中文地址的排列顺序是由大到小，如：Ｘ国Ｘ省Ｘ市Ｘ区Ｘ路Ｘ号，而英文地址则刚好相反，是由小到大。如上例写成英文就是：Ｘ号，Ｘ路，Ｘ区，Ｘ市，Ｘ省，Ｘ国。掌握了这个原则，翻译起来就容易多了！

Ｘ室 Room Ｘ

Ｘ号 No. Ｘ

Ｘ单元 Unit Ｘ

Ｘ号楼 Building No. Ｘ

Ｘ街 Ｘ Street

Ｘ路 Ｘ Road

Ｘ区 Ｘ District

Ｘ县 Ｘ County

Ｘ镇 Ｘ Town

Ｘ市 Ｘ City

Ｘ省 Ｘ Province

请注意：翻译人名、路名、街道名等，最好用拼音。

中文地址翻译范例：

宝山区示范新村37号403室

Room 403, No. 37, SiFang Residential Quarter, BaoShan District

虹口区西康南路125弄34号201室

Room 201, No. 34, Lane 125, XiKang Road(South), HongKou District

473004河南省南阳市中州路42号 李某某

Li Moumou

Room 42

Zhongzhou Road, Nanyang City

Henan Prov. China 473004

434000湖北省荆州市红苑大酒店 李某某

Li Moumou

Hongyuan Hotel

Jingzhou city

Hubei Prov. China 434000

473000河南南阳市八一路272号特钢公司 李某某

Li Moumou

Special Steel Corp.

No. 272, Bayi Road, Nanyang City

Henan Prov. China 473000

528400广东中山市东区亨达花园7栋702 李某某

Li Moumou

Room 702, 7th Building

Hengda Garden, East District

Zhongshan, China 528400

361012福建省厦门市莲花五村龙昌里34号601室 李某某

Li Moumou

Room 601, No. 34 Long Chang Li

Xiamen, Fujian, China 361012

361004厦门公交总公司承诺办 李某某

Mr. Li Moumou

Cheng Nuo Ban, Gong Jiao Zong Gong Si

Xiamen, Fujian, China 361004

266042山东省青岛市开平路53号国棉四厂二宿舍1号楼2单元204户甲李某某 Mr. Li Moumou

NO. 204, A, Building NO. 1

The 2nd Dormitory of the NO. 4 State-owned Textile Factory

53 Kaiping Road, Qingdao, Shandong, China 266042

用汉语拼音字母拼写中国地名，不仅是中国的统一标准，而且是国际标准，全世界都要遵照使用。中国地名英译的几点注意事项

一、专名是单音节的英译法

专名是单音节，通名也是单音节，这时通名应视作专名的组成部分，先音译并与专名连写，后重复意译，分写（汉字带点的字是通名，英语的画线部分是音译；括号内为该地所在省、市、地区或县，下同）

例如：

1、恒山 Hengshan Mountain （山西）

2、淮河 the Huaihe River （河南、安徽、江苏）

3、巢湖 the Chaohu Lake （安徽）

4、渤海 the Bohai Sea （辽宁、山东）

5、韩江 the Hanjiang River （广东）

6、礼县 Lixian County （甘肃陇南地区）

二、通名专名化的英译法

通名专名化主要指单音节的通名，如山、河、江、湖、海、港、峡、关、岛等，按专名处理，与专名连写，构成专名整体（汉语带点的字和英语的画线部分即为通名专名化）。

例如：

1、都江堰市 Dujiangyan City （比较： the Dujiang Weir）（四川）

2、绥芬河市 Suifenhe City （比较：the Suifen River）（黑龙江）

3、白水江自然保护区 Baishuijiang Nature Reserve（比较：the baishui river）（甘肃）

4、青铜峡水利枢纽 Qingtongxia Water Control Project（比较：the Qingtong Gorge）（宁厦）

5、武夷山自然保护区 Wryishan Nature Reserve（比较：Wuyi Mountain）（福建）

6、西湖区风景名胜区 Scenic Spots and Historic Sites of Xihu（比较：the West lake）（浙江杭州）

三、通名是同一个汉字的多种英译法

通名是单音节的同一个汉字，根据意义有多种不同英译法，在大多数情况下，这些英译词不能互相代换。

例如：

1、山

1）mount：峨眉山 Mount Emei（四川峨眉）

2）mountain： 五台山Wutai Mountain（山西）

3）hill：象鼻山 the Elephant Hill（广西桂林）

4）island：大屿山 Lantau Island（香港）

5）range：念青唐古拉山 the Nyainqentanglha Range（西藏）

6）peak：拉旗山 Victoria Peak（香港）

7）rock：狮子山 Lion Rock（香港）

2、海

1）sea：东海，the East China Sea

2）lake：邛海the Qionghai Lake（四川西昌）

3）horbour：大滩海Long Harbour（香港）

4）port：牛尾海Port Shelter（香港）

5）forest：蜀南竹海the Bamboo Forest in Southern Sichuan(四川长岭)

在某些情况下，根据通名意义，不同的汉字可英译为同一个单词。例如：“江、河、川、水、溪”英译为river。

1、嘉陵江 the Jialing River（四川）

2、永定河 the Yongding River （河北、北京、天津）

3、螳螂川 the Tanglang River（云南）

4、汉水 the Hanshui River（陕西、湖北）

5、古田溪 the Gutian River（福建）

四、专名是同一个汉字的不同英译法

专名中同一个汉字有不同的读音和拼写，据笔者不完全统计，地名中这样的汉字有七八十个之多，每个字在地名中的读音和拼写是固定的，英译者不能一见汉字就按语言词典的读音和拼写翻译，而只能按中国地名词典的读音和拼写进行翻译（画线部分为该字的读音和拼写）。

例如：

1、陕

陕西省 Shaanxi Province

陕县Shanxian County(河南)

2、洞

洞庭湖the Dong Lake（湖南）

洪洞县Hongtong County（山西）

3、六

六合县Luhe County（江苏）

六盘水市Liupanshui City（贵州）

4、荥

荥阳市Xingyang City（河南）

荥经县Yingjing County（四川雅安地区）

5、林

林甸县 Lindian County（黑龙江大庆市）

林芝地区 Nyingchi Prefecture（西藏）

林周县Lhunzhub County（西藏拉萨市）

米林县Mainling County（西藏林芝地区）

6、扎

扎赉特旗Jalaid Banner（内蒙古兴安盟）

扎兰屯市Zalantun City（内蒙古呼伦贝尔盟）

扎囊县Chanang County（西藏山南地区）

扎龙自然保护区Zhalong Nature Reserve（黑龙江齐齐哈尔市）

扎达县Zanda County(西藏阿里地区)

扎陵湖the Gyaring Lake（青海）

五、专名是同样汉字的多种英译法

专名中的汉字是相同的，但表示不同的地点，每个地点的读音和拼写是固定的，应按“名从主人”的原则译写，不能按普通语言词典，而必须按中国地名词典英译。

例如：

1、浍河

1）the Huihe River （河南、安徽）

2）the Kuaihe River（山西）

2、阿克乔克山

1）Akqoka Mountain （新疆昭苏县）

2）Akxoki Mountain (新疆塔城市）

3、色拉寺

1）the Sera Monastery（西藏拉萨市）

the Sula Temple（四川色达）

4、单城镇

1）Dancheng Town(黑龙江双城县）

2）Shancheng Town（山东单县）

5、阿扎乡

1)Arza Township（西藏嘉黎县）

2)Ngagzha Township（西藏扎囊县）

3）Ngarzhag Township（西藏浪卡子县）

6、柏城镇

1)Bocheng Town（山东高密市）

2)Baicheng Town（河南西平县）

六、以人名命名的地名英译法

以人名命名的地名英译，人名的姓和名连写，人名必须位置，通名后置，不加定冠词。这种译法多用于自然地理实全地名，但有例外。

例如：

1、张广才岭Zhangguangcai Mountain（吉林、黑龙江）

2、欧阳海水库存 Ouyanghai Reservoir（湖南桂阳）

3、郑和群礁 Zhenghe Reefs（湖南南沙群岛）

4、李准滩Lizhun Bank （海南南沙群岛）

5、鲁班暗沙 （海南中沙群岛）

6、左权县 （山西晋中地区）

7、武则天明堂 （河南洛阳）

如果以人名命名的非自然地理实体地名，姓和名分写，人名前置或后置按习惯用法，大致有以下三种译法：

1、人名+通名

黄继光纪念馆Huang Jiguang Memorial（四川中江县）

2、人名’S+通名

中山陵墓Sun Yat-sen’ s Mausoleum（江苏南京市）

3、the+通名+of人名

昭君墓the Tomb of Wang Zhaojun（内蒙古呼和浩特市）

第二篇：外文文献翻译(英文+中文对照)

外文文献翻译 例如：例如：

下面是一个样板，下面是一个样板，如需要更多的机械相关专业的外文文献可以联系

QQ: 763077177 (非诚勿扰) Coating thickness effects on diamond coated cutting tools F. Qin, Y.K. Chou,D. Nolen and R.G. Thompson

Available online 12 June 2009. Abstract：

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown diamond films have found applications as a hard coating for cutting tools. Even though the use of conventional diamond coatings seems to be accepted in the cutting tool industry, selections of proper coating thickness for different machining operations have not been often studied. Coating thickness affects the characteristics of diamond coated cutting tools in different perspectives that may mutually impact the tool performance in machining in a complex way.

In this study, coating thickness effects on the deposition residual stresses, particularly around a cutting edge, and on coating failure modes were numerically investigated. On the other hand, coating thickness effects on tool surface smoothness and cutting edge radii were experimentally investigated. In addition, machining Al matrix composites using diamond coated tools with varied coating thicknesses was conducted to evaluate the effects on cutting forces, part surface finish and tool wear.

The results are summarized as follows. Increasing coating thickness will increase the residual stresses at the coating–substrate interface. On the other hand, increasing coating thickness will generally increase the resistance of coating cracking and delamination. Thicker coatings will result in larger edge radii; however, the extent of the effect on cutting forces also depends upon the machining condition. For the thickness range tested, the life of diamond coated tools increases with the coating thickness because of delay of delaminations. Keywords: Coating thickness; Diamond coating; Finite element; Machining; Tool wear

1. Introduction

Diamond coatings produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technologies have been increasingly explored for cutting tool applications. Diamond coated tools have great potential in various machining applications and an advantage in fabrications of cutting tools with complex geometry such as drills. Increased usages of lightweight high-strength components have also resulted in significant interests in diamond coating tools. Hot-filament CVD is one of common processes of diamond coatings and diamond films as thick as 50 ?m have been deposited on various materials including cobalt-cemented tungsten carbide (WC-Co) . There have also been different CVD technologies, e.g., microwave plasma assisted CVD , developed to enhance the deposition process as well as the film quality too. However, despite the superior tribological and mechanical properties, the practical applications of diamond coated tools are still limited.

Coating thickness is one of the most important attributes to the coating system performance. Coating thickness effects on tribological performance have been widely studied. In general, thicker coatings exhibited better scratch/wear resistance performance than thinner ones due to their better load-carrying capacity. However, there are also reports that claim otherwise and . For example, Dorner et al. discovered, that the thickness of diamond-like-coating (DLC), in a range of 0.7–3.5 ?m, does not influence the wear resistance of the DLC–Ti6Al4V . For cutting tool applications, however, coating thickness may have a more complicated role since its effects may be augmented around the cutting edge. Coating thickness effects on diamond coated tools are not frequently reported. Kanda et al. conducted cutting tests using diamond-coated tooling . The author claimed that the increased film thickness is generally favorable to tool life. However, thicker films will result in the decrease in the transverse rupture strength that greatly impacts the performance in high speed or interrupted machining. In addition, higher cutting forces were observed for the tools with increased diamond coating thickness due to the increased cutting edge radius. Quadrini et al. studied diamond coated small mills for dental applications . The authors tested different coating thickness and noted that thick coatings induce high cutting forces due to increased coating surface roughness and enlarged edge rounding. Such effects may contribute to the tool failure in milling ceramic materials. The authors further indicated tools with thin coatings results in optimal cutting of polymer matrix composite . Further, Torres et al. studied diamond

coated micro-endmills with two levels of coating thickness . The authors also indicated that the thinner coating can further reduce cutting forces which are attributed to the decrease in the frictional force and adhesion.

Coating thickness effects of different coating-material tools have also been studied. For single layer systems, an optimal coating thickness may exist for machining performance. For example, Tuffy et al. reported that an optimal coating thickness of TiN by PVD technology exists for specific machining conditions . Based on testing results, for a range from 1.75 to

7.5 ?m TiN coating, thickness of 3.5 ?m exhibit the best turning performance. In a separate study, Malik et al. also suggested that there is an optimal thickness of TiN coating on HSS cutting tools when machining free cutting steels . However, for multilayer coating systems, no such an optimum coating thickness exists for machining performance .

The objective of this study was to experimentally investigate coating thickness effects of diamond coated tools on machining performance — tool wear and cutting forces. Diamond coated tools were fabricated, by microwave plasma assisted CVD, with different coating thicknesses. The diamond coated tools were examined in morphology and edge radii by white-light interferometry. The diamond coated tools were then evaluated by machining aluminum matrix composite in dry. In addition, deposition thermal residual stresses and critical load for coating failures that affect the performance of diamond coated tools were analytically examined.

2. Experimental investigation

The substrates used for diamond coating experiments, square-shaped inserts (SPG422), were fine-grain WC with 6 wt.% cobalt. The edge radius and surface textures of cutting inserts prior to coating was measured by a white-light interferometer, NT1100 from Veeco Metrology.

Prior to the deposition, chemical etching treatment was conducted on inserts to remove the surface cobalt and roughen substrate surface. Moreover, all tool inserts were ultrasonically vibrated in diamond/water slurry to increase the nucleation density. For the coating process, diamond films were deposited using a high-power microwave plasma-assisted CVD process.

A gas mixture of methane in hydrogen, 750–1000 sccm with 4.4–7.3% of methane/hydrogen ratio, was used as the feedstock gas. Nitrogen gas, 2.75–5.5 sccm, was inserted to obtain nanostructures by preventing columnar growth. The pressure was about 30–55 Torr and the substrate temperature was about 685–830 °C. A forward power of 4.5–5.0 kW with a low deposition rate obtained a thin coating; a greater forward power of 8.0–8.5 kW with a high

deposition rate obtained thick coatings, two thicknesses by varying deposition time. The coated inserts were further inspected by the interferometer.

A computer numerical control lathe, Hardinge Cobra 42, was used to perform machining experiments, outer diameter turning, to evaluate the tool wear of diamond coated tools. With the tool holder used, the diamond coated cutting inserts formed a 0° rake angle, 11° relief angle, and 75° lead angle. The workpieces were round bars made of A359/SiC-20p composite. The machining conditions used were 4 m/s cutting speed, 0.15 mm/rev feed, 1 mm depth of cut and no coolant was applied. The selection of machining parameters was based upon previous experiences. For each coating thickness, two tests were repeated. During machining testing, the cutting inserts were periodically inspected by optical microscopy to measure the flank wear-land size. Worn tools after testing were also examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, cutting forces were monitored during machining using a Kistler dynamometer. 5. Conclusions

In this study, the coating thickness effects on diamond coated cutting tools were studied from different perspectives. Deposition residual stresses in the tool due to thermal mismatch were investigated by FE simulations and coating thickness effects on the interface stresses were quantified. In addition, indentation simulations of a diamond coated WC substrate with the interface modeled by the cohesive zone were applied to analyze the coating system failures. Moreover, diamond coated tools with different thicknesses were fabricated and experimentally investigated on surface morphology, edge rounding, as well as tool wear and cutting forces in machining. The major results are summarized as follows.

(1) Increase of coating thickness significantly increases the interface residual stresses, though little change in bulk surface stresses.

(2) For thick coatings, the critical load for coating failure decreases with increasing coating thickness. However, such a trend is opposite for thin coatings, for which radial cracking is the coating failure mode. Moreover, thicker coatings have greater delamination resistance.

(3) In addition, increasing the coating thickness will increase the edge radius. However, for the coating thickness range studied, 4–29 ?m, and with the large feed used, cutting forces were affected only marginally.

(4) Despite of greater interface residual stresses, increasing the diamond coating thickness, for the range studied, seem to increase tool life by delay of coating delaminations.

Acknowledgements

This research is supported by National Science Foundation, Grant No.: CMMI 0728228. P. Lu provided assistance in some analyses.

金刚石涂层刀具的涂层厚度的影响 作者：F. Qin, Y.K. Chou,D. Nolen and R.G. Thompson

发表日期：2009

摘要：

化学气相沉积法（CVD），金刚石薄膜的发现，作为涂层刀具的应用。即使传统的金刚石涂层的使用似乎是公认的切削，为不同的加工操作选择适当的涂层厚度没有经常研究。涂层厚度影响涂层刀具在不同的角度，可能相互影响，在复杂的方式，在机械加工工具金刚石工具的性能特点。

在这项研究中，在沉积层厚度对残余应力，特别是围绕一个前沿，对涂层的破坏模式进行了数值研究。另一方面，刀具表面光滑涂层厚度的影响以及尖端的半径进行了实验研究。此外，铝基复合材料加工用金刚石涂层刀具涂层厚度变化进行了评估对切削力的影响，零件表面光洁度和刀具磨损。

结果归纳如下:: （一）增加涂层厚度，涂层残余应力，基体界面。（2）在另一方面，增加涂层厚度一般会增加涂层耐开裂和脱层。（3）厚涂层将在更大的优势半径的结果，但是，对切削力的影响程度还取决于加工条件。（4）的厚度范围内进行测试，对金刚石涂层刀具寿命与因分层延迟涂层厚度的增加。

关键词：涂层厚度、金刚石涂层、有限元、加工、刀具磨损

1、介绍

采用化学气相沉积金刚石涂层生产法（CVD）技术已被越来越多地探讨了刀具的应用。金刚石涂层刀具在不同的加工应用的巨大潜力和优势，如切削钻头几何形状复杂的工具捏造。轻质高强度部件的增加也导致惯例，在金刚石涂层工具的重大利益。热丝化学气相沉积金刚石涂层的是，厚度为50微米，对包括钴硬质合金（碳化钨钴）[1]碳化钨各种材料沉积金刚石薄膜被普遍进程之一。也有不同的化学气相沉积技术，如微波等离子体辅助CVD，发展到提高沉积过程以及电影的质量了。然而，尽管上级摩擦学和力学性能，金刚石涂层刀具的实际应用仍然有限。

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