哈佛大学校庆讲话

时间:2024.4.27

哈佛大学350周年(1636-1986)校庆讲话

哈佛大学校长 德里克·博克

从我们上次聚会庆祝哈佛大学校庆300周年纪念日起,50年过去了。人们从这段历史中可以清楚得看出,在今后的几十年内,几乎不大可能有什么大的动荡会改变哈佛,美国和整个地球。美国在世界上演的角色也没多大可能发生变化。少数民族和妇女对于更多机会的要求,医疗保健的巨大变化,技术的急速发展都不会吞没美国。最

重要的危险,仍然是对知识的极端重要性的估计不足。

在所有因素中,正是知识改变了哈佛和其他大学的面貌。从上次世界大战开始,并在战后继续发展的电子学和生物工艺学的进步,各行各业的精通业务,政策分析运用和现代医学的革命;使我们更加清楚地认识到,知识,专门知识和新的发明是社会进步的关键因素。 由于大学是知识发展的主要源泉,大学比50年前我们的前人所想象的更为重要。幸而,美国的大学以及大的热情和创造力迎接了这一挑战,有力的环境帮助我们取得了成功。第二次世界大战摧毁了许多国家的高等教育,而美国的大学不但幸免于难,而且还由于一批杰出的科学家,如…还得到了世界上最繁荣的经济的支持。但最重要的

是,我们有了一套组织高等学校的特殊方法。

在我们国家的历史上,大学一直有着不平凡的自由,政府官员很少干预州立学校的事务 ,私人集团也可以建立它们自己的学校。所

有学校都在为得到优秀的学生,教师和设备进行激烈而又友好的竞争。我们对这一体制已经如此熟悉,从而认为这都是理所当然的。其实,这是世界上独一无二的,在几乎所有其他国家内,大学严重地依

赖政府,并在中央计划下运行。

我们这种自由而又分散的体制有着伟大的力量,它允许各自为政的独立学术中心存在,提高了创造力和适应力。由于避免了政府的控制,决策权利就掌握在有识之士的手中,鼓励竞争成了努力进取以超越他人的动力。我们在取得科学研究成果,进行高质量的职业培训,为社会不同阶层服务,为广大的个性各异的学生提供不同课程等方面形成了一个被广泛认为是世界上最好的大学网络。

因此,有理由认为现在是庆祝美国这所最古老的大学的诞辰的最好时刻,也是庆祝美国教育取得最伟大成就的最好时刻。但我们学校当初是清教徒建立的,如果说350年来哈佛有一个贯穿始终的特点的话,那就是我们总在心神不定的担忧,即使在从外界形势看来 没有任何理由这样时也是如此。当我们为取得的成就而高兴时,会突然感到一种异样的阵痛,虽然我们强忍着,但也不免说出来。我们知道有多少学院是在全盛时刻种下了日后衰退的种子。我们的第二天性使我们从自我陶醉中清醒过来,时时问一下自己有什么敌对的力量存在。命运会有什么改变,有什么内部矛盾和过分行为会消弱我们的大学或阻止它满足现代社会和人类的需要而作出贡献。

为了寻找我们忧虑的根源,我们最好从观察学校的外部环境着手。学校的成功和繁荣吸引了人们的注意,但这种注意并不总是令人

欢迎的。当学校的影响和重要性日益增加,声望和财产日益增长时,各种集团自然会受到诱惑,希望利用学校来达到自己的目的。最近几年我们在这方面有许多证据,军事和情报部门试图使我们的教授们参加秘密的研究工作,并对我们作出种种限制,以避免我们的科学发明落入敌人之手。商人们寻求和我们的科学家建立关系,以帮助他们开发新产品。社会活动家敦促学校利用自己的资本,购买力,尊严和威望同种族隔离等罪恶和不公正作斗争。公众指望我们利用我们的财富和影响力来帮助解决地方问题。

在回答这些问题的时候,必须十分明确:大学的职责是为养育自己的社会服务,问题是如何才能为社会作出最大贡献,以及所需的条件到底是什么。校外的集团时常错误地认为,既然大学成功地进行了教学和研究工作,那么他一定可以操纵政治机构,或者解决社会问题。他们时常迫使大学冒牺牲自己独立性的危险而参与政治斗争,或者要求他们做一些有损学术公开和自由的事情,而公开和自由正是一个健康研究环境必不可少的特性。在这种情况下,问题已不在于人们寻求大学的帮助以解决社会问题,而在于人们要求大学的所作的与大学的性质相矛盾,从而对大学的基本功能够成了威胁。

来自大学外部的另一个令人忧虑的变化是,政府的规定有越来越多的势头。当知识和高等教育在社会中扮演的角色越来越活跃的时候,国家自然希望能确保大学为公共利益提供服务。大学已经被规定禁止种族歧视,推进正当活动,保证对研究基金的使用进行说明,保证残废人的入学权利,控制学生的入学分数,等等。

所有这些规定都是出于好的动机,大多数是完全合理的,问题在于政府的干预还要走多远。里根年代使我们暂时免于更多规定的束缚,但诱使未来政府做出新的规定的可能性依旧大量存在。例如,当权者计划使毕业生的数量与国家的需要协调一致;对学校的发展计划和新设施的建立进行审核以避免重复和浪费;制定详细的规则来检查大学的体育比赛;制定防止学生得到不公正分数和入学遭到招生办公室不合理拒绝的保护性条款;等等。

在考虑这些规定时,我们应该清醒地认识到,大学必须是对公众负责的,不断增加的规则正在威胁使我们大学在为公众服务方面取得成功的那些因素。美国的高等教育是在特色各异,地方自治和竞争中繁荣起来的。而我们的规定就意味着千篇一律,中央计划和官僚控制。我们头上的规定越多,把我们周围只是很好的环境变为严重阻碍国外兄弟院校的那种制度的危险就越大。

规定越来越多的前景是与大量令人烦扰的问题相关联的。许多人对于研究性大学的影响和威望不断提高的心情是矛盾的。你们毫无疑问已经在最近的报纸和杂志上看到关于 你们母校的一些报道。照片很漂亮,文章的调子是友好的和建设性的。然而读一下内容,你将会发现他们都在强调哈佛的成就--在社会上的影响,基金的数量,在高级职位的毕业生的数量。我猜想我们中间的大多数人都在暗自庆幸自己能与这样一个受到尊敬的学校联系在一起。但我们不应该忘记他们描绘的,只是一幅对哈佛和其他大学真正贡献歪曲的图画。

我们都能够了解哈佛成就的本来面目。除去偶尔的科学突破外,人们从那些大量的书籍和无数增长知识的学生中间辛勤劳动的学者身上看不到许多戏剧性的东西。用想象代替这种现实并不是完全无害的。当人们读到有关哈佛文凭的金钱价值,哈佛基金的不断膨胀,老校友网的无形影响的报道时,羡慕和尊敬很容易变成嫉妒和仇恨。 这种看法虽然不是什么新的东西,但国家现在资助科学发明和学生助学金方面起的作用如此重要,已使危险性危险增大。认识到教育和研究工作的重要性,联邦和州政府官员对大学是很慷慨的,这使得学校的活动更多地依靠学校所不能控制的力量。哈佛和其他有类似情况的大学处于一种50年前的前任无法想象的危险境地,我们的繁荣越来越依赖于社会各方面对我们的态度。正如我们从近几年来几个事件中了解到的,对研究性大学的优越和骄傲的不满情绪很容易导致立法和行政机构的敌对活动。

虽然我们校门外的危险已经足够大的了,但很可能更大的危险来自我们学校内部的紧张局势。洛思尔校长在19xx年曾就这一危险性评论说:"如果我们对历史没有搞错的话,一个学校在其富有活力的时候是很少会毁灭的,而缺乏活力的学校则是自寻死亡,这时魔鬼就会乘虚而入,从而将其至于死地。"我们应该牢记这个警告,密切注意那些妨碍我们履行职责的内部矛盾和压力。

一般人在列举学校成功的弱点时,首先强调骄傲的危险性是很时髦的。然而,在所有我们所关心的问题内,骄傲这个问题对我们来说

是处于最后一位的。我在哈佛的这些年内 ,从没有看见一个学校像我们现在这样关心走下坡路的危险,从没有这么多人决心进行创造性的工作。如果我们要寻找问题,则确有一些问题是需要我们注意的。

一个问题是大学在确定重大项目和限制发展上遇到的困难。这种困难是可以理解的。知识和专门知识越来越重要,其用途也成倍增长,富有魅力的机会不断出现。由于大学在其性质上是无政府的,并由于授予教授自由权而昌盛,因而新科学不断出现,旧的科目仍然保存着,学校的扩大因此不可阻挡。

随着这个进程的不断继续,大学变得更难于管理。有如此之多研究项目需要关心,如此之多的必须会面,如此之多的地方会出现问题,如此之多的活动要求经费;解决这些问 题足以耗费最有才能的管理者的聪明才智。而有经验的管理者必须准确知道什么是大学所绝对不能做的。由学校的性质决定,大多数官员都是从教员中挑选出来的,由于缺乏管理艺术的训练,这些学术领导人很容易被行政事务所吞没,而几乎没有时间考虑如何改进教育和为开拓性研究创造机会。因此我们可能陷入一种可悲的境地,根据他们的学术经历而任命他们,但他们却没有时间来思考学术问题。校长为此感到苦恼已经很长时间了,现在已轮到学院院长,系主任和重要项目的负责人了。

在座的很多听众很快就会意识到,大学的不断扩大需要不遗余力地寻求基金。在高等教育竞争越来越激烈的今天,学校代表必须更加机敏地从政府和个人手中得到资金。这种压力充其量只能造就一些

能应付各种烦恼的好脾气的管理者。在第一流的运动竞赛中,这种压力经常变为对运动员进行丢人的管制。在科学方面,财政压力迫使学校进入工业公司或政府计划安排的项目,其中一些需要保密或附有其他限制,这将危及自由,公开的研究环境。在我们这些在学术中辛勤耕耘的劳动者看来,我们高尚的目的使我们使用的这些方法合理化了。劳伦斯主教在为哈佛集资的时曾经说过:"当你在做一个真正伟大的事业时,你就不能不顾虑重重。"而在那些不具备这位主教的热情的校外人士看来,这种狂热的追求基金会更加证明他们的观点,即学校只不过是另一个为自己追求特殊利益的合法组织而已。

教师在发展自己的系和保持自己的研究中心而奋斗时,也越来越深地卷入了筹集资金和行政事务的苦役。但对很多教授来说,更加束缚他们的是由于社会对专业知识的急需而出现在他们面前的各种机会:提供政府咨询,为政府服务,为大会做报告,为感兴趣的公众介绍某一个知识领域,等等。这些机会对于专业学院和文理学院的教师都大量存在的。逐渐地,不知不觉地,这些校外活动成了许多教授寻求刺激和变化,提高地位和金钱收入的最大来源。

这些活动并不是完全有害的。教授们与他们感兴趣的人和事相接触可以解决一些有价值的实际问题,否则他们可能只知道纸上谈兵,但这些活动终究占去了为实现学校更为主要的目的而必须花费的时间。

在未来50年内,以上所述的压力和诱惑都不会有所减轻。相反,随着知识总量的不断增加,学者们将发现更难集中精力于他们的研究

领域。社会将不断需要新的专门知识,校外机会将有所增加。大学为了保证自己的研究项目和活动,将更加需要教师们对学校管理的支持。

对教师的要求增加了,我们将如何回答呢?我不知道,对此也的确有理由感到忧虑。在一个学者的只是如此专门化,又如此依靠外界的承认和支持的现实世界里,他们同时忠诚于大学,职业和提供他们基金的势力。当这些相互抵触的压力增加时,教员们将更加难于摆脱周围社会的影响。难道我们能希望教授们不受这个时代流行的价值观念的影响么?这一代的学者是随着水门事件和越南战争而成长起来的,他们对现存制度有着普遍的不信任。我们不应指望他们有着他们的前辈和其他行业中存在的忠诚。相反,在这个鼓励成功和生活多样化的世界的影响下,我们很容易发现,越来越多的教授将试图把自 由,安全的学术工作同风险较多,性质较为低下却有较多金钱和较高知名度的工作结合起来。

不管这种预测是否现实,有一件事情是确定无疑。金钱虽然十分重要,但影响学校的关键因素是时间。

时间的效用是不能明显看出来的。例如,我们通过细心的观察会发现,把每一分钟都用于学习的学生常常成绩不能提高,反而会下降。对于学者来说也是如此,参加很多有兴趣的活动能够使他们改进工作的质量。但我们也同样清楚,一旦校外活动的负担达到某一个极限点,校内工作就会受到严重影响,几年内,这种可能性将成为现实,越来越多的教员将超越这一局限。

如果以上情况发生,会产生什么样的结果?其影响可能不会很快显示出来。学术成果的数量可能不会受到多大影响,讲座仍然是有竞争和有内容的。但由于不被打扰的学术研究时间越来越少,学术成果将越来越缺乏深度和广度,并且将过多得依靠助手的工作。教师和学生的课外接触时间也将减少,这些接触虽然看起来是可有可无的,但却可能为青年学生在大学中的生活留下最值得记忆和最关键的一刻。教师也将有时间去认真了解如何才能帮助学生改进他们的学习。我们已经不能充分地了解大学教纲的完成情况,更不用说进行足够系统的工作去改进了。我们对学生入学时的聪明过人谈得很多,对他们 入校后进步了多少却知之甚少。无怪乎外界总是用粗俗的用词来形容大学教育而忽略其真正的意义。

现在,你们已经对我们的成功所带来的大量问题听得很多了。这些问题与过去50年大学所克服的那些挑战大不相同。我们已经无法依赖我们高等教育体制本身的力量来使我们沿着正确的方向前进,因为我所描述的那些危险正是这个制度的产物。展望未来,我们必须竭尽全力来抵抗那些迫使我们偏离正确轨道的因素。

为了完成这个任务,我们必须把一件事情牢记在心:我所描述的危险都有一个共同特点,它们都是由于对大学本来的目的和达到这些目的所需要的基本条件认识错误而造成的,而这些都是很容易被忽视的。由于我们已经习惯于从研究性大学考虑问题,因此我们之中的许多人都认为这些都是理所当然的,一些人则为了大到一些看起来更

为紧迫的目的而将大学的基本目的置之一旁。在很多时刻,新的环境已经在很大程度上威胁我们的基本价值了,而我们却一无所知。无论是什么原因,我们必须非常清楚大学一直完成的很好的职责和履行这些职责所需的条件。

尤其是,我们需要说服公众并时时提醒我们自己大学不是营业性公司,不是国家安全的工具,不是急于在世界上强行推行自己社会观点的军事机关。许多组织可以提供咨询或帮助解决社会问题,或开发新的产品,或推行新的军事目的,但只有大学或类似的学术机构能够发现为提出创造性解决办法作基础的知识,只有大学能够教育出永远作出判断性决策的人。许多人可以成为企业家,律师或者有影响的顾问,但是只有具有安全和自由保证的学者才能去探求科学真理。阅历可以锻炼我们的判断力,使我们更加成熟,但只有教育能同时发展智能,启发新的兴趣,树立志向,提出重要问题,加强理解力的多重目的。只有这些,才是大学给以学生的真正贡献,而不是闪闪发光的大学牌子,或其毕业生在社会上的影响。

为了说明基本目的崇高价值,让我引用洛厄尔校长另一段话来结束我的演讲。虽然洛厄尔对于哈佛的将来所面临的重大事件和变化并不比我们今天知道的更多,但他确实知道哈佛真正的生命之源是什么。他说:

"学生们一代接着一代,如同海浪一浪接着一浪冲向陆地。有时候是静止着,有时候则带着暴风雨的怒吼。不论我们认为人的历史是单调的或是狂暴的,有两个事物总是新的,这就是青春和对知识的追

求,这也正是一个大学所关心的。我们学校的年龄已经可以用世纪来计算,但只要她热切的追求这两件事物,她就永远不会衰老。随着时代的变迁,为达到目的使用的方法可能改变,但目的本身是永远不变的。"


第二篇:江泽民在哈佛大学讲话


Jiang's speech at Harvard University

江泽民在哈佛大学讲话

我感谢陆登庭校长的邀请,使我有机会在这美好的金秋时节,来到你们这座美国古老而又现代化的学府。I wish to thank Dr. Neil L. Rudenstine, President of Harvard University, for inviting me to this ancient yet modernized institution of the United States in this golden fall.

哈佛建校360年来,培养出许多杰出的政治家、科学家、文学家和企业家,曾出过6位美国总统,30多位诺贝尔奖获得者。Since its founding some 360 years ago, Harvard has nurtured a great number of outstanding statesmen, scientists, writers and businessmen, including six of the American Presidents and over thirty Nobel Prize winners.

先有哈佛,后有美利坚合众国,这说明了哈佛在美国历史上的地位。The fact that Harvard was founded before the United States of America testifies to its position in the American history.

哈佛是最早接受中国留学生的美国大学之一。Harvard is among the first American universities to accept Chinese students.

中国教育界、科学界、文化界一直同哈佛大学保持着学术交流。The Chinese educational, scientific and cultural communities have all along maintained academic exchanges with this university.

哈佛为增进中美两国人民的相互了解作出了有益的贡献。Harvard has thus made useful contribution to the enhanced mutual understanding between the Chinese and American peoples.

相互了解,是发展国与国之间关系的前提。Mutual understanding is the basis for state-to-state relations.

惟有相互了解,才能增进信任,加强合作。Without it, it would be impossible for countries to build trust and promote cooperation with each other.

中美建交以来,我们两国人民之间的相互交流与了解在逐渐扩大和加深,但还不够。Since the establishment of diplomatic ties between China and the United States, the exchanges and mutual understanding between our two peoples have broadened and deepened steadily. However, this is

not enough.

为了推动中美关系的发展,中国需要进一步了解美国,美国也需要进一步了解中国。To promote the development of China-U.S. relations, China needs to know the United States better and vice versa.

要了解中国,可以有很多视角。To know China better, one may approach it from different angles.

现实中国是历史中国的发展。China today has been evolved from its past.

中国是一个有5000年文明历史的国家,China is a country with 5,000 years of civilization.

从历史文化来了解和认识中国,是一个重要的视角。It is important to approach China from a historical and cultural perspective.

记得我在高中读书时,老师给我们讲微积分,第一课就是讲《庄子》中的“一尺之棰,日取其半,万世不竭”,很形象地使我建立起极限的概念。I recall my first lesson on calculus in senior high school. My teacher quoted a line from Zhuang Zi, a Chinese philosopher over 2,000 years ago, which reads "Cut away half of a rod and keep on halving what is left, and there will be no end to that process." This gave me a vivid concept of limit.

这表明中国古人就已认识到事物的发展变化是无限的,也说明我们的先人对自然界的认识已达到相当的水平。It shows that the ancient Chinese realized the endless process of changes of matters and had a fairly good understanding of the nature.

早在公元前2500,中国人就开始了仰观天文、俯察地理的活动,逐渐形成了“天人合一”的宇宙观。As early as in 2,500 B.C. Chinese began astronomical observation and geographical survey, and gradually formed a world outlook of an “integration of the universe and humanity.”

中国历史上产生了许多杰出的哲学家、思想家、政治家、军事家、科学家和文学艺术家,留下了浩如烟海的文化典籍。China produced in its history many outstanding philosophers, thinkers, statesmen, strategists, scientists, writers and artists and left us numerous volumes of literature.

春秋战国时期出现的“百家争鸣”局面和老子、孔子等诸子百家的学说,在世界思想史上占有重要地位。The scene of “contention of a hundred schools of thought” brought forth in the Spring and Autumn Period 2,500 years ago and the Warring States Period over 2,200 years ago and the emergence of various schools of thought and their exponents such as Lao Zi and Confucius about 2,400 years ago all occupy a very important position in the world history of philosophy.

古代中国在天文历法、地学、数学、农学、医学和人文科学的许多领域,都作出过独特的贡献。Ancient China made unique contributions to many areas of science including astronomy, calendric system, geography, mathematics, agriculture, medicine and the humanities.

殷商时期的甲骨文中就有日月之食的记载。Records of solar and lunar eclipses are found in the inscriptions on bones or tortoise shells of the Shang Dynasty over 3,000 years ago.

从秦代到清末的2100多年间,哈雷彗星出现27次,中国都有记录。In the 2,100 years from the Qin Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty (221 BC-1911), the 27 appearances of Halley Comet were all recorded in China.

汉代张衡发明了测定地震方位的地动仪和演示日月星辰的浑天仪。Zhang Heng of the Han Dynasty over 1,800 years ago invented a seismograph to determine the location of earthquakes and the celestial globe that showed the movement of the sun, moon and other stars.

先秦的数学家提出了勾股定理。Mathematicians in the pre-Qin days over 2,200 years ago put forward the proposition known as the Pythagorean theorem in the West today.

南北朝的祖冲之算出圆周率为3.1415926。In the Northern and Southern Dynasties in the 4th century A.D., China's mathematician Zu Chongzhi calculated the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter to be 3.1415926.

中国的丝织、制瓷、冶金、造船技术很早就达到世界的先进水平。China's silk weaving, porcelain making, metallurgy and shipbuilding reached the world's advanced level in ancient times.

明代朱载首创十二平均律,后来被认定为世界通行的标准音调。In the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Zaiyu initiated the twelve-tone temperament which later became the universal standard tones.

中国的医药学在世界上独树一帜。The Chinese medicine is a unique school of its own.

特别是中国的造纸、火药、印刷术、指南针4大发明,曾经改变了世界的面貌。Particularly, China's four great inventions of paper making, gunpowder, printing and compass had once changed the face of the world.

直到15世纪以前,中国的科学技术在世界上保持了千年的领先地位。China had been a world leader in science and technology for one thousand years until the 15th century.

中国人的这些发明创造,体现了人与自然协调发展、科学精神与道德理想相结合的理性光辉。These inventions and creations of China have brought forward the rationalistic brilliance of coordination between humanity and the nature and the integration of scientific spirit with moral ideals.

中国的历史文化始终处于发展进步之中。China's culture in history has never stopped developing.

它是通过各种学科、各种学派的相互砥砺、相互渗透而发展的,也是通过同世界各国的相互交流、相互学习而进步的。It has enriched itself through the contention and infiltration of various disciplines and schools of thought, and also through the mutual exchanges and learning between China and other countries in the world.

中国人早就懂得兼取众长、以为己善的道理。Since old times, the Chinese people came to know full well the importance of “drawing widely upon others' strong points to improve oneself.”

汉、唐时期,既是经济繁荣的盛世,也是中外交流的盛世。The Han and Tang Dynasty were both an age of economic prosperity and also one of flourishing international exchanges.

张骞出使西域,开拓举世闻名的“丝绸之路”。Imperial envoy Zhang Qian's trip to the “West” in the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) over 2,000 years ago opened up the world-famous Silk Road;

Eminent Monk Xuan Zang of the Tang Dynasty (618-907) brought back ancient culture after braving long journey to South Asian countries.

明代郑和“七下西洋”,把中华文化传向远方的国度。In the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), Chinese

navigator Cheng Ho led a fleet to what that then people called the "West Sea" seven times in the 15th century, spreading the Chinese culture to distant land.

但是后来特别是清代晚期,封建统治者实行闭关锁国政策,阻碍了中国的进步和中外交流。Only later on, especially in late Qing Dynasty, the feudal rulers adopted a policy of seclusion, which hampered China's progress and its exchanges with the outside world.

鸦片战争以来,一代又一代先进的中国人,为了振兴中华,努力向西方国家学习先进的科学思想和文明成果,并同中国的实际相结合,推动了中国社会的变革与发展。After the Opium War (1840-1842), generation after generation of enlightened Chinese people have, for national rejuvenation, spared no efforts in learning from Western countries advanced science and cultural achievements in combination with China's realities and pushing for China's social reforms and development.

今天,正在为实现现代化而奋斗的中国人民,把对外开放作为一项基本国策,同世界各国进行广泛的交流与合作,开创了中国历史上崭新的开放局面。Today, the Chinese people who are struggling to achieve modernization have made the opening-up a basic state policy and conducted extensive exchanges and cooperation with the rest of the world, thus creating a brand-new situation in its opening-up endeavor in the Chinese history.

阳光包含7种色彩,世界也是异彩纷呈。Sunlight is composed of seven colors, so is our world full of colors and splendor.

每个国家、每个民族都有自己的历史文化传统,都有自己的长处和优势,Every country and every nation has its own historical and cultural traditions, strong points and advantages.

应该相互尊重,相互学习,取长补短,共同进步。We should respect and learn from each other and draw upon other's strong points to offset one's own deficiencies for achieving common progress.

中国在自己发展的长河中,形成了优良的历史文化传统。这些传统,随着时代变迁和社会进步获得扬弃和发展。In the prolonged course of development, China has formed its fine historical and cultural traditions, which have been either developed or discarded with the changes of the times and social progress.

对今天中国人的价值观念、生活方式和中国的发展道路,具有深刻的影响。These traditions

have exerted a profound impact on the values and way of life of the Chinese people, and on China's road of development today.

这里,我想就以下一些方面谈些看法,希望有助于诸位对中国的了解。Here, I would like to make the following observations which I hope will help you to know China better.

一是团结统一的传统。First, the tradition of solidarity and unity.

中华民族是由56个民族组成的大家庭。The Chinese nation is a big family composed of 56 nationalities.

从遥远的古代起,我国各族人民就建立了紧密的政治经济文化联系,共同开发了祖国的河山。Since the time immemorial, people of all nationalities have established closely-knitted political, economic and cultural links and joined hands in developing the vast land of our country.

中国2000多年前就形成了幅员广阔的统一国家。China became a vast unified country more than 2,000 years ago.

悠久的中华文化,成为维系民族团结和国家统一的牢固纽带。The deep-rooted Chinese culture become a strong bond for ethnic harmony and national unity.

团结统一,深深印在中国人的民族意识中。Solidarity and unity have been inscribed in the hearts of the Chinese people as part of their national identity.

中国历史上虽曾出现过暂时的分裂现象,但民族团结和国家统一始终是中华民族历史的主流,是中国发展进步的重要保障。Despite occasional division in the Chinese history, ethnic harmony and national unity have remained the main stream in the history of the Chinese nation, and an important guarantee for China's development and progress.

新中国的成立,标志着中华民族实现了空前的大团结。The founding of the People's Republic of China marked an unprecedented great unity of the Chinese nation.

各民族之间建立了平等、团结、互助的新型关系。A new type of relationship of equality, solidarity and mutual assistance between different nationalities has been established.

各民族人民依法享有各项权利和自由。People of all nationalities enjoy full rights and freedoms provided for by the law.

在少数民族聚居的地方实行了区域自治。In places where there is a high concentration of minority nationality people, regional autonomy is in practice.

民族地区的经济社会获得不断的发展。These regions have witnessed continued economic and social development.

所有这些,为巩固国家统一奠定了坚实的政治基础。All these have laid a solid political foundation for consolidated national unity.

二是独立自主的传统。Second, the tradition of maintaining independence.

我们的先人历来把独立自主视为立国之本。Our ancestors always regarded the spirit of maintaining independence as the foundation of a nation.

中国作为人类文明发祥地之一,在几千年的历史进程中,文化传统始终没有中断。As one of the cradles of human civilization, China has all along maintained its cultural tradition without letup in the history of several thousand years.

近代中国虽屡遭列强欺凌,国势衰败,但经过全民族的百年抗争,又以巨人的姿态重新站立起来。

In modern times, the frequent bullying and humiliation by imperialist powers once weakened China. However, after a hundred years' struggle of the entire Chinese nation, China has stood up again as a giant.

这充分说明,中国人独立自主的民族精神具有坚不可摧的力量。This fully testifies to the indestructible strength of this independent national spirit of the Chinese people.

今天,我们在探索自己的发展道路时,坚持从中国国情出发,来解决如何进行经济政治文化

建设的问题,而不照搬别国的模式。Today, in finding a road to development suited to us, we will proceed from our own national conditions to address the issue of how to conduct economic construction and political and cultural advancement without blindly copying other countries' models.

在处理国际事务中,我们采取独立自主的立场和政策。In handling international affairs, we decide our positions and policies from an independent approach.

中国人民珍惜同各国人民的友谊与合作,也珍惜自己经过长期奋斗而得来的独立自主权利。The Chinese people cherish its friendship and cooperation with other peoples, as well as their right to independence they have won through protracted struggles.

三是爱好和平的传统。Third, the peace-loving tradition.

我国先秦思想家就提出了“亲仁善邻,国之宝也”的思想,反映了自古以来中国人民就希望天下太平、同各国人民友好相处。Chinese thinkers of the pre-Qin days (over 2,000 years ago) advanced the doctrine “loving people and treating neighbors kindly are most valuable to a country.” This is a reflection of the aspiration of the Chinese people for a peaceful world where people of all countries live in harmony.

今天,专心致志进行现代化建设的中国人民,更需要有一个长期的和平国际环境和良好的周边环境。Today, the Chinese people who are committed to modernization need more than ever a long-term international environment of peace and a favorable neighboring environment.

中国实行的是和平外交政策。China's foreign policy is peace-oriented.

我们坚持在和平共处五项原则,特别是在相互尊重、平等互利、互不干涉内政的原则基础上,同世界各国建立和发展友好合作关系。We will establish and develop friendly relations and cooperation with all countries in the world on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, especially the principles of mutual respect, equality and mutual benefit and non-interference in each other's internal affairs.

我们绝不会把自己曾经遭受欺凌的苦难加之于人。We will never impose upon others the kind of sufferings we once experienced.

中国的发展与进步,不会对任何人构成威胁。A developing and progressing China does not pose a threat to anyone.

将来中国富强起来了,也永远不称霸。China will never seek hegemony even if it is developed in the future.

中国始终是维护世界和平与地区稳定的坚定力量。China is always a staunch force for world peace and regional stability.

四是自强不息的传统。Fourth, the tradition of constantly striving for self-perfection.

我们的先哲通过观察宇宙万物的变动不居,提出了“天行健,君子以自强不息”的思想,成为激励中国人民变革创新、努力奋斗的精神力量。Through observing the changing nature of the universe and all earthly matters, ancient Chinese philosophers proposed the following doctrine: "As Heaven maintains vigor through movement, a gentleman should constantly strive for self-perfection." This idea has become an important moral strength, spurring the Chinese people to work hard for reform and renovation.

中国古代文明的发展,是中华民族艰苦奋斗、自强不息的结果。The fruits of China's ancient civilization were brought about by the tireless efforts and hard work of the Chinese nation.

百年来,为了摆脱半殖民地半封建的历史境遇,中国人民进行了艰苦卓绝、奋发图强的斗争。In the past one hundred years or so, the Chinese people have waged arduous struggles to get rid of the sufferings under semi-colonial and semi-feudal rule.

中国民主革命的先行者孙中山首先提出“振兴中华”的口号,Dr. Sun Yat-sen, China's forerunner of the democratic revolution, was the first to put forward the slogan of "rejuvenation of China."

他领导的辛亥革命,推翻了在中国延续几千年的君主专制制度。He led the Revolution of 1911 to remove the millennia old autocratic monarchy in China.

在毛泽东思想指引下,中国共 产 党领导中国人民实现了民族独立和人民解放,并把中国建设成为初步繁荣昌盛的社会主义国家。Under the guidance of Mao Zedong Thought, the Chinese Communist Party led the Chinese people in achieving China's national independence and people's

liberation and in building China into a socialist country with initial prosperity.

今天,在邓小平理论指引下,我国人民坚定不移地实行改革开放,在现代化建设中取得举世瞩目的成就。Today, guided by Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Chinese people are firmly pressing ahead with reform and opening-up and have made remarkable achievements in the modernization drive.

中国进入了百年来发展最快最好的历史时期。China has entered a period with the fastest and healthiest development in this century.

改革开放,是中华民族自强不息和变革创新精神在当代的集中体现和创造性发展。The reform and opening-up endeavor is an embodiment and a creative development of the Chinese spirit of constantly striving for self-perfection and renovation in modern times.

我们把改革开放叫作社会主义改革开放,因为它是中国社会主义制度的自我完善和发展。We refer to our reform and opening-up as socialist reform and opening-up because they constitute the process of self-improvement and development of the socialist system in China.

近20年的实践已充分证明,我们进行改革开放的方向是正确的,信念是坚定的,步骤是稳妥的,方式是渐进的,取得的成就是巨大的。The practice in recent twenty years has eloquently proved that we are right in direction, firm in conviction, steady in our steps and gradual in our approach when carrying out the reform and opening up and have achieved tremendous successes.

虽然在前进中也遇到这样和那样一些困难和风险,但我们都顺利地解决了,不仅没有引起大的社会震动,而且极大地解放和发展了社会生产力,保持了社会稳定和全面进步。We have successfully overcome various difficulties and risks in the course of our advance without causing great social unrest. Rather, we have succeeded in greatly releasing and developing productive forces and maintained social stability and an all-round progress.

现在,我们正在满怀信心地全面推进改革。We are conducting a comprehensive reform with full confidence.

在经济上,要加快建立社会主义市场经济体制,实现工业化和经济的社会化、市场化、现代化;Economically, we will speed up the establishment of a socialist market economy and realize industrialization, and the socialization, marketization and modernization of the economy.

在政治上,要努力发展社会主义民主政治,依法治国,建设社会主义法治国家,保证人民充分行使管理国家和社会事务的权力;Politically, we will endeavor to develop socialist democracy, govern the country according to law, build a socialist country under the rule of law and ensure the full exercise of people's rights to govern the country and manage social affairs.

Culturally, we will work hard to develop a scientific socialist culture for the people, a culture that is geared to the needs of modernization, of the nation, of the world and of the future, adopt a strategy of rejuvenating China through science and education, and strive to raise the political and moral standards as well as scientific and cultural level of the entire nation.

总起来说,就是要把中国建成富强民主文明的现代化国家。In a word, it is to build our country into a prosperous, strong, democratic and culturally advanced modern country.

中国作为疆域辽阔、人口众多、历史悠久的国家,应该对人类有较大的贡献。China, a country with vast territory, a big population and a long history, should make greater contribution to humanity.

中国人民所以要进行百年不屈不挠的斗争,The Chinese people waged a dauntless struggle for one hundred years.

所以要实行一次又一次的伟大变革、实现国家的繁荣富强,They have effected great reforms and changes one after another to build China into a strong and prosperous country.

所以要加强民族团结、完成祖国统一大业,所以要促进世界和平与发展的崇高事业They have worked to strengthen ethnic harmony and achieve national reunification and to promote the lofty cause of world peace and development.

归根到底就是为了一个目标:实现中华民族的伟大复兴,争取对人类作出新的更大的贡献。In the final analysis, they have done all these for one objective, that is the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and China's greater contribution to humanity.

总之,今天中国所选择的社会制度和发展道路,实行的内外政策,确定的下个世纪的奋斗目标,既有现实的根据,又有历史的渊源;In short, the choice of the social system and development path that China has made, the domestic and foreign policies that it has pursued and the goals it has identified for the next century are all based on both the reality and the history.

既符合人类历史发展的趋势和时代潮流,又具有中华民族自己的特色;Therefore, they are not only in conformity with the trend of the historical development of mankind and that of the times, but also reflect the characteristics of the Chinese nation.

既符合中国人民的根本利益,又有利于世界的和平、稳定、繁荣与进步。They serve not only the fundamental interests of the Chinese people, but also world peace, stability, prosperity and progress.

掌握这一点,乃是了解和认识中国现状与未来的关键。This is the key to an understanding of the present China and its future.

中美两国人民的友好交往,已有200多年历史。The friendly exchanges between the Chinese and American peoples date back to more than two hundred years ago.

1784年,美国商船“中国皇后号”远航到中国。Back in 1784, American merchant ship the "Empress of China" came a long way to China. In 1847,

1847年,中国最早的一批留美学生容闳等人赴美求学。Chinese student Rong Hong and others came to the United States as the first group of Chinese students to study here.

许多中国人参加了美国的建设事业,不少美国人同情和帮助过中国的民族解放事业。Many Chinese contributed to the nation-building of the United States, while a lot of American friends helped and supported the national liberation cause of the Chinese people.

他们的动人事迹,我们永远记在心中。We will never forget their contribution which has touched us deeply.

中国人民一向钦佩美国人民的求实精神和创造精神。The Chinese people have always admired the American people for their pragmatic attitude and creative spirit.

昨天,我参观了国际商用机器公司、美国电话电报公司和贝尔实验室,领略了当代科技发展的前沿成就。My visit to IBM, AT&T and the Bell laboratory yesterday gave me some first-hand knowledge of the latest successes in modern science and technology.

科学技术的突飞猛进,越来越深刻地影响着世界政治经济的格局和人们的社会生活。Today's rapid development in science and technology is bringing about increasingly greater impact on global political and economic pattern and people's social life.

坚持变革创新,理想就会变为现实。If we persist in our reform, we will be able to turn our ideals into reality.

我们在扩大开放、实现现代化的进程中,重视学习和吸收美国人民创造的一切优秀文化成果。In our course to further open up and achieve modernization, we have spared no efforts in learning from all the fine cultural achievements of the American people.

中美两国人民的友好合作对世界具有重大影响。Friendship and cooperation between our two peoples are of great importance to the world.

美国是最发达的资本主义国家,中国是最大的发展中国家。The United States is the most developed country and China the largest developing country.

12亿人口的中国保持稳定和加快发展,对促进亚太地区和世界的稳定与发展,具有极其重要的意义。

China is a country with 1.2 billion people. Its stability and rapid development is of vital importance to the stability and development in Asia-Pacific and the world at large.

中国拥有广大的市场和发展需求,美国拥有先进的科学技术和巨大的物质力量,China holds a huge market and great demand for development and the United States holds advanced science and technology as well as enormous material force.

两国之间有着很强的经济互补性。The economies of the two countries are therefore highly complementary with each other.

中国的潜在市场同国外的先进技术和资金优势结合起来,就能形成众多的发展机遇和强大的发展活力。China's potential market, once combined with foreign advanced technology and capital, will produce many opportunities and great vigor for development.

中国和美国,在事关人类生存和发展的许多重大问题上,例如维护世界和平与安全,防止大规模杀伤性武器扩散,保护人类生存环境,打击国际犯罪等,有着广泛的共同利益,肩负着共同责任。

China and the United States share broad common interests and shoulder common responsibility on many important questions which are crucial to human survival and development such as maintaining world peace and security, preventing the spread of weapons of mass destruction, protecting environment for human survival and combating international crimes.

这些都是中美两国发展友好合作的重要基础。All these provide an important basis for further developing China-U.S. friendly relations and cooperation.

我们应该牢牢把握中美关系的大局,We should take a firm hold of the overall interests of China-U.S. relations

妥善解决分歧,不断朝着增进了解、扩大共识、发展合作、创未来的目标前进。and settle our differences properly so as to reach the goal of promoting mutual understanding, broadening common ground, developing cooperation and building a future together.

这次访问期间,我同克林顿总统就中美关系的未来发展,深入交换了意见,达成了广泛共识。During my current visit to the United States, I had an in-depth exchange of views and reached broad agreement with President Clinton on the future development of China-U.S. relations.

双方同意,为了促进世界和平与发展的崇高事业,中美应该加强合作,努力建立面向21世纪的建设性的战略伙伴关系。We both agree that with a view to promoting the lofty cause of world peace and development, China and the United States should strengthen cooperation and work to build a constructive strategic partnership oriented toward the 21st century.

这标志着中美关系进入了一个新的发展阶段。This will mark a new stage of development in the China-U.S. relations.

哈佛大学一向重视对中国的研究。Harvard University has all along placed importance on China studies.

贵校已故的费正清教授,就是毕生从事中国历史文化研究的知名学者。The late Professor Fairbank was a well-known scholar from Harvard. He devoted all his life to the study of Chinese history and culture.

为了有助于研究中国的历史和现实,我愿向贵校赠送一套新出版的《毛泽东评点二十四史》。In order to promote the study of China's past and present, I will present Harvard with a set of newly published Twenty-Four Histories with Mao Zedong's Comments.

二十四史是记载中国几千年历史的重要典籍。Twenty-Four Histories are important classical works on China's history of several thousand years.

毛泽东先生一生对二十四史做过许多评点和批注,为认识中国的历史和吸取历史经验,留下了丰富的思想遗产。In his life time, Mr. Mao Zedong made numerous comments and annotations on the Twenty-Four Histories, thus leaving us with a rich heritage of philosophy in understanding and drawing useful lessons from China's history.

我高兴地得知,陆登庭校长将于明年访华,我期待在北京与你再次见面。I am glad to learn that you, Mr. President, will come to China next year. I look forward to meeting you again in Beijing or Shanghai.

我很欣赏哈佛校门上的一段话:“为增长智慧走进来,为服务祖国和同胞走出去。”I highly appreciate the motto on the gate of your University. It reads: “Enter to grow in wisdom” and “Depart to serve better thy country and thy kind.”

中国青年也把“胸怀祖国、服务人民”作为自己的座右铭。Young people in China have also a motto, that is, “keep the motherland in heart and serve the people with heart and soul.”

我希望中美两国青年在建设各自国家、促进世界和平与发展的事业中,加深了解,互相学习,增进友谊,为创造美好的未来而努力奋斗。I hope that in the cause of building our own countries and promoting world peace and development, younger generations of China and the United States will understand each other better, learn from each other, enhance the friendship and strive for a better future.

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