项目
...-ing 与 ...-ed 作为
形容词的区别
?s,表示不确切年龄,时代 内容 ?-ing 修饰物品 interesting films/tiring work/exciting books? ?-ed 修饰人 I'm tired./I am interested in films? 30s 三十多岁 1830s 19世纪30年代 a copy of
a large amount of+可数/
不可数
a number of+名词复数 大
量的?
a tour to/of/around
a way of doing sth.=a way
to do sth.
across
advantage disadvantage
afford
after + n./-ing/时间短语
agree的用法
all 作主语
an amount of + 不可数 n.
相当数量的?
a great deal of+不可数 n.
大量的?
as well as的用法
as?as 和?一样?(怎样)
at the wheel 在开车
be always doing sth. 总
是在做?
be avaliable for? 有空
的
be aware/unaware of?
be connected to/with?
与? 有关联
be curious about
be dependent on=depend on
be grateful to?/for?
be grateful to do sth.
be high in? 富含?/be cross<v.> across<介词> crossing<n.路口> take advantage of?利用?/欺骗? afford sth./afford to do sth./afford sb. To do sth. 1.agree to do sth. 同意做? 2.agree on/about 对?观点一致/达成共识 3.agree with sb. 同意某人观点 All we know about him is that he is from Africa. All have benn to HongKong. a large/small amount of money/rubbish? a number of+ n.可数 1.通常强调前面部分 He is kind as well as brave.(他很勇敢,也很善良) 2.连接2个主语时,谓语动词与前面的主语保持一致数 Helen as well as I is interested in art. as + adj./adv. + as (没有)意识到?
low in?缺乏?
be keen on doing sth.
be made of/be made from 1.be made of 发生物理变化 2.be made from 发生化学变化
3.be made into 被做成?
be prepared to do sth.=be
ready to do?
be serious about?
对? 认真的
believe in
Besides和except
book 预订
both? and?
buy sb. Sth.=buy sth. For
sb.
by mistake与by accident
cause sth. To do 引起
cause sth. To sb.给某人
招来?
close(adv.)
consist of sth. (consist
v.)
deep-deeply
discover
divide
do good 有用/do sb. Good
对某人有好处
either? or?
enter
even 放在比较级前,强调
作用
except/except for
expect 期望
expert serious 认真的 Besides (除此之外)还有 except(除此之外)没有 Both my father and I are teachers. (X)My father and I are both teachers. 1.by mistake 强调人为性失误 I do it wrong by mistake.(因为我的个人犯错导致的结果) 2.by accident 强调无意而意外地碰到某事 Yesterday I met him in the street by accident.(是无意碰见他) come close. /-s/ 1.devide sth. Between A and B 在A与B之间分享? 2.be decided 被分配? 3.devide? into? 把?分成? 要么? 要么? enter the room <enter into the room (X)> 1.except 用于同类事物 All the students went swimming except Li Ming. (Li Ming也是学生2.His report is good except for a few spelling mistakes.(spelling mistakes 与报告不同类expect sb. To do sth./expect to do sth./expect that+从句 be an expert in doing sth./sth. 做?有经验/某方面的专家
express one's
feelings/thoughts/ideas
1.fail in ?(doing) 在?中失败/不合格 fail的用法
far/much/even/still/a
lot/a bit/a little+比较
级
for free/for nothing 免
费的
for love 出于热爱
free? from sth./doing
sth.
get into trouble区分
get/become/go/grow/turn
的区别
go +动名词
go on 与发生
had better do sth.
hang的两种形式
hard adj./adv. Hardly
adj./adv.
have a gift for doing sth.
have been/gone
have sth. Done 让某人完
成某事
help do sth. 有助于做?
help sb.<to> do sth.
Help sb. With sth.
hope to do sth./hope 2.fail to do sth. 没能够做到? 使?从?中解脱 get?into trouble 让?陷入麻烦 get in trouble with sb. 因凡事而落入某人手中 You will get in trouble with the police if you don't obey the law. 1.get hot/get angry/get longer //get+过去分词,get married/lost/caught 表示成为?/被?了2.become +n./adj. 主要用于身份变化 become a doctor 3.turn 一般指颜色,物品性质的变化 trees tunrned green. 4.go 表示由好变坏 go wrong/bad/sour酸了? 5.grow 强调变化过程/渐渐变成 He is growing up. go skiing, go boating, go swimming? 1.go on= take place/ happen 2.go on doing sth. 继续做(不停地做同一件事情) They went on working till midnight. 3.go on with sth.继续做(停下一段时间后再继续做) It's too late. Let's go on with the project tomorrow. 4.go on to do 继续做(做完一件事再接着做某事) After finishing my homeworks, I went on to listen to my tape. had better do sth.=?'d better do sth.->had better not do sth. 绞死 hang--->hanged--->hanged 挂 hang--->hung----->hung 1.have/has been to? 去过?地方 2.have/has gone to? 去了?地方(还没有回来) 相似的:have/make/get sb. To do sth. 让某人做某事
(that) ?
How/what 的感叹句
In +名词 表示在某种状态或状况
in central?=in the centre of?
in front of/in the front of
in one week's time=in one week
in one's
70s/80s/90s/ninties? in order to do ? 为了? in place of= intead of/ in the place of
include v./including prep.
keep +adj.
keep adj.=stay adj. 保持某种状态
keep in touch with=be in touch with=get in touch with
know/learn sth. By heart lead的用法
leave for/leave? for lie 说谎/躺下 lay下蛋 life
listen to sb. Do sth. 听见某人做过某事//
listen to sb. Doing sth.1.How + adj.+ 主语+ 谓语:How lonely he is. 2.What+ a/an+ adj.+ n./+ 主语+ 谓语:What a nice shirt it is. 3.What+ adj.+ n.(复数/不可数)+ 主语+ 谓语 What nice weather/clean water they are/it is. in danger/in pain/in love? 1.in front of(在?的前面) He is standing in front of me. 2.in the front of(在同一空间的前部) The boy is standing in the front of the class. 在某人几十岁时 I have three best friends, including XXX? My three best friends include XXX? stay heathy/keep healthy opposite meaning phrases: be out of touch with?/lose touch with? 1.lead sb. To+ 地点 He lead them to here. 2.lead to 通向 All roads lead to Rome. 3.lead the way 带路 1.leave for 去? Mary left for Hong Kong yesterday. 2.leace? for 从? 去? He will leave Shanghai for New York tomorrow. 3.留下，离开 现在时 过去时 过去分词 现在分词 说谎 lie lied lied lying 躺下 lie lay lain laying 下蛋 lay laid laid laying 1.指生活,不可数.2.指生命,可数. see/hear/watch/listen/find/notice
听到某人正在做某事 live/lead/have (a) (adj.) life/lives 过着?的生活
look forward to doing... look like
look up 抬头/look down 低头
make
make sb./sth. Do sth. Make sb./sth. + adj. make sb./sh. + n.让?成为?
man and woman复合词组复数变化
mean
miss sth./miss doing sth./miss sb.
mountains of?
much too+ adj./adv. 非常?
must
need + n./to?
no longer=not? any longer
on the safe side
on, at
other
pick up/pick up sth. Attention:pick+pron+up prefer的用法
recall 使?回想
regret doing 后悔做/regret to do很遗憾做 looks like/looked like look up to sb. 尊敬?人 look down on/upon sb. 看不起?人 1.make sb. Do sth. 2.make sb./sth. + Adj. man driver-men drivers/woman teacher-women teachers 1.mean doing sth. 意思是? 2.mean to do sth. 打算做? must be 一定是/can't be 一定不是/不存在mustn't be Jill was no longer a suspect. Jill was not a suspect any longer. !:no more= not?any more 为了安全/从安全的角度考虑 on+ 某一天 at+某个时间,一段时间 1.固定搭配 one? the other? 2.any other+复数名词,表示一些人或物 any other+单数名词,表示任何一个人或物体 prefer doing to doing 喜欢?胜过? preger to do sth. Rather than do sth.(等同于上方句型) 同类的:prefer to do sth.=would rather do sth. Prefer to do sth. Rather than do sth.=would rather do sth. Rather than do sth. recall+ sth./doing sth./从句
require sb. To do sth. safe adj.-safety n.
see sb. Do看见?做过/see in safety/in danger 安全的/危险的 sb. Doing看见?正在做(强调发生时正在)
seem
send sb. To prison/put?in prison/be in prison should /ought to 表示责备
should/ought to
show sb. Sth.=show sth. To sb.
since then=from then on so+be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语
some 与 time 连用 so和such
start off with? 从? 开始
succeed in doing sth. such as = for exanple suggest
take charge of=be in charge of 担任;负责 take part in/join/join?in 参加的区别
take pleasure in doing 1.seem + n./adj. 2.seem like(好像) + n./-ing 3. It seems/seemed as if? e.g. It seems as if it is going to rain 1.对于现在should (not) /ought (not) to + be + doing sth. You should be washing clothes, wahy are you watching tv? He is ill. He shouldn't be working here. 2.对过去 should (not)/ought (not) to + have done... You ought not to have to watched tv so late. 1.should do->shouldn't do=should not do 2.ought to do->ought not to do=oughtn't to do 1.He is good at maths, so am I.(be 动词) 2.Tom can play the violin, so can he.(情态动词) 3.I have finished my work, so has she.(助动词) sometimes 有时 sometime 某个时候 some time 一段时间 some times 几次 1.so修饰形容词,such修饰名词 so clever a boy/such a clever boy 2.修饰复数名词时 so clever the boys are/such clver boys 1.suggest sth./doing sth. 2.suggest sb. Do sth.=>suggest (that) sb. (should) do sth.(原句省略了that和should) 3.suggest that + 从句 1.take part in-指参加某项活动 take part in the party? 2.join-加入某个组织 join the English club? 3.join?in-让?加入 Would you like to join us in the game?
sth.
take,spend,cost,pay
There...be句型
though and although
through/accorss
To? 为了?
too?<for sb.> to do /so
that
towards
until
used to
work out the problem=work
it out
倍数表达
不定代词+adj.
定语从句
感官动词+adj.
感官动词+like(像) n.
过去进行时的用法
临近原则
旅行的区分 1.It(Sth.) takes/costs sb. Sometime/money to do sth. 2.Sb. Spend sometime(money) on/doing sth. 3.Sb. Pay ? for sth. 4.take sometime/cost money/spend <in> doing/pay for There will be 3 meetings tomorrow. 1.不存在though?but? 2.若要放在句末,只能使用though作副词 1.go through the cave/the forest? 穿过(立体)/从中穿过 2.go across the road/the bridge? 经过(平面)/从表面过去 1. too? to? 太?以致于不能做? 2. so...that ?是如此?以致于 3. so that 以便 A:将近/接近(时间) Towards evening, they fell asleep. B:朝向 He is walking towards the river. 1.用于肯定句表示动作或状态的持续:He worked until 11 o'clock yesterday. 2.用于否定句表示"直到?(时间)才?",与before相似:He didn't sleep until 11 o'clock yest1.过去常常做某事 used to do sth. 2.习惯于做某事 be/get used to sth./doing sth. 3.被用来做? be used to do? twice as many/much as twice + 比较级 + than 1.which 引导 That is the museum which we visit yesterday. 2.who 引导 The girl was who helped me yesterday. 3.that 引导各种限定性定语从句(包括which/that) 4??,引导词? 非限定性定语从句不能用that引导 look/seem/sound/taste/smell/feel?感官动词+adj. The drinks smells like a cola. It sounds like a good idea. was/were + doing 必须是过去特定的一段时间 1.neither?nor? e.g. Neither I nor she knows the teacher. E.g. Neither she nor I know the teacher. 2.either?or? Either he or I am chosen to paly the leader character. 3.not only? but also? Not only me but also he likes playing the piano. 1.trip 短程旅行 2.journey (陆地)远距离旅行
时间状语从句
数词+量词+形容词
系动词(常见)+adj. The sky went dark when we arrived. When we arrived, the sky went dark. e.g. A metre long/30 metres deep 1.感官动词 look,sound,smell,feel,taste 2.turn, become, get, go
3.stay, keep
系动词+adj.
现在进行时的词尾变化 1.直接加ing
2.双写结尾辅音加ing
1.have+done
2.alreay/yet never/ever since/for
3.since+某个时间,搭配短暂性动词 for+一段时间,搭配延续性动词
1.一般:加ed。 现在完成时的用法(强调对于现在的影响)
一般过去时的词尾变化 2.去y改i加ed。
3.双写结尾辅音加ed。
1.will+动词原形
2.be going to+do sth.(当根据某些迹象判断未来时,一定用)
3.情态动词
4.进行时表将来时:The bus is coming soon. 一般将来时的用法
一般现在时的词尾变化 以s,x,sh,ch结尾的加es,
结尾是y的改y为i加es.
由after,before,until,when,as soon as,if的从句
I will not go to de countryside if it rains tomorrow.
We will start when he comes. 主将从现
二 简单句的基本句型。
1. 主语+ 不及物动词 ( S + V )
The time passed quickly.
2. 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 ( S + V +O )
We have planted a lot of trees in our hometown.
3. 主语 + 系动词 + 表语 ( S + V + C )
Computers are useful in people’s life.
4. 主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 ( S + V + IO + DO )
He bought me a birthday present.
5. 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语 ( S + V + O + C )
Miss Wang told me not to be discouraged.
6. There be 句型
There was an old man sitting there.
基本句型（一）主语+ 不及物动词 ( S + V )
1. He got up very late yesterday morning. 2. That evening we talked a great deal.
3. The meeting will last two hours.
4. The May Fourth Movement broke out in Beijing in 1919.
5. This box weighs five kilos. 6. I lived in Beijing five years ago.
7. Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years.
基本句型（二）主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 ( S + V +O )
1.I wrote a letter last night. 2.My father can speak English fluently.
3.Do you mind my opening the window.
4.You must finish reading these books in two weeks.
5.He pointed out the mistakes in my composition.
6.We must send for a doctor. 7.You can depend on him in your work.
8.After writing a composition, we must go over it.
基本句型（三）主语 + 系动词 + 表语 ( S + V + C )
1 My brothers are all college students.
2 This book is about the history of the United States.
3 Her job is to look after the children in the nursery.
4 He is out of work. 5. The leaves have turned yellow.
6 The report sounds interesting. 7. Mrs. Brown looks very healthy
8 At the age of fifteen he became a famous pianist.
9. Children , keep quiet please.
基本句型（四）主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 ( S + V + IO + DO )
1. Grandma told me an interesting story last night.
2. Would you please pass me the dictionary.
3. My father has bought me a new bike.
4. Shall I call you a taxi?
5. This term I have written three letters to my parents.
6. He showed the ticket to the conductor.
基本句型（五）5. 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语 ( S + V + O + C )
1. All of us consider him honest. 2. The have set the thief free.
3. He asked us to join in the game. 4. I want you to tell me the truth.
5. Every morning we hear him read English aloud.
6. The terrible sound made the children frightened.
7. He has his hair cut once a month.
8. We will make our school more beautiful.
八年级上英语语法点滴
1) leave的用法
1.“leave+地点”表示“离开某地”。例如：
When did you leave Shanghai? 你什么时候离开上海的？
2.“leave for+地点”表示“动身去某地”。例如：
Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London. 下周五，爱丽斯要去伦敦了。
3.“leave+地点+for+地点”表示“离开某地去某地”。例如：
Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing? 你为什么要离开上海去北京？
4. leave还可以做动词意为：留下，忘了带 leave sth +地点介词短语
I left my bag on the bus 我把包留在了公交车上
3) What...? 与 Which...?
1. what 与 which 都是疑问代词，都可以指人或事物，但是what仅用来询问职业。如：
What is your father? 你父亲是干什么的？
该句相当于： What does your father do? What is your father's job?
Which 指代的是特定范围内的某一个人。如：
---Which is Peter? 哪个是皮特？
---The boy behind Mary. 玛丽背后的那个男孩。
2. What...?是泛指，所指的事物没有范围的限制；而 Which...?是特指，所指的事物有范围的限制。
如：
What color do you like best? （所有颜色）
你最喜爱什么颜色？
Which colors do you like best, blue, green or yellow? （有特定的范围）
你最喜爱哪一种颜色？
3. what 与 which 后都可以接单、复数名词和不可数名词。如：
Which pictures are from China? 哪些图片来自中国？
4) 频度副词的位置
1.常见的频度副词有以下这些：
always（总是，一直） usually（通常） often（常常，经常） sometimes（有时候） never（从
不） hardly (ever) 从不 seldom (从不)
2.频度副词的位置：
a.放在连系动词、助动词或情态动词后面。如：
David is often arrives late for school.大卫上学经常迟到。
b.放在行为动词前。如：
We usually go to school at 7:10 every day.我们每天经常在7：10去上学。
c.有些频度副词可放在句首或句尾，用来表示强调。如：
Sometimes I walk home, sometime I rides a bike.有时我步行回家，有时我骑自行车。
5) every day 与 everyday
1. every day 为时间副词短语，作状语，译为“每一天”。如：
We go to school at 7:10 every day.我们每天7：10去上学。
I decide to read English every day.我决定每天读英语。
2. everyday 为形容词，作定语，译为“日常的”。
She watches everyday English on TV after dinner.她晚饭后在电视上看日常英语。 What's your everyday activity? 你的日常活动是什么？
6) forget doing/to do与remember doing/to do
1.forget to do 忘记要去做某事。 (未做)
forget doing 忘记做过某事。 (已做)
The light in the office is still on. He forgot to turn it off.
办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)
He forgot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。 ( 已做过关灯的动作) Don't forget to come tomorrow .别忘了明天来。 (to come动作未做)
典型例题
---- The light in the office is still on.
---- Oh，I forgot___.
A. turning it off B. turn it off
C. to turn it off D. having turned it off
2.remember to do 记得去做某事 (未做)
remember doing 记得做过某事 (已做)
Remember to go to the post office after school.记着放学后去趟邮局。
Don't you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗?
7) It's + adj+ for sb.和 It's + adj +of sb.
1. for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult,
interesting, impossible等：
It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2.of sb 的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice,
clever, foolish, right。
It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。
3.for 与of 的辨别方法：
用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，
不通则用for。如：
You are nice. (通顺，所以应用of)。
He is hard. (人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。)
8) 使用-ing分词的几种情况
1.在进行时态中。如：
He is watching TV in the room.
They were dancing at nine o'clock last night.
2.在there be结构中。如：
There is a boy swimming in the river.
3.在have fun/problems/difficulty结构中。如：
We have fun learning English this term.
They had problems getting to the top of the mountain.
We have difficulty (in) learning English .
4.在介词后面。如：
Thanks for helping me.
Are you good at playing basketball.
5.在以下结构中：
enjoy doing sth 乐于做某事 finish doing sth 完成做某事
feel like doing sth 想要做某事 stop doing sth 停止做某事
forget doing sth 忘记做过某事 go on doing sth 继续做某事
remember doing sth 记得做过某事 like doing sth 喜欢做某事
keep sb doing sth 使某人一直做某事 find sb doing sth 发现某人做某事
try doing sth 试图做某事 need doing sth 需要做某事
prefer doing sth 宁愿做某事 mind doing sth 介意做某事
practice doing sth 练习做某事 be busy doing sth 忙于做某事
can't help doing sth 禁不住做某事 miss doing sth 错过做某事
see/hear/watch sb doing sth 看到/听到/观看某人做某事
9) 英语中的“单数”
1.主语的第三人称单数形式，即可用“he, she, it”代替的。如：
he, she, it
my friend, his teacher, our classroom, Tom, Mary's uncle
2.名词有单数名词和复数名词。如：
man（单数）---men（复数） banana（单数）---bananas（复数）
3.动词有原形，第三人称单数形式，-ing分词，过去式，过去分词。如： go---goes---going---went---gone
work---works---working---worked---worked
watch---watches---watching---watched---watched
当主语为第三人称单数的时候，谓语动词必须用相应的第三人称单数形式。如： The boy wants to be a sales assistant.
Our English teacher is from the US.
Their daughter makes her breakfast all by herself.
10) 双写最后一个字母的-ing分词
初中阶段常见的有以下这些：
1.let→letting 让 hit→hitting 打、撞 cut→cutting 切、割 get→getting 取、得到 sit→sitting 坐 forget→forgetting 忘记 put→putting 放 set→setting 设置 babysit→babysitting 临时受雇照顾婴儿
2.shop→shopping 购物 trip→tripping 绊 stop→stopping 停 drop→dropping 放弃
3.travel→travel(l)ing 旅游 swim→swimming 游泳 run→running 跑步 dig→digging 挖、掘 begin→beginning 开始 prefer→preferring 宁愿 plan→planning 计划
11) 肯定句变否定句及疑问句要变化的一些词
1.some变为any。如：
There are some birds in the tree.
→There aren't any birds in the tree.
但是，若在表示请邀请、请求的句子中，some可以不变。如：
Could/Would you like some orange juice?
与此相关的一些不定代词如something, somebody等也要进行相应变化。
2.and变为or。如：
I have a knife and a ruler.
→I don't have a knife or a ruler.
3.a lot of (=lots of)变为many或much。如：
They have a lot of friends.（可数名词）
→They don't have many friends.
There is lots of orange in the bottle.（不可数名词）
→There isn't much orange in the bottle.
4.already变为yet。如：
I have been there already.
→I haven't been there yet.
5. too 变either
I have a pen,too.
I don’t have a pen, either.
12) in与after before与ago
in 与 after 都可以表示时间，但二者有所区别。
1.in 经常用于将来时的句子中，以现在为起点，表示将来一段时间。如：
He will leave for Beijing in a week.一周后他会动身去北京。
2.after 经常用于过去时的句子中，以过去为起点，表示过去一段时间。如：
He left for Beijing after a week.一周后他动身去了北京。
不过，如果after后跟的是具体的时刻，它也可用于将来时。如：
We will finish the work after ten o'clock.十点后我们会完成工作的。
3.注意区分以下的in的用法。
I'll visit him in a week.一周后我会去拜访他。
I'll visit him twice in a week.一周内我会去拜访他两次。
Ago 与before 区别
ago表示“从现在起的若干时间以前”，意思是“距今??以前”，需和过去时或过去进行时连用。before泛指“从过去起的若干时间以前”，意思是 “距过去某时??以前”“与其??（毋宁）”，常和完成时连用，
His parents died ten years ago．他父母十年前都去世了。
He said that his parents had died ten years before．他说他父母亲十年前都去世了。
13) 如何表达英语中的“穿、戴”？
英语中表示“穿、戴”的表达方法有好几种，常见的有以下这些：
1、put on 主要表达“穿”的动作。如：
He put on his coat.他穿上了他的外套。
You'd better put on your shoes.你最好穿上你的鞋子。
2、wear 主要表示“穿、戴”的状态。如：
The old man wears a pair of glasses.老人戴着一副眼镜。
The girl is wearing a red skirt.那女孩穿着一条红色的短裙。
3、dress 可作及物动词，有“给......穿衣”的意思，后接“人”，而不是“衣服”。如： Please dress the children right now.请立即给孩子们穿上衣服。
dress 也可作不及物动词，表示衣着的习惯。如：
The woman always dresses in green.那位妇女总是穿绿色的衣服。
4、be in 表示穿着的状态。如：
John is in white today.约翰今天穿白色的衣服。
The man in black is a football coach.
19) a little, a few 与 a bit (of)
a little, a few 与 a bit (of) 都有“一些、少量”的意义。他们的区别在哪里呢？
1. a little 为形容词 意为“一些、少量”，后接不可数名词。如：
There is a little water in the bottle. 瓶子里有一点水。
A little也可是副词， 相当于 a bit, kind of 接形容词。如：
He is a little shy. 他有些害羞。
2. a few 意为“一些、少数”，后接复数的可数名词。如：
There are a few people in the room. 房间里有一些人。
3. a bit 意为“一点儿”副词 ，后接形容词。如：
It's a bit cold. 有点冷。
a bit of 后接不可数名词。如：
He has a bit of money. 他有一点儿钱。
4. a little 表肯定意义，little 表否定意义；a few 表肯定意义，few 表否定意义。如： There is a little soda in the glass. 杯子里有一点儿汽水。
There is little soda in the glass. 杯子里几乎没有汽水了。
I have a few Chinese friends. 我有一些中国朋友。
Few people like him. 几乎没有人喜欢他。
5. a little = a bit of, 后接不可数名词；
a little = a bit = a little bit = kind of, 后接形容词，意为“有点儿”。
14) 关于like的用法
like 可以作动词，也可以作介词。
1、like 作动词，表示一般性的“爱好、喜欢”，有泛指的含义。如：
Do you like the color?你喜爱这种颜色吗？
like 后可接不定式（like to do sth），也可接动词的-ing分词（like doing sth），有时意思
不尽相同。如：
She likes eating apples.她喜爱吃苹果。（习惯）
She likes to eat an apple.她喜爱吃一粒苹果。（平常不喜欢吃）
like 与could/ would 连用，后接不定式，表示愿望或客气的请求。如：
Could/ Would you like a cup of tea?您愿意喝杯茶吗？
“喜欢某人做某事”可以用结构“like sb to do sth/doing sth”。如：
They all like me to sing/singing English songs.他们都喜欢我唱英文歌。
2、like 作介词，可译成“像......”。如：
She is friendly to us like a mother.她对我们友好，就像母亲一样。
It looks like an orange.它看起来像个桔子。
3、区分以下句子：
A. What does he look like?
B. What is he like?
A句译为“他长相如何？”指一个人的外貌特征；而B句译为“他人怎么样？”指人的性格特点。
15) stop to do sth 与 stop doing sth
1. stop to do sth 意为“停下来去做某事”。如：
The students stop to listen to their teacher. 学生们停下来去听他们老师讲话。
2. stop doing sth 意为“停止做某事”。如：
The students stopped talking. 学生们停止了谈话。
与它们相反的句式是：go on to do sth “继续做某事（与刚才一事不同）”和 go on doing sth
“继续做某事（与刚才同一件事）”。如：
He finishes his homework and goes on to study English. 他完成了作业，接着继续去念英语。 They went on playing games. 他们继续玩游戏。
16) tell, speak, say 与 talk
1. tell 意为“告诉、讲述”，指某人把某一件事、一条信息传送给别人或讲述一件事。如： He tells me that he wants to be a teacher. 他告诉我说他想成为一位教师。
Father always tells interesting stories to us. 爸爸总是给我们讲有趣的故事。 tell sb sth 意为“告知某人某事”。如：
He told me something about his past. 他告诉我一些他的往事。
tell sb to do sth 意为“告诉某人去做某事”。如：
David told his son to do the homework. 大卫要他的儿子去做作业。
2. speak 意为“说话、讲话”，后面主要接语言。如：
He can speak English and a little Chinese. 他能讲英语和一点汉语。
speak to 意为“和.....讲话、谈话”。如：
Can I speak to Mr Zhang? 我能和张先生讲话吗？
3. talk 意为“谈话、讲话”，如果只有一方对另一方说话时，一般用 talk to；如果双方或多方交
谈，多用 with。如：
Please talk to him right now. 请立即同他谈话。
He is talking with his friend. 他在和朋友交谈。
talk about 意为“谈论......”。如：
They are talking about the movie. 他们在谈论那部电影。
have a talk with 意为“与......交谈”。如：
Can I have a talk with you? 我可以和你交谈吗？
4. say 意为“说”。如：
Can you say it in English once more? 你能用英语再说一遍吗？
say to 意为“对......说”。如：
He said to his students that they would have a test. 他对他的学生说他们将有一个测试。
17) Excuse me! 与 I'm sorry!
1. Excuse me! 意为“打搅了！对不起！”，一般是为了与陌生人搭话，或者要打断对方所说（做）
的事。如：
Excuse me, is there a hotel in the neighborhood? 请问，附近有旅馆吗？
Excuse me, could I say something? 打搅一下，我能说一些吗？
2. I'm sorry! 意为“对不起！”，表示道歉。如：
I'm sorry, Mr Zhang. I won't do it again. 对不起，张先生。我不会这么做了。
18) 表示时间的 in、on 与 at
in, on 与 at 都可以和表示时间的词（组）连用。
1. in 表示时间的一段或较长的时间。如：
in the morning 在上午 in May, 2004 在20xx年五月 in a week 在一周之内（后）
It's Sunday, I can finish it in two days. 现在是星期天，我能在两天后完成。（星期二） Rome was not built in a day. 罗马不是在一天内建起来的。
2. on 主要指在具体的一天。如：
on Sunday 在星期天 on May Day 在“五一”节 on a hot afternoon 在一个炎热的下午 He arrived in Beijing on April 26,2004. 他于20xx年4月26日到达北京。
3. at 表示时间的一点或比较短的时间。如：
at 8:00 在八点 at noon 在中午
I always get up at 6:00 every morning. 我总是每天早晨六点起床。
It's always warm at this time of year. 每年的这个时候总是暖和的。
19) Other及其用法
Other 及其相近的词（组），如 others, the other, the others, another, any other 等，一直是
中学生比较困扰的问题，平常的考试、作业中经常出错。下面是它们的一些用法：
1、other 指其余的人或物，所有格是 other's，复数形式是 others，the other 指“两个人或物中
的另一个”，其复数形式是 the others，others 相当于“other + 名词”，所以不能充当定语，修饰名词。 others指整体中去掉一部分后剩余的部分，但不是全部的，即 some...others （一些...其余的人...）。the others 强调整体中除去一部分后剩余的全部，即some...the others.
2、another 泛指三个以上的不定数目中的“另外一个”。由 an 和 other 合并构成，所以不能和冠
词连用。another 修饰单数名词，比如：another pencil.
3、any other 指除去本身以外的“任何其他的人或物”，后面要用名词的单数形式。
20) look 短语
常见的look短语有以下这些：
1.look at 朝......看
Please look at the map of China. 请看中国地图。(look at=have a look at)
2.look for 寻找
The old man is looking for his dog. 老人在寻找他的狗。
3.look like 看起来像
Nancy looks like her mother. 南希看起来像她母亲。
4.look the same 看上去一样
Li Ping and Li Jing look the same. 李萍和李晶看上去一样。
5.look up 查找
Please look up the word in the dictionary. 请在词典中查找这个单词。
6.look over 仔细检查
The doctor looked over Mary carefully. 医生仔细检查了玛丽。
7.look after 照顾，照看
You must look after your old father. 你必须照顾你的老父亲。
8.look around 到处寻找、查看 We looked around, but we found nothing strange. 我们四处查看，但是我们没有发现奇怪的东西。
21) too，also与either
1.too用于肯定句和疑问句，一般放在句尾，其前常加逗号。如：
We are in the same school, too. 我们也在相同的学校。
Do you play soccer every day, too? 你也每天踢足球吗？
2.also用于肯定句和疑问句，一般位于实义动词前、be动词后。如：
Sandra is also a Korean student. Sandra 也是一个韩国学生。
3.either用于否定句，一般放在句末。如：
They don't know the answer, either. 她们也不知道答案。
4.as well as也有“也”的意思。如：
We have great mushroom pizza as well as soda.
He is a happy boy as well.
22) hard与hardly
1.hard既可作形容词，也可作副词。如：
It's a hard(adj.) question. (=difficult) 这是一个难的问题。
The boy studies very hard(adv.) 那男孩学习非常努力。
句子结构：It's hard for sb to do sth 做某事对某人来说是难的。如：
It's hard for him to finish the work. 完成那项工作对他来说很难。
注意区分：hard work 困难的工作 work hard 努力工作
2.hardly是频度副词，表示否定的意思。（=almost not）通常用在形容词、副词和动词之前。如： I can hardly see it. 我几乎看不到它。
23) sometime,sometimes,some time与some times
1.sometime是时间副词，指不确定的将来或过去某一点时间（某时候或任何时候），不指一段时间。
如：
We'll go to Beijing sometime next month. 我们下个月某一时候会去北京。
2.sometimes是频度副词，指“有时”、“不时”的意思（=at times）。如：
Sometimes I get up very late on Sunday morning. 有时候我在星期天早晨起得很晚。
3.some time是名词词组，指一段时间（一些时间或若干时间）。如：
It took him some time to finish the book. 她花了一些时间去完成作业。
4.some times指“几次”。如：
He met the woman some times last month. 上个月他见过那妇女几次。
24) exercise的一些用法
1.作不及物动词，译为“运动，锻炼”。如：
David exercises every morning. 大卫每天早晨进行锻炼。
2.作及物动词，译为“训练”。如：
Swimming exercises the whole body. 游泳能使身体得到全面的锻炼。
3.作名词，译为“体育锻炼、运动、体操、练习题”等。如：
It's good to do eye exercises every day. 每天做眼保键操对眼睛有好处。
Please do more exercise from now on. 从今以后请多做运动吧。
I have lots of homework to do tonight. 今晚我有很多的作业要做。
4.注意：exercise指具体一套运动或体操时是可数名词，复数形式为exercises；泛指运动时是不可数名词。
We do eye exercises every day.
25) maybe与may be
1.maybe是副词，译为“也许、可能”，相当于“perhaps”。如：
Maybe he can answer the question. 也许他能回答那个问题。
He maybe is from the USA, too. 他可能也来自美国。
2.may be中的may为情态动词，译为“可能是......”。如：
He may be from the USA, too. 他可能也来自美国。
She may be our English teacher. 她可能是我们的英语老师。
26) same与different
1.same指“相同的”，前面通常要有一个定冠词the，但是如果same前面已经有this，those等词，
就不能再与the连用了。如：
We are in the same class. 我们在同一个班级。
结构：the same as 与......一样 如：
His mark is the same as mine.他的分数和我的分数一样。
2.different译为“不同的”，其后的可数名词应为复数形式。如：
We are in different classes.我们在不同的班级。
结构：be different from 与......不同 如：
This sweater is different from that one.
这件毛衣与那一件不同。
different的名词形式为difference, 复数形式为differences。
27) 动词want的用法
1.want sth. 想要某物
They want some help. 他们需要一些帮助。
2.want sb. to do sth. 想要某人去做某事
My father wants me to help him on the farm.我父亲要我在农场上帮他。
3.want to do sth. 想要做某事
I want to study English in England.我想要在英国学习英语。
4.want doing 需要...
Your sweater wants washing.你的运动衣该洗了。
28) be good(bad) for、be good at的相关用法
1.be good for 对......有益
Doing morning exercises is good for your health.做早操对你们的建康有益。
2.be good at 擅长于......
Li Ping is good at basketball. 李平擅长于篮球。
= Li Ping is good at playing basketball.李平擅长于打篮球。
be good at = do well in 如：
I'm good at math. = I do well in math.我擅长于数学。
3.be good to sb 对......好
Parents are always good to their children.父母亲总是对他们的孩子好。
29) with的几个用法
1.with表“和、同、与”。如：
Can you go to the park with me? 你能和我一起去公园吗？
2.with表“用、以、被”。如：
Don't write with the red pen. 不要用那支红色的钢笔写字。
3.with表“随着”。如：
Climate varies【改变】 with the time of the year. 气候随着时令的不同而不同。
4.with表“带有、有......的”。如：
The girl with long hair is my classmate. 长头发的女孩是我的同学。
5.with表“因为、由于”。如：
They were angry with hard work. 他们因为艰难的工作而生气。
6.一些with结构：
play with与......一起玩 be angry with对......生气
talk with 与......交谈 get on well with 与......相处融洽
30) a lot of(lots of)与many,much
1.a lot of意为“许多、大量”。相当于lots of。它既可以修饰可数名词，又可以修饰不可数名词。
如：
I have a lot of friends in China. 我在中国有很多朋友。
The old man has lots of money. 那位老人有很多的钱。
2.many意为“许多”。它用来修饰可数名词。如：
Do you have many beautiful skirts? 你有很多漂亮的裙子吗？
3.much意为“大量”。它用来修饰不可数名词。如：
There is much water in the lake. 湖里有大量的水。
4.a lot of（=lots of）用在肯定句中，而many，much不受限制。如果将一个含有a lot of（=lots
of）的肯定句改为否定句或疑问句，要将它们改为many或much。如：
We can see a lot of birds in the tree.
---We can't see many birds in the tree. 我们在树上看不到很多鸟儿。
31) help用法举例
help既可以作名词，也可以作动词。
1.help作名词，意为“帮助”不可数。如：
He needs some help. 他需要一些帮助。
2.help作动词，也是“帮助”的意思。如：
Can you help me? 你能帮帮我吗？
3.help的结构：
help sb (to) do sth帮助某人做某事 =help sb with sth帮助某人做某事
如： They want to help the boy carry the heavy box.
=They want to help the boy with the heavy box. 他们想要帮助那位男孩搬那个重箱子。
32) well的用法
well可以作副词，也可以作形容词。
1.well作副词，意为“（某事干得）好”。如：
The boy draws very well. 男孩画得很好。
2.well作形容词，意为“健康、安好”。如：
I'm not feeling well. 我觉得不舒服。
33) decide的几种句式
1.decide to do sth 决定去做某事
They decide to fly kite on weekend. 他们决定在周末去放风筝。
2.decide on doing sth 决定做某事
They decide on flying kites. 他们决定放风筝。
3.decide on sth 就某事决定......
Betty decided on the red skirt. 贝蒂选定了那条红裙子。
4.decide的名词形式为decision，结构：make a decision，意为“做决定”。如：
He has made a decision. 他已经做一个决定了。
34) too many,too much与much too
1.too many意为“太多”，用于修饰可数名词的复数。如：
There are too many students in our class. 我们班上有太多的学生。
2.too much意为“太多”，用于修饰不可数名词。如：
We have too much work to do.我们有太多的工作要做。
3.much too表示“太”，用来修饰形容词或副词。如：
The box is much too heavy, so I can't carry it. 箱子太重了，所以我搬不动它。