象。在 a colorful garden 这个短语里，colorful 是按词的本来意思使用的；但在 a colorful life 和 a colorful career 这两个短语里，colorful 就是比喻的用法了。
1）明喻
明喻用 like，as 或其他词指出两个截然不同的事物之间相似之处的手法叫明喻。 O my love’s like a red, red rose. —Robert Burns
That man can’t be trusted. He’s as slippery as an eel.
The old man’s hair is as white as snow.
2）隐喻
用一个词来指代与该词本来所指事物有相似特点的另一个事物的手法叫隐喻。这也是一种比较。不过这个比较是暗含的，而不用 as 或 like 点明。假如彭斯把上面引的那个诗句写成 O my love’s a red, red rose，省去原有的 like 这个词，他便是用隐喻而不是明喻了。
3）拟人
把事物或概念当作人或具备人的特质的手法，叫拟人。拟人在诗歌中很常见：
Youth is hot and bold,
Age is weak and cold,
Youth is wild, and Age is tame.
—William Shakespeare
4）换喻
用某一事物的名称代替与之密切相关的另一事物名称的手法叫换喻。例如 crown可以代替 king，the White House 可以代替美国总统或政府，the bottle 可以代替 wine 或alcohol，the bar 可以代替 the legal profession 等。换喻用得好，则可产生简明生动的效果：
Sword and cross in hand, the European conquerors fell upon the Americans.
When the war was over, he laid down the sword and took up the pen.
His purse would not allow him that luxury.
5）提喻
指用部分代表整体，或用整体代表部分：
The farms were short of hands during the harvest season.
He had to earn his daily bread by doing odd jobs.
Germany beat Argentina 2 to 1 in this exciting football match.
The poor creature could no longer endure her sufferings.
在上面的例句中，hands 代表人，bread 代表食物或生活费，两个国家名字代表两个球队，creature 代表女人。
换喻和提喻有相似之处：二者都是一种替换，有时它们与隐喻不易区分，因为后者在一定程度上也是一种替换。
6）婉言
即用温和或模糊的表达法替换生硬的或令人不快的表达法，例如：
to die to pass away, to leave us; one’s heart has stopped beating
old people senior citizens
mad emotionally disturbed
dustman sanitation worker
lavatory bathroom, men’s/women’s room
invasion, raid military action
driving inhabitants away pacification
7）反语
这是指与真正的意思明显相反的词，用它的目的在于产生特殊的效果。假定你准备郊游，并且期待天气会很好，但是那天却下大雨。如果你不说天气糟透了，而说 What fine weather for an outing! 那就是用反语了。把野蛮的行为称作 civilized 或cultural，也是反语。
8）夸大和缩小
前者是把事情说得过分；后者是把分量或程度压低。两者的目的相同，都在于使陈述或描写鲜明、有趣。
She is dying to know what job has been assigned her.
On hearing that he had been admitted to that famous university, he whispered to himself, “I’mthe luckiest man in the world.”
It took a few dollars to build this indoor swimming pool.
“He is really strange,” his friends said when they heard he had divorced his pretty and loving wife.
9）移位修饰
把修饰语从它本应修饰的名词之前移到与该名词有关的词之前的手法，叫移位修饰。当某人说 I’ve had a busy day 时，他就用了这个修辞手段，因为 busy 本应修饰人，现在却用来修饰 day。
10）矛盾修饰
意思矛盾的词有时可用在一起，以达到加深印象的目的：
The coach had to be cruel to be kind to his trainees.
When the news of the failure came, all his friends said that it was a victorious defeat.
The president was conspicuously absent on that occasion.
11）头韵
两个或更多的词以相同的辅音字母开始，便构成头韵，如 proud as a peacock 和blind as a bat。头韵常用于诗中来突出意思上有联系的词：
Wherefore feed, and clothe, and save,
From the cradle to the grave,
Those ungrateful drones who would
Drain your sweat—nay, drink your blood?
第二篇：大学英语写作万能句子
英语作文万能句型
（一）段首句
1.俗话说（常言道）……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。
Thereisanoldsaying______.It"stheexperienceofourforefathers，however，itiscorrectinmanycaseseventoday.
3.现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……；其次，……。更为糟糕的是……。
Today,____,whichhavebroughtalotofharmsinourdailylife.First,____Second,____.Whatmakesthingsworseisthat______.
4.现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外（而且）……。
Nowadays，itiscommonto______.Manypeoplelike______because______.Besides，______.
5.任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。
NOgardensarewithoutweedsand______isnotanexception，ithasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.
8.……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。
______hasbecomeahottopicamongpeople，especiallyamongtheyoungandheateddebatesarerightontheirway.
9.……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重的问题。
______hasbeenplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinourday-to-daylife.ithasbroughtusalotofbenefitsbuthascreatedsomeseriousproblemsaswell.
10.根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出……。很显然……，但是为什么呢？
Accordingtothefigure/number/statistics/percentagesinthe/chart/bargraph/line/graph，itcanbeseenthat______while.Obviously，______，butwhy?
（二）中间段落句
1.相反，有一些人赞成……，他们相信……，而且，他们认为……。
Onthecontrary，therearesomepeopleinfavorof___.Atthesametime，theysay____.
（三）结尾句
2-1结论性---------通过对文章前面的讨论,引出或重申文章的中心思想及观点.
[1].Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove，wemaysafelydrawtheconclusionthat……2-2后果性------揭示所讨论的问题若不解决,将产生的严重后果.
[1].Wemustcallforanimmediatemethod，becausethecurrentphenomenonof……，ifallowedtoproceed，willsurelyleadtotheheavycostof……
[2].Obviously，ifweignore/areblindtotheproblem，thereiseverychancethat……willbeputindanger.
[3]Ifwecannottakeusefulmeans,wemaynotcontrolthistrend,andsomeundesirableresultmaycomeoutunexpectedly,sowhatweshoulddois_____.如果我们不采取有效的方法，就可能控制不了这种趋势，就会出现一些意想不到的不良后果，所以，我们应该做的是……2-3号召性--------呼吁读者行动起来,采取行动或提请注意.
[1].Itistimethatweurgedanimmediateendtotheundesirabletendencyof……
[2].Itisessentialthateffectivemeasuresshouldbeadoptedtoreversethetendency.
2-4建议性--------对所讨论的问题提出建议性的意见,包括建议和具体的解决问题的方法.
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[1].Whileitcannotbesolvedimmediately，stillthereareways.Themostpopularis……Anothermethodis……Stillanotheroneis……
[2].Awareness/Recognitionoftheproblemisthefirststeptowardthesituation.
2-5方向性的结尾方式----其与建议性的唯一差别就是对问题解决提出总的,大体的方向或者指明前景.
[1].Manysolutionsarebeingofferedhere，allofthemmakesomesense，butnoneisadequateenough.Theproblemshouldberecognizedinawideway.
[2].Thereisnoquickmethodtotheissueof……，but……mightbehelpful/beneficial.
[3].Thegreatchallengetodayis……Thereismuchdifficulty，but……
2--6意义性的结尾方式-------->文章结尾的时候,从更高的更新的角度指出所讨论的问题的重要性以及其深远的意义!
[1].Followingthesesuggestionsmaynotguaranteethesuccess，butthepayoffmightbeworththeeffort.Itwillnotonlybenefitbutalsobenefit……
[2].Inanycase，whetheritispositiveornegative，onethingiscertainthatitwillundoubtedly……
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