大作文
六、考研大作文框架结构：
3段
12句左右
160-250词（英语二150-200词）
5-7个关联词（适可而止）
5-7个从句（多多益善）
1、Introduction：第一段，提出问题，图画描述（图画作文）/图表描述（图表作文）/现状说明（情景或提纲作文），3句左右
1）图画/图表描述：
（1） General description：总体描述，
人物+动作+环境或主题+对象+时间，1句
（2） Details 1, 2, 3：挖掘细节词，串联成句，1句
（3） Caption/Symbolic meaning：文字说明或象征寓意，1句
2）现状说明：
（1）Background information：背景交代
（2）General talk of the topic：引出主题
（3）Thesis：State specifically what your opinion is，确立论点
2、Body： 第二段，分析问题，意义阐释（图画作文）或原因列举（图表、提纲或情景作文），5句左右
1）Topic sentence：Symbolic meaning，主题句，象征寓意，1句
2）Argument：论证，3句左右，考研写作四大论证手段
（1）Cause and Effect：因果论证
（2）Exemplification：举例论证
A. Numerous examples can be given, but this/these will suffice.
B. I can think of no better illustration than the following one(s).
C. This/These case(s) effectively clarify that…
（3）联系现实：以小见大，把握象征寓意，个体想为群体，具体想为抽象
（4）正反论证：
3）Summary：小结，概括论证，总结本段，1句
3、Conclusion：第三段，解决问题，建议措施/归纳结论，4句左右
1）Concluding sentence：结论句，呼应象征寓意，1句
2）Suggestions 1、2：两点建议（针对双方提建议）或两句评论，2句
3）包装结尾、展望未来：1句，考研写作三大优秀句型
（1）倒装句：Only in this way can we solve this problem.
只有这样我们才能解决这个问题。
（2）强调句：It is persistent work that is conducive to your grasping a considerable vocabulary.只有长期学习才有助于你掌握大的词汇量。
（3）虚拟语气：It is high time that we solved this problem.
我们早就该解决这个问题了。
七、大作文：
1.伦理道德：冲刺班二十大必背范文之十一
Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and
3) give your comments.
In the picture above is an old man tumbled on the road accidentally. Unfortunately, a great many passers-by are hesitant about giving the old man a hand. Seeing that, nobody would like to be responsible for the accident.
The above picture reminds me of the recent heated discussion about whether to assist the senior citizens who are suddenly sick or injured. Such discussion is a shame for the society, for helping people in distress should be considered as the basic social morality and traditional virtue. Unfortunately, the debate indeed broke out after several help-givers were successively reported to be falsely identified as offenders and sentenced to pay economic compensation. Due to those cases, people worry that the assistance recipients, especially aged people with poor judgment, may fail to tell right from wrong and helping them will probably incur troubles. This thought halts people’s attempt to help and has indirectly murdered some aged people. Several months ago, an old man died after falling because nobody dared to offer assistance.
Such tragedy should never recur. To achieve it, firstly, helping aged people in need should be advocated. More importantly, efforts should be made to protect the benefits of those who provide help. Only in these ways, can we be sure that, on one hand, the elderly receive timely aid and on the other hand, warm-hearted people never suffer from loss. After all, just as Ernest Hemingway, the great American writer said, “I know only that what is moral is what you feel good after and what is immoral is what you feel bad after”. (272 words)
2、图表作文：经济问题，
20##年英语（二）真题，冲刺班二十大必背范文之十二
Directions:
Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should
1) interpret the chart and
2) give your comments.
You should write at least 150 words.
Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)
20##、20##年国内轿车市场部分品牌市场份额示意图
（从左至右：国产品牌、日系品牌、美系品牌）
The chart above demonstrates clearly that some changes have taken place in terms of the car market of China. Based upon the data of the chart, one can see that the percentage of domestic cars has been on a rise, while the sales percentage of cars made in Japan has witnessed been on a decline. In the year of 2008, the percentage of cars made in China was nearly 25%, while within no more than a year, it went up to nearly 33%. The percentage of cars made in Japan was 35%, while it went down to 25% in 2009.
It’s no difficulty for us to come up with some possible factors to account for this trend. At the top of the list, with the rapid development of our economy and society, more and more people prefer civil products to foreign ones. It’s reported that, approximately 55% of families in Chinese big cities are found cars made in China. In addition, we must admit that the government appeals to us to support our native industries. Last but not the least, the fact cannot be ignored that, the cars made in China are increasingly qualified.
Taking into account what has been argued, we can come to the conclusion that this established trend is positive and therefore acceptable. And I am firmly certain that this trend will continue in the years to come. (232 words)
3、20##年真题：环境问题，冲刺班二十大必背范文之十三
Directions:
A. Study the following two pictures carefully and write an essay in at least 150words.
B. Your essay must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET2.
C. Your essay should meet the requirements below:
1. Describe the pictures.
2. Deduce the purpose of the painter of the pictures.
3. Suggest counter measures.
As is vividly/symbolically shown/described/depicted/illustrated/revealed/portrayed in the cartoons/drawings/portrayals/photos/photographs/pictures, with the rapid/speedy social and economic development, the number of fishes hassharply decreased. In one picture, there were various kinds of fish and only one fishing-boat in 1900. On the contrary, in 1995 there was only one fish, but many fishing-boats.
The purpose/aim of the pictures is to show us that due/utmost attention/importance/significance should/must/has to be paid/attached to the decline of ocean resources. Owing /Due to/Because of over-fishing, the number of fishes has obviously shrunk. If we let this situationgo/continueas it is, we do not know where fish will be in the near/forthcoming future. By that time, our environment willsuffera great destruction.
Therefore/Hence/Accordingly, it is imperative/necessary for us to takedrastic/effective/some/several measures/steps/actions.For one thing, we shouldappealto our governments/authorities to make/legislate/enact/issue/establish strict laws and regulations tocontrol/regulate commercial fishing. For another, we shouldenhance/increase/cultivatethe awareness/sense of people that the ocean resources arevery/extremelyvital/essential/crucialto us. Only in this way/by doing so can weprotect our ocean resources. Also, I assume/maintain/reckon that we humans canovercome/surmountthis difficulty, and we will have a bright/brilliantfuture.
4.青年面对社会（自立）/两代关系：20##年真题，二十大必背范文之十四
Directions:
Study the following pictures carefully and write an essay about 200 words based on the following
1. describe the set of drawings and interpret its meaning
2. point out its implications in our life.
The set of drawings above vividly depict the destiny of a flower in different circumstances. As is shown in the first cartoon, the flower is placed in a comfortable greenhouse that shelters it from the threatening lightning and storm. With proper temperature, moisture and fertilizer, the flower is growing in full bloom. On the contrary, when removed from the greenhouse and exposed to the driving rain, the flower soon fades and withers, with the petals scattered on the ground.
To begin with, the purpose of the drawings is to show us that the flower growing in the green house cannot withstand the test of the storm, yet the symbolic meanings subtly conveyed should be taken more seriously. The delicate flower is naturally associated with young people, to be specific, the only children in our current society; the greenhouse epitomizes parents’ doting care and abundant material supplies that can shield the children from the storms, or the harsh reality. Once the young people begin to seek independence and accept challenges from the real world, they are found too spoiled to be strong enough in the face of difficulties.
Accordingly, it is vital for us to derive positive implications from these thought-provoking drawings. On the one hand, we can frequently use them to enlighten the youth tobe more independent in life. On the other hand, parents should be sensible enough to give their children more freedom to deal with troubles and problems. Only by undergoing more challenges and toils in adversity can young people cultivate strong personality and ability, and only in this way can they become winners in this competitive world. (271 words)
5.青年面对社会（合作）：20##年真题，冲刺班二十大必背范文之十五
Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on Answer Sheet 2.
As is vividly depicted in the picture, two disabled men are running fast through teamwork although each of them has only one leg. Obviously, it is teamwork that makes it possible for them to go anywhere they want to.
Simple as it is, what the picture conveys to us is thought-provoking. With the development of economy and society, competition is increasingly fierce.It is impossible for anyone to finish a work all by himself. Hence, people in mounting numbers put great emphasis on teamwork. In fact, it has been universally acknowledged that the ability of teamwork is the most essential qualification that anyone who wants to achieve success should possess.
Accordingly, it is imperative for us to take some measures to enhance the sense of teamwork in our society. We should bear in mind that teamwork is of great significance to both our society and ourselves. Every one should have the ability of teamwork. Only in this way can we achieve success and only in this way can our society become more harmonious to live in.
6.流行文化（网络）：20##年真题，冲刺班二十大必背范文之十六
Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
3) give your comments.
As is symbolically illustrated in the cartoon, a large number of people are surfing on line within a stretching spider web, either to entertain themselves or to meet the work's needs. Unfortunately, it seems rather ironic to present people separated from each other by the spider web when they attempt to communicate. Undoubtedly, the spider web serves as a symbol of Internet, both connecting people and isolating them from each other.
The metaphorical and impressive portrayal has subtly revealed the duality of the relationship between man and Internet. On the one hand, there is no denying that Internet is currently one of the most efficient media used for interpersonal communication. As a college student, I get on line every day to discuss news with other people on BBS, to study English by registering for web courses, to chat freely through MSN Messenger with my friends. But on the other hand, a good many people admit that they are too much addicted to Internet to maintain face-to-face contact with their friends and colleagues. Once indulged in the fictitious world, people feel reluctant to approach others and to concentrate on real life. That's why some people have lost the skill of direct contact and get alienated from others.
Hence, it is necessary for us to use Internet in a reasonable way and restrain from overindulgence. After all, Internet is invented to connect you and me, and to bring conveniences to our life rather than set a barrier to keep people beyond reach. (249words)
7.文化问题：20##年真题，冲刺班二十大必背范文之十七
Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
文字说明：佛、梁祝、解构、人本、功夫、毕昇、儒、礼、后现代、老舍、莎士比亚、爱因斯坦、道、仁、天鹅湖、启蒙、京剧等
As is symbolically illustrated in the portrayal, there is a boiling hot pot containing various ingredients of multi-cultures. These pluralistic cultures can be categorized as celebrities home and abroad as Bi Sheng, Lao She, Shakespeare and Einstein, philosophical concepts as Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, Goodness, ritual, humanism, Enlightenment, post-modernism and deconstruction, as well as performing arts as Beijing Opera, Gong Fu, Liang Zhu and Swan Lake. We are informed that the cultural “hot pot” is both delicious and nutritious.
The purpose of the cartoonist is to show us that instead ofbeing outdated and of little value in a rapidly modernizing world, cultural blending should be encouraged and maintained. On the one hand, mosaic cultures are part of the universal heritage of humanity and they are powerful means of bringing together diverse peoples and social groups. Consequently, cultural integration has become indispensable as a means of promoting further cultural development and maintenance. On the other hand, for China, as for any other rapidly developing country, there is a danger that age-old customs and traditions may become lost in the shadows of modernization.If Gong Fu, Beijing Opera or Swan Lake Ballet ever perished from the earth, it would be a tragedy of immeasurable proportions.
In my view, multi-cultures can be kept alive by the people with the time to do so, and is extremely vital in ensuring a community’s future development and prosperity. As a consequence of successful commercialization efforts, unwavering government support and growing interests overseas, the future of cultural blending looks brighter and more secure than ever before. (254 words)
8. 职业道德（食品安全）：冲刺班二十大必背范文之十八
Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and
3) give your comments.
Recently, the problem of food safety has received increasing concern all over the country. In the portrayal presented to us, a large number of people are staring at all kinds of food safety problems, for instance, melamine in baby formula, Sudan Red in KFC, poisonous color, cancer-causing chemicals, and so on. To sum up, food safety is facing unprecedented great challenges.
Food safety refers to that food shall be non-toxic and harmless, conforms to proper nutritive requirements and causes no harm to human health. It is a complex issue owing to a good many fundamental causes: the first and most crucial factor is that a large number of industrial raw materials are directly used in food production. Taking Sanlu powdered milk for instance, the producers use industrial material melamine to improve protein content in baby formula, which finally leads to infant’s kidney stone. Besides, other causes are the use of harmful chemical pesticides, the use of cheap harmful materials instead of harmless materials in food production, and so on.
With due consideration of the above argument, it is imperative to ensure food safety. First and foremost, the food safety management system should be perfected and utmost significance has to be attached by the authorities to food safety problem. What is more, in the long run, healthy food or green food industry should be vigorously advocated in a bid to ensure food safety, and then to ensure people’s health. (237 words)
9.职业道德：工程质量，冲刺班二十大必背范文之十九
Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and
3) give your comments.
A newly-built but shabby bridge is undergoing extensive repairs. Witnessing the growth of this young bridge, we may sigh with puzzlement：why is the supposed robust young boy suffering from fragile health?The construction contractors give a clue to the question.
Poor construction quality has been a frequent target of criticism and the root cause for quality problems lies in people’s insatiable desire for financial interests. How does “money” shake the foundation of buildings? To answer this question, we should examine the process for constructing buildings. When choosing construction contractors, investors and program administrators are often more concerned with candidates’ quoted prices, a predictor of the range of commercial benefits, than their qualifications, a guarantee for construction quality. The contractors, after winning the bid, may choose inferior materials for financial gains and then buy a pass for their built structures in quality checks.
The unqualified constructions typified by the collapsed building in Shanghai gravely threaten people’s life and property safety and should not be allowed to exist. Measures should be taken to ensure construction quality. For one thing, laws and regulations should be tightened to ensure that people engaged in construction process fully take their responsibilities. For another, heavy punishments should be imposed to make irresponsible people pay an unbearable price for their misconducts. (214 words)
10.交通问题：冲刺班二十大必背范文之二十
Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawings. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawings briefly,
2) explain their intended meaning, and then
3) give your comments.
The pictures vividly reveal that heavy traffic is becoming increasingly serious all over the world. In the first photo, there is traffic congestion on the road with numerous cars, trucks and buses. In the second picture, hundreds of people are waiting for a train.
We can deduce from the pictures that the photographer is trying to attract our attention to the issue ofheavy traffic. First of all, every year men and women crowd into cities in search of employment, a decent living, and the excitement and stimulation of urban life. As people in mounting numbers flood into cities, city services and facilities have been strained to a breaking point. In addition, since in a city with booming industry, land is precious and cannot be extravagantly used by traffic, traffic flows constantly rise to fill whatever scale of roads and highways are provided for them.
It is imperative for us to improve this situation. For one thing, the number of private cars should be limited while more bus routes should be opened up because buses can accommodate more passengers. For another, more streets and roads should be constructed. Since neither of the suggestions can effectively solve the problem, there is an increased awareness that the two solutions may be combined with other possible solutions to produce the best effect.
参考译文
1、
如图所示，一位老人在路边不小心跌倒了。然而，很多路人迟疑着是否要扶老人一把。见此情景，没有人愿意对事故负责。
上图让我想起最近对是否帮助突然患病或受伤的老人的激烈讨论。这样的讨论是社会的耻辱，因为帮助需要救助的人是基本的社会道德和传统美德。但是，一些提供帮助的人被错认为肇事者并被判赔经济补偿的报道不断出现后，这样的讨论确实出现了。因为这些事件，人们担心受助者，尤其是判断力较差的老年人会是非不分，帮助他们可能会有麻烦。这样的想法打消了人们帮助他人的企图，已经间接杀害了一些老人。几个月前，一位老人因为摔倒去世，因为没人敢提供帮助。
这样的悲剧不应该重演。为此，首先应该提倡帮助需要救助的老人。更重要的是，应该采取措施保护提供帮助的人的利益。只有这样我们才能保证，一方面老人获得及时的帮助，另一方面好心人不会受到损失。
2、
上述图表清晰显示了在中国汽车市场上已经发生了一些变化。根据图表中的数据，我们可以看出国产汽车的百分比持续上升，而日产汽车的销量百分比持续下降。在20##年，国产汽车的百分比接近25%，而在不到一年的时间内，上升到了接近33%。日产汽车的百分比是35%，而在20##年下降到25%。
我们不难发现导致这种趋势的一些可能的原因。首先，随着我们经济和社会的迅速发展，比起外国产品来，越来越多的人更喜欢国产品牌。据报道，大约55%的中国大城市家庭喜欢国产汽车。此外，我们必须承认政府呼吁我们支持本国企业，最后，不容忽视的事实是，国产汽车的质量越来越好。
考虑到上述讨论，我们能够得出结论：这一既有的趋势是积极的，因此可以接受。我坚信这一趋势在未来几年将得以继续。
3、
如图所示，我们可以清楚看出随着商业捕鱼的发展，鱼的数量明显下降。在一幅图中，1900年有很多种鱼，只有一艘捕鱼船。相反，在1995年，只有一条鱼，但是渔船很多。
这些图画的目的是告诉我们应该充分重视海洋资源的减少。由于过渡捕捞，鱼的数量明显下降。如果我们让这种情况听之任之，我们不知道鱼的未来在哪。到那个时候，我们的环境将遭受巨大的破坏。
因此，我们很有必要采取严厉措施。一方面，我们应该呼吁政府制定严格的法律控制商业捕鱼。另一方面，我们应该提高人们的意识：海洋资源对我们非常重要。只有这样才能保护我们的海洋资源。同时，我认为我们人类能够克服这个困难，并将拥有美好的未来。
4、
上述这组图生动描述了一朵鲜花在不同环境中的命运。如第一幅漫画所示，这朵鲜花被放在舒适的温室里，保护它免于可怕的闪电和风雨。拥有合适的温度、湿度和肥料，鲜花正在充分绽放。相反，当被搬出温室并暴露在风雨之下时，鲜花很快就凋谢枯萎了，花瓣散落一地。
首先，这些图画的目的是告诉我们温室花朵经不起风雨，然而我们应该认真对待它们所微妙传达的象征含义。这朵娇弱的鲜花自然和我们的年轻人联系起来，具体而言，就是当代社会的独生子女。温室是保护孩子免受风雨的父母溺爱和优越物质条件的缩影，而风雨就是严峻的现实。一旦年轻人开始寻求独立并且接受来自现实世界的挑战，人们发现他们已经被惯坏了，在困难面前无法足够坚强。
总之，我们很有必要从这些发人深思的图画中得出积极的含义。一方面，我们可以经常利用它们来启发年轻人在生活中更加独立。另一方面，父母们应该充满理智给孩子们更多自由来处理困难和问题。只有经历更多的挑战和磨练，年轻人才能培养强大的个性和能力，而且只有这样他们才能成为这个竞争世界中的强者。
5、
如图画中生动所示，尽管每人只有一条腿，但是两个残疾人通过团队合作正在快速奔跑。显而易见，正是合作才使得他们走南闯北成为可能。
尽管这幅图画很简单，但它向我们表达了发人深思的含义。随着经济和社会的发展，竞争日渐激烈。任何人都无法完全独立完成一份工作。因此，越来越多的人开始重视团队合作。事实上，普遍公认合作的能力是想要获得成功的任何人都应该具备的最重要的素质。
因此，我们迫切需要采取措施来提高人们的合作意识。我们应该牢记合作对于社会和自身都非常重要。每个人都应拥有合作的能力。只有这样我们才能获得成功，而且只有这样社会才能变得更加和谐。
6、
这幅漫画象征性地阐释了无论是为了自我娱乐还是适应工作的需求，很多人在一个拉伸的蜘蛛网之内网上冲浪。然而，看来相当讽刺的地方是，这幅图呈现了他们在试图互相交流的同时，却被蜘蛛网彼此隔开。毫无疑问，这个蜘蛛网作为互联网的一种象征，既连接了人们，又使他们彼此隔离。
这幅比喻并使人印象深刻的图画象征性揭示了人与互联网之间的双重关系。一方面，不可否认网络目前是用于人际交流的最高效媒介之一。作为一名大学生，我每天上网与他人在BBS上讨论新闻，通过注册网络课程来学习英语，借助MSN和我的朋友们免费聊天。但另一方面，很多人承认他们太沉迷于网络而不愿与朋友和同事保持面对面接触。一旦沉迷于这种虚幻世界，人们不愿接近他人并关注现实生活。这就是一些人丧失了直接沟通技能并与他人疏远的原因。
因此，我们很有必要以一种合理的方式使用互联网，避免过度沉迷。毕竟，人们发明互联网是为了连接你和我，为我们的生活带来方便，而非设置障碍使人彼此疏远。
7、
如图象征性所示，一只沸腾的火锅中拥有诸多多元文化元素。这些多元文化可分为毕昇、老舍、莎士比亚、爱因斯坦等国内外名人，佛、道、儒、仁、礼、启蒙、人本、后现代、解构等哲学概念，以及京剧、功夫、天鹅湖等表演艺术。文字说明显示：“文化‘火锅’，既美味又营养。”
画家的目的是告诉我们文化融合并未过时或失去价值，相反还应鼓励和保持。一方面，多元文化作为全体人类遗产的一部分，是将不同人群和社会群体融合的有力方式。因此，文化融合作为促进文化发展和保护的一种方式，已经不可或缺。另一方面，中国跟世界上其他快速发展的国家一样，年久的习俗和传统面临着消失在现代化阴影里的危险。如果京剧、功夫或天鹅湖从地球上消失，那将是不可估量的悲剧。
在我看来，如果人们能为多元文化花费时间的话，那么它就能得以保护。这对确保社会将来的繁荣和发展都至关重要。由于成功的商业努力、政府坚定不移的支持和不断增长的海外兴趣，文化融合的将来会比过去任何时候更明朗、更安全。
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当今，食品安全问题在全国范围内引起越来越多的关注。图片中展示给我们，很多人们正在仰望着各种各样的食品安全问题，例如，婴儿配方奶粉中的三聚氰胺，肯德基食品中的苏丹红，色素，致癌物质等等。总之，食品安全正面临着前所未有的巨大挑战。
食品安全指食品无毒、无害，符合应有的营养要求，对人体健康不造成任何危害。这是一个错综复杂的问题，原因是多方面的：首先最重要的因素是许多工业原材料被直接用于食品生产。以三鹿婴儿奶粉为例，生产厂家使用工业原料三聚氰胺来提高婴儿配方奶粉中的蛋白质含量，最终导致婴儿患肾结石。此外还存在其他因素，像使用有害化学杀虫剂，在食品生产过程中使用价格低廉的有害原料代替无毒害的原料，等等。
有鉴于此，确保食品安全至关重要。食品安全管理体系需要被完善；政府应该更加关注食品安全问题。此外，从长远来看，我们应该大力提倡健康食品或是绿色食品产业以确保食品安全，进而保障人民健康。
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一个新建但破败的桥正在经历重大修补。目睹了这座年轻大桥的成长，我们不禁迷惑地感叹：刚刚建好，怎么就成了豆腐渣呢？施工单位是解答这个问题的线索。
工程质量不好已经经常被批评，质量问题的根源在于人们对经济利益的无止尽的需求。钱是如何撼动建筑的根基呢？回答这个问题，我们需要检测建筑的全过程。当选择包工头时，投资方和项目管理者更关注代表利润空间的竞选者的报价，轻视作为质量保证的包工头资质。这些包工头在赢得竞价后，可能会选择劣质材料赢得经济利益，然后为他们的建筑买一个质检报告。
以上海倒塌大楼为代表的低质量建筑严重危害了人们的生命、财产安全，不能允许其存在。需要采取措施保证建筑质量。一方面，严格法律和条例确保参与建设过程的人充分履行自己的职责。另一方面，采用严厉的罚款措施使那些不负责任的人为他们的不端行为付出无法承受的代价。
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这些照片生动揭示了交通拥挤正在全世界变得日益严重。图一中，道路上交通堵塞，充满无数轿车、卡车和公交车。图二中，成百上千的人正在等一辆地铁。
我们可以从这些图片中看出：摄影师正在努力吸引我们关注交通拥挤问题。首先，每年人们涌进城市寻求就业、体面的生活以及都市生活的激动与刺激。由于越来越多的人涌进城市，城市服务与设施已经被拉张到临界点。此外，由于在工业迅速发展的城市中，土地非常稀有，不能被交通过度利用，因此无论公路和高速路修建到何种规模，车流总是不断地增加，直至挤满道路。
我们急切需要改进这种状况。首先，由于公交可以运载更多乘客，我们应该限制私车的数量，开辟更多公交线路。其次，我们应该建设更多道路。由于这两个措施都不能单独有效解决这个问题，人们越来越意识到为了达到最佳效果，我们可以把这两个措施和其他可能的措施结合起来。