电子测量调研报告
题 目： 电子测量技术发展与仪器 姓 名：
学 院： 信息科学技术学院 专 业：
班 级：
学 号：
20xx年 6月16日
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电子测量技术发展与仪器
摘要：:科学技术的不断发展促进了电子测量技术的快速发展,同样地电子测量技术的发展也推动了测量仪器的不断更新。本文介绍了电子测量技术的发展状况,并论述了电子测量仪器发展的过去与现状。最后，探讨了电子测量技术与仪器的发展趋势。
关键词：发展、测量、仪器、趋势
一、电子测量技术的发展
现代化科学技术和现代化大生产中那些要求精密和准确测量的内容通常都是运用了电子测量的方法来实现的。电子测量主要应用于电专业的测量,例如电信号传输特性的测量。电子测量也广泛的应用于非电专业的测量。例如,它通过各种类型的传感器,能量转化器把非电量转换为电量进行研究,而后得出反映出非电量的测量结果。随着电子技术的不断发展,测量的内容愈来愈广泛,通常包括以下几个方面:
(1)电能量的测量,包括对于电流、电压、电功率的测量。
(2)信号的特性及所受干扰的测量,例如信号的失真度、频率相位、脉冲参数、调制度、信号频谱、信噪比等。
(3)元件和电路参数的测量,例如电限、电感、电容、电子器件(电子管、晶体管、扬效应管等)的测量,集成电路的测量,电路频率响应、通频带宽度、品质因数、相位移、延时、衰减和增益等的测量。
由于电子测量技术的许多无可比拟的优点,许多非电量的测量也可以通过传感器转换成电信号,再利用电子技术进行测量。例如,高温炉中的温度、深海的压力等许多人们不能亲身到的地方或无法直接测量的量,都可以通过这种方式进行测量。与其它的测量相比,电子测 量具有以下几个明显的特点:
(1)测量频率范围宽,电子测量能工作在这样宽的频率范围,这就使它的应用范围很广。
(2)量程很广,由于所测量的大小相差极大,要求测量仪器的量程也极宽,同一台电子仪器,经常能做到量程宽达很多数量级。
(3)测量准确度高,电子仪器的准确度通常可比其它测量仪器高很多,特别是对频率和时间的测量。电子测量准确度高,正是它在现代科技领域得到广泛应用的重要原因。
(4)测量速度快,电子测量由于是通过电子运动和电磁波的传播来进行工作的,因此具有其它测量方法通常无法类比的高速度。
(5)易于实现遥测和长期不间断的测量,显示方式又可以做到清晰、直观。由于可以把电子仪器或与它连接的传感器放到人类不便长期停留或无法到达的区域去进行遥测,而且可在被测对象正常工作的情况下进行测量。对于测量结果,电子测量的显示方法也比较清晰、直观。
(6)易于利用计算机,形成电子测量与计算技术的紧密结合。
二、国内电子测量仪器发展的过去与现状
我国电子测量仪器大致经历了“模拟式-数字式-智能式、程控式”的发展历程。20世纪50年代,新中国第一个五年计划在重点发展电子产业中就规划了电子测量仪器。经过50多年的发展,我国不但具有一个较为完整的电子仪器产业体系,还有一大批电子测量技术人才。最近几年,随着世界高新技术的不断发展,我国电子测量仪器在以下一些重大科技领域取得了突破性进展：
(1)调制域分析仪研究成功。调制域测试技术是20世纪末出现的十分重要且技术难度很 2
高的一门新兴测试技术,它是用来测量输入信号随时间变化的频率值,所产生的显示图形代表信号调制域,是信号频率值与时间的关系。这种方法非常适合测量定时信号,相位编码信号或频率编码信号,必将对众多测试问题的解决做出突出贡献。
(2) VXI总线技术取得重大进展。VXI总线技术是二十世纪末出现的一种新的母线技术。它将VME总线和GPIB结合起来构成一个新的行业标准接口母线,是一个完全开放的适应多厂家仪器产品(模块、插卡式)的行业标准。这种总线技术具有便携性、测试速度高、适应性和灵活性强、价格适中以及有利于充分发挥计算机作用的优点。
(3)微波毫米波矢量网络分析仪开发成功。矢量分析仪能同时获得被测对象的幅度、相位和群时延特性,成为现代电子装备必备的、关键的测试设备。另外它还在非线性、大功率网络的测试和分析中发挥着重要作用。
(4)电子测量仪器向毫米波推进。众多民用和军用电子装备都在向毫米波发展,特别是在军事方面,其发展更为迅速。近几年,我们十分重视电子仪器向毫米波发展。
(5)通信测量仪器水平达到新的高度。通信产业的发展十分迅速,为适应通信产业的发展,我国加快发展通信电子测量仪器。近年来研制成功的误码测试仪、数字传输/数据通信分析仪、七号信令测试仪、数字微波通信测试仪等产品都达到了20世纪末国际先进水平。
(6)数字化仪器迅速发展。近几年,数字化仪器在迅速发展,我国也在不断研制并推出各种新型数字化仪器,譬如数字示波器、数字调制装置、数字化函数/任意波形发生器、数字化频率计数器等众多产品。
三、国产电子测量仪器发展的机遇
随着科学技术的不断发展,新产品新技术日新月异,对电子测量仪器提出很多新需求,由于测量仪器的先导作用,所有电子技术的应用热点都会成为测量测试技术的生长点,国内仪器企业研制并成功向市场推出了大量新技术、新型仪器产品,适应市场需要。同时,以新型产业发展为契机带动电子仪器产业发展。数字电视、新一代移动通信和下一代互联网等新兴产业、新的生产工艺和技术要求也为仪器发展创造了新的发展机遇。目前,我国制造业发达、服务业兴旺,各种电器产品的研制生产维修服务、各种用户需求都用到越来越多、划分细致的各种电子测量仪器,市场前景乐观、产品开发大有作为。
目前,虽然国产电子测量仪器发展面临着前所未有的机遇,但是由于多种原因,使得在这一行业发展过程中还存在着许许多多的挑战。为此,还需要我们积极采取一些有用的措施,才能推进我国仪器产业的快速发展。
四、电子测量仪器发展趋势
随着科学技术和工业生产的发展,测量范围日益扩大,测量任务越来越复杂,测量工作量随之加大,对测量精度和速度的要求也越来越高。在实际测量中,不仅要求连续实时显示,而且要求实时处理大量的测试数据。传统仪器很难满足这些要求,这就迫使仪器朝着数字化、智能化、多功能、小型化、模块化、虚拟化、标准化和开放型方向发展,随着技术进步和应用领域的扩大,这种演进的趋势也在明显加强。因此出现了以计算机或微处理器为核心,将检测技术、自动控制技术、通信技术和网络技术等技术完美地结合起来的现代电子测量仪器(系统)。它主要有以下几种类型:
(1)以通用微处理器为核心构成的智能化电子仪器。智能仪器又称为灵巧仪器,它是将人工智能的理论、方法和技术应用于仪器,使其具有类似人的智能特性或功能的仪器。它的硬件组成通常包括微处理器与存储器、键盘开关与显示输出、测试功能模块或测试信号源、总线与标准接口等部分。
(2)以通用微型计算机为基础构成的个人仪器系统。个人仪器系统将若干仪器的测试功 3
能模块并联接入个人计算机的内部总线,借助于测试软件,各仪器模块与计算机灵活地结合起来,实现计算机辅助测试、程控操作、数据采集和运算处理,以及多种方式输出测试结果。其硬件由个人计算机、多个测试功能模块及接口、仪用标准接口等组成。
(3)以通用计算机为核心,以国际上标准化的仪器接口总线为基础,由可程控的通用电子仪器构成的现代自动测试系统。所谓自动测试系统,就是在计算机的控制和管理下,很少需 要人工参与,由各种测量仪器对电量、非电量进行自动测量、数据处理,并以显示、打印等适当的方式给出测量结果的系统。自动测试系统的组成包括控制器、程控仪器设备、总线与接口、测试软件、被测对象5部分。
(4)以通用计算机为基础建立的可编程虚拟仪器。虚拟仪器是指以通用计算机作为核心的硬件平台,配以相应测试功能的硬件作为信号输入/输出接口,利用仪器软件开发平台在计算机的屏幕上虚拟出仪器的面板和相应的功能,通过鼠标或键盘操作的仪器。
五、结 语
经过50多年从无到有的发展历程,我国的电子测量仪器产业已形成一个完备的产业体系。但国产电子测量仪器在发展过程中还存在一些问题,在对其发展现状进行分析基础上,指出了当前我国电子测量仪器发展的机遇与挑战。另外,随着社会信息化程度不断加强,测量需求也在不断改变,例如测量范围不断扩大,测量精度要求越来越高,要求测量数据实时化处理等。为了满足这些改变的用户需求,我国电子仪器工程师不断地在原有电子测量技术及仪器水平的基础上改革创新,赶追世界先进水平,使得国产电子测量仪器向以计算机为基础的功能越来越多,处理信息量越来越大,应用领域越来越广泛的现代电子测量仪器方向发展。总之,经过广大电子测量仪器人员的共同努力,我国电子技术和电子产业水平有很大提高。目前与国外相比虽然还有些差距,但已经基本改变过去跟着国外走的状况。针对这一情况,还应该在研究国外电子测量仪器发展趋势的同时,深入到我国仪器用户中去,了解他们的需求,研制出适合我国国情的电子测量仪器,推进国产电子测量仪器向国际先进水平迈进，并且来促进我国的电子测量行业的快速发展。
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参考英文文献
The Development and Future of Electronic Measurement
Technology
Abstract—This paper describes the electronic measurement on the importance of the development of modern science and technology; provide an overview of recent electronic measurement of the latest development of the new measurement methods and tools; macro grasp of electronic measurement technology future trends. And DDS technology as an example of modern electronic measurement field the new concept.
Keywords-Electronic; Measuring; Intelligent; Virtual; Instrument.
Ⅰ. Introduction
With modern science and technology and the development of industrial production, the measurement of a higher requirement. fast, real-time, accurate,automatic measurement has become the mainstream of the development of modern measurement techniques. Can be said that there can be no measurement signal analysis and processing, access to information to become a talk, based on the information on the information technology and computer technology has become a source of water. Electrically, with its sub-measurement technology many advantages to become the protagonist of modern measurement technology in information acquisition and industrial control does not play alternative role.
20th century, is based on the LSI important period of development, it also brings electronic measuring instrument technology revolution. Since LSI large number of applications, making the modern electronic measuring instruments are smaller, more comprehensive, higher reliability, lower power consumption. Similarly, computer technology and software technology for the electronic measurement essentially leap – virtual intended to produce the instrument, made a great contribution.
Ⅱ. Recent development results
A. Rapid development of digital instruments
In recent years, as DSP (digital signal processing) technology, the rapid development of a variety of outstanding performance DSP integrated chips are emerging, digital instruments to get a new development. For example, digital oscilloscope, digital modulation devices, digital function generator, arbitrary waveform generators, digital frequency counter and many other products.
B. Modulation Domain Analyzer successful research
Modulation Domain testing techniques in the frequency domain and frequency domain has been developed very mature late 20th century the emergence of a new type of measurement
Test technologies that known as the "three field" testing technology. Modulation domain test is to measure the input signal varies over time the frequency value, the displayed graphical representation of the signal generated by the modulation domain, the frequency value of the signal versus time. Modulation Domain testing technology is an emerging technology very important and difficult and very large test techniques, depending on the science and technology and electronic equipment rapid development. This method is very suitable for measuring the timing signal, phase or frequency-coded signal is coded signal. Modulation Domain Testing 5
Technology Surgery appears bound to numerous test problems and make new contributions. Facts have proved that modulation domain analysis techniques, in an increasingly more applications become an indispensable testing technology, especially in the field of military electronic test more of its significance.
C. VXI bus technology has made significant progress
VXI bus technology is the twentieth century the emergence of a new bus technology. It first appeared in the United States, used in the United States Air Military electronic measuring instruments. VXI and GPIB bus to the VME bus are combined to form a new standard for modular instrumentation platform that can meet the needs of future instrumentation, electronic measurement instruments and systems to make step into a new period of development. VXI bus is a new industry standard interface bus 121 is a completely open, multi-vendor equipment to adapt products (modules, plug-in) industry standards. The introduction of this standard there are three reasons: First, to adapt to technical requirements of the development, the second is the lack of multi-vendor instrument connectivity, three is the military's needs, and this is the most important aspect. This new bus standard applications in the United States, the Chinese community are very much appreciated, numerous researchers. And after years of exploration, the country has made great progress in the implementation of certain aspects of the specific application, especially in the application of many military radar systems.
D. Millimeter wave electronic test equipment to advance
Numerous civilian and military electronic equipment in the millimeter-wave development, particularly in the military field, and its development more rapidly. Advance
Taking into account the future of electronic warfare systems signal environment will reach 1-2 million pulses / sec, equipment systems may want to perform several one hundred million represents.So, the current IC processing power can not meet the requirements of military electronic equipment, which will affect the next generation of electronic warfare systems operational capability, this must be the development of ultra-high-speed integrated circuits (VHSIC). So from a monolithic integrated circuit chip set test into several one hundred thousand to one million across several, which correspondingly substantial increase in the difficulty of the test.
Ⅲ. Electronic Measurement Technology Trends
A. Networking and modular
Since the measurement instrument interface standards harmonization and bus technology development, electronic measurement instruments and computer gradually melt as a body. Multiple measuring instruments and mutual sharing of data between the control and the standard interface through the bus station with a computer connected to the network constituted achieved. Same time as the instrument's modular, reduce costs, improve application flexibility, greatly improving cost performance.
B. Vrtualization software technology
From the history of the development, electronic measurement instruments has gone from analog instruments, intelligent instruments to the history of virtual instruments, which are based on each leap advances in computer technology as the driving force. With the rapid development of computer technology, computer digitized using static and dynamic analysis of the ideal test has finally become a reality. One of several key technologies, including computer precision, speed; analog to digital conversion accuracy, speed; memory, hard disk storage capacity and speed; 6
computer and A / D price issues have been resolved. Combined with a variety of functions dedicated software the rapid development of a new technology emerges - virtual instrument (VirtualIstrument, referred to VI). VI technology development and application of the United States from 1986 designed by NI LabVIEW, it is a graphics-based development, debugging and running programs integrated environment to realize the concept of a VI. NI's "Software Instrument" (Softwareisinstrument) completely broke the traditional instruments can only be given by the manufacturer the user can not change the situation.
C. Highly intelligent
With cutting-edge technology (such as aerospace, weapons engineering) and high-risk project development needs of electronic measurement technology increasing degree of intelligence. But in recent years the field of embedded computer technology development to enhance the intelligence of electronic measuring instruments provide good conditions. Emerging in recent years, such as embedded chip FPGA, ARM, CPLD, etc., they are a high-reliability, high stability, fast immediately applied to electronic measuring instruments. The microcomputer-based processing technology microprocessor allows the measurement methods of measuring instruments diversification measure real-time and highly intelligent.
Ⅳ. DDS technology development history
In the traditional field of electronic measurement and instrumentation, PLL Frequency Synthesizer (PLL) is the most commonly used frequency co into technology. As electronic measurement and instrumentation industry continues to develop, for frequency synthesis techniques are increasingly high requirements. 2Oth emerged in the mid-century direct digital frequency synthesis (DDS) is an all-digital frequency synthesis technology, due to its special principle and structure, so that in electronics, communications, access to a growing range of applications. In the field of electronic measurement and instrumentation, DDS The main applications include: audio testing, product testing, the instantaneous power signal reproduction, shock and vibration test, medical test equipment, conventional waveforms and arbitrary waveform generator, high precision, multi-function modulation etc.
Ⅴ. Conclusion
In summary, in the 21st century electronic measuring instruments with chip technology and DSP technology will reach an unprecedented high performance, with computer technology and the further integration of the instrument, the instrument's ease of operation, easy scalability, measurement capability, the number of data processing and analysis capabilities have been greatly improved. At the same time, software engineering and network technologies are increasingly being applied to various fields, development of simulation technology as well as electronic measurement provides a more powerful and convenient tool. In short, the electronic measurement technology development is a multi-disciplinary, multi-field development co-crystallization, while between them for each other and mutual service of with the development.
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