Module 1 My First Day at Senior High
1 How’s it going? = How is everything recently?
2 cover：包含，包括● be covered with 被……覆盖
3 at the end of … 在……结束的时候 Eg Class 5 is at the end of the corridor.
● in the end = at last 最后，终于 （一般时态）Eg I am sure I will win in the end.
● by the end of … 到……为止 (后用完成时态)
Eg ① By the end of this term, we will have learnt two English books.
② By the end of last year, we had finished our task.
● end up with 以……告终
4 receive 客观上收到; accept 主观上收到 Eg I received his invitation but did not accept it. 5 divide：划分，把整体分为若干部分 Eg The world is divide into five continents.
※比较 separate：分隔，把原来连在一起或靠近的分隔开来
6 表参加活动的短语：
take part in + 活动 join the party join in the game attend + the meeting
7. The teachers are very enthusiastic and friendly and the classrooms are amazing.
表示“吃惊”的几个单词：
◆ surprise指“由于出乎意料而感到惊异或诧异”。 Eg His coming surprised me.
◆ astonish指“由于出乎意料而又不能理解而感到吃惊”，语意较强。
Eg I was astonished to see he got up so early.
◆ amaze指“由于认为似乎不可能或极少可能发生的事的出现而感到大为诧异、迷惑不解”，语意较强。 Eg I was amazed at his confidence.
8. Every room has a computer with a special screen, almost as big as a cinema screen.
as … as…表示“和……一样……”。Eg My book is as interesting as yours.
9. The teacher is a very enthusiastic woman called Mr. Shen. called Ms Shen在此作定语。
10. We’re using a new textbook and Ms Shen’s method of teaching is nothing like that of the teachers at my Junior High school.
(1) 表示“方法、办法”的几个单词：
◆ method 作可数名词，指（系统的、逻辑的）方法、办法。后面常接of + 动名词，不接不定式）；作不可数名词，指秩序，条理，规律。
Eg ① He is a man of having accurate and strict methods.
② We must get some method into our office filling.
◆ way为可数名词，后接不定式或of + 动名词。
Eg ① We must find a way to solve this kind of problem.
② The normal way of carrying out such a kind plan is very difficult.
◆ means单复数形式相同，其前有a, one, this, that, every等有时表单数意义，其前有such, these, those, all等有时表复数意义，其多指抽象或概括性的含义，后可接不定式，也可接of + 动名词/名词。 Eg There is no means of finding out what happened.
(2) nothing like + n./pron.
◆ 完全不像，一点也不像Eg She’s nothing like her mother.
◆没有什么能赶得上Eg There’s nothing like a holiday to make one feel rested.
11. I don’t think I will be bored in Ms Shen’s class!
Think表示意见和看法，其后的宾语从句中的否定词not被移到主句中，该现象被称为“否定转移”。类似的动词还有：expect, believe, suppose, imagine等。
Eg ① I don’t suppose that she will be back until night.
② I shall not expect you till I see you.
12 We do this in a fun way, with spelling games and other activities.
in a … way以……的方式： Eg Children like playing games in a fun way.
※[辨析] in this way / in no way / in the way / in a way / by the way / on the way
◆ in this way 用这种方法、手段Eg Only in this way can you work out the problem. ◆ in no way 决不 Eg We can in no way give in to the enemy.
◆ in the way, 也可以写成in one’s way，意思是“挡了某人的路”，“妨碍了某人”。 Eg ① The box is just in my way to the room.
② Don’t stand in the way when I am carrying out the plan.
◆ in a way 在某种程度上，有点 Eg You are correct in a way.
◆ by the way意思是“顺便说一下”，“顺便问一句”，也可以表示“在途中”。多位于句首。 Eg ① By the way, where has he gone? ② He stopped for a picnic by the way.
◆ I’ll buy some bread on the / my way home. ② She is on the way to becoming a doctor.
7. In other words, there are three times as many girls as boys.
(1) in other words意为“换言之，换句话说，也就是说”。
(2) three times as many girls as boys是比较结构。其基本形式是“as + adj/adv原级 + as 从句”。 Eg ① This room is as big as that one. ② Mary runs as fast as Jenny.
类似的结构还有“as + much +不可数名词+ as 从句”。 He saved as much money as he could.
8.look forward to意思是“盼望”，后面跟名词或动词的ing形式。
Eg I don’t know what result they are looking forward to seeing.
※[联想、发散] 英语中很多短语中的to为介词。
devote … to 献身于…… get down to … 认真考虑…… pay attention to … 注意…… stick to … 坚持…… get used to … 习惯于…… lead to … 导致……
9.Li Kang is very impressed with the teachers and the technology in his new school.
Impress及物动词 (1) 给予（人）印象。
Eg Their manners impressed us favorably.
(2) 使（人、心等）铭记（事、物）（un, upon）。
Eg That accident impressed on me the necessity of traffic regulations.
(3) 感动（人），打动（人心）(with, by)。
Eg He impressed the world with his adventure. 他的冒险精神使全球的人深受感动。
10. Would you mind answering the questions for me?----------mind+ing形式，不可以用不定式。
11. At the end of twelfth grade, American students receive the high school diploma.
at the end一般不单独使用，后常接of短语，意为“在……结束的时候”，表示时间点，因此句子多用一般时态。Eg At the end of the talk, he expressed his great satisfaction with us. ※[辨析]
◆ by the end 一般不单独使用，后常跟of短语，意为“到……结束的时候”，表示一段时间，
因此句子多用完成时态，如过去完成时或将来完成时。
Eg By the end of last term, we had learnt 1000 words.
◆ in the end后不可跟of短语，表示最终的结果，相当于finally或at last。
Eg They found the lost boy in the end.
12. The school year is divided into two semesters
be divided into 指把一个整体分成若干部分，有时表示“平均分成几份”的意思。
◆ separate … from 把……和……分隔开，指由于事物阻隔而被分离。
Eg Only a narrow strait separates North America from South America.
Module 2 My New Teacher
1. Good teachers make sure that everyone in the class understands.
make sure 一定要，保证做到，弄清楚
Eg Make sure you finish your homework on time. 一定要按时完成作业。
※[辨析] sure & certain
(1) sure与certain的意思基本相同，但sure强调主语的心理状态，指主语心中无疑或十分确信、有把握，着重于人的内心世界。
Eg He was sure that the manager must have read the letter.
(2) certain侧重说明有肯定的理由和证据，使人相信或确信，强调内心世界之外的证据。Eg It is certain that his brother will come to his help. 显然，他弟弟会来帮他的。
(3) 当主语是人时，sure和certain常可替换，意思相差不大，但由于sure多表示人的内心世界，故其主语只能是人，且不能用来形容事件，所以当主语是表示事件的名词或代词时，或主语是it时，只能用certain。：
Eg It isn’t quite certain whether he will be present at the meeting.
2. I think perhaps she was, as it was her first lesson with us.
As在这里是连词，，意思是“既然，因为”，多位于句首，常用来说明较为明显的原因。
Eg As there are many things for us to do today, we’d better ask for some help.今天我们要干的事情很多，我们就叫些人来帮忙。
※[辨析] because / since / as / for
都是表示原因或理由的连接词，在语气上由强至弱依次为because ? since ? as ? for。
◆ because引导的从句多置于句末，表示直接的原因或理由，或产生那种结果的必然的因果关系，在回答why的提问时，必须用because作答。
Eg The light went out because the oil was out.
◆ as与since引导的从句多置于句首，不过as表示十分明显的原因，只说明一般的因果关系，可译为“因为由于”，而since则表示稍加分析、对方已知的原因，一般译为“既然”。 Eg ① As it is too late, you’d better stay here.
② Since the town is far from here, you may go there by bus.
◆ for是并列连词，所引导的不是原因状语从句，而是表示理由的对等句子，是对前面所讲内容的补充和说明。Eg It must have rained last night, for the ground is so wet.
3. She is kind and patient, and explains English grammar so clearly that even I can understand it!
I hate making mistakes or pronouncing a word incorrectly when I speak English, but Mrs. Li just smiles, so that you don’t feel completely stupid.
这两句中都使用了“so that”，但意义完全不同。“so … that”可译为“如此……以至于……”，有如下几种结构：
◆ so + 形容词或副词 + that …Eg He ran so quickly that I couldn’t keep up with him.
◆ so + 形 + a(n) + 单数可数名词+ that …Bob is so tall a man that he can reach the ceiling. ◆ so + many / few +复数可数名词+ that … 或者so + much / little + 不可数名词+ that … Eg There is so little water left that only small children and patients were give some.
◆ so that相当于“in order that”, 表目的。 Check carefully so that any mistakes will be caught.
4. She’s very strict – we don’t dare to say a word unless she asks us to.
（1）dare做情态动词时主要用于疑问句、否定句及条件状语从句中。
Eg ①I dare not go there. ② Dare you ask him?
（2）可用实义动词dare Eg ① I don’t dare to go there. ② Do you dare to ask him?
5. There are a few students in our class who keep coming to class late …
keep doing持续不断地做某事，经常做某事 They kept trying until they succeeded.
※ [辨析] keep doing sth / keep on doing sth / keep sb doing / keep sb from doing sth
◆ keep doing sth , keep on doing sth.均含有“继续、重复”之意，许多情况下可以通用。有时keep
doing sth 描述客观事实，无感情色彩，可译作“持续地、一直不停地做某事”。
keep on doing sth 则带有感情色彩，译 “总是反复地做某事”。
Eg ① He kept thinking of the question.（描述“念念不忘”这一客观事实。）
② Don’t keep on thinking of the same question.（强调主观厌烦情绪）
◆ keep sb / sth doing 表示“让某人/某物处于做某事的状态”
Eg The boss kept his workers working day and night.
◆ keep sb / sth. from doing sth阻止某人/某物做某事
Eg The heavy rain kept us from starting out on time. 大雨使我们不能准时出发。
6. appreciate vt. 有如下几种意思：
（1）鉴赏，欣赏，品味，玩味（文学、艺术等）
Eg You cannot appreciate English literature unless you understand the language
(2). 感激（他人的好意等），感谢 Eg I greatly appreciate your kindness.
7. During scientific experiments, she explains exactly what is happening and as a result my work is improving.
as a result介词短语，意思是“因而，就这样”，相当于therefore。
Eg She had so much cold drink yesterday. As a result, she fell ill and had a high fever today.
※ [归纳、拓展]
◆ as a result (of) 作为……的结果
Eg As a result of the flood, thousands of peasants lost their food.
◆ result in 引致，造成。
Eg His laziness results in his failure in the exam.
8. … but I think that I’ll do well in the exam with Mrs Chen teaching me.
(1) with + 名词 + 副词 Eg With all the lights out, the room was dark.
(2) with + 名词 + adj Eg With the door and windows open wide, the room was very cold.
(3) with + 名词 + 名词 Eg In the north is Scotland, with its capital Edinburgh.
(4) with + 名词 + 介词短语Eg The man came in with a book in his hand.。
(5) with + 名词 + 现在分词（名词和现在分词间为主动关系，状态正在进行）
Eg With all the students doing their homework silently, the teacher walked around the classroom.
(6) with + 名词 + 过去分词（强调名词是-ed分词动作的承受者或动作已发生）
Eg From the window she could see a tall tree, with a dog tied to it.
(7) with + 名词 + 不定式（强调动作尚未发生）
Eg With machinery to do all the work, the farm is highly mechanized.
9. He’s got so much energy, this is one class you do not fall asleep in! 他精力充沛，在他的课上你绝不会想睡觉（感到困倦）。
(1) 请注意，这里的 in是不可少的。可以把本句分为两句：This is one class. In the class you don’t fall asleep.
(2) 请注意，这里one class中的class既不解释为“班级”，也不和前面第4点中the class really likes working with her一样解释为“全班同学”，而是解释为“课”。
(3) 这里fall asleep中asleep为形容词，只能作表语，而sleep则为名词和动词。作为教师，请注意加“a-”的构词法，大部分是表语形容词，如：alike, alive, alone, ashamed, awake, aware, etc.
Module 3 My First Ride on a Train
(1) distance: n. 距离 Eg ① at a distance 在远处 ② at a distance from 离……有一段距离 ③ from a distance 在远处 ④ in the distance 在远方，在远处
（2）supply: v. 供给，供应，补充 Supply sb. with sth. = supply sth. to sb.
Eg They supply the homeless children with food. =They supply food to the homeless children. 其复数形式supplies指“日用品，生活必需品，补给品”等
1. Recently I had my first ride on a long-distance train.不久前，我第一次乘坐长途火车。
（1）句子中long-distance的表达法，这是由adjective + noun构成的复合形容词。类似的有full-time全日制的，second-hand二手的，first-rate一流的，high-class高级的，large-scale大规模的，high-tech高科技的，kind-hearted善良的，absent-minded走神的，good-looking样子好看的。
除此之外，还有其他复合词的表达法：
名词：daughter-in-law媳妇，speed-reading快速阅读
动词：baby-sit照顾婴儿，window-shop观望，物色
2. And what a ride!！ 感叹句，主谓语被省略，全句是：What a (beautiful) ride it was!
很多感叹句是由what或how引起的，what修饰名词，how修饰形容词、副词或动词。 Eg (1) What a nice voice he has! What a tall boy he is!
(2) How nice a voice he has! How tall a boy he is!
3. Suddenly, it looked like a place from another time. Look like … 看起来好象??
4. I sat and looked out of the window. 我坐在那儿看着窗外。
look out看外面，小心；look out of …看着??的外面
5. They tried riding horses, but the horses didn’t like the hot weather and sand.
try doing sth. 尝试干某事 try to do sth. 尽力干某事
Eg ① We should try to make everything ready before the teacher comes.
②The students tried doing the experiment some other way.
6. The Afghans and their camels did this until the 1920s. the 1920s 20世纪20年代
请注意时间表达法： the 1830s 19世纪30年代
the 60s 60年代 in her 80s 在她八十多岁的时候
7. Traveling at a speed over 400 kilometres per hour, the train can complete the 30-kilometre journey in eight minutes. 请注意速度speed和介词at 的连用：
at a speed of 50 miles at the top of one’s speed
Module 4 A Social Survey – My Neighbourhood
(1) ◆ since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点；1980，last month, half past six） Eg I have been here since 1989.
◆ since + 一段时间+ago Eg I have been here since five months ago.
◆ since +从句 Eg Great changes have taken place since you left.
◆ It is +一段时间+ since从句 Eg It is two months since I became a teacher. I’ve visited your hometown.
This/It is +序数词+time + (that) + sb + have done sth表示“第几次做某事”
Eg ① This is the second time I have been to Changsha.
(3) …but this is one of ◆This is the best tea I have ever drunk ◆注意(sb) have been to a place: （某人）到过某地（该人现已不在那个地方）
(sb) have gone to a place: （某人）已去了某地（该人不在说话现场
(4) It’s so , and every one seems so friendly.
lively: 活泼的，有生气的，用做定语或表语，可以指人或物 Eg I find the girl has a lively mind. ◆ live: 活的，活生生的，有生命的，现场直播（做定语，放在被修饰的名词前） Eg ① Have you caught a live fish in the river?
② There is a live basketball match at 9:45 tonight.
◆ living: 活的，健在的，现行的（作表语或定语）
Eg Ba Jin is regarded as one of the best living writers.
◆ alive: 活的，有生命的（作表语，后置定语或补足语，作表语的时候，可与living互换）
Eg He was alive / living when he was sent to the hospital. 生活在这里我感到很幸运。
(sb) feel fortunate (in) doing sth （某人）因有机会做某事而感到幸运
(6) What’s the difference among the following sentences?
(in: 范围之内)
(to: 范围之外的，不接壤)
(on:范围之内，可指接壤，也可指在河畔) 注意:二者都可以用作副词，意为“相当、很”，
(8) Sound连系动词，后跟adj作表语，无被动语态。 类似词还有look, smell, taste, feel, get, turn, become等。
(9) You don’t really see tourists 我住的地方你其实是看不见游客。
此句是where引导的地点状语从句, 意为“在……地方”。
Eg ① Where there is a will, there is a way. ② Put the book where it was!
(10) They’ve put up有建立的意思
(11) Now we be + V-ing:用现在进行时表示将来，往往表示：“意图”、“打算”、“安排”、常用于人。有此类用法的词还有come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。
Eg ①I'm leaving tomorrow. ② Are you staying here till next week?
(12) So they tell me. 他们就是这样告诉我的。
So在倒装句中的不同意义：
① so + 助动词＋B: A怎么样，B也怎么样
② B＋助动词＋so: A让B去做某事，B按A的要求去做了
③ so + A + 助动词: A确实怎么样
[相关] either/nor +助动词+B: A不怎么样，B也不怎么样
④如前一句中谓语既有肯定，又有否定，应用So it is/was with B或It is/was the same with B。
Module 5 A Lesson in a Lab
(1) When we use metals, it is important to know how they react with different substances, for example,
water and oxygen.
react vi. & vt.
① 作出反应，反应。后接介词to。 Eg How did she react to the news?
② 影响，起作用。后接介词on / upon。 Eg The two react upon each other.
③ 抗拒，反抗。后接against 。
Children tend to react against their parents by going against their wishes.
④ 起反作用，反过来起作用。常接介词on / upon。 Eg Unkindness often reacts on the unkind person. ⑤ [化]起化学作用，[物]反应。后接介词with / on。
Eg a. How do acids react on metals?
b. An acid can react with a base to form a salt.
(2) To find out if iron rusts in dry air.弄清楚铁在干燥的空气中是否生锈。
find out 指经过探听、询问、调查之后，才发现某事或事情的真相。
Eg ① He has found out the man who stole the watch.
② Will you try to find out when the trains leave?
[辨析]◆ find有偶然发现某物的意思
Eg On her way home, Tim found a wallet lying on the ground.
◆ discover表示发现存在的但以前不为人知的事物，也可表示发现已为人知的事物的新的性质或用途，这种发现可能是有意的，也可能是无意的。
Eg Madame Curie discovered the element of radium.
(2) Put these words in the correct order to describe the stages of a scientific experiment.
put … in the correct order 按正确的顺序排列。in order按顺序。
Eg ① The reaction of metals with these substances can be put in order.
② Put everything in the room in order.
(4) Now, what’s the aim of this experiment, Zhou Kai? 这次实验的目的是什么，周凯？ aim ① vt. & vi. 把??瞄准；把??对准掷向；意欲，旨在。
Eg a. This anti-smoking campaign is mainly aimed at young teenagers.
b. My brother aims to be a novelist.
② n. 目标，目的。常接介词TO。 Eg It is now our aim to set up a factory.
5. No, we need rather more than that – about two and a half grams. 我们所需要的要大大超过那些——大约两克半。
rather是程度副词，修饰比较级more。例如：
Eg ① For the old, living in the country is rather more comfortable than in city.
② This computer is rather more expensive than that one.
※ 注意：与rather近义的quite, fairly, very, too不能修饰比较级。可修饰比较级的词有： ◆ a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等。 ◆ 还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。
Eg ① Tom is far cleverer than any other boys in the class.
② Sam is twice older than I.
③ Learning Greek is much harder than learning English.
6. I never used to enjoy science, but last year I changed schools, and the science teachers at my new school are excellent.
used to do sth. 表示过去常常做某事，强调现在不再这样做。其否定式是used not …,可缩写为usedn’t / usen’t, 口语中可用didn’t use…。例如：
Eg ① I used to live there when I was a child.
② Used you to like opera? / Did you like opera?
③There used to be a church here, usedn’t there?
◆ be used to do sth. 被用来做某事 Eg Wood can be used to make paper. 木材可以用来造纸。 ◆ be / get used to doing sth. 习惯于做某事 Eg He was used to sleeping with the windows open.
Module 6 The Internet and Telecommunications
1. The Internet is the biggest source of information in the world, and it’s accessible through a computer. 因特网是世界上最大的信息资源，它可以通过电脑使用。
accessible adj 可进入的；可使用的。常接介词to。
Eg Medicine should not be kept where it is accessible to children.
2. It consists of millions of pages of data.它包含无数的数据页。
Consist vi（由某部分，要素）组成（of ）
Eg ① Air consists chiefly of nitrogen. 空气主要由氮气组成。
② The committee consists of twenty members. 该委员会由二十名成员组成。
3. It then became possible for universities to use the system as well.
(1) as well 起副词作用，其语气相当于too或also（也，还），一般放在句末。
Eg ① I like John and I like his brother as well.
② Schools will have to teach computer skills as well. 学校还得教计算机技能。
(2) It + be/become +adj. +for sb / sth to do sth. It是形式主语，代替for sb / sth to do sth
Eg It is important for the students to learn English well.
4. He came up with the idea of the World Wide Web in 1989 while he was working in Switzerland. 19xx年，当他在瑞士工作时，他提出了（创建）万维网的想法。
Come up with 想出”解 “出现”、“被提出来
He came up with the idea that they should do it in another way.
5. With me in the studio are Ann Baker, who’s a teacher, Tom Grant, who’s 17 and still at school, and Tom’s mother Pat.
本句是倒装句。句子的表语提前时，为了使句子平行，我们经常将谓语动词be放在主语的前面，因此形成了倒装。
Eg ① Also present at the meeting are some teachers from that famous school.
② Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to.
③ Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, candles and toys.
6. Would you like me to wrap it up?你愿意我把它包起来吗？
wrap up 包起来，多穿衣服，穿得暖和，掩盖。
Eg ① The assistant wrapped her clothes up for her as quickly as possible.
② You’d better wrap up well before you go out, it is very cold outside.
③ He wrapped up his meaning in a fancy speech.
7. You can do this by taking out “unimportant” letters in the words (usually vowels) and using numbers instead of words. 你可以去掉单词中“不重要”的字母（通常是元音）及用数字代替单词。
Instead of 为介词，一般放在句首或句中，否定of后面的宾语。
Eg ① You can take me with you instead of Mary.。
② Shall we have fish instead of meat today?
8. Mobile phone users have developed a series of symbols to show how they feel.
移动电话用户已经发明了一系列用来表达他们感受的符号。
Series n
(1) (??的)一系列，一连串，连续 (of)
Eg ① A car comes into being through a series of complex operations.
② A series of strange things happened after you left!.
(2)（出版物）连续刊物，丛书；连续广播节目，影集；（货币，邮票等的）一套，一组 Eg A series of bird stamps一套鸟类邮票