screen. Third, it is becoming more expensive to make films,and so the prices of cinema seats are rising.

However, this does not mean the death of the movie industry. There will always be people

who prefer to go out to see a film. This is because no matter how good a TV film or video is, it cannever be as entertaining as a film shown on the“big screen.”

(b)

Film is giving way to TV. According to an investigation made on the number of film-goers and

TV-watchers in a ten-year period (1975-1985), at the end of 1985, the number of film-goers

declined sharply to about 15 thousand which accounts for only some 20 percent of what in 1975,

the heyday of films. This decline, no doubt, owes to the steadily increasing number of TV-watchersin the same decade.

This, I think, indicates the changing pace in our society. Nowadays, people prefer TV to filmlargely because they have less chance than their older generation to spend two or three hours in acinema; they prefer a kind of entertainment which is freer, less time-consuming and thus moreefficient. TV just meets their need. This is at least partly if not wholly the reason that attributes tothe boom of TV in our generation.

Nevertheless, there are still a number of film-fans nowadays. They claim that as a classical art,film is far more enjoyable than TV. Some of them also want to recall the “true-life” which existedin the “good-past”. All in all, film is still a charming kind of art as it used to be.

19. Ca Accidents Declinii Walton Ci

It can be seen from the graph that the rate of car accidents in Walton City experienced risesand falls in 1990. From January to March last year it increased by 45%. From March to June itdropped by about half the previous rate. From June to August there was a steep rise of 50%. Afterthat, however, there was a steady decrease.

There are several reasons for this improvement, but the following are the most critical ones.First, new traffic regulations have made drivers more careful. Second, more people are using

bicycles for transportation. Finally, in the later part of the year good weather made the roads saferto drive on.

I am confident that there will be even fewer car accidents in Walton in the future. First, major

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roads have been repaired and the number of public buses has been increased in the past few months.Moreover, a traffic safety campaign has made all the local people more aware of the dangers ofunsafe driving.

（五）应用写作型

20.

Dear Mr. / Miss Editor,

I am a student from Tsinghua University and I am writing to you about my experience of

buying a dictionary and my complaint about the service of a bookstore.

It was about a month ago. I went to a bookstore nearby the university to buy an English

dictionary. It was only after I paid for the dictionary and returned to school that I found some pageswere missing. But when I went back to the bookstore to tell them about the matter, they said that Ishould have checked the dictionary before I left the store. According to them, it was my fault andthey hold no responsibility for the whole matter.

What I want to say is that sincerity and enthusiasm are vital to the survival of service

industries in such a market economy featured by fierce competition. It was quite easy for them tochange the dictionary for me but they refused to do so. They will lose all customers if they persistin doing so. I hope that this letter can draw the attention of the whole society and that the problemcan be solved as soon as possible.

Best regards.

Yourssincerely

Li MingLettt the Editoro ofo a NewspaperJune 20th, 2004

21.Lettt the University Presidenabout the Canteent e Service o Campus

January 12th, 2002

Dear Mr. President,

I am a sophomore from Department 3 and I am writing to you about the food and service inthe canteen on campus.

To be frank, I am rather disappointed at the food quality, price and service in the canteen. First,the dishes are scarcely well cooked and most of them taste the same.Secondly, most of the dishesthere are priced so high that some students cannot even afford them. Thirdly, the service in thecanteen is far from satisfying and the inside of the canteen always seem untidy.

To solve the problem, I suggest that another canteen be built and a mechanism of competitionbe introduced between the old and the new. Besides, both the canteens should be subject to thestudents' supervision.

Dining is an everyday issue for students. It may affect their academic performance. Therefore,22

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Li Ming

22.

June 28, 2001

Dear Xiao Wang,

I’m thrilled to receive your letter on May 10th, in which you suggested our spending a weektogether here in Beijing. I do think it’s a fantastic idea and I believe we’ll have a good time

together.

As to the arrangement of the holiday, I suggest the following activities. For the first three daysI will show you around our campus and some places of interest downtown Beijing, such as the

Forbidden City, the Temple of Heaven and the Summer Palace. For the following two days, we willvisit the Great Wall, the Ming Tombs and other historic sites around the city. In the last two days,we will be back in the city and tour some famous business streets, where you can do some shopping.What do you say?

It will be quite hot here in Beijing, so remember to get prepared for the weather. And, last butnot least, don’t forget to bring your camera with you, for you will find so many scenes worthphotographing here. I will be longing for your arrival.Zhang Ying

（六）其他范文

23. Don'Hesitate t SaySa No

As a general rule, people like to help others, but there are occasions when you should say noto requests for favors. For instance, it is better to refuse when a child pesters you for sweet food anddrinks or for too many toys. Another example is when a relative asks you to use your influence toget him or her a bank loan or a work promotion.

However, we cannot ignore the fact that many people are reluctant to say no. They feel that ifthey turn down a request from a relative or friend, they will cause ill-feeling within the family orbecome unpopular with their acquaintances. A notable case in point is when the boss asks them todo something which they feel is unreasonable.

It is important to keep in mind that not saying no when you should say no can sometimes haveharmful consequences. If children are given everything they ask for, not only may their health bedamaged, but they may grow up selfish and spoilt. Again, in the long run it is kinder to refuse tolend money to a person who has a gambling or alcoholism problem.

24.h Careerurs

Unlike many other college students, I thought long and hard about my future before

embarking on my studies. I then sought advice from my teachers and my parents about the best lifepath for me to choose. Finally, I settled on journalism as the career which would best suit my

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temperament.

Although the financial rewards has two particular attractions for me. First, by supplying

people with the information they need every day, it fulfills a socially useful function. Second, it is ajob full of novelty, unlike most occupations, which involve simply routine work.

In order to prepare myself for my future career in the world of the media—whether it be

working for a newspaper or a magazine, or in the sphere of radio and television—I have carefullyselected my college course. My basic fields of study are Mass Communications and Economics. Atthe same time, having an eye to reporting events worldwide, I am taking extra classes to improvemy English and reading widely to increase my general knowledge.

25.otorcyclanCity Traffi

In recent years, the number of motorcycles on city roads in china has been increasing. This is

because they are a cheap of transportation for people in a country where motor cars are expensivefor most families. In addition, motorcycles are convenient for driving and parking on crowded citystreets.

However, motorcycles have disadvantages too. They pollute the atmosphere with smoke andnoise. They are also a more dangerous from of transportation than motor cars, because themotorcycle is less stable and there is little protection for the driver in the case of an accident.

It seems to me that city governments should restrict the number of motorcycles allowed on the

roads. This would limit the pollution they cause, but at the same time help to relieve traffic

congestion. There should be a balance between the advantages and disadvantages of the motorcycleas a form of city transport.

26.Lookin Forward t the 21stCentury

I am eagerly waiting the arrival of the 21stcentury, because it promises exciting new

developments in science and technology. First of all, it is likely that telecommunications willexpand by leaps and bounds. Secondly, more progress will be made in medicine, and thirdly thecoming century will see mankind really come to grips with environmental pollution.

As far as communications is concerned, e-mail and the Internet will probably become

available all over the globe, enhancing mutual understanding and making wars less frequent.

Advances in medicine will enable us to live longer and healthier lives, and science and technologywill provide more tools for tackling the pollution problem.

However, there will be new challenges to face in the new century. Population will continue to

grow, putting pressure on the food supply. Moreover, there is a danger that people will become toodependent on machines to look after them, leading to a weakening of their spiritual lives.

I intend to prepare myself for the 21century by keeping abreast of the latest developments inst

science and technology. But at the same time, I will not neglect cultural pursuits.

27.Ma IsI tot Survive

The human race is facing problems which are getting more acute as time goes on. The most

serious are shortages of resources, environmental pollution, and the pressure of population growth.In turn, these problems cause poverty, disease and wars.

Pessimists say that the human race is facing extinction. This is because it is now too late to

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solve these problems, according to them. They predict that resources will become exhausted sooneror later, that pollution will eventually poison the planet, and that unchecked population growth willcause mass starvation.

But I do not agree that mankind is doomed. In the past, the human race has always shown that

it has the wisdom to overcome any threat to its survival. In the future, too, mankind will survive byusing its wisdom to find a way out of its problems.

28. Hoto Succec e ini a JobJo Interview?

It is undeniable that an interview plays a critical role in job-hunting. Through the interview, anemployer can meet their future employees in person and know them more thoroughly. Sometimesthe written form of examination cannot reveal candidates' real talents or problems. Besides, it is

also beneficial for candidates to take an interview. They will have a chance to make their employersunderstand them better.

A number of factors contribute to the success in a job interview. Personally, I think job-huntersshould pay attention to the following points. First, they should be well prepared professionally. Thatmeans they should be ready to answer all the important questions concerning their future job.

Secondly, they should express themselves confidently and honestly. Last but not least, they shouldpay enough attention to their appearances, that is, they should be properly dressed.

As far as I am concerned, I will get academically ready first, and then be relaxed to answer all

the questions. I will also dress up and behave properly. I do believe that so long as I make goodpreparations, I will perform well in the interview.

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五、冠词用法讲练

（一）冠词的位置

1)在名词词组中，冠词一般放在最前面。例如：

the last few daysa really good concert

2)名词词组里如果有all, both, exactly, just, many, quite, rather, such, what等词，这类词可以放在冠词之前。例如：

all the time

exactly the wrong colour

quite a nice day

such a funny storyboth (the) brothersjust the right placerather a mess

形容词放在冠词之前。例如：3)和as, how／however, so, too连用时,

He’s not so big a fool as you think.

She’s as clever a girl as you’re ever likely to meet.

This is too heavy a bag for me to carry.

How large an armchair did he have?

However tiring a day she may have, she never loses her good humour.

（二）不定冠词(Indefinite Article)

1) a／an表示“任何一个(类)”，只能用于单数可数名词前。例如：

We are having a committee meeting this afternoon.

a／an不用于不可数名词前。例如：

There will be discussion and argument at the meeting.

He drinks milk every day.

2)不可数名词用作可数名词时，可用 a／an。例如：

I’ve just bought a lovely big Danish cheese.

I don’t like cheese.

She was inspired with a new courage.

She showed great courage.

3)用于表示价格、速度、比率等名词前，如five pence a kilo, sixty kilometers an hour, fourtimes a day等。

4)用于下列这样的固定短语中。如 a couple, a dozen, half a dozen, a hundred, a lot of, agreat many, a great deal of, a large amount／quantity of, a good number of

I’ve done a great deal of work today. (不可数)

What a large number of books you have! (可数)

It’s a good five miles(=at least five miles, perhaps mote) to the station.

5)以元音开头的单词前不定冠词用 an,如：an apple, an egg, an item, an old man, anumbrella, an hour;以辅音开头的单词前不定冠词用 a university student, a humorousman。

EXERCISE l

A. Put a or an before each of the following:

1.motel (汽车游客旅馆 )

3.等。2.4.

26unusual approachawkward situationhonest boy

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7.exit (出口)unique opportunity6.8.urgent messageextremely exciting film

B．Translate the following into English：

1．一座新办公楼

3．一位美国科学家

5．一张印度邮票

7．一个先进国家

EXERCISE 2

Fill in the blanks with a or an where necessary:

3. I'll pay you

all you areTelephone isMothers often tellthousandvery important means of communication.small childrenyear. It’s notstories before bedtime.enormous salary but after2．一位旅行社代理人4．一天的郊游6．一次心脏病发作8．一个有意思的剧本completely unskilled worker.

4. —You’11 getshock if you touchlive wire with that screwdriver(螺丝起子). Why don’t you getscrewdriver withinsulated(绝缘的)handle?

5. — I’m not

business of my own.

—Then you’renotwage-earner; I’mself-employed man. I havecapitalist!

time for

hour.smoke6. —I have—I only haveandhour andhalfcup of coffee.worker; You’rehalf for lunch.hour — barelythousand miles

hot weather.7. It travels at just under8. I have never known such

EXERCISE 3

Insert a or an where necessary:

A．

1. I had very bad night; I didn’t sleep wink (眨眼；打盹).

2. This man has honesty that we all appreciated.

3. Mr. Brown had vision of new and happier Europe.

4. It’s time you had holiday. You haven’t had day off for month.

5. There is hourly service of buses in this route.

6. It is great honour to be invited to such gathering.

7. 1 wouldn’t climb mountain for $ 1, 000! I have horror of heights.

8. Children usually learn the difference between right and wrong at early age.

9. I can’t tell you definitely yet. I'll have word with my wife about it and tell you ourdecision tomorrow.

10. If boy is not making satisfactory progress at school, his parents should seek advice

from his teacher.

B．

1. This is big problem, but not too big problem for us to solve.

2. He had square nose, grey hair and brown skin. She had never seen so handsome man.

3. However great disaster he suffered, John never gave up.

新东方

4. Many shipwrecked sailor has been rescued by our brave coastguards(海岸警卫队).

5. Such urgent need requires prompt action.

6. So urgent need requires prompt action.

7. This is as lovely picture as I have ever seen.

8. I don’t think you realize what serious crisis this is.

9. You can hardly hope to succeed where many greater man has failed.

10. How serious crime had been committed was not realized until much later.

（三）定冠词(Definite Article)

1)定冠词的基本特性

实际上所有名词（专有名词将另行讨论）前都可能用定冠词 the。究竟用不用定冠词，主要取决于我们所表达的思想。如果我们要给予某个名词以明确的、限定的、特指的意义，就用the；反之，就不用the。请看下列句子：

I love books.

Butter is not cheap.2Put the books on the shelf.The butter I bought is not cheap.

He rode to work in the new car.

He has regained the strength he lost.

I like the music composed by the young man.He went to work by car.He has gained strength.I like music.

a)一般用于带有修饰语的名词词组前，但并非所有带修饰语的名词都需要 the。例如：Don’t you think Georgian houses are absolutely lovely?

Stainless steel (不锈钢器皿) has many uses.

I can’t say I care for modern art.

上面三句中斜体部分的名词虽然都有修饰语，因没有明确限定而是泛指一类事物，故不用the。下面三句斜体部分的名词则表示提到过的，特指的事物，要用 the：The Georgian houses have been sold.

The stainless steel was beautiful, but I thought most of the glass（玻璃器皿）theyexhibited was rather unimaginative.

They showed a wonderful selection of the impressionists, but the modern art was toolimited in its range.

b)也用于有后置修饰语的名词词组前。例如：

The old houses which are most worth visiting are in the Imperial City.

The steel of the gun barrels has gone rusty.

The art of the eighteenth century has never been surpassed（超过）．

上面三句中的形容词从句和介词短语明确了是什么样的房子（what houses），什么样的钢（what steel）和什么样的艺术（what art），故用the。下面三句同样有形容词从句和介词短语修饰名词，但是它们只指这些名词属于某一类事物，并非特指，故不用the。例如：

Houses which fail to satisfy these minimum requirements are to be pulled down.

Steel of great strength is needed for the manufacture of guns.

Art in the eighteenth century probably played a more important part in people’s lives thanit does today.

EXERCISE 4

新东方

Fill in the blanks with the where necessary:

1. The engineers found thatsteel was of insufficiently high quality.Steel, I suppose, is the most important single product of the modern industrial world.2.

4.Large forests can have an important influence on climate.Forests have all been cut down.Nature was probably his chief source of inspirationEducation of little children has been greatly neglected.

Public education must be greatly extended.

space has become one of the chief topics of science（灵感，鼓舞）.Nature of the problem was such as to arouse his interest.5. The exploration（探索）of

fiction（科幻小说）.

Space between the table and the wall was just big enough for a small bed.

6. I preferclassical music to

Film wasn’t very good but I liked

7. My favourite subject at school was

All students should know something about

8. I cannot judge

In mathematics

2)定冠词的主要用法

a)用于单数名词前，表示 “某一类人或物”，以区别于其他人或物。例如：history.pop music.music.history of their own country.accuracy of your calculations（计算）.accuracy is essential.

The tiger is a fierce（凶猛的）animal. （相当于A tiger is a fierce animal.或Tigers are fierceanimals.）

In this tribe the woman goes out hunting and the man stays at home to look after thechildren.

下面三句中的斜体部分不能互换：

Who invented the radio?（指类别）

Who had a radio?（指同类中的任何一个）

Who manufactured radios?（指这一类中的所有个体）

man指“人类”时，不用the。例如：

Man will conquer nature.

b)用于指世上独一无二的东西，如the moon，the sun，the world等。

c)用于表示“乐器”的名词前，但一般不用于表示 “体育运动”的名词前。例如：

Can you play the guitar?

I play football every day.

d)用于某些形容词前，可表示 “一类人”。例如：

The young are impatient；they want changes.

e)一般不用于表示“疾病”的名词前。例如：

I’m just recovering from rheumatism（风湿病）.

下列病名前一般用a／an：

I have an ache in my head (a pain in the neck).

He has a cold／a fever.

特指时需要用the。例如：

Jim has never really got over the malaria（疟疾）he caught in the East.

新东方

f)一般不用于表示“膳食”的名词前，但有形容词修饰时用 the。例如：

Breakfast is served at eight.

The wedding breakfast was held in her father’s house.

如果泛指，用a／an。例如：

He gave us a good breakfast.

g) bed, church, college, court, hospital, market, prison, school, sea和work等名词用来指有关

活动时，一般不用冠词。例如：

It’s time for children to go to bed.（指to sleep）

He goes to church every Sunday.（指to pray）

After the crash，seven people were taken to hospital.（指to be cured）

He spent six months in prison.（指to be punished）

After I leave school, I want to go to (a) university.（指to study）

Ken is a seaman. He spends most of his life at sea.（指to sail）

注：在美国英语中，通常用a／the hospital，a university。

出于其他目的，如去参观、访问这些地方或谈到这些地方时，根据情况用a或the。

例如：

There is a bed in the room.

She was putting clean sheets on the bed.

The workmen went to the church to repair the roof.

Tom went to the prison to visit his brother.

I would love to live near the sea.

home单独使用时，无冠词；有修饰语时，用the或a。例如：

She left home.

We went to the bride's home.

I don’t have a home to go to in this city.

h)当cinema, theatre, radio等名词用于表示“看电影、看戏、听无线电”时，一般要用

例如：

We went to the cinema last night.

Do you often go to the theatre?

I heard the news on the radio.

television用于表示“看电视”时不用

I watched the news on television.

指“电视机”时用the。例如：

Can you turn off the television, please?(=the television set)the。例如：the。

注：许多固定词组中的名词前通常没有冠词，需要熟记，如day after day，husband and wife，father and

son，lock and key，heaven and hell等。

EXERCISE 5

A．Fill i theblanks with a or the where necessar

1. After

机）.

3.Bat, they say, judges distances by

church every Sunday；kind of echo-location.church he usually goes to has4. He goes tolunch, we went forSteam-engine was invented beforewalk bysea.internal combustion engine（内燃

新东方

seats for over

5. This is

6. We havethousand.most useful reference book I have on this subject.good market intown where we buy ourfruit and_______ vegetables.

8.Prison in this town is

college.

Dead no longer needgrim-looking building.Youngest boy has just started going toschool；help. We must concern ourselves with

secretary of the companyeldestboy is at9.living.10. John became

same time.manager and

B．Insert a or the where necessar

1. Horse is noble animal and faithful servant of man.

2. Chess is game which requires great skill and patience.

3. The stranger went to school to complain about behaviour（行为）of one of pupils.

4. Dinner was good, but I did not enjoy speeches that came after it.

5. An important aspect in developing motivation（动力，促动因素）is setting of goals.

6. —He got bronchitis（支气管炎）

home at end of week.

—Have you rung hospital to ask how he is?

7. Didn’t you hear that news over radio this morning?

8. Flute（长笛）is my favourite instrument.

9. We have very good train service from here to city center and most people go to work bytrain. You can go by bus, too, of course, but you can’t get season ticket on bus.

10. Everywhere man has cut down forests in order to cultivate ground, or to use wood as

fuel or as building material.

3)专用名词前定冠词的主要用法

a)一般不用于单数人名前，但特指或强调时需用 the。例如：

He’s the Mr. Smith I saw yesterday.

也可说：and was taken to hospital. I expect they’ll send him

A Mr. Smith has come here. (=A man called Smith has come here.)

复数人名前需用the，如the Johnsons, the Coopers。

b)不用于“头衔+人名”前，但有头衔无人名时需用 the，以表示特指。例如：

I saw Queen Elizabeth when l was in London。

I saw the Queen when I was in London.

c)不用于国家、省市等名词前，但由短语组成的国名，或以s结尾的国名前需要用the。

例如：

the Philippines

the United Statesthe Netherlandsthe United Kingdom

注：the Ukraine, the Congo, the Sudan, the Hague为例外。

d)用于表示国籍、民族的名词前。例如：

the British

the Dutchthe Chinesethe English

新东方

下列名词常用复数形式：

(the) Russians

(the) Arabs(the) Italians(the) Scots

c)用于表示地区的名词前。例如：

the Middle Eastthe Far East

the north of England (但是：northern England)

f)不用于街道、建筑等名词前，但有

Broadwayof介词短语修饰时，需用 the。例如：Red Square

the Tower of London

Sam lives on l2th Street.the Great Wall of China

They changed the name of Sixth Avenue to the Avenue of Americas.g)用于河流、海洋、群岛、山脉、海峡、海湾名词前。例如：

the Mississippi

the Philippine Islands

the English Channel

Sicily(Mount)Etnathe Atlanticthe Andesthe Persian Gulf但不用于单个岛屿、山峰前。例如：

h)不用于大学名称前，但有

Yale Universityof介词短语修饰时，需用 the。例如：Oxford University

the University of North Carolina

i)不用于杂志名词前，但用于报纸名词前。例如：

NewsweekNatural History

the Daily Newsthe Washington Post

EXERCISE 6

A．Fill in the blanks with the where necessary:2.

4.Thames,Rhine are famous rivers.Samuel Johnson who was a professor of Columbia University was notSamuel Johnson who was a famous English writer.Andes are in South America, andWool of which this suit is made comes from

Wool is one of

London of

today.

Gulf of Mexico and

Atlantic Ocean.Caribbean Sea are really part of

34th Street between

Daily Telegraph but his wife reads

Liverpool University.Broadway andTimes.London ofchief exports fromAlps are in Europe.Australian sheep.Australia.Seine and5.6. He remembers7.past and says it was gayer than8. Macy’s (商店名) is onSeventh Avenue.9. Mr Jenkins reads10. Frank is a student at

B．Translatet the following into Englis

1．大英博物馆

4．威尔逊一家2．苏伊士运河5．在第一排3．这两个词的区别6．19xx年7．在19xx年秋天

新东方

EXERCISE 7

Cross ouarticles thar unnecessary i thefollowing passage:

The people everywhere in the world might say, “When the strangers do not understand thecustoms that we follow, they are confused and do not understand what is happening.” The goodmanners are different in the different parts of the world. In many places, for example, acceptingthe gifts or anything important with the left hand shows the bad manners and even the rudeness.People with the good manners accept the important things with the both hands or at least withthe right hand. Using the left hand to accept the important things shows not only the discourtesy（无礼，失礼） but also shows that the person who is accepting thinks the thing being given isworthless. In the Europe and the North America, however, the people do not follow this customand give and receive with either hand without thinking about the meaning of what they aredoing.

新东方

六、标点符号用法讲练

标点符号(Punctuation Marks)主要用来明确语句的含义，标示一个句子或句子中各个成分的起止，以及彼此间的语法或语义上的关系。常用的标点符号有：

i)句号( . ) (Period, Full Stop)

ii)问号( ? ) (Interrogation Mark)

iii)感叹号( ! ) (Exclamation Mark)

iv)逗号( , ) (Comma)

v)分号( ; ) (Semicolon)

vi)冒号( : ) (Colon)

vii)破折号(—) (Dash)

viii)括号( [ ] ) (Parentheses)

ix)引号( “ ” )(Quotation Marks)

x)连字号( - ) (Hyphen)

xi)撇号( ’ ) (Apostrophe)

xii)删节号(…) (Ellipsis)

上列标点符号，可归纳为三种情况： i)—iii)用于句尾；iv) — ix)用于句中；x)—xi)用于词内。最后一个符号常用于引文中，表示删掉一些文字。

（一）主要标点符号的用法

1)逗号(Comma)

主要用于：

a)并列的词或句子。例如：

Solids , liquids and gases can be changed from one to another.

From l926 until his death in l953, Thorpe lived a poor , lonely , unhappy life.

There’s only enough room for people to walk in , take one of the eleven inserts , roll themtogether , slip a rubber band around them and slide them into a plastic bag.

The present is living , the past dead , and the future unknowable.

b)状语(包括从句，动词-ing形式，独立结构，不定式短语，介词短语等 )。例如：When water is heated , it will be changed into vapour.

John , seeing that his brother was hurt , ran to help him.

John ran to help him.

Work is done , even by a force acting at a distance.

To make the trip more exciting for the kids , Oscar kept the destination a secret.

After the heartbreaking experience , Thorpe turned to professional sports.

c)非限定形容词从句或插入语。例如：

At l0 a.m.we arrived at the railway station , where Jane was waiting for us.

You know , of course , what a phrasal verb is. I needn’t , therefore , explain it now.

d)呼语、同位语。例如：

GeorgeHe was a direct descendant of the famous warrior chief , Black Hawk.

e)日期、数字、地址。例如：

Chichester began the greatest voyage of his life in August , 1966.

The voyage from England and back covered 28, 2500 miles.

Please send it to 1932 Hill Road , London S.E. 18.（门牌号和街名间无标点）

34或Seeing that his brother was hurt ,

新东方

f)姓名（姓在名前面时），非正式信件的抬头或信末署名前的客套语。例如：Shakespeare , William

Einstein , Albert

Dear Philip ,

Sincerely yours ,

2)分号(Semicolon)

主要用于：

a)两个或两个以上意义有联系的分句中间。例如：

Understanding is a two-way operation ; learning doesn’t consist in being an empty receptacle.Work is more than a necessity for most human beings ; it is the focus of their lives, the source oftheir identity and creativity.

Some farmers were hauling water out to their thirsty stock daily ; others were trying to drill deepwells.

Not only do lies provide the “help” hoped for by advocates of benevolent deception ; they invadethe autonomy of patients and render them unable to make informed choices concerning theirown health.

b)列举事物，尤其是其间有逗号时。例如：

There will be three foreign teachers next term: Miss Ann Smith from Boston, America ; Mr. JohnBaker from London, England ; and Ms Mary Blake from Sydney, Australia.

3)冒号(Colon)

主要用于：

a)列举事物。例如：

That was a tale of two cities :London and Paris.

It may also be said that rational, industrious, useful human beings are divided into two classes :first, those whose work is work and whose pleasure is pleasure; and second, those whose workand pleasure are one.

b)注释句之前。例如：

I've just had some good news : I’ve been offered a part-time job in the computer center.These seat covers are the most durable kind : they are reinforced with double stitching andcovered with a heavy plastic coating.

4)破折号(Dash)

主要用于：

a)注释性的词语或句子前；如用于句子中间，前后都要有破折号。例如：

There is a way to decide any question—experiment.

—Bernard Shaw remarks thatSomewhere or other—I think it is in the preface to Saint Joan

b)补充性的成分。例如：

Life—and death, too—is a cycle that goes round and round. I teach because teaching is aprofession built on change. When the material is the same, I change

students change.

c)总括所列举的事物。例如：—and more important, mywe are more gullible and superstitious today than we were in the Middle Ages.

新东方

The complex operation required new methods for directing the combined endeavors of

thousands and thousands of minds, some in government, some in universities, some in privateindustry—all working together for a common purpose.

d)突然转折。例如：

One little problem is that a computer can’t laugh yet

5)撇号

a)用作省略号。例如：o’er ( = over), it’s = (it is).

b)用作所有格符号。例如： Mary’s handbag, the l990’s。

c)构成字母、数字或缩写的复数形式。例如： the four a’s。

EXERCISl

Capitalizez and punctuate thfollowing

1．the man’s papers Betty found in the attic establi shed his identity It henry bedell company

D 11th vermont volunteers 30 years old

2．it was clear that dad could do no more tha n he was doing already farming 80 acres in

addition to holding a fulltime job

3．now i’m coming to the most important point but what are you doing over there

4．rain snow sleet fog would not trouble the underground world

5．during the summer the resort is crowded with touri sts during the winter only sea gulls

walk the beach

6．to a certain extent mankind encumbers the earth

7．1ike most wild life deer reproduce grow and store fat in the summer and fall

8．the big fellow was jim thorpe the greatest american athlete of modern times

9．the asparagus were enormous juicy and appetising

10 ．i was sure our four kids educated about the west through movies would be

disappointed

11．i wouldn ’t mark a painting or a statue its soul so to speak is inseparable from its beauty

12．the participants of the singing contest included students teachers docto rs businessmen—but the scientists are working on it.

factory workers people from all walks of life

13 ．is it possible that someday we may seek to add further to our comfort and security by

building our houses underground in new man-made caves

14 ．i answered by correspondencethat i would meet her at bei jing hotel on thursday

mr brown a

who are15．passengers may have one of the four beverages coffee tea milk or soda16 ．pr esent at the meeting were mr ho chairman of the english departmentvisiting scholar from denmark and all the professors17 ． the suspicionof deceitundercuts

scrupulouslyhonest with their patients it contributes

defensive medicine

18 ．his slightacquaintanceand lecturers who had taught usto the spiral of law suits and ofthe work of many doctorswith them he had met them only once made him hesitate

to ask them for help

（二）并列句中的标点用法

1)逗号+并列连词

新东方

it was in excellent condition.

There was little formality in class , Mr Stone never had to discipline us.

注：ⅰ）在较短的句子中，逗号可以省略。例如：

Many are called but few are chosen.

然而有时单个词后面也需用标点，否则表示不同的句意。例如：

Again , we lost our way.（而且我们迷路了。）

Again we lost our way.（我们又一次迷路。）

ⅱ）有两个以上分句时，前几个分句之间用逗号，最后两个分句之间用逗号加连词。例如：

The night wind died down , night closed in , the moon came out , and lights came on in the scatteredhouses.

2)分号

They live on the first floor ; we live on the second. (对比)

Everyone was late ; the snow had caused a traffic jam. (补充说明)

3)分号+连接性副词+逗号

We didn’t like the choice ; , we had to accept it.

We didn’t know what to do ; therefore , we did nothing.

适用于这种情况的连接性副词还有： consequently，furthermore，moreover，nevertheless等。

注：ⅰ）连接性副词位于句末时，前面一般用逗号，后面用句号。例如：

The new seats in the auditorium are more comfortable; the acoustics are worse , however.

ⅱ)连接性副词也放在句首，后面用逗号。例如：

I hadn’t read the test very carefully. Therefore, I was surprised that I had done so well.

I hadn’t read the test very carefully ; therefore , I was surprised that I had done so well.

ⅲ)then和thus后面不用逗号。例如：

The ice cracked and split ; then that boy sank into the bone-chilling water.

EXERCIS2

Punctuate thfollowing sentences:

1．The plan won’t work for there are too many things wrong with it.

2．The bus broke down as a result we were late for work.

3．Martin left a note it said he would be late.

4．This is a new watch yet it doesn’t work.

5．Jim was very tired so he went right off to sleep.

6．Business was booming consequently the company needed more workers.

7．The sky was bright blue with a few white clouds in it and it was a beautiful day for the

picnic.

8．The dining hall is nice looking the food however is terrible.

9．Attendance is compulsory the students have no choice therefore.

10．Some people put cream and sugar in their coffee others prefer it black.

11．Space exploration is costly nevertheless we must continue to spend money on space travel

新东方英语六级精品全程班写作讲义

新东方

if we are to learn about our universe.

12．Astronauts are affected by weightlessness moreover they are also affected by boredom and

loneliness.

EXERCS3

Correctc punctuationt o mistakes i each senten

comma plsuitablcoordinating conjunctib addingsemicolo a full sto a

1．Unmanned space probes (探测器) eliminate the risk of death, furthermore, they cost much

less than manned space flight.

2．Praise is like sunlight, we cannot flower or grow without it.

3．It was May, snow still lay under the branches of the thick pines.

4．The price of serious illness has risen drastically(大幅度地)in recent years, for example

some hospital rooms now cost a hundred pounds a day.

5．John is short and quiet, his roommate is tall and talkative.

6．The window kept banging all night, I couldn’t sleep a wink.

7．Reckless (鲁莽的) drivers would be severely punished, in fact they should lose their

drivers’ permits for at least six months.

8．Jim liked to sample different kinds of food, I fixed some Chinese food for him.

9．Methods of studying vary, what works well for some students doesn’t work at all for others.

10．Philip was watching TV, Marie was upstairs on the phone.

（三）直接引语句的标点用法

1)引述动词位于句首

引述动词+逗号／冒号+引语。例如：

Jim said: “I swim for an hour every day. ”

Tom said to his brother, “Put your toys away. Mom will be back soon.’’

2)引述动词位于句中

引语+逗号／惊叹号／问号+引述动词+逗号／句号+引语

引语的第一部分若是一个完整句子，引语第二部分句首用大写字母，引述动词后用句号。例如：

“Just tell the boys to get busy, ” their father instructed. “They’re college men. They’ll do whatthey have to do.’’

“No! No!” I cried. “You can’t sell my books.”

如果引语的第一部分不是完整句子，则引语的第二部分以小写字母开始，引述动词后用逗号。例如：

“You sir, ” King Gustav of Sweden told Thorpe, “are the greatest athlete in the world.’’

3)引述动词位于句末

引语+逗号／问号／惊叹号 +引述动词。例如：

一“What offence?” I asked.

一“Theft, ” the policeman said.

“What a beautiful view!” she exclaimed.

4)引语句子在句末

新东方

引语句子位于句末，其标点即为全句标点。例如：

All he can say in English is “How do you do?”

Did you see the words “Are you happy?”

上面两句不能写成：

* All he can say in English is “How do you do?”.

* Did you see the words “Are you happy?”?

EXERCISE 4

Correctc the punctuationt o mistakes i thefollowing sentencese . IfI a sentence i correctc asa itstandswria itsit end:

1．“On Friday” the teacher announced: “we’ll take up a new lesson.’’

2．“What?” he asked? “do we have to prepare for the camping trip”?

3．“How was your day?” I enquired. “Great!” I enthused.

4．He greets everyone with “Hi”.

5．“You may think I have a lot of garbage in these bags.” One shopping-bag lady volunteered

in a church soup kitchen. “but it’s everything I need.”

6．Who wrote “You fools!” on the blackboard?

7．“It pains me,” I said. “To find that you both have been panhandling so long that it no longer

embarrasses you.’’

8．Retirement often brings many problems surrounding the “What do I do with myself”

question? even though there may be no financial worries.

EXERCIS5

Capitalizez and punctuate thfollowing passages

1．London Fire

at one o’clock on september 2 1666 the great fire of London started in side a bakers shop inpudding lane it lasted five days and nearly 80％of all the buildings within the London wall wererazed according to the official report l3200 houses 87 parish churches over 400 streets and theenormous old st pauls cathedral one of the wonders of the medieval world were in ruins out ofLondons 450 acres only 75 remained untouched.

robert hubert a French watchmaker from rouen was accused of the fire the sentence said hehad deliberately started the fire after he was hanged it was conclusively proved that he had not evenarrived in London until two days after the fire broke out

2．Mountain-Climbing and Sight-Seeing

mr jones was very fond of climbing mountains so one year he went to switzerland for hisholidays after he had climbed some easy mountains he decided one day to climb a more difficultone but he did not want to go up it alone so he found a good swiss guide who had often climbedthat mountain

at first it was not a difficult climb but then they came to a place which was not so easy theguide stopped turned round and warned mr jones be careful here he said this is a dangerous placeyou can easily fall and if you do you will fall straight down a very long way but he continued

calmly if you do fall here don’t forget to look to the right while you are going down there is a quiteextraordinarily beautiful view there much more beautiful than the one you can see from here

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3．The Road to Happiness

it is the simple things that really matter if a man delights in his wife and children has successin work and finds pleasure in the alternation of day and night spring and autumn he will be happywhatever his philosophy may be if on the other hand he finds his wife hateful his childrens noise

unendurable and the office a nightmare if in the daytime he longs for night and at night hesighs for the light of day then what he needs is not a new philosophy but a new pattern of life adifferent diet or more exercise man is an animal and his happiness depends on his physiology morethan he likes to think unhappy business men I am convinced would increase their happiness moreby walking six miles every day than by any conceivable change of philosophy

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七、句型写作练习

（一）并列句

两个或两个以上的简单句用等立连词或用分号、冒号、逗号等连在一起构成的句子叫并列句。常用的等立连词有and, or, but, so, for, neither, nor, while, whereas 等。

用括号中的连接词连接下面各组句子。

5)It was a cold snowy day.He had no money left for food.Hurry up.You’ll be late.It rained heavily last night.I went to the show anyway.I enjoy classical music.She enjoys classical music, too.He must be ill.

He is absent today.

6）Some people waste food.

Others haven’t enough.

8)She is fat.Her husband is thin.She cannot read.

She cannot write, either.(neither)(whereas)(while)(for)(and)(or)(but)(so)

（二）复合句

由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句所构成的句子结构叫做复合句，也叫主从复合句。从句由关联词引导，关联词将从句与主句联系在一起。根据其在复合句中的作用，从句可以分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、定语从句、状语从句和同位语从句。

?名词从句

主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句在句子中的作用相当于名词通常在句中所起的作用，因此统称为名词从句。

引导名词从句的关联词，主要有三类：

1．主从连词：that（无词义），whether（是否），if（是否）

2．连接代词： who（谁），whom（谁），whose（谁的），what（什么），which（哪

一个，哪一些）

3．连接副词：when（什么时候），where（什么地方），why（为什么），how（怎样）主从连词只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词除了起连接作用外，还充当句中某一个成

分。

3)将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为主语从句。They need more help in English.That is quite obvious.She is still alive.That is good news.She will come here.

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It doesn’t seem likely.

5)The children came to the zoo.They like the pandas best.We are badly in need of something.

It is raw material.

5)将下面每组中的词连成句子，使其中包含主语从句。did not, a pity, he, come earlier, it’s, thatsmoking,it is, cause,a well-knownfact, lung cancer, can, thatencouragedhim, it is, but, help him, true,actually, I, that, didn’tthey, keep their promise,didn’t, seem, it, likely, that, wouldeverwhy, for criticism,hard to understand,had singledout, Mary, it was, Prof.Hardy3.

6)将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为宾语从句。What kind of show are they putting on?Can you tell me?Is the letter overweight？I’m wondering.How can we improve our study habits?I am thinking of that.Is Henry the right person for the job?We are still uncertain as to that.Peter has a slight headache sometimes.He has always been in good health except that.He had forgotten to take his notebook with him.

He suddenly remembered that.

1)将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为宾语从句，并且用I was far more intelligent than he was.

I always took that for granted.it 作形式宾语。

2)You were unable to attend our meeting.

We all thought that was a pity.

3)You should mind your manners.

We consider that is important.

4)He was too ill to go on working.

He didn't want that to be known.

5)Every one of you should finish your homework on time.

I regard that as important.

6)His father would come to his help if he got into trouble.

He took that for granted.

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7)He might change his mind at the last minute.

We thought that was highly probable.

8)The train will be delayed by the dense fog.

I think that is likely.

9)You should stop smoking.

The doctor thinks that is advisable.

4)用“what从句将下列句子补充完整。Could you show me ______ (you, write)?This is ________(we, should always, keep in mind).(they, see) _______ in China made a deep impression on them.We must not put off till tomorrow ______ (we, can, do , today).

6.将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为同位语从句。

1)He is growing old.

Nothing could hide the fact.

2)He works hard.

The fact does not necessarily mean that he is a competent leader.

3)I have a complacent feeling.

I feel that I’m highly intelligent.

4)He explained that he didn’t see the notice.

The explanation is unsatisfactory.

5)He holds that there is no advantage in introducing the new method.

Most of us don’t agree with his view.

6)He won the first gold medal at the 23rdOlympic Games.

The news soon spread throughout the country.

7)He has suggested that intelligence is a relative matter.

His suggestion is not universally accepted.

8)I moved that the vote be postponed.

He seconded my motion.

9)He feared that he might not be able to finish the work.

The fear disturbed him greatly.

10) We expressed a hope.

That hope was that Mr. and Mrs. Morrison would come and visit China again.

11) I’ve come from Mr. Lin with a message.

It says that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon.

12) Suzy is the right person for the job.

There can be no doubt about it.

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?定语从句

在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句是定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词的后面。定语从句一般由关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose 和关系副词 when, where, why 引出。

关系代词和关系副词有两个作用： 1、把主句和从句连接起来； 2、在从句中作一个成分。

which, that, who 在从句中作主语或宾语； whom 作宾语； whose 作定语。when, where, why

在从句中作状语。

关系代词 that, which, who, whom 如果在从句中作宾语，也可以省略。

另外，如果 which 或 whom 在定语从句中原为介词的宾语，则这个介词可以提到从句前，构成介词+which 或 whom 引出的定语从句。

定语从句根据与先行词的密切程度可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切，从句是整个句子不可缺少的部分，去掉之后句子的意思就不完整，不明确，从句与主句之间不用逗号隔开。非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系比较松散，从句只是对先行词的附加说明，去掉之后句子的意思仍然很清楚，从句与主句之间常用逗号隔开。

将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为定语从句。

7)I went to visit the American author.He wrote a number of books about China.My aunt prepared the soup.I ate the soup.I have an arrangement with my bank.By the arrangement they let me use their money and repay them next month.He sent her a letter.In the letter he said that he was sorry for what he had done to her.Mr. Brown just came from Britain yesterday.He will teach us accounting this term.She is going to spend the winter holidays in Hainan.She has some relatives there.The United States is known for its supermarkets.

In these supermarkets, huge quantities of all kinds of food and household articles are

sold.

8)The story happened in late 19thcentury.

At that time, China is suffering from the invasion of western powers.

?状语从句

状语从句按其意义可以分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、让步等类别。其引导词分别如下：

时间状语从句：when, after, before, as, while, whenever, since, once, until, as soon as

地点状语从句：where, wherever

原因状语从句：because, as, since, now that

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目的状语从句：so that, in order that, lest

结果状语从句：so that, so…that, such…that

条件状语从句：if, unless, suppose (supposing), provided (that), providing (that), on condition

(that), in case, as (so) long as

方式状语从句：as, as if (though)

让步状语从句： though, although, even if (though), however, whatever, no matter how (what,

where, when), whether…or

将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为状语从句。

(as long as,

in case,

however, )

9)You’ve bought a new car.What are you going to do with the old one?We’d better take the telescope with us.Perhaps it is needed.We must hurry off.Otherwise, we might miss the bus.The problem was very complicated.It took us nearly two weeks to solve it.The aircraft was flying at a very high altitude.We could hardly see it.I’ll lend you my computer.The condition is that you keep it in good shape.You can go out.But you should promise to be back before 11 at night.I remember the whole thing.It seems that it happened yesterday.He tried very hard.

But he could not do the job satisfactorily.

10) It may take an hour or even a whole day.

But I shall find out the answer.on condition that,as if,lest,so…that,now that,such…that,whether…or,

（三）复杂的简单句

并列句和复合句往往可以浓缩成复杂的简单句，使语言更为紧凑、多样。

7)表示时间、让步或条件的状语从句往往可以改写为介词词组作状语。They looked both ways before they crossed the street.I made my decision after I talked to Sir Francis.Although he was ill, he was determined to carry out his plan.Although they’re intelligent, they aren’t doing well in school.Although he’s rich, he isn’t very happy.Although he’s tall, he isn’t a very good basketball player.If we had your support, we might succeed in performing our task.

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9)Even if there were air and water, plants still couldn’t grow on the moon.If you don’t work hard, you will accomplish nothing.

10) If it had not been for their assistance, he would have found himself in trouble.

2.起伴随或补充说明作用的从句、简单句或并列谓语往往可以改写为“with +名词+分词/形容词/介词词组”的结构作状语。

1) They wear layers of clothes even in summer time. Newspapers are stuffed between the

layers as further protection against bad weather.

2) If more peoplehelp them, they probablywill be able to accomplishthe task ahead of time.

3) As all his savingswere gone, he startedto look for a job.

4) In the cornerthere is a table.One of its legs is shorterthan the others.

5) When the job was finished,we went to the seasidefor a holiday.

6) As the pace of change is quickening,more and more scientistsfind it hard to keep up with the

latestdevelopmentseven in their own disciplines.

7) She lookedin my face and tears streameddown her cheeks.

3.还有另外一些从句或简单句也可以改写为介词词组作状语。

1) She won’t go home until she has taken the exam.

2) Because he had a bad leg, he couldn’t walk as fast as the others.

3) We are full aware that the situation is serious.

4) She hurried back to school for fear that she miss too many lessons.

5) We shouldnot criticizeSusan for what she has done. Instead,we ought to praiseher for it.

6) Helen did not go straighthome after school.She went to work as a waitressin a restaurant.

7) I am not going to send the book to Allanby post. I am going to take it to him myself.

8) Dr. Wilson did not go to New York yesterday to attend his daughter’s wedding. He flew to

Floridafor an emergencycase.

5)系表结构的定语从句往往可以改写为直接用形容词、介词词组或分词结构作定语。I love girls who are intelligentAt the party, I got to know a professor who is in his thirties.I hate to see letters that are written in pencil.The substance, which was discovered almost by accident, has revolutionized medicine.Among those who are taking part in the work, he is probably the most active.两个句子的主语一致时，其中一个往往可以改写成分词结构作状语。Every one of us had been convinced that the project was feasible by the time we left themeeting.As Peter got home from the three-month-long journey to the Antarctic he looked tiredout.They went hunting for hours, but when they returned they were empty-handed.When he entered the office he was still annoyed by the way she spoke to him.Teenagers are pressured by school work. They are also encouraged by their peers.

Under such circumstances, they resort to smoking.

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6)College students now are primarily interested in grades and economic success. They

cheat on exams more frequently.

语。

7)两个句子的主语相关但不一致时，其中一个句子往往可以改写成分词的独立结构作状He sat in front of them. And his dusty face masked his age.She heard a continual strange noise coming from the next room. Her heart beat fast.The old beggar sat at the corner. Tears welled up in his eyes.Jim continued on his way. The dog was jumping about in front of him.The girl in the snapshot wore a broad smile. Her long hair flowed in the breeze.解释性的语句往往可以改写成同位语。This is Mr. Black. He is director of our hospital.“Leave it to me,” said Peter. Peter was the man on duty.Qinghai Lake is the largest inland body of salt water in China. It lies 3195 meters abovesea level.The whole plan was completed within three months. That is half the usual time.He read all kinds of books. They were ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign.He was formerly a worker himself. He is now an engineer.She is a mother of three children. She has now entered a college again for further

education.

（四）倒装句

英语的句子在以下几种情况下可以倒装。

1．否定词位于句首时

5)I have never been to Europe.He had hardly eaten anything before the dinner was over.She had scarcely fallen asleep when a knock at the door awakened her.Anne had arrived no sooner than she fell ill.She cares little about what others say about her.

2．so, norneith

4)等词位于句首，表明前句说明的情况也适用于本句时Richard can speak Japanese. His sister can speak Japanese, too.Copper is a good conductor. Many other metals are good conductors, too.Paul could not dance, and he could not sing either.The husband was not hospitable to the visitor. And the wife did not say a word of

welcome either.

3．含有 so...that 结构的句子将 so 引导的部分位于句首时

2)He was so excited that he could not go to sleep.He spoke so forcefully at the meeting that everyone present was convinced.

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3)He worked so hard that he obtained his Ph. D. degree one year ahead of schedule.

4．only 引出的状语位于句首时

3)His father called his name only once.The doctor realized only then that his patient needed surgery.We can conclude the business only when you adjust down your price.

5．主语部分过长或上下文需要衔接时

2)The young father who wished to purchase a life insurance policy and agreed to pay a sumof $200 per year for 40 years was sitting in front of the counter.The question of how to face the possibilities of illness, injury, death and financial loss is

important.

3)The writing of a dictionary involves a number of tasks. The reading of literature, the

copying

of words on cards, the sorting of the cards and the writing of definitions are among them.

（五）被动句

英语中被动句的使用远远多于汉语。以下几种情况英语都用被动语态：（1）不知道动作的执行者；（2）没有必要指出或不想指出动作的执行者；（3）虽然需要同时指出动作的执行者但更强调动作的承受者。

将下列句子改为被动形式。

4)They saw Joe’s father return after dark.They do not allow you to smoke in the laboratory.We should take effective measures to stop various forms of pollution.When she was in Shanghai we heard the actress say she had long thought of the city as

her second home.

9)People saw the young man enter the building next to the bank.After the minister of education had finished speaking at the press conference, peoplemade him answer all sorts of questions.I don’t think anyone can make Tom do what he dislikes.I heard the wind roar through the trees.What should one do in a case like this?

（六）强调句

改写下列句子，强调划线部分。

5)Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence.The author praises all that is progressive with genuine(We could not cross the river because the water had risen.Jim, a heartless fellow, was heard shouting at his mother in the dead of night(在深夜).Mrs. Williams didn't know anything about it until I told her.

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八、段落写作练习

（一）段落的展开

PRACTICE WITH TOPIC SENTENCES

The topic sentence states the topic and a controlling idea concerning that topic. Look at thefollowing example.

People give many reasons for owning a car.

The topic of the sentence is“owning a car.”The controlling idea is“reasons.”All thesupporting ideas in the paragraph should be

the controlling idea:

the reasons for

the causes of (the effects of)

the steps for (the procedure for)

the advantages of (the disadvantages of)

the ways to (the methods of)“reasons for owning a car.”The following phrases or ones similar to these can be used in your topic sentence to express

the different sections (parts, kinds, types) of

the characteristics (traits, qualities) of

the problems of

the precautions for

the changes to

Exercise

Lookingn ata topic sentences

Write a topic sentence for each of the following topics. Use one of the phrases above or one of yourown for your controlling idea.

Example catching coldsThis topic sentence includes the topic“ catching colds ”and the controlling idea“ takingprecautions.”

1. owning a car

2. living in a remote area

3. studying abroad

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4. accidents

5. airports

6. absenteeism

7. taking exams

8. computers

9. rice

10. camping

Exercise

Checkingn topicsentences

Your topic sentence should tell the person who is reading your paragraph what the paragraph isabout. Read the following paragraph and decide whether the topic sentence is strong or weak. (The

topic sentence is underlined.)

Baseball is a popular sport in the United States. There are two teams of nine players each.

Players on one team take turns batting, and the other team tries to put the batters out. The

batter hits the ball and then tries to run around the bases and get“home”safely. The otherteam tries to put the batter out by catching the ball before it hits the ground, throwing the ball

to the base before the batter gets there or by tagging the batter with the ball. The batter can

stop at any one of the three bases if it is impossible to make it“home.”

The topic sentence in the paragraph is weak because it tells us that“baseball is a popular sport”,but the rest of the paragraph tells us how baseball is played. A stronger topic sentence would tell us,the readers that the paragraph is going to describe how baseball is played. Here is a stronger topic

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sentence.

Baseball, a popular game in the United States, is played in the following way. Now the readerknows that the paragraph will describe how baseball is played instead of where it is played or whoplays it, or why it is popular.

Read the following paragraphs. The topic sentences are underlined. If the topic sentence is

weak, rewrite it in the space provided.

1.each university, some steps are the same. First, you should contact the registration office of theuniversity you want to attend to get the necessary forms and information concerning thatparticular university's entrance requirements. Then you must follow the steps outlined in their

response. You will probably have to send copies of your high school diploma, get letters ofrecommendation, and write an essay on why you want to study there. You may have to achievea certain score on the TOEFL test and have your scores forwarded to the university. Finally,you will have to contact the American embassy to start the procedures to obtain a student visa.

2.I like to go to the beach whenever I have the opportunity. I start the day by enjoying a

refreshing swim. Then I walk along the beach and collect shells. Later you'll find me relaxingin the warm sunshine and making sand castles. Then I sleep for a while before I open thebasket of food and drinks that I always pack to take.

3.Many students cannot afford a car. The city bus service usually passes the university, so those

students can get to class on the bus. Many universities have a special shuttle bus that is

provided for student transportation. Some students like to ride to class on bicycles. This isgood exercise. Also, it is easier to find a space to leave a bicycle than to find a parking spacefor a car on a crowded university campus. Those students who live close to campus or oncampus can enjoy a leisurely walk to their classes.

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Exercise

Writing topisentences

The following paragraphs consist of supporting ideas. Read each paragraph and ask yourself whatis being discussed or described (the topic) and how the topic is approached (the controlling idea).

Then write a topic sentence for each paragraph.

Pictures or posters on the wall make a dormitory room feel more like home. A rug on the floor

beside the bed is a nice addition to an otherwise cold and hard floor. Besides textbooks, favorite

books from home on the bookshelf and a photograph or two of the family on the desk also add a

comforting touch to the impersonal dormitory room.

The white pages of an American telephone book give the phone numbers of residences. The blue

pages contain the numbers of government offices, and the yellow pages have advertisements and

business numbers. There are maps as well as indexes at the back of the book. The telephone booksof larger cities may provide separate books for different sections of the city, while those of small

towns may have room to include the numbers from several towns all in one book.

First, the fast-food restaurant is good for people who must have a quick bite because of a busy

schedule. Second, the food is inexpensive yet tasty. A person can eat an enjoyable meal out and staywithin a limited budget. Finally, the food is usually consistent. For example, a cheeseburger from a

well-known fast-food restaurant looks and tastes about the same no matter where in the world it ispurchased. Consequently, buyers know exactly what they are getting.

PRACTICE WITH SUPPORTING IDEAS

Your topic sentence tells the reader what the paragraph will be about. The ideas stated in the rest ofthe paragraph should all refer to the given topic and the controlling idea. Look at the following

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example.

There are many ways to eat peanut butter. You can spread it on a slice of bread like butter, oryou can make it into a sandwich with jam. Peanut butter can be a major ingredient of very

tasty cookies as well as cakes and candies. It is delicious in ice cream. Peanut butter was

invented by George Washington Carver. My favorite way to eat peanut butter is to lick it off a

spoon.

Our topic sentence tells the reader that we are discussing peanut butter. The controlling idea is

“ways of eating it.”All of the sentences should be about ways of eating peanut butter. Are they?

does not refer toNo. The sentence“Peanut butter was invented by George Washington Carver”

ways of eating peanut butter.

Exercise

Checkingn supporting ideas

Look at the following outlines. Circle the letter of the idea that does not support the topic.

1.Ⅰ.Ways to get rid of hiccups

A. breathe into a paper bag

B. hold your breath to the count of 10

C. have someone frighten you

D. make an appointment with your doctor

2.Ⅰ.Steps for planning a trip

A. purchasing a map

B. working late

C. making an itinerary

D. reserving a ticket

3.Ⅰ.Reasons for car accidents

A. fast driving

B. drinking and driving

C. not following traffic regulations

D. giving signals

4.Ⅰ.Advantages off small apartments

A. good school facilities

B. easy to clean

C. cheaper to furnish

D. relatively inexpensive

5.Ⅰ.Characteristics of a good restaurant

A. efficient waiters

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B. tasty food

C. jacket and tie required

D. pleasant atmosphere

Exercise

Checkingn paragraphsfor supportit n ideas

Read these paragraphs and cross out the one idea that doesn't support the topic sentence.

1.Working at a part-time job while studying at a university has many advantages. If students can

get a job in their area of study, they are gaining valuable experience and putting their

knowledge to use immediately. The extra money they can earn will be useful for meeting

tuition fees and enjoying university activities. Also, they will have the personal satisfaction ofhaving contributed to their own education. Students who need extra money can hold down afull-time temporary job during their summer vacation.

2.Hobbies are important for many reasons. First, a hobby can be educational. For example, if the

hobby is stamp collecting, the person can learn about the countries of the world and even someof their history. Second, engaging in the hobby can lead to meeting other people with the sameinterests. A person can also meet other people by going to parties. Third, a person's free time is

being used in a positive way. The person has no time to be bored or get into mischief whileengaged in the hobby. Finally, some hobbies can lead to a future job. A person who enjoys ahobby-related job is more satisfied with life.

3.There are several features of spoken English that make it difficult for me to understand. First,

many words are not pronounced as they are spelled, so when I learn new words through

reading, I sometimes don't understand them when they are spoken. Second, native speakers

contract words and phrases.“What are you doing? ”becomes“Whacha doin'?”In myopinion, people should write clearly. Third, native speakers have a wide range of accents. ABritish accent is very different from a Texas one. Fourth, there are lots of idioms and slangexpressions. These expressions also differ depending on the area a speaker is from. Finally,

there are sounds that don't exist in my language but do exist in English and vice versa. Thesesounds are difficult for me to distinguish.

Exercise

Writing supportinideas

Use the topic sentences that you wrote for Exercise W1. Outline four supporting ideas.

Example catching colds

Ⅰ. People can avoid catching a cold by taking certain precautions.

A. avoid people with colds

B. get plenty of sleep

C. eat nutritious food

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D. take vitamin C

1.Ⅰ.

2.Ⅰ.

3.Ⅰ.

4.Ⅰ.

5.Ⅰ.

6.Ⅰ.

7.Ⅰ.

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8.Ⅰ.

9.Ⅰ.

10.Ⅰ.

Exercise

Writing supportinideasa ini a paragraph

On your own paper, write out the paragraphs you outlined in Exercise W6 by expanding yoursupporting ideas into complete sentences.

Example

Catchingn Colds

People can avoid catching a cold by taking certain precautions. Perhaps the most

important precaution is to avoid people who already have colds so that you are not exposed tocold germs. You should also get plenty of sleep so that your resistance is strong. Eating

nutritious food will ensure that you have the vitamins that can help fight cold germs. Finally,you could try taking vitamin C supplements, which may help prevent your catching a cold.Extendede practice: Use the sample outlines in the Answer Key for Exercise W6 to practice writingmore paragraphs.

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（二）段落的衔接

Connective words or phrases can be used point out the thought relationship between

sentences. Here is a list of some commonly used connectives:

9)表示列举或次序：first, firstly, first of all, above all, to begin with, in the first place, forone thing; second, secondly, in the second place, for another; finally, last but not least表示递进：besides, plus, moreover, furthermore, in addition, additionally, moreimportant, most important表示举例：for example, for instance, as an example, as an illustration, to illustrate,such as(介)…表示对比：similarly, likewise, in the same way, equally important; on the contrary,conversely, in contrast, by contrast, on the other hand, otherwise, whereas（连）表示让步：though/although（连）, even though（连）, in spite of（介）, despite（介）,it is true that（连）, admittedly,表示转折：but, yet, however, nevertheless, instead表示原因：because（连）, as（连）, since（连）, for（连）, because of（介）, owing to（介）, due to（介）, on account of（介）, as a result of（介）表示结果： so（连）, thus, consequently, hence, therefore, accordingly, as a result, as aconsequence, on that account表示强调：in fact, actually, indeed, certainly, chiefly, especially, particularly,

conclude10)表示总结：in conclusion, in short, in brief, in summary, on the whole, to sum up, to

Exercises

1. Choopropconnectiexpressionfrom the list givbelto fili theblanksin

the following paragraphs:

although

secondthird

oncebutinsteadfourthsometimes

in additionthenfinallyfirst (of all)furthermorein contrastconsequentlyfor exampleat other times

1) European universities and universities in the United States are different in many ways., European students enroll in fewer courses each term than United States students do.

, European students seldom live at a university.

classes., they live at home and travel to, most European courses are given by professors who lecture to their classes.

, United States professors often ask their students questions or allow their students to

form discussion groups.

United States professors do.

mainly a place to study., European professors ask students to write fewer papers than, European students’ final examinations are usually oral,, a European university isAt most United States universities, social activities take up

57whereas American students take written final examinations.

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a large part of the students’ time.

2) Perhaps the most unforgettable person I have ever met is 2Prof. Smith who taught us

philosophy at university.

qualities most distinctively.I last met him eight years ago, I still remember his special, I was impressed by his devotion to teaching. Because hislectures were always well-prepared and clearly delivered, students swarmed into his classroom.His followers appreciate the fact that he believed in what he taught and that he was intellectually

stimulating.

lecturers., he could be counted on to explain his ideas in an imaginative way,He even sang a song in class to illustrate a point., I admired theintroducing such aids to understanding as paintings, recordings, pieces of sculpture and guestfact that he would meet with students outside of the classroom or talk to them on the telephone.

He would challenge a student to a game of chess.

discuss subjects ranging from astronomy to pop music., he would join groups to, I was attracted by his lively wit.He believed that no class hour is a success unless the students and the professor share several

chuckles and at least one loud laugh. Through his sense of humor, he made learning more

enjoyable and more lasting. If it is true that life makes a wise man smile and a foolish man cry,

Prof. Smith is truly a wise man.

2. Nofill i theblanks with coordinatinconjunctions or conjunctit v adverbs:

My friend Jones is not a practical person. One evening, when he was driving along a main

road, he suddenly had a flat tyre. He was very worried,

the back of his car. He had to ask for help,

Dozens of cars and lorries passed,

hundred miles or so,

darker and darker,he did not have a spare wheel inhe waved to passing cars and lorries.not one of them stopped. He had covered only ahe still had more than three hundred miles to go. It was gettinghe was almost in despair. He waved for an hour. At last, he waved to a

a well-dressed young

Jones had to explain that he had never

fitted the wheel in a few minutescar just like his own. To his surprise, the car actually stoppedlady,, offered him her own spare wheel,woman got out. Jones was disappointed. How could a person like this possibly help him? Thechanged a car in his life. She set to work at once

while Jones looked on in admiration.

3.Rewrithefollowingpassagebyaddingconnectivewordswherenecessary.Many

be changeandyouwillprobably notke

you ma finduseful:

the only result

although

sothesamenumberostructureswilhavetthenandwhen

That’s howsentences.c s Here are some of thconnective wordhoweverbutyetinstead

Television was invented by John Logie Baird. When he was young he built an aeroplane. He

tried to fly in it. It crashed down below. Baird was fortunate not to be killed. It did not discourage

him. When he was older he tried to make diamonds from coal. There was an enormous explosion.

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He was not injured. He became a businessman. His business failed. He thought of working attelevision. His family advised him not to. He did not listen to them. He rented an attic. He bought

the apparatus he needed. He started working. He worked for a long time. He was not successful.

One day he saw a picture on his screen. He rushed out to get someone he could “televise”. He

found an office boy. He took him back to his room. No image of the boy appeared on his screen.The boy, terrified, had put his head down. He put it up again. His picture appeared on the screen.

Television had been discovered.

4. Combinisentence with subordinatit n conjunctions or relatipronou

In the United Stated there is a belief. It goes that people are rewarded for working, producing,and achieving. Many people believe that there is equality of opportunity. It allows anyone tobecome successful. This belief is illustrated by stories written by a nineteenth-century Americannovelist, Horatio Alger. He wrote about the “American Dream”. In his stories he described poorpeople. They became rich because of their hard work, honesty, and luck. The stories reinforced theidea. The idea is that all individuals, no matter how poor, were capable of becoming wealthy aslong as they were honest and hard-working. For many Americans, however, Horatio Alger’s

“rags-to-riches” stories do not represent the reality of opportunity. Many poor immigrants were ableto become rich. They came to the United States in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Today,however, the poor generally do not rise to the middle and upper classes. That is why the “AmericanDream” is now described as a myth.

5.Rewrir t thepassaget make

words and putting somit bomore natural.This wilmeanaddingo removingof thsentences together

1. There were once a dog and a cat sitting by a kitchen door. The cook came out and threw

several pieces of meat to them. They both sprang to get the meat. The dog was the stronger. Heate it all himself.

2. This was selfishness. By this I mean that the dog cared only for himself. Was this wrong? No,the dog knew no better.

3. Men are different from dogs. They follow a different rule of conduct. How miserable we

should all be! Every person were to care only for himself. We ought to be thankful. We have ahigher nature than that of beasts. We are able to see and feel the duty of being kind and

affectionate to one another. We can see and feel this duty. We ought to be very careful alwaysto observe it.

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九、历年六级写作真题（1990.1-2004.6）

2004 年 6 月

Directions:For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a letter to the editor of a

newspaper complaining about the poor service of a bookstore. You should write at least150 words following the outline given below:

设想你买了一本英文字典，发现有这样那样的质量问题，书店的服务态度又不好，因此给报社编辑写信。信中必须包含以下内容：

1．事情的起因

2．与书店交涉的经过

3．呼吁服务行业必须提高服务质量

2003 年 12 月

Directions:For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a short essay entitled Reduce

Waste onCampus.You should write at least 150 words following the outline givenbelow:

1．有些大学校园浪费的现象日益严重

2．浪费的危害

3．杜绝浪费，从我做起

2003 年 9 月

Directions:For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a short essay entitledReading

Preferences. Youshould write at least 150 words following the outline given below:Readingn preferencese ofo students i ana Americana university i 2002

Categories o books

Popular Fiction

General Nonfiction

Science/Technology/Education

Art/Literature/PoetryPercentage o book circulati65.9%18.2%10.8%5.1%i thelibrary

1．根据上表，简要叙述美国某大学学生借阅图书的分布情况；

2．你对于这些学生阅读偏爱的评论

3．你通常喜欢阅读哪一类书籍？说明理由。

2003 年 6 月

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Changes

in the Ownershipo Housese in China. You should write at least 150 words and youshould base your composition on the graph and outline below.

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100%

80%

60%

40%

20%0%

1950’s1970’s1990’s

1. Describe the changes as indicated by the graph

2. Give possible reasons for the changes

2003 年 1 月

Directions:For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic It

Pays t BeB Honest.You should write at least 150 words and base your composition on

the outline (given in Chinese) below:

1．当今社会上存在着很多不诚实的现象。

2．诚实利人利己，做人应该诚实。

2002 年 6 月

Directions:For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic

StudentUseo Computers. You should write at least 150 words, and base your

composition on the chart and the outline given below:

Hours/week

Average numbo hoursstudespendon thcomputer pe week

1.上图所示为 1990 年、1995 年、2000 年某校大学生使用计算机的情况，请描述其变化；

2.请说明发生这些变化的原因（可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明）；

3.你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。

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2002 年 1 月

Directions:For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic A

Lettere tot the

the Canteent e Service o Campus.s

below:University President about You shouldwrite at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese

假设你是李明，请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写一封信，内容应涉及食堂的

饭菜质量、价格、环境、服务等，可以是表扬，可以是批评建议，也可以兼而有之。

2001 年 6 月

Directions:For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a letter. Suppose you are Zhang

Ying. Write a letter to Xiao Wang, a schoolmate of yours who is going to visit youduring a weeklong holiday. You should write at least 120 words according to thesuggestions given below in Chinese.

1.表示欢迎

2.提出对度假安排的建议

3.提醒应注意的事项

2000 年 12 月

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic How

to Succec e inia JobJo Interview? You should write at least 120 words and you shouldbase your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

1.面试在求职过程中的作用

2.取得面试成功的因素：仪表、举止谈吐、能力、专业知识、自信、实事求是……

2000 年 6 月

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic IsTe

of SpokEnglishNecessary? The First sentence has already been written for you.You should write at least 120 words, and you should base your composition on theoutline (given in Chinese) below:

1.很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是 ......

2.也有人持不同意见， ......

3.我的看法和打算

2000 年 1 月

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic How

Finance M CollegeEducatioYou should write at least 120 words, and base yourcomposition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

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1.上大学的费用（tuition and fees）可以通过多种途径解决。

2.哪种途径适合我（说明理由）。

1999 年 6 月

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Reading

Selectively or ExtensivelYou should write at least 120 words and you should baseyour composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

1.有些人认为读书要有选择

2.有些人认为应当博览群书

3.我的看法

1999 年 1 月

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: Don

Hesitate to sa“No”. You should write at least 120 words and you should base yourcomposition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

1.别人请求帮助时，在什么情况下我们会说 “不”。

2.为什么有些人在该说“不”的时候不说“不”。

3.该说“不”时不说“不”的坏处。

1998 年 6 月

Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topicDo

“Luckyk NumbersReallBringGo

1.有些人认为某些数字会带来好运

2.我认为数字和运气无关 ......LucYou should write at least 120 wordsand you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

1998 年 1 月

Directions:For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic My

View onFakeCommoditieYou should write at least 120 words, and base yourcomposition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

1.假冒伪劣商品的危害

2.怎样杜绝假冒伪劣商品

1997 年 6 月

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic My Vi

onjob-hopping.You should write at least 120 words and you should base yourcomposition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

1.有些人喜欢始终从事一种工作，因为 ......

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2.有些人喜欢经常更换工作，因为 ......

3.我的看法

1997 年 1 月

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Haste

MakesWaste.You should write at least 120 words and you should base your

composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below.

1.为什么“欲速则不达”？

2.举例说明。

1996 年 6 月

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the graphs

below.

Health Gainin Developin Countries

Life ExpectancyInfant Mortality

此处插入图表 16-2

Directions: For this part , you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic HealthGains in Developing Countries. You must base pour composition on the following instructions(given in Chinese) :

1 .上图为依据描述发展中国家的期望寿命(life expectancy)和婴儿死亡率 (infant mortality)的变化情况.

2.说明引起变化的各种原因 .

1996 年 1 月

Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the title:

WhyTaColleEnglisTest Ban6. You should base your composition on the

following outline (given in Chinese).

1.有些人认为没有必要参加大学英语六级考试

2.我参加 CET-6 考试的理由

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1995 年 6 月

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Should

Firecrackersk r BeB Banned?You should write at least 120 words and you should baseyour composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

1．有人认为放鞭炮是好事，为什么 ?

2．有人认为放鞭炮是坏事，为什么 ?

3．我的看法

1995 年 1 月

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the title: My

ViewontheNegativeEffectsofSomeAdvertisements.You should base yourcomposition on the following outline (given in Chinese).

1.现在有些不良的商业广告

2.这些广告的副作用和危害性

3.我对这些广告的态度

You must write your composition in no less than 120 words on the Composition Sheetand remember to write in readable handwriting.

1994 年 6 月

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the title:

The CarePursuYou must write your composition in no less than 120 words onthe Composition Sheet and remember to write in readable handwriting.

1993 年 6 月

Directions:For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic My

View onOpportunity. You must base your composition on the following instructions(given in Chinese):

有的人认为机会是极少的，另一些人则认为人人都会有某种机会。你的看法如何？写出你的理由并且适当举例。在你的文章结尾处不要忘记写出你的结论。

Your composition should be no less than 120 words. Remember to write it neatly.

1993 年 1 月

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the title:

MotorcyclesanCityTraffic. You should base your composition on the followingoutline (given in Chinese).

1.近年来中国城市的摩托车

2.摩托车的优点和缺点

3.你对我国城市中摩托车发展前景的看法

You must write your composition in no less than 120 words on the Composition Sheet

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and remember to write in readable handwriting.

1992 年 6 月

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Looking

ForwardtotheTwenty-FirstCenturyYour composition should be based on your

answer to the following questions written in Chinese:

1.新世纪科技发展的前景如何？

2.新的科学技术会给社会带来什么好处？

3.新的科学技术会带来什么问题？

4.你怎样对待新世纪的挑战？

Your composition should be no less than 120 words.

1992 年 1 月

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the

following graph which shows the change in the number of film-goers and TV-watchers in a certain

city. The title of the composition is: Film Is GivinWay to TVYoushould write no less than 120

words for your composition and it must include the following ideas (given in Chinese):

1.电影观众越来越少

2.电视观众越来越多，因为 ……

3.然而，还是有人喜欢看电影 ,因为……

Quote as few figures as possible. Remember to write your composition in readable

handwriting.

1991 年 6 月

Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the graph

below.

新东方英语六级精品全程班写作讲义

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The suggested title is:CarAccidentDeclininginWaltonCity.Remember that yourcomposition must be written according to the following outline:

1. Rise and fall of the rate of car accidents as indicated by the graph;

2. Possible reason(s) for the decline of car accidents in the city;

3. Your predictions of what will happen this year .

Your composition should be no less than 120 words and you should quote as few figures aspossible.

1991 年 1 月

Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition aboutManIst

Survive. Youshould base your composition on the following outline:

1.人类面临的问题（如能源、疾病、污染、人口等）

2.悲观的看法（如人类将无法生存）

3.人类的智慧出路

Your composition should be no less than 120 words. Be sure to write your compositionin readable handwriting.

1990 年 6 月

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: How to

Solve thHousings n Problem in BiCities. Four suggested solutions to this problem

四种可能解决住房问题的方案：

1.多造高层建筑

2.向地下发展

3.建造卫星城市

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4.疏散城市人口

1990 年 1 月

Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic How to

OUTLINE

问题：城市交通拥挤

解决方案（solution）

1. 建造(lay down)更多道路

优点：(1)降低街道拥挤程度

(2)加速车流（flow of traffic）

缺点：占地过多

2.开辟（open up）更多公共汽车线路

优点：减少自行车与小汽车

缺点：对部分人可能造成不方便

结论：两者结合

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十、写作模拟题与范文

1．

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition of no less than 150

words on the following topic and outline.

最近国内有些高校允许在校适龄大学生结婚。对此人们有不同观点，有人赞成，有人反对。你的观点如何？

1．有些人对高校允许学生结婚的做法持肯定态度

2．另一些人则反对

3．我的观点

2．

Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic

PreferableWork. You should write at least 150 words and you should base yourcomposition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

1.有些人喜欢与人打交道的工作

2.有些人喜欢与事物或机器打交道的工作

3.你的选择

3．

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Part-time

Jobs fo College StudentsYou should write at least 150 words and you should baseyour composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

1.有些人反对大学生做兼职工作

2.你的看法

Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic The

Development of PrivatCars. You should write at least 150 words and you should baseyour composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

1.有些人赞成发展私人小汽车

2．另一些人则反对

3.你的看法

5．

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Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Scientific

Discoverie—A Curses OrO A Blessing. You should write at least 150 words and youshould base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:

1.科学发现为人类带来很多福利。

6．

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Internet科学发现也导致了一些灾难。结论。

— A Two-edged Swor. You should write at least 150 words and you should base yourcomposition on the outline given in Chinese below:

7．

Directions:For this part, you are to write a composition of 120 ～ 150 words onThe GreatesInternet 的功绩。Internet 的弊端。结论。

InventioninthePastCenturyIn your composition, you should clearly state youropinion and give reasons to support your arguments. Write your composition on theANSWER SHEET.

8．

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Brain

Drain. You should write at least 150 words and you should base your composition onthe outline (given in Chinese) below:

1.人才流失是我国面临的一个棘手的问题

2．人才流失的原因

9．

Directions:如何吸引人才For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic How to

Solve EnerCrisiYou should write at least 150 words and you should base yourcomposition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

1.人类面临着能源危机

2．如何化解这一危机

10．

Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topicFire

Accidents in BiCities. You should write at least 150 words and you should base yourcomposition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

1.大城市火灾有上升的趋势

2．造成火灾的原因

3．如何防止火灾

11．

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Practice

MakesPerfe. You should write at least 150 words and you should base your

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composition on the outline given below:

1. 为什么说“熟能生巧”

2. 例如……

3．又例如

12．

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition about“ Againsts a

Robberybased on the following picture. You are given the first sentence in Englishand are required to develop it into a full composition in no less than 150 words, notincluding the words given.

1. On yesterday afternoon, Mrs. Luo left home to go shopping.

2. In the flat opposite, a woman heard the noise outside.

3. The two criminals were arrested.

13．

Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic The

Robot I a Machineh n after AlYou should write at least 150 words and you should baseyour composition on the cartoons given below.

14．

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter of application for a job You

should write at least 150 words and you should base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese) below:

假定你是李明，是北京外国语大学(Beijing Foreign Studies University)一名英语专业的学

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生。你在 China Daily 上看到一则招聘广告：Microsoft China 要招聘口译员。你认为自己符合条件，请写一封申请信。

15．

Directions:Read the story in Chinese below, and then write a composition of no less than 150

words under the titile of “The Goal of Life”. Your composition should be based on the

story and the following outline.

1. What have you learned from the story?

2. What is the goal of your life? If you have achieved the goal of your life, what would

you do?

目标

在英国有一位残疾青年，他双腿走起路来很困难，却凭着坚强的信念和毅力创造了一次又一次的壮举：他 19 岁时登上了世界最高峰珠穆朗玛峰； 21 岁时登上了阿尔卑斯山； 22 岁时登上了乞力马扎罗山， 28 岁前他登上了世界上所有著名的高山。然而，就在28 岁这一年他自杀了。原来在他 11 岁时，他父母在攀登乞力马扎罗山时不幸遭遇雪崩双双遇难。他的父母临行前给他留下了遗嘱，希望他能象父母一样，登上世界上所有著名的高山。这位残疾青年把父母的遗嘱作为他人生奋斗的目标，当实现全部目标的时候，他感到前所未有的无奈和绝望。他留下遗言：“如今，功成名就的我感到无事可做了，我没有了新的目标 ……”16．

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition of no less than120

wordsunder

misfortune?"thetitleof"Whatwillmoneybringus,fortuneorYour compositionshould be based on the followingstory given in

Chinese. Give at least two reasons to support your choice.

夺命之物

一栋住宅楼发生了大火，一个中年男子在大火中丧生。奇怪的是，他

地上爬……”，这是科学有效的逃生方法。

人们不解：“你爸爸不会这么做吗?”

明明说：“会，是爸爸教我这么做的。爸爸和我一起爬到了门口，他说忘了一件东西，就5 岁的儿子明明却逃了出来。有人问明明：“你是怎么逃出来的 ?”明明说：“我拿了一块湿毛巾捂住鼻子，贴在

又爬回去了。”

参加救火的消防员说，他们发现那具男尸时，他的手里紧紧地攥着一沓百元大钞。

于是，人们明白了：有一种东西杀人夺命，比大火还厉害。(摘自《深圳青年》第 3 期上半月刊，作者廖钧)

17．

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a summary of the following passage.

You should write about 150 words and remember to write clearly on the

COMPOSITION SHEET.

To Lior no tot Lie—the Doctor

Should doctors ever lie to benefit their patients—Dilemto speed recovery or to conceal the

approach of death? Doctors confront such choices often and urgently. At times, they see important

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reasons to lie for the patient’s own sake; in their eyes, such lies differ sharply from self-servingones.

Studies show that most doctors sincerely believe that the seriously ill do not want to know the

truth about their condition, and that informing them risks destroying their hope, so that they may

recover more slowly, or deteriorate faster, perhaps even commit suicide. As one physician wrote,

“Ours is a profession which traditionally has been guided by a precept that transcends the virtue ofuttering the truth for truth’s sake, and that is as far as possible, do no harm.”

Armed with such a precept, a number of doctors may slip into deceptive practices that they

assume will “do no harm” and may well help their patients. They may prescribe innumerableplacebos, sound more encouraging than the facts warrant, and distort grave news, especially to the

incurably ill and the dying.

But the illusory nature of the benefits such deception is meant to produce is now coming to be

documents. Studies show that, contrary to the beliefs of many physicians, an overwhelmingmajority of patients do want to be told the truth, even about grave illness, and feel betrayed when

they learn that they have been misled. We are also learning that truthful information, humanely

conveyed, helps patients cope with illness: helps them tolerate pain better, need less medicine, and

even recover faster after surgery.

Not only do lies not provide the “help” hoped for by advocates of benevolent deception; theyinvade the autonomy of patients and render them unable to make informed choices concerning theirown health, including the choice of whether to be a patient in the first place. We are becoming

increasingly aware of all that can befall patients in the course of their illness when information isdenied or distorted.

Dying patients especially—who are easiest to mislead and most often kept in the dark—can then not make decisions about the end of life: about whether or not they should enter a hospital,or have surgery; about where and with whom they should spend their remaining time; about howthey should bring their affairs to a close and take leave.

Lies also do harm to those who tell them: harm to their integrity and, in the long run, to theircredibility. Lies hurt their colleagues as well. The suspicion of deceit undercuts the work of themany doctors who are honest with their patients; it contributes to the spiral of lawsuits and of“defensive medicine”, and thus it injures, in turn, the entire medical profession.

There is urgent need to debate this issue openly. Not only in medicine, but in other professionsas well, practitioners may find themselves repeatedly in difficulty where serious consequencesseem avoidable only through deception. Yet the public has every reason to be wary of professionaldeception, for such practices are peculiarly likely to become deeply rooted, to spread, and to erodetrust. Neither in medicine, nor in law, government, or the social sciences can there be comfort in theold saying, “What you don’t know can’t hurt you.”

18．

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a summary of the following passage.

You should write about 150 words and remember to write clearly on the

COMPOSITION SHEET.

The Leaning Tower of Pisa

The leaning tower has never been straight. Not long after work began in 1173, the foundationsettled unevenly, and the tower started inclining toward the north. Evidence for this initial incline

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can be seen in the design of the tower itself: to keep the first few stories level, worker, make thecolumns and arched of the third story on the sinking northern side just slightly taller than the

features on the southern side. Political unrest in Pisa halted construction in 1178, in the middle ofwork on the fourth level. Work resumed almost 100 years later, in 1272, and by that time, the towerhad tilted to the south—the direction it still points today. Again, designer hoped to correct the

lean, this time by adjusting the height of the fifth story, making the southern side somewhat tallerthan the northern side. In 1278, with seven stories completed, work on the tower ceased once againbecause of political unrest. By 1292, the tower’s tilt was so obvious that a group of masons( 石匠 )

were asked to investigate the problem

appointed over the past 700 years.—the first of many commissions to study the tower

The eighth story and final addition, the bell chamber, was built between 1360 and 1370. Oncemore, architects attempted to correct for the southward lean, this time by angling the bell chambernorthward. These efforts, combined with the slow time scale of construction, have so far preventedthe tower from topping（倒塌）over.

Throughout the monument’s history, architects and engineers have attempted to halt the lean,but since regular monitoring began in 1911, the offset（偏移） at the top of the tower has increasedat a fairly consistent rate of about 1.2 millimeters each year. Today the top of the tower is 5.227meters off-center, visibly leaning south. Fears about the safety of the landmark became acute whena similarly constructed bell tower at the Cathedral at Pavia collapsed suddenly in 1989. Shortlythereafter, the tower at Pisa was closed to visitors.

In 1990, a special commission, composed of Italian and foreign experts in the fields of

structural engineering, geotechnical engineering, history of art and restoration of monuments, wasbrought together by the Italian government to determine new ways to save the tower. The Tower ofPisa Project Consortium has supervised several projects that have stabilized the structure andslowed the rater of its incline.

Initial efforts focused on the exterior of the tower, but in the next few months, other, moreradical techniques will be tried to halt the tower’s lean. There methods will be applied directly tothe soil, modifying the tower’s footing. Large-scale filed trials are now under way at the MiracleSquare, where the tower stands, but all work is being done far from the monument itself to guardagainst the possibility that altering the ground too close to the tower could eventually damage thebuilding.

The ultimate goal is not to straighten the tower. Because the structure tilted in different

direction during the early stages of construction, it became curved like a banana and will neverstand truly upright. Instead, the experts and engineers hope to ease its top back some 10 or 20centimeters. With luck, their efforts will keep the landmark standing into the next century, when anew generation of scientists will tackle the 800-year-old problem of the leaning tower of Pisa.范文

1．Should College Studene t BeB AllowedGe Married?

There is no denying the fact that it is a hotly debated topic today whether college studentsshould be allowed to get married. Some time ago, the ban was lifted by some universities onstudents getting married. To this people’s attitudes differ sharply. Some hold the positive view.

They say that most college students are adults and that it is a basic right for those who have reachedthe appropriate ages to get married.

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Many others, however, hold the opposite view. They claim that the university or college is aplace to study instead of a community to lead a family life. Allowing college students to get

married would adversely affect their study. For instance, they would spend too much time attendingtheir family and love, unable to concentrate on their school work.

As far as I am concerned, I believe that it is OK to allow college students to get married.

Anyway, this is their freedom. Actually, we don’t have to worry too much because facts have

shown that most college students would choose not to get married in the face of such fierce

competition and heavy school work.

( 或As far as I am concerned, I believe that college students should not be allowed to get

married. Though mostly adults, they are actually immature psychologically. Their wish to get

married is, more often than not, impulses. Besides, as students, they are not ready to support a

family financially.

2. PreferablWork

Some people prefer to work with people. Working with people usually makes one feel

interesting and efficient. At the same time, it can give people power and competition and provides

rivalry which can be a very effective motive in improving one's ability. In addition, people can get

better ideas by way of consultation and conference with other people.

On the other hand, other people like jobs which mainly involve with objects or machine. They

probably think that working with objects or machine will provide more peace and quiet. Under suchpeaceful conditions, one can do more practical work, improve one's skill and make technicalrenovations.

Of these two ways of working, I prefer working with people. First of all, I like working withpeople because of companionship. Second, although there are competition and rivalry, we can learnsomething from other people even if we don't like them.

3. Part-tiJobfor College Studen

There has been much controversy over part-time jobs for college students. People who areagainst it hold that the sole purpose of higher education is for the students to acquire knowledge. Ifthey are engaged in part-time job they will be invariably distracted from their studies and as a resultthey can not fulfill the requirements mapped out by the State Education Commission.

The writer, however, thinks that there are several advantages for college students involved inpart-time jobs. Firstly, part-time jobs provide opportunities for students to contact society so as to

know the situation of the talent market. For instance, if a student works as a part-time governess, he

or she will know what kind of professionals are urgently needed by the market and this will helphim to choose a future job. Secondly, there are some financial gains from part-time jobs. Since the

reform was carried out, institutions of higher education have started to collect tuition fees fromstudents. Needless to say this means another financial burden on parents. And part-time jobs canserve as a partial solution to this problem. Last but not least, part-time jobs can cultivate students'sense of independence.

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To sum up, part-time jobs can do a lot more good than bad to students as long as they can

make best use of their time and raise the efficiency of their study.

4. ThDevelopment of PrivaCa

With the increase in the general standard of living, some ordinary Chinese families can now

afford a car. Yet opinions on the development of a private car vary from person to person. Some

claim that there are many advantages in possessing a car.It gives a much greater degree ofcomfort and mobility. The owner of a car is no longer forced to rely on public transport, and henceno irritation caused by waiting for buses or taxies.With a car he can go where he likes and whenhe wants, so much so that he can enjoy his leisure to the full by making trips to the country orseaside on the weekends, instead of being confined to his immediate neighborhood.

However, others strongly object to developing private cars.They maintain that as more andmore cars are produced and run in the street, a large volume of poisonous gas will be given off,polluting the atmosphere and causing actual harm to the health of people. In fact, private carscontribute to traffic congestion so greatly that the advantages gained in comfort and freedom areoften cancelled out by the frustration caused by traffic jams.

In spite of all the above-mentioned, I still favor owning a car. The reason is that the car gives a

person the freedom to schedule his own time. Though we are confronted with a problem of energy

crisis, I am sure that the real solution will have to be a new kind of car, one that uses cheap,efficient fuel and does not contaminate the air.

5. ScientifiDiscovery—Curse O Blessing

New scientific discovery nearly always brings mankind a blessing. Take electricity for example.Since its discovery, it has ushered in an era of countless inventions in close connection with it.

Nowadays people can read and write by means of lights instead of candles. Fire is another exampleof discoveries which made human beings survive in ancient times and generates electricity in

modern times. Again, minerals such as oil or coal discovered by man have long been used as fuel todevelop industry and agriculture.

Yet sometimes scientific discoveries may prove a curse upon the human race. As we know,everything has two sides. Electricity can shock one to death if used carelessly. Smoke from

factories and gases from cars are terrible pollutants. Radium used in nuclear power plants can leadto a nuclear war.

The misuse of scientific discoveries must be prevented. Since chemical elements or substanceswere discovered, some have been made use of for purpose of war. Such weapons as atomic bombsor poisonous gases have proved to be destructive to mankind. Therefore, it is the whole world'sduty to prevent scientific discoveries from menacing the human race.

6．InternetTwo-edge Sword

Internet is playing an increasingly important role in people's life. As a newborn information

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delivering system, the Internet has made seas of information available at our fingers’ tips. Besides,the Internet serves as the most convenient means for communication. Through the Internet, people

can discuss various problems and make friends who share common views.

But just as a coin has two sides, Internet has its own drawbacks which should not be neglected.First, it costs an alarming amount of money to construct the system and the cost is very high tomost Chinese consumers. Second, it is sometimes difficult for people to find the right informationthey are looking for since there is too much rubbish on the net. Finally, it is also difficult to preventthe net from the invasion of criminals.

Therefore, the Internet should be viewed as a two-edged sword, which presents us with bothconveniences and troubles. But we should not give up eating for fear of choking. The best policy, asI see it, is to further develop the net and exert proper supervision over it so that it can benefit us in abetter way.

7．The Greatest Inventit o ini thePast Centu

When asked about the greatest invention in the past century, some people may claim that it isthe computer; others may say it is the mobile phone; still others may say it is the automobile. In myopinion, however, it is the Internet.

Of course, the computer, or the electric brain, has greatly facilitated our mental work and spareus the burden of calculating, restoring and searching; the automobile saves us time and makes ourtravel more convenient and the mobile phone has got people closer. But, these are just the extensionof human brain, legs and voice. The Internet, however,

fundamental way since its birth.

First, as a newborn information delivering system, the Internet has made various informationavailable at our finger's tip. Besides, Internet serves as the most convenient means for

communication. Through Internet, people can discuss various problems and make friends. Last butnot least, the Internet is also a faithful aid in our daily life since people can go shopping and getmedical services online.

To sum up, the Internet is indeed the most interesting and important invention man has evermade.

8. BraiDrain

Brain drain is a delicate problem with which this country is confronted. In the last ten years orso, a lot of scientists and technicians have swarmed into developed countries for further studies orresearch work, let alone numerous promising students. And there are no indications that they willbe back home before long. This country has paid the expenses of training them but lost them. Howdid that come about?

It is self-evident that their delay of coming back is due to those favorable working and livingconditions which are essential to research work. Sophisticated equipment makes it easier for one togain academic achievements. Our competent scientists abroad are offered higher rewards andgreater opportunities which contribute to their success in career.

It seems that it isn't impossible to solve the problem. The scientists and the like can be

attracted back home so long as great importance is attached to the intellectual's deserving treatmenthas changed human life in a more

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and effective measures are taken to provide them with excellent pay and agreeable conditions.

9. Hoto SolEnerCrisi

Man is faced with a grave problem—the energy crisis, which is becoming increasingly serious.First, with the increase in the world's population, the demand for fuels is growing steadily. Second,the rapid development of industry and agriculture calls for an increasing amount of coal, oil andnatural gas.

Confronted with the energy crisis, we should take a series of effective measures to save energy.For one thing, it is high time that people all over the world realized the severe fact that our naturalresources have been fixed since the earth was created. For another, the governments of all countriesare supposed to lay down the rules and regulations to restrict the amount of gas used by cars.Finally, scientific researches should be encouraged to work out efficient methods of saving fuelsand to seek new sources of energy.

Personally, I believe that solar energy is a possible source of clean, inexpensive and abundantenergy. It does not pollute the environment and costs only as much as the installation of solarpanels to absorb the sun's rays. Consequently, I'm confident that a bright future is awaiting usbecause solar energy will be able to help us to solve the energy crisis.

10. FirAccidents i BigCities

In recent years there has been a marked growth of fire accidents in big cities of our country.Almost every day we see fire engines rushing through streets. Fires have not only resulted in heavyeconomic losses but also injured and killed many people.

What are the causes of fire accidents? Most of the fires are brought about by carelessness andviolation of fire safety regulations. Others are due to the poor quality of home electrical appliances.By the way, some people don't know how to use them properly. Besides, there are quite a fewbusinesses which focus so much of their attention on profits that they tend to neglect and evenignore fire precautions.

In my opinion, in order to prevent fires we should first of all foster people's sense of fire

prevention. The second thing we have to do is to increase the number of professional fire fighters,to whom regular training courses should be offered. Finally, we are to improve the existing fireengines and add more fire facilities to high-rise buildings. In this way, a reliable fire preventionsystem will be formed.

11．Practicet c Makes Perfe

A well-known proverb goes “Practice makes perfect”, which means that perfection lies inpractice. Without practice, you can never expect to be really good at anything. On the contrary, themore you practice, the more likely you are to do things in a perfect way.

Taking a look around, we can find examples too numerous to list. The study of English is acase in point. If you wish to improve your pronunciation, you must practice pronouncing every

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English syllable again and again. Likewise, if you want to write an excellent composition, you haveto sit down and write.

Another example is Deng Yaping, the world No. 1 woman Ping-pong player. This short girl,who does not seem to be cut out for sports, owes her success to painstaking and perseverantpractice.

In short, practice is essential if we want to make achievements in our studies or work, or

indeed in any other aspect of our life. Practice, to some degree, can make the difference betweenbeing merely good at something and becoming a champion.

12．Againsts a Robbery

Yesterday afternoon，Mrs. Luo left home for shopping. Halfway down the stairs, she found herway blocked by two men armed with knives. They threatened her, saying that they would stab her ifshe made any noise. Then, they forced her to take them to her flat and open the door. It seemed thatMrs. Luo was be in a big trouble and was bound to lose money or life.

In the flat opposite, a woman heard the noise outside. When she looked out through the

window, she discovered that her neighbor was threatened by someone. She immediately called thepolice. In answer to the call, a patrol police car arrived at the scene of the crime quickly. Threepolicemen went inside the flat, others guarded outside the building to prevent anyone fromescaping.

The two criminals were arrested and taken to the police station with their wrists handcuffed.

There they would be questioned and probably charged with robbery.

13. Th Robot i a Machine after Al

As is vividly shown in the pictures, a man and a robot were playing cards. Obviously, the manwas losing, for he was with a sad face. The robot, on the other hand, was smiling. Then the manwent to open the body of the robot and changed something inside it. A moment later, they were

back again to the game. Now it was the robot’s turn to frown: nearly all the coins were won over bythe man.

Simple as the cartoons are, their symbolic meaning is profound and far-reaching: the robot isbut a robot, a product by man. It can never really defeat human beings; much less can they controlor replace man. With this in mind, we need no longer worry about the miserable fate of humanbeings as foretold by some pessimists or as described in some American films like “The Star War”

or “Matrix”.

While we should be optimistic about the future of human beings, we need also be warrant ofthe danger resulting from some inappropriate use of modern technology, like that of gene and

cloning, which might endanger mankind either physically or morally. We might not be defeated byrobots, but we might be ruined by ourselves.

14.

Dear Sir/Madam,A Letter o Applicationt o for a JobJune 17th, 2006

I am responding to your advertisement in China Daily on June 10th, 2006, which invites

applications for interpreters. Enclosed with this letter is my resume which details my background.

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I believe that I am the best candidate for this position. In the first place, I have been studyingfor four years in Beijing Foreign Studies University, one of the most prestigious language schools

in China, which has provided me with a desirable command of English skills. In the second place, Ihave taken part in a number of social activities in the past years, which have helped cultivate my

team-spirit and creativity. Besides, I have attended training courses for interpretation and have

obtained related certificates. Last but not least, I have worked as a part-time interpreter, so I amwell prepared for this job.

I would treasure the chance and exert every effort to do a good job if I had the luck to beprovided with the position. Besides, I shall be much obliged if you will afford me an opportunityfor an interview, and I appreciate a response from you at your earliest convenience.

Thank you for considering this application.

Best regards.

Yourssincerely

Li Ming

15．The Goal o Life

A story goes that a disabled young man managed to reach the peak of every famous highmountain in the world before he was 28. He did all this just as his parents told him to do in theirwill. But the young man committed suicide in the end and his last words were: “now I have nothingto do with all my goals achieved and my fame well established. I have no new goals.”

This story might not be true, but it conveys profound messages. First, one should have a

grand ideal and associate it with the needs of society. Secondly, one should have his own pursuitsand should not follow others blindly.

The story is especially instructive when we think of similar happenings around us. Somepeople, after making a fortune, feel empty and desperate, resorting to drugs or other low style oflife. Still more young people do the same because they are in lack of lofty ideals and are onlydrifting with the tide.

As far as I am concerned, I would like to devote myself to any cause that is beneficial to

mankind. My short-term goal is to learn about environmental protection and find a job in this field.And I believe this is a meaningful and useful career. It is worth my life-long efforts. I will keep

finding and attaining new goals in this field.

16．WhatilMonBrinUs, Fortut n oro Misfortune?

A story goes that once an apartment building caught fire. Among the survivors was a boy offive, who crawled out of the building by himself with a wet towel covering his nose. But his father,who taught the boy the way, got killed, for he went back again for his money.

Simple as the story is, it conveys a profound message: money can be more deadly than fire.Actually, there is no denying the fact that it has been a controversial topic “what will moneybring us, fortune or misfortune?” Quite a few people would choose the former instantly, for theybelieve that money can buy them also everything. There are, of course, people who hate money andbelieve it is the source of misfortune.

As far as I am concerned, I think that money itself cannot bring us fortune or misfortune, but ourattitudes towards it can. Be the master of money and you will drive it to work for you, to buy you

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necessities and to enjoy your life. However, if you take yourself a slave of money, you will surelyfall into the pit of misfortune one day. You will be tempted by money and lose your compass of life.

You will even lose your life, as the father in the story did. So, friends, wake up and be the lord ofmoney!

17．To Lior no tot Lie—the DoctorDilem

Doctors are often confronted such a choice: to lie or not to lie to their patient. Studies showthat they often believe it is reasonable to lie for the patient’s own sake. Most doctors believe thatthe seriously ill do not want to know the truth about their condition, and if they tell them the truth,they may lose their hope. Because of such a belief, many doctors may tell “white lies” to theirpatients.

But now facts are proving that these doctors are wrong. Actually, an overwhelming majorityof patients do want to know the truth. We are also learning that truthful information can helppatients deal with their disease if we tell it in a proper way.

Lies cannot help the patients. Besides, they invade their autonomy and make them unable tomake sound decisions. Lies also do harm to those who tell them, their colleagues and the entiremedical profession. Therefore, we need to debate this issue openly and put an end to professionaldeception.

18．The Leaningn Towere ofo Pisa

The tower of Pisa has never been upright. Its leaning can date back to the time not long afterit was built in 1173. First, the tower tilted towards the north. Then during the prolonged process ofconstruction till 1370, the tower had always been leaning to the south.

Throughout the monument’s history, many efforts have been made to halt the lean. Theseefforts have so far helped prevented the tower from topping over. But since 1911, the offset at thetop of the tower has increased at a fairly consistent rate. Shortly after 1989, for the sake of safety,the tower at Pisa was closed to visitors.

In 1990, a special commission was organized to find new ways to save the tower. At first thecommission worked mainly on the outside of the tower, but in the next few months, more radicaltechniques will be tried to stop the tower’s lean. The ultimate goal is not to straighten the tower butto ease its top back a little. With luck, the landmark can stand into the next century.

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附录写作练习答案

二、写作常见错误分析

一、语法错误

（一）句子结构错误

1．主从句叠置

1) There are more and more students who like to use the computer. / More and morestudents like to use the computer.

2) There are still many problems that should be noted and resolved. / Many problems

still should be noted and resolved.

2．简单句叠置

I like chatting on line very much, so I go to the net bar almost every weekend. / I like

chatting on line very much. I go to the net bar almost every weekend.

3．从句叠置

It is known to all that computers play an important role in many fields of our life. / As isknown to all, computers play an important role in many fields of our life.

4．句子成分缺失

If we work hard, we will surely be successful. /Working hard, we will surely be successful.

5．语序错误

1)Why do college students spend more and more time on the computer?

2)I often wonder where they have got their money.

（二）动词形式错误

1．时态错误

Many people think that the Internet will be more useful in the future.

2．语态形式错误

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1)I have been excited several days at the news that you will come here.

2)Most of the students are satisfied with the service in the dining hall.

3．单复数形式错误

2)Wise men seek opportunities rather than wait for them. / A wise man seeksSome people are afraid that computers may control men in the future.opportunities rather than wait for them.

4．非谓语动词形式错误

3)Let me say “hello” to you on behalf of everyone.Doing exercise in the morning is good for one’s health.Having studied in our school for 3 years, I find that the canteen service has changeda lot.

（三）代词错误

1)We can use computers in doing everything we like.

2)A college student should be able to do his washing on his own.

（四）冠词错误

1)A/The horse is a useful animal.

2)The exam will be held in December, 2004.

（五）词性错误

2)I wish you can consider my suggestions.If a person wants to succeed, he must learn to endure sufferings and setbacks.

二、用词错误

3)Students must know how to operate a computer. / Students must know how to workPeople can be exposed to many new things on the Internet. / People can learn manyThe purpose of this letter is to express some opinions on the service in the diningon a computer.new things on the Internet.hall. / The purpose of this letter is to make some complaints about the service in thedining hall.

三、表达习惯错误

2)What generated so large a change? / Why is there so large a change?Now 6000 yuan is enough for you to buy a P4 computer. / Now you can buy a P4computer for 6000 yuan.

6)In a room often live 6-8 students.I think there are three reasons for this great change.The prices of the food are too high. / The food is too expensive.The reason for this is that some people want to earn plenty of money without

working hard. / This is because some people want to earn plenty of money withoutworking hard.

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四、标点符号及大小写错误

4)However, every coin has two sides. I think the surroundings in our canteen are theThe man was racing down the street because he was late for the class.At last I want to let you know that I love our university very much.My favorite sports are swimming, jogging, mountaineering and playing table tennis.best among all universities.

5)The best English film in my eyes is Forrest Gump.

五、冠词用法讲练

EXERCISE 1

A.1. a2. an

3. an4. an

5. an6. an

7. a8. an

B.1. a new office building2. travel agent

3. an American scientist4. a day’s outing

5. an Indian stamp6. a heart attack

7. an advanced country8. an interesting play

EXERCISE 2

1. A (telephone); a2.x; x; x

3. a; a; an; a4.a; a; a; an

5. a; a; a; a; a6.an; a; x; an; x; a; a

7. a; an8.x

EXERCISE 3

A.1. a (very bad night); a (wink)

2. an (honesty)

3. a (vision of a new and happier Europe)

4. a (holiday); a (day off); a (month)

5. an (hourly service)

6. a (great honour); a (gathering)

7. a (mountain); a (horror)

8. an (early age)

9. a (word)

10.a (boy)

B.1. a (big problem); (not too big) a (problem)

2. a (square nose); (so handsome) a (man)

3. (However great) a (disaster)

4. (Many) a (shipwrecked sailor)

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5. (Such) an (urgent need)

6. (So urgent) a (need)

7. (as lovely)a (picture)

8. (what) a (serious crisis)

9. (many) a (greater man)

10. (How serious) a (crime)

EXERCISE 4

1. the; x

3. x; The(nature)

7. x; the

EXERCISE 5

A.1.x; a; the

3. The (bat); a

5. the

7. The(prison);a

2. a (game)

3. the (school); the (behaviour);the (pupils)

4. The (dinner); the (speeches)

5. the (setting of goals)

6. the (hospital); (at) the (end of)t he (week)

7. the (radio)

8. The (flute)

9. (have) a; the (city center); (get) a; (on) the (bus)

10. the (ground); the (wood)

EXERCISE 6

A.1.The; the; the

3. The; the

5. x; the; x

7. the; the

9. the; the

B.1. the British Museum

3. the difference between

these two words

5. in the first row6. the year 19492. x; The(forests)4. The (education); x8. the; x2. The (steam-engine); the4. x; the; x; a6. a; the; x; x8. The (youngest); x; the; x1.The (horse); a (noble animal); a (faithful servant)2. The; the4. The (wool); the6. the; the; the; x8. x; x; x10. x2. the Suez Canal4. the Wilsons

EXERCISE 7

(The) People everywhere … When (the) strangers … (The) Good manners … in (the) differentparts … accepting (the) gifts … shows (the) bad manners … even (the) rudeness … with (the) goodmanners accept (the) important things with (the) both hands …to accept (the) important thingsshows not only (the) discourtesy … In (the) Europe and (the) North America, however, (the)

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people…

六、标点符号用法讲练

EXERCISE 1

1. The…identity: Lt, Henry Bedell, Company D, 11thVermontV olunteers…old.

2. It…that Dad…already－farming 80 acres…job.

3. Now I’m…point－but what …there?

4. Rain, snow, sleet, fog…world.

5. During…tourists; during the winter…beach.

6. To…extent, mankind…earth.

7. Like…wild life,…reproduce, grow…fall.

8. The…Jim Thorpe, the greatest American…times.

9. The…enormous, juicy…appetizing.

10. I…kids－educated…the West…movies－would be disappointed.

11. I…statue. Its soul, so to speak, is…beauty.

12. The…students, teachers, doctors, businessmen, factory workers－people…life.

13. Is…underground－in new…caves?

14. I…－by correspondence －that I…her at Beijing Hotel…Thursday.

15. Passengers…beverages: coffee, tea, milk or soda.

16. Present…Mr. Ho, Chairman…English Department; Mr. Brown, a visiting…Denmark;and…us.

17. The…patients; it…of “defensive medicine”.

18. His…with them－he had…once made…help.

EXERCISE 2

1….work, for…

2….down; as a result, we…

3….note; it…

4….watch, yet…

5…..tired, so…

6. …booming; consequently, the company…

7. …in it, and it was…

8. … looking; the food, however, is…

9….compulsory; the students… choice, therefore

10…coffee; others…

11…costly; nevertheless, we…

12…weightlessness; moreover, they…

EXERCISE 3

1. … death; …

2. …sunlight. We…/…sunlight; we…

3. …May, yet/but snow…

4. …years; for example, …

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5. …quiet; …

6. …night; I…/….night, and/so I…

7. …punished; in fact…/…punished. In fact…

8. …food, and so…./food; therefore, I….

9. …very; what…./…vary. What…

10. …TV; Marie…/…TV, and Marie…

EXERCISE 4

1. “On Friday,” the teacher announced, “we’ll take up a new lesson.”

2. “ What,” he asked, “do we have to prepare for the camping trip?”

3. C

4. He greets everyone with “Hi!”

5. “You may think I have a lot of garbage in these bags,” one shopping-bag lady volunteered in achurch soup kitchen, “but it’s everything I need.”

6. C

7. “It pains me,” I said, “to find that you both have been panhandling so long that it no longer

embarrasses you.”

8. Retirement often brings many problems surrounding the “What do I do with myself?” question,

even though there may be no financial worries.

EXERCISE 5

1. At one o’clock on September 2, 1666, the Great Fire of London started inside a baker’s shop in

Pudding Lane. It lasted five days, and nearly 80% of all the buildings within the London Wall wererazed. According to the official report, 13,200 houses, 87 parish churches, over 400 streets, and theenormous old St. Paul’s Cathedral －one of the wonders of the medieval world－were in ruins. Outof London’s 450 acres, only 75 remained untouched.

Robert Hubert, a French watchmaker from Rouen, was accused of the fire. The sentence saidhe “had deliberately started the fire”. After he was hanged, it was conclusively proved that he hadnot even arrived in London until two days after the fire broke out.

2. Mr. Jones was very fond of climbing mountains, so one year he went to Switzerland for hisholidays. After he had climbed some easy mountains, he decided one day to climb a more difficultone; but he did not want to go up it alone, so he found a good Swiss guide, who had often climbedthat mountain.

At first it was not a difficult climb, but then they came to a place which was not so easy. The guidestopped, turned round and warned Mr Jones. “Be careful here,”he said “This is a dangerous place.You can easily fall, and if you do, you will fall straight down a very long way.” “But,”he continuedcalmly, “if you do fall here, don’t forget to look to the right while you are going down. There is aquite extraordinarily beautiful view there － much more beautiful than the one you can see fromhere.”

3. It is the simple things that really matter. If a man delights in his wife and children, has successin work, and finds pleasure in the alternation of day and night, spring and autumn, he will be happywhatever his philosophy may be. If, on the other hand, he finds his wife hateful, his children’s noiseunendurable, and the office a nightmare, if in the daytime he longs for night, and at night he sighsfor the light of day － then what he needs is not a new philosophy but a new pattern of life － a

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different diet, or more exercise. Man is an animal, and his happiness depends on his physiologymore than he likes to think. Unhappy business men, I am convinced, would increase their happinessmore by walking six miles every day than by any conceivable change of philosophy.

七、句型写作练习

（一）并列句

8)It was a cold snowy day and he had no money left for food.Hurry up or you’ll be late.It rained heavily last night but I went to the show anyway.I enjoy classical music, so does she.He must be ill, for he is absent today.Some people waste food while others haven’t enough.She is fat whereas her husband is thin.She cannot read, neither can she write.

（二）复合句

1．

2．

3．

5)I always took it for granted that I was far more intelligent than he was.We all thought it a pity that you were unable to attend our meeting.We consider it important that you should mind your manners.He didn't want it known that he was too ill to go on working.I regard it important that every one of you should finish your homework on time.

88It is quite obvious that they need more help in English.It is good news that she is still alive.It doesn’t seem likely that she will come here.What the children like the best in the zoo are the pandas.What we are badly in need of is raw material.It’s a pity that he did not come earlier.It is a well-knownfact that smokingcan cause lung cancer.It is true that I encouragedhim, but I didn’t actuallyhelp him.It didn’t seem likelythat they would ever keep their promise.It was hard to understandwhy Prof. Hardyhad singledout Mary for criticism.Can you tell me what kind of show they are putting on?I’m wondering if the letter is overweight.I am thinking how we can improve our study habits.We are still uncertain whether Henry is the right person for the job.Peter has always been in good health except that he has a slight headache sometimes.He suddenly remembered that he had forgotten to take his notebook with him.

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5)He took it for granted that his father would come to his help if he got into trouble.We thought it highly probable that he might change his mind at the last minute.I think it likely that the train will be delayed by the dense fog.The doctor thinks it advisable that you should stop smoking.Could you show me what you have written?This is what we should always keep in mind.What they saw in China made a deep impression on them.We must not put off till tomorrow what we can do today.Nothing could hide the fact that he is growing old.The fact that he works hard does not necessarily mean that he is a competent leader.I have a complacent feeling that I’m highly intelligent.The explanation that he didn’t see the notice is unsatisfactory./ The explanation isunsatisfactory that he didn’t see the notice.Most of us don’t agree with his view that there is no advantage in introducing the new

method.

9)The news soon spread throughout the country that he won the first gold medal at the 23rdOlympic Games.His suggestion that intelligence is a relative matter is not universally accepted./Hissuggestion is not universally accepted that intelligence is a relative matter.He seconded my motion that the vote be postponed.The fear that he might not be able to finish the work disturbed him greatly./ The fear

disturbed him greatly that he might not be able to finish the work.

10) We expressed a hope that Mr. and Mrs. Morrison would come and visit China again.

11) I’ve come from Mr. Lin with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon.

12) There can be no doubt that Suzy is the right person for the job.

定语从句

8)I went to visit the American author who wrote a number of books about China.I ate the soup my aunt prepared.I have an arrangement with my bank, by which they let me use their money and repaythem next month.He sent her a letter, in which he said that he was sorry for what he had done to her.Mr. Brown, who just came from Britain yesterday, will teach us accounting this term.She is going to spend the winter holidays in Hainan, where she has some relatives.The United States is known for its supermarkets, where huge quantities of all kinds offood and household articles are sold.The story happened in late 19thcentury, when China is suffering from the invasion of

western powers.

状语从句

2)Now that you’ve bought a new car, what are you going to do with the old one?We’d better take the telescope with us in case it is needed.

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9)We must hurry off, lest we should miss the bus.The problem so very complicated that it took us nearly two weeks to solve it.The aircraft was flying at such a high altitude that we could hardly see it.I’ll lend you my computer on condition that you keep it in good shape.You can go out as long as you promise to be back before 11 at night.I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.However hard he tried, he could not do the job satisfactorily.

10) Whether it takes an hour or even a whole day, I shall find out the answer.

（三）复杂的简单句

1) They wear layers of clothes even in summer time, with newspapers stuffed between the

layers as further protection against bad weather.

2) With more people helping them, they probably will be able to accomplishthe task ahead of

time.

3) With all his savingsgone, he startedto look for a job.

4) In the cornerthere is a table,with one of its legs shorterthan the others.

5) Withthe job finished,we went to the seasidefor a holiday.

6) With the pace of change quickening,more and more scientistsfind it hard to keep up with the

latestdevelopmentseven in their own disciplines.

7) She lookedin my face with tears streamingdown her cheeks.

1) She won’t go home until after (taking) the exam.

2) Because of his bad leg, he couldn’t walk as fast as the others.

3) We are full aware of the seriousness of the situation.

4) She hurried back to school for fear of missing too many lessons.

5) Insteadof criticizingSusan for what she has done, we ought to praiseher for it.

6) Insteadof going straighthome after school,Helen went to work as a waitressin a restaurant.

7) Insteadof going to send the book to Allan by post,I am going to take it to him myself.

8) Instead of going to New York yesterdayto attend his daughter’s wedding,Dr. Wilsonflew toThey looked both ways before they crossing the street.I made my decision after talking to Sir Francis.Despite/In spite of his illness, he was determined to carry out his plan.Despite/In spite of their intelligence, they aren’t doing well in school.Despite/In spite of his richness/wealth, he isn’t very happy.Despite/In spite of his height, he isn’t a very good basketball player.Without your support, we might succeed in performing our task.Even with air and water, plants still couldn’t grow on the moon.Without hard work, you will accomplish nothing.10) But for their assistance, he would have found himself in trouble.

Floridafor an emergencycase.

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3)I love intelligent girls.At the party, I got to know a professor in his thirties.I hate to see letters written in pencil.The substance discovered almost by accident has revolutionized medicine.Among those taking part in the work, he is probably the most active.Every one of us left the meeting convinced that the project was feasible.Peter got home from the three-month-long journey to the Antarctic, looking tired out.They went hunting for hours, but they returned empty-handed.He entered the office, still annoyed by the way she spoke to him.Pressured by school work and encouraged by their peers, teenagers resort to smoking.Primarily interested in grades and economic success, college students now cheat onexams more frequently.He sat in front of them, his dusty face masking his age.Hearing a continual strange noise coming from the next room, her heart beat fast.The old beggar sat at the corner, tears welling up in his eyes.Jim continued on his way, the dog jumping about in front of him.The girl in the snapshot wore a broad smile, her long hair flowing in the breeze.This is Mr. Black, director of our hospital.“Leave it to me,” said Peter, the man on duty.Qinghai Lake, the largest inland body of salt water in China, lies 3195 meters above sea

level.

7)The whole plan was completed within three months, half the usual time.He read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign.Formerly a worker himself, he is now an engineer.A mother of three children, she has now entered a college again for further education.

（四）倒装句

1．

2．

3．Richard can speak Japanese. So can his sister.Copper is a good conductor. So are many other metals.Paul could not dance. Nor could he sing.The husband was not hospitable to the visitor. Nor was the wife.Never have I been to Europe.Hardly had he eaten anything when the dinner was over.Scarcely had she fallen asleep when a knock at the door awakened her.No sooner had Anne arrived than she fell ill.Little does she care about what others say about her.

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4．

5．

3)So excited was he that he could not go to sleep.So forcefully did he speak at the meeting that everyone present was convinced.So hard did he work that he obtained his Ph. D. degree one year ahead of schedule.Only once did his father call his name.Only then did the doctor realize that his patient needed surgery.Only when you adjust down your price can we conclude the business.Sitting in front of the counter was the young father who wished to purchase a lifeinsurance policy and agreed to pay a sum of $200 per year for 40 years.More important is the question of how to face the possibilities of illness, injury, death andfinancial loss.Among them are the writing of a dictionary involves a number of tasks. The reading of

literature, the copying of words on cards, the sorting of the cards and the writing of

definitions.

（五）被动句

4)Joe’s father was seen to return after dark.You are not allowed to smoke in the laboratory.Effective measures should be taken to stop various forms of pollution.When she was in Shanghai, the actress was heard to say she had long thought of the city

as her second home.

6)The young man was seen to enter the building next to the bank.After the minister of education had finished speaking at the press conference, he was

made to answer all sorts of questions.

9)I don’t think Tom can be made to do what he dislikes.The wind was heard to roar through the trees.What should be done in a case like this?

（六）强调句

5)It was Jefferson who wrote the Declaration of Independence.It is with genuine feeling that the author praises all that is progressive.It was because the water had risen that we could not cross the river.It was Jim, a heartless fellow, who was heard shouting at his mother in the dead of night.It was not until I told her that Mrs. Williams knew anything about it.

八、段落写作练习

（一）段落的展开

Exercise

Two examples are given for each item. The controlling idea is underlined Your controlling ideasmay be different.

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1. Owning a car has many advantages.

The disadvantages of owning a car are many.

2. The reason a person lives in a remote area may be one of the following.

A person who lives in a remote area may face many problems.

3.Before applying to a foreign university, one should consider the disadvantages of studying

abroad.

The advantages of studying abroad outweigh the disadvantages.

4. Car accidents can be avoided or minimized if the driver takes certainAlthough a person thinks it is safe at home, many different kinds of accidents occur there.

5. An international airport is divided into different sections.

There are several kinds of airports.

6. Teachers can list many reasons why students are absent from their

Absenteeism causes the employer many problems.

7. Taking exams is required of all students, and to do their best, students

should use the following methods to prepare themselves.

One should follow these procedures when taking an exam.

8. Computers have brought many changes to our way of life.

Many educational games can be played on computers.

9. Rice can be prepared in many ways.

Rice can be put to many uses.

10. Preparing to go camping is easy when you organize your trip usingCamping has changed in many ways.classes.

Exercise

The following topic sentences are only examples. Your sentences may be different.

1. This is a strong topic sentence.

2. This is a weak topic sentence because the rest of the paragraph

describes what the writer does when he or she goes to the beach. A better topic sentence would be:“Whenever I have the opportunity to go to the beach, I always follow the same routine.”

3. This is a weak topic sentence because the rest of the paragraph describes the various ways

students can get to class. A better topic sentence would be:“For the many students who cannotafford a car, there are several alternative ways of getting to class.”

Exercise

These are only examples. Your topic sentences may be different.

1. A dormitory room is cold and impersonal until several changes have been made to make it more

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inviting.

2. American telephone books are divided into several sections.

3. The fast-food restaurant has become popular for various reasons.

Exercise

1. D

Exercise

1. Students who need extra money can hold down a fulltime temporary job during their summer

vacation.

2. A person can also meet other people by going to parties.2. B3. D4. A5. C

3. In my opinion, people should write clearly.

Note:The possible correct answers for Exercises W6-W7 are so varied that you might wish todiscuss your answers with a fluent English speaker.

Exercise

These supporting ideas are based on the examples given in the Answer Key for Exercise W1. Yoursmay be different.

1.Ⅰ. disadvantages of owning a car

A. expensive to buy

B. expensive to maintain

C. difficult to park

D. causing air pollution and traffic jams

2.Ⅰ. reasons for living in a remote area

A. get away from city noise

B. live in unpolluted area

C. remaining where one has been born

D. be closer to nature

3.Ⅰ. disadvantages of studying abroad

A. far from family and friends

B. difficulty in understanding a foreign language

C. more expensive

D. hard to get home in an emergency

4.Ⅰ. kinds of home accidents

A. falls

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B. poisoning

C. burns

D. cuts

5.Ⅰ. kinds of airports

A. international

B. national

C. rural

D. private

6.Ⅰ. problems caused by absenteeism

A. lost production

B. missed deadlines

C. mistakes made by substitutes

D. expenses for training substitutes

7.Ⅰ. methods to prepare for taking exams

A. study on a regular basis

B. review appropriate material

C. anticipate questions

D. get good night's sleep the night before

8.Ⅰ. changes brought by computers

A. better telephone services

B. information easier to obtain

C. easier inventory procedures in businesses

D. helpful in education

9.Ⅰ. ways to prepare rice

A. rice with vegetables

B. fried rice

C. curried rice

D. rice salad

10. I. steps to organize a camping trip

A. make a list of necessary items to take

B. get maps of area

C. have car in good condition

D. check weather report

Exercise

These are only a few examples. Your paragraphs will be different. Have a fluent English speakercheck your paragraphs.

1. The disadvantages of owning a car are many. First, they are much more expensive to buy than

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bikes or motorcycles. After having purchased a car, the owner is then faced with the expense ofmaintaining it. Also, it is frequently hard to find a parking place for a car. Last but not least, theincreasing number of cars will lead to more serious air pollution and traffic jams, especially in largecities.

2. The reasons a person lives in a remote area may be one of the following. Cities are usually verynoisy, and a person may want to get away from the noise. Another attraction of a remote area mightbe that it is unpolluted. If a person was born and raised in a remote area, he or she may want toremain in the place that is best known. Finally, some people like to be closer to nature, and this iseasier away from a city.

3. Before applying to a foreign university, one should consider these disadvantages of studyingabroad. First, a student may feel alone by being far from family and friends. Also, difficulty in

understanding a foreign language can be very frustrating and can affect the student's grades. It canbe very expensive to pay the costs of travel and housing in a different country. Finally, if here is anemergency at home, it is hard to get home in a hurry.

4. Although a person thinks it is safe at home, many different kinds of accidents occur there. Fallsare perhaps the most common accident among both young children and older adults. Poisoning is adanger, especially if an adult leaves medicines or cleaning chemicals within the reach of a smallchild. Burns frequently occur in the kitchen area during meal preparation. Finally, people cutthemselves when using kitchen knives, trimming equipment in the yard, and power tools in theworkshop or garage.

5. There are several kinds of airports. From an international airport, flights go to other countries aswell as to cities in the same country. A national airport usually only serves the cities within its

nation. Rural airports usually link a town with a nearby national airport. Private airports are thoseon a military base or a hospital. Individuals and companies can own their own private airports.

（二）段落的衔接

1.1) First, Second, Instead, Third, In contrast, Fourth, Consequently, Finally, But

2) Although, First of all, Furthermore, Once, Second, Sometimes, At other times, Finally, Then2.

3.for, so, but, and, and, and, however, but, andTelevision was invented by John Logie Baird. When he was young he built an aeroplane. Hetried to fly in it, but it crashed down below. However, Baird was fortunate not to be killed. It did not

discourage him. Instead, when he was older he tried to make diamonds from coal. The only resultwas an enormous explosion. Yet he was not injured. Then, he became a businessman. When hisbusiness failed, he thought of working at television. His family advised him not to, but he did notlisten to them. He rented an attic, bought the apparatus he needed and started working. Although heworked for a long time, he was not successful. One day he saw a picture on his screen. So herushed out to get someone he could “televise”. He found an office boy and took him back to hisroom. However, no image of the boy appeared on his screen. The boy, terrified, had put his headdown. When he put it up again, his picture appeared on the screen. That’s how television had been

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discovered.

4.In the United Stated there is a belief that people are rewarded for working, producing, andachieving. Many people believe that there is equality of opportunity that allows anyone to becomesuccessful. This belief is illustrated by stories written by a nineteenth-century American novelist,

Horatio Alger, who wrote about the “American Dream”. In his stories he described poor people

who became rich because of their hard work, honesty, and luck. The stories reinforced the idea thatall individuals, no matter how poor, were capable of becoming wealthy as long as they were honestand hard-working. For many Americans, however, Horatio Alger’s “rags-to-riches” stories do not

represent the reality of opportunity. Many poor immigrants who came to the United States in the

nineteenth and twentieth centuries were able to become rich. Today,however, the poor generally donot rise to the middle and upper classes. That is why the “American Dream” is now described as a

myth.

5.There were once a dog and a cat sitting by a kitchen door when the cook came out and threw

several pieces of meat to them. They both sprang to get the meat, but the dog was the stronger. He

ate it all himself. This was selfishness, by which I mean that the dog cared only for himself. Wasthis wrong? No, the dog knew no better. But men are different from dogs and follow a different ruleof conduct. How miserable we should all be if every person were to care only for himself! We

ought to be thankful that we have a higher nature than that of beasts and are able to see and feel theduty of being kind and affectionate to one another. And as we can see and feel this duty, we oughtto be very careful always to observe it.

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