注释

——是对文章题名、文章内容的解释性说明，用带圆圈的阿拉伯数字表示注释序号，注释置于篇末。

注释格式

引自期刊

[序号] 作者：《题名》，《刊名》××××年第×期，第×页。

① 唐文静：《我国农村剩余劳动力转移特征及趋势》，《经济纵横》20xx年第6期，第56 页。

引自专著

[序号] 作者：《书名》，出版者及×××× 年版，第×页。

② 皮明庥：《近代武汉城市史》，中国社会科学出版社19xx年版，第21页。

引自报纸

[序号] 作者：《题名》，《报纸名》*年*月*日。

③ 小易：《今日之汉口》，《武汉日报》19xx年8月18日。

1

参考文献

——是著录引用文献源，即对引用文献著录出处，用[序号]（序号为阿拉伯数字）表示顺序，置于注释后面。

参考文献格式

1.中文参考文献格式如下：

古籍

[序号] 题名[*].修纂者.书名（卷号）.门类（序号）[*].出版地：出版社，出版年：起止页码.

[1]汉口后城马路[A].吕调元，刘承恩修，张仲，扬承禧等纂.湖北通志（53）.经政志（11.新政（1）[M].上海：上海人民出版社，1990：30

说明：如果是经过整理改版的古籍，其参考文献格式与著作的参考文献格式（见后文）相同。

期刊论文

[序号] 作者.题名[*].期刊名.出版年，卷号（期号）：起止页码.

[1] 希荣.市民对于市政应有的认识[J].市政评论.1927，1（1）：25-26.

[2] 唐文静.我国农村剩余劳动力转移特征及趋势[J].经济纵横.2003，（6）：55.

论文集论文

[3] 敖文蔚.地理环境与徐州会战[A].吕一群等.海峡两岸纪念武汉抗战七十周年学术研讨会论文集[C].武汉:长江出版社，2009:50-61.

会议论文

[序号] 作者.题名［Z］.会议名称，会址，会议年份.

[4] 敖文蔚. 地理环境与徐州会战［Z］. 海峡两岸纪念武汉抗战七十周年学术研讨会，武汉，2008.

2

报刊

[序号] 作者.题名[*].报纸名.年-月-日（第*版或页）.

[5] 小易.今日之汉口[N].武汉日报.1945-08-18（2）.

注意：发给同学们的模本上没有精确到报纸的第某版或某页，这是需要完善的，应该补上

网络资料

[序号]作者.题名[*].网名（网址），下载日期.

[8] 李明得.中国旅游购物的现状与展望[EB/OL].广东商学院网，www.，

2008-05-06

学位论文

[序号] 作者.文名[*].保存者及硕士/博士论文，答辩年：起止页码.

[9] 冯群科.长三角城市人居环境与商品住宅价格的关系研究[D].浙江工业大学硕士学位论

文，2006:23-24.

著作

[序号] 作者.书名[*].版次（第一版不注版次），出版地：出版者，出版年：起止页码.

[6] 皮明庥.近代武汉城市史[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社，1999：21-22.

[7] （美）罗威廉.汉口：一个中国城市的冲突和社区（1796-1895）[M].鲁西奇等译.北京：

中国人民大学出版社，2008：212-220.

2.英文参考文献格式要求如下：

论文

[序号] 作者（姓,名）,‘文章题目’,杂志名（用斜体）,卷号（期号），(出版年).

[1] Cobban, Alan B.,‘Medieval Student Power’, Past and Present，No.53(1971).

著作

[序号] 作者（姓,名）,书名（用斜体）,出版地：出版社或出版商,出版日期.

[2] Aughterson,Kate(ed.), The English Renaissance: an anthology of sources and documents,London & New York:Routledge,1988.

说明：参考文献中的[*].表示文献分类标志码

3

第二篇：20xx届(20xx级)毕业论文注释与参考文献著录办法

瓯江学院文法分院英语系

英语论文要求用英语撰写，字数在6000单词以上。毕业设计（论文）资料应包括：①开题报告；②毕业设计（论文）文本，包括：封面、题目、内容摘要（中、英文）、关键词（中、英文）、论文目录、前言、正文、结论、参考文献、附录（可选）；③毕业设计（论文）进展表；④成绩评定表及其他附件；⑤答辩意见（评语）及其他附件。

英语本科毕业论文写作的文内注释与参考文献著录

办法

注释及参考文献著录办法

参考资料的注释一律采用脚注(foot note)形式，具体做法：打开word –“插入” - “引用” – “脚注与尾注”，“编号格式”选择数字（1，2，3?）；“编号方式”选择“每页重新编号”，在换行时，按照word软件默认的格式操作；注正文内的脚注编号要放在引文末的标点符号之前。文后参考文献根据作者姓氏在字母表中的顺序排列，英文文献在前，中文文献在后。如未提供作者，根据标题中的第一个单词在字母表中的顺序来排序。英文字体采用Times New Roman，汉语采用宋体。

1

以下所举为脚注（footnote）和参考文献（Bibliography）的实例：N表示脚注（note），B表示参考文献条目（bibliographic entry）。脚注前的编号为随机排列，只为说明如何标注之用。在实际情况下，N与B在编号上未必一致。

书籍

单一作者

N: 1. Wendy Doniger, Splitting the Difference (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 65. B: Doniger, Wendy. Splitting the Difference. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.

N: 2. 胡壮麟，《语篇的衔接与连贯》(上海：上海外语教育出版社，1994)，5 – 6。 B: 胡壮麟，《语篇的衔接与连贯》。上海： 上海外语教育出版社，1994。

两位作者

N: 6. Guy Cowlishaw and Robin Dunbar, Private Conservation Biology (Chicago: University of

Chicago Press, 2000), 104 – 7.

B: Cowlishaw, Guy, and Robin Dunbar. Private Conservation Biology. Chicago: University of

Chicago Press, 2000.

N: 7. 朱永生，严世清，《系统功能语言学多维思考》（上海：上海外语教育出版社，2001），

21 – 24。

B: 朱永生，严世清，《系统功能语言学多维思考》。上海：上海外语教育出版社，2001。

三位或三位以上作者

N: 13. E. O. Lauman et al. The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United

States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 262.

B: Laumann, E O.，John H. Gagnon, Robert T. Michael, and Stuart Michaels. The Social

Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.

Or:

Laumann, E O. et al. The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United

States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.

N: 14. 潘文国 等，《汉语的构词法研究》(上海:华东师范大学出版社，2004)，7 -13。 B: 潘文国，叶步青，韩 洋，《汉语构词法研究》。上海：华东师范大学出版社，2004。.

不含作者的编辑者、译者、或编纂者

N: 4. Richmond Lattimore, trans., The Iliad of Homer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951), 91 – 92.

B: Lattimore, Richmond, trans. The Iliad of Homer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953.

N: 6. 牛保义 主编，《认知语言学理论与实践》（开封：河南大学出版社，2007），97 -117。 B: 牛保义 主编，《认知语言学理论与实践》。开封：河南大学出版社，2007。

包含作者的编辑者、译者、或编纂者

2

N: 16. Yves Bonnefoy, New and Selected Poems, eds. John Naughton and Anthony Rudolf

(Chicago：University of Chicago Press, 1995), 22.

B: Bonnefoy, Yves, New and Selected Poems. Edited by John Naughton and Anthony Rudolf.

Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.

N: W. 洪堡特，《洪堡特语言哲学文集》，姚小平 编辑、译注 （长沙：湖南教育出版社，

2001），261 – 262。

B: 洪堡特， W.， 《洪堡特语言哲学文集》，姚小平 编辑、译注。长沙：湖南教育出版社，

2001。

一本书的某章或其它部分（含论文集中析出文献）

N: 5. Andrew Wiese, “ ?The House I Live In?: Race, Class, and African American Suburban

Dreams in the Postwar United States,” in The New Suburban History, ed. Kevin M. Kruse and Thomas J. Sugrue (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), 101 – 2.

B: Wiese, Andrew. “ ?The House I Live In?: Race, Class, and African American Suburban

Dreams in the Postwar United States” , in The New Suburban History, edited by Kevin M. Kruse and Thomas J. Sugrue, 99 – 119. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006.

N: 6. 王 寅, “汉语 ‘动名构造’与英语 ‘VN构造’的对比,” 载《认知语言学理论

与实践》，牛保义 主编 (开封:河南大学出版社, 2007), 117 – 135。

B: 王 寅， “汉语 ‘动名构造’与英语 ‘VN构造’的对比,” 载《认知语言学理论与

实践》，牛保义 主编, 117 – 135。开封:河南大学出版社, 2007。

序言、前言、引言等类似部分

N: 17. James Rieger, Introduction to Frankenstein, by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (Chicago:

University of Chicago Press, 1982), xx – xxi.

B: Reiger, James. Introduction to Frankenstein, by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelly, xi – xxxvii.

Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982.

N: 11. 束定芳，《认知语言学》导读，克罗夫特，克鲁斯 著（北京:北京大学出版社，2006），1 – 28。

B: 束定芳，《认知语言学》导读，克罗夫特，克鲁斯 著，1 – 28。北京：北京大学出版社，

2006。

参考书

N: Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th ed., s.v. “logic.”

B: Encyclopedia Britannica, 15 ed.

电子图书

如果可以获得一本书的多种版本，应该引用我们查阅的版本，但是，我们也可以列出它的其它版本。（见下例B）访问日期置于括号内。（见下例N） 1th1 1

3

N: 2. Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders’ Constitution (Chicago: University

of Chicago Press, 1987), (accessed June 27, 2006). B: Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago: University

of Chicago Press, 1987. . (accessed June 27, 2006). Also available in print form and as a CD-ROM.

期刊文章

印刷期刊中的文章

N: 8. John Maynard Smith, “The Origin of Altruism,” Nature, 393 (1998): 639.

B: Smith, John Maynard. “The Origin of Altruism,” Nature, 393 (1998): 639 – 40.

N: 高航，“名词谓语句的认知解释:主观化与心理扫描，”《外语研究》，4 (2008): 31 -36。 B: 高航，“名词谓语句的认知解释:主观化与心理扫描，” 《外语研究》，4 (2008): 31 -36。

在线期刊中的论文

访问日期放在括号内置于条目的最后。

N: 33. Mark A. Hlatky et al., “Quality-of-Life and Depressive Symptoms in Postmenopausal

Women after Receiving Hormone Therapy: Results from the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Trial,” Journal of the American Medical Association 287, no. 5 (2002), . (accessed September 16, 2010)

B: Hlatky, Mark A., Derek Boothroyd, Eric Vittinghoff, Penny Sharp, and Mary A. Whooley.

“Quality-of-Life and Depressive Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women after Receiving Hormone Therapy: Results from the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Trial.” Journal of the American Medical Association 287, no.5 (February 6, 2002), (accessed January 7, 2004)

通俗杂志文章

N: 29. Steve Martin, “Sports-Interview Shocker”, New Yorker, May 6, 2002, 84. B: Martin, Steve. “Sports-Interview Shocker”, New Yorker, May 6, 2002.

报纸文章

报纸文章可以在行文中引用(“As William Niederkorn noted in a New York Times article on June 20, 2002, …”)，不用脚注或文中注，在参考文献中常略去。下例表示比较正式的引用。 N: 10. William S. Niederkorn, “A Scholar Recants on His ?Shakespeare? Discovery”, New York

Times, June 20, 2002, Arts section, Midwest edition.

B: Niederkorn, William S. “A Scholar Recants on His ?Shakespeare? Discovery?”. New York

Times, June 20, 2002, Arts section, Midwest edition.

N: 11. 邢福义，“国学精神与现代语学”， 《光明日报》，20xx年/8月/8日/第005版 国学。 B: 邢福义，“国学精神与现代语学”， 《光明日报》，20xx年/8月/8日/第005版 国学。 4

书评

N: 1. James Gorman, “Endangered Species,” Review of The Last American Man, by Elizabeth

Gilbert. New York Times Book Review, June 2, 2002, 16.

B: Gorman, James. “Endangered Species,” Review of The Last American Man, by Elizabeth

Gilbert. New York Times Book Review, June 2, 2002.

学位论文

N: 22. M. Amundin, “Click Repetition Rate Patterns in Communicative Sounds

from the Harbour Poroise, Phocoena phocoena” (PhD diss., Stockholm University, 1991), 22 – 29, 35.

B: Amundin, M. “Click Repetition Rate Patterns in Communicative Sounds from

the Harbour Poroise, Phocoena phocoena”. PhD diss., Stockholm University, 1991.

N: 26. 刘培玉，“现代汉语‘把’字句研究”（复旦大学博士论文，2001），66。

B： 刘培玉，“现代汉语‘把’字句研究，”复旦大学博士论文，2001。

会议论文

N: 13. Brian Doyle, “Howling Like Dogs: Metaphorical Language in Psalm 59” (paper

presented at the annual international meeting for the Society of Biblical Literature, Berlin, Germany, June 19 -22, 2002).

B: Doyle, Brian. “Howling Like Dogs: Metaphorical Language in Psalm 59”. Paper presented

at the annual international meeting for the Society of Biblical Literature, Berlin, Germany, June 19 -22, 2002.

N: 15. 沈家煊，“再谈‘有界’与‘无界’”（第三届全国认知语言学会议论文，重庆，2004

年4月23 - 26）。

B: 沈家煊，“再谈‘有界’与‘无界’” 第三届全国认知语言学会议论文，重庆，20xx年4

月23 – 26。

网址

网站可以在行文中直接引用(“On its Web site, the Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees states …”），不用加注，通常在参考文献中省略。下面的例子表示的比较正式的引用情况。访问时间放在括号内置于条目最后。

N: 11. Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees, “Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan,

2000 – 2010: A Decade of Outreach”, Evanston Public Library, . (accessed June 1, 2005).

B: Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees. “Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan, 2000

2010: A Decade of Outreach”. Evanston Public Library. 5

. (accessed June 1, 2005).

博客条目或评论

博客条目或评论可以在行文中直接引用(“In a comment posted to the Becker-Posner Blog on March 6, 2006, Peter Pearson noted …”)，不用注释，在参考文献目录中常省略。下面的例子表示的是非常正式的引用情况。访问时间放在括号内置于最后。（见下N）

N: 8. Peter Pearson, comment on “The New American Dilemma: Illegal Immigration,” The

Becker-Posner Blog, comment posted March 6, 2006, /archives/2006/03/the_new_america (accessed March 28, 2006).

B: Becker-Posner Blog, The. . (accessed March 28, 2006)

E-mail信息

E-mail信息可以在行文中直接引用(“In an e-mail message to the author on October 31, 2005, John Doe revealed …”)，不必注释，它们也很少列在参考文献中。下面的例子表示比较正式的引用。

N: 2. John Doe, e-mail message to author, October 31, 2005.

在线数据库条目

在线数据库发表的期刊文章的引用格式如上面“在线期刊上的论文”所示。访问日期放入括号内置于最后。

N: 7. Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, eds. John Bostock and H.T. Riley, Perseus Digital

Library, (accessed November 17, 2005).

B: Perseus Digital Library. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/.

三、引用

不论是直接引用还是间接引用，都需以脚注形式标明信息来源。

间接引用

原文：

Einstein, and many other scientists, found it more comfortable to believe that the equations of quantum mechanics simply represent some sort of mathematical trick, which just happens to give a reasonable working guide to the behavior of atomic and subatomic particles but that conceals some deeper truth that corresponds more closely tour everyday sense of reality. For what quantum mechanics says is that nothing is real and that we cannot say anything about what things are doing when we are not looking at them.

间接引用形式：

1 Even Einstein recoiled from the implication of quantum mechanics that reality is an illusion.

直接引用

融入文本的引用

对散文的直接引用，如不超过40个单词，应该融入文本，所引内容置于双引号内。如： Curtius?s term “the Latin Middle Ages” covers a range of Roman legacies, including “the share of Rome, of the Roman ideas of the state, of the Roman church, and of Roman culture”4.

对两行以下完整诗行的直接引用应融入文本。方式如下:

6

In his “Hymn to Intellectual Beauty,” Shelley personifies the immaterial, spiritual world: “The awful shadow of some unseen Power/ Floats though unseen among us.”

如果要强调引文，均可以单独引用。

单独引用

对散文直接引用超过40个单词，或对诗歌的直接引用超过两个完整诗行，应单独引用，左边缩进10个字母的空间。如：

Raymond Williams explains that the word career has all but lost its original meaning.

Career is now so regularly used to describe a person?s progress in life, or, by

derivation from this, his profession or vocation that it is difficult to remember, in the

same context, its original meaning of a racecourse and a gallop -- though in some

contexts, as in the phrases “careering about,” these survive. Career appeared in 5English …

超过两行的直接引用的诗行需单独引用，左边缩进10个字母；若单句诗行需跨行，可以缩进5个字母，跨行的部分需再缩进5个字母。如：

In “Song of Myself,” Walt Whitman uses the diction and rhythm of natural speech.

A child said What is the grass? fetching it to me with full hands;

How could I answer the child? I do not know what it is any more than he.

I guess it must be the flag of my disposition, out of hopeful green stuff woven.

引用戏剧中的对话时，把人物名字缩进5个字母，斜体表示。如果名字很长，第一次参考后采用缩略形式。名字后用句号，在句号与人物语言之间空两个字母。下面的每行缩进10个字母。舞台说明置于中括号内，用斜体。

In a flashback, Miller demonstrates that the Loman family has a memory of better times.

[Linda enters, as of old, a ribbon in her hair, carrying a basket of washing.]

Linda. [With youthful energy] Hello, dear!

Willy. Sweetheart!

Linda. How?d the Chevvy run?

Willy. Chevrolet, Linda, is the greatest car ever built. [to the boys] Since when do you let

your mother carry wash up the stairs6?

提供信息的注释可以包含直接引用。所有的引用都融入文本，置于双引号内。如果引用内容超过一自然段，下面的段落不需缩进。每段的开始用双引号，整个引文的开头和结尾用双引号。如：

5. On other issues the Supreme Court handed down these decisions in 1989. “Ruling unanimously in a copyright case (community for Creative Non – Violence v. Redi, No. 88 - 293), the Court held that freelance artists and writers retain the right to copyright what they create as long as they were not in a conventional employment relationship with the organization that commissioned their work.

“The court unanimously refused to narrow the scope of the Federal racketeering law. The decision, H. J. Inc. v. Northwestern Bell, No. 87 – 1252, left the law, originally aimed at organized crime, as a powerful weapon in private civil lawsuits” (Linda Greenhouse, “The Year the Court Turner Right,” New York Times, 7 July 1989, A10).

直接引用的引出方式

融入文本的引文的引出方式

融入文本的引用可以采用多种引出方式，取决于周边句子的风格和作者所追求的效果。

8 Jean-Jacques Roussseau admits, “I felt before I thought”.

“I felt before I thought,” Rousseau explains8.

Gibbon sets the tone for his monumental history with the assertion that “in the second century of the Christian era, the Empire of Rome comprehended the fairest part of the earth, and the most civilized portion of mankind”9.

“In the second century of the Christian era, the Empire of Rome comprehended the fairest part of the earth,” in Gibbon?s estimation, as well as “the most civilized portion of mankind” 9. 7

In his history of the Civil war, Bruce Catton describes Colonel Solomon J. Meredith as a “breezy giant of a man.”10

According to Catton, Colonel Solomon J. Meredith was “a breezy giant of a man”10.

Theodore Roosevelt counseled, “Speak softly and carry a big stick”11.

Theodore Roosevelt is the American President who advised leaders to “speak softly and 11 carry a big stick”.

单独引用的引出方式

正式的引出语若为一个包含following, thus, 或in this way这样的字眼的完整句子，通常以冒号结束。如：

Deborah Tannen characterized women?s use of speech as follows:

For most women, the language of conversation is primarily a language of rapport: a

way of establishing connection and negotiating relationship. Emphasis is placed on

displaying similarities and matching experience12.

非正式的引出语若为完整句子，应该以句号结束。如：

Deborah Tannen distinguishes women?s use of speech from men?s.

For most women, the language of conversation is primarily a language of

rapport: … 12

引出语若不是完整句子，其后的标点符号应能把引出语和引用内容结合为一个句子。 James Moffett finds that when people try to talk about abstraction,

They resort finally to talking about how people, especially children, learn. It is hard to

avoid an analogy between stages of information processing that go on in all of us all

the time, and developmental stages of growth. A curriculum sequence based on such 13 analogy, however, needs to be carefully qualified.

若引出语与引用内容之间不需要标点符号，即不用。如：

Awareness of audience is essential to successful communication because

all utterances are to some degree determined by a complex of contextual factors

including who is talking, who is being addressed, what is being talked about, and

others. If speakers did not take these factors into account, all kinds of communicative

misfires would result14.

几点说明：

（一）、 正文用12号字，字体为Times New Roman; 每段首行缩进4个字母。

（二）、 单独引用、注释和参考文献用5号字，脚注和参考文献中的中文文献用宋体，英文文献用Times New Roman。

（三）、在引用中，引文若为汉语，需译成英语。

（四）、关于首次参考和再参考的注释问题

对于同一种文献，首次参考时采用完整注释，再参考时采用简化注释，形式如下。

2. Leonard Shatzkin, In Cold Type: Overcoming the Book Crisis (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1982), 45.

3. Benjamin Woolley, Virtual Worlds: A Journey in Hype and Hyperreality (Cambridge, England: Blackwell, 1992), 100.

4. Shatzkin, 45 – 47.

5. Wooley, 81.

6. Shatzkin, 45.

如果同一作者的不同著作被参考，后面的参考注释不仅包含作者的姓氏，而且要包括著作的题名。

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10. Václav Havel, Keeping the Faith: Summer Meditation (New York: Knof, 1990),15.

11. Václav Havel, Living in Truth (New York: Knopf, 1987), 43.

12. Havel, Keeping the Faith, 43.

13. Havel, Living in Truth, 72.

(五)、同一作者的几部/篇文献在参考文献中的表示：第二部/篇文献以三个连词符开始，置于左边空白处，后接点号和两个空格。

Churchland, Paul M. Matter and Consciousness. Boston: MIT Press, Bradford Books, 1984.

---. A Neurocomputational Perspective: The Nature of Mind Boston. Boston: MIT Press, Bradford Books, 1989.

（六）、毕业论文的印装：打印时，用A4纸，页面边距为：上2.54cm，下2.54cm，左2.5cm，右2cm，左侧装订，1.5倍行距。正文要求用新罗马体12 (Times New Roman 12)，页码用小五号字，在页面底端居中。

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