新托福综合类作文之写作要求策略举例说明
一、新托福考试的写作部分两大题
包括两道试题，分别是综合写作试题部分和独立写作试题部分，两个部分需在大约50分钟的时间内完成。
综合写作试题部分：考生需要首先阅读一篇学术文章，阅读的时间是3分钟左右。然后文章隐去，这时考生需要听一段大约为1分半钟的演讲。但是考生在写作文时可以看到在放听力材料时隐去的阅读材料。考生在阅读和听录音的过程中可以做笔记来帮助答题。考生有20分钟的时间来总结听力材料中的要点，并解释这些要点与阅读材料中的要点有何关系。作文内容是根据考试所提出的问题而定的，不能由考生自由发挥。，需要考生根据自己的知识和经验陈述、解释并支持对待某一问题的某个看法。通常有效的回答应是一篇300个单词左右的作文。
独立写作试题部分：考生需30分钟的时间完成这一部分写作，与现行机考托福的写作考试或笔试托福写作考试（TWE）类似，需要考生根据自己的知识和经验陈述、解释并支持对某一问题的看法。通常有效的回答应是一篇超过300个单词的作文。考生可以自由选择材料、形式和观点等，不受题目的严格限制。本试题属于主观性题目。
二、针对新托福写作的特殊性和托福写作部分的普遍性，给考生的写作准备建议如下：
1.扩大词汇量。考生需要加强对词汇的整体掌握，主要包括熟悉单词的拼写、发音、词性变化和搭配用法。能够做到熟练进行单词的中英文切换。
2.加强英文语法知识的掌握。考生需要熟练掌握英文写作中常用的时态、语态、语气和句式。能够较熟练的运用语法知识写出通顺的语句。
3.熟悉英美文章的文章结构和英美作者的写作思路。做到可以按照英美作者的逻辑观点写出较合理的议论性文章。
4.熟悉新托福写作部分的考试特点。针对新托福写作部分的要求完成命题作文。
5.提高快速阅读能力。做到精读和泛读二者相结合。能够迅速了解文章大意；迅速找到关键词、关键句和重要的信息点。
6.提高精听和泛听的能力。能够迅速扑捉到听力段落的关键词、关键句和重要信息点；能够较完整的听懂文章的主要内容，归纳出文章的主旨大意。
7.练习能够结合读、听、写三项的能力在要求的时间范围内完成规定字数的命题作文。作文结构符合新托福写作部分的要求。
总的来说，新托福写作部分对考生的英文运用能力提出了较高的要求。有志于参加新托福考试的朋友们不但要全面提高英文的听、说、读、写能力，还要系统的了解掌握新托福的命题目的、出题形式和解题技巧。
PART ONE：综合作文写作要求策略举例说明
我们先简单摘要综合作文题的题目要求中的若干重点信息。
Read a passage about an academic topic and listen to a lecture about the same topic写作考试前，考生需要阅读一篇250单词左右的文章和听一篇相同题材类似长度的听力材料;
A question about the relation between the lecture and the reading passage考生需要书写一篇文章以说明该阅读材料和听力材料之间的关系;
Use information from the reading passage and the lecture but no personal opinion考生在写作过程中应合理的使用听力和阅读材料中的信息并不得加入个人的意见和观点; Be judged on the quality of your writing and on the completeness and accuracy of the content考生文章的优劣评判将基于其行文的质量和文章内容的完整和准确性。
从上述的题目要求中我们不难看出，综合类作文的考察要点在于总结归纳summarize和改写rewrite两个方面，所谓总结归纳的能力也就是说考察方希望考生能够在规定的时间内掌握一定长度和一定难度的阅读和听力材料中所涉及到的重点信息和论证结构;而所谓的改写能力则要求考生将两部分材料中的重点信息和论证方式用新的语言和结构系统的进行展示和归纳。因此，要想将综合类作文完整并准确的完成，考生需要提高的也即使这两个方面的能力。
PART TWO：材料信息总结归纳能力的提高方法
对于题目中给出的阅读和听力材料，特别是听力材料，考生需要再很短的时间内把握其重点信息和论证方法，这是综合写作的第一个难点。但由于涉及的题材都是一些学术的文章和报道，所以在归纳方面还是有一定的规律可循，考生如能掌握以下的重点并多加练习，必能攻破这一难关。
首先，阅读的部分往往来源于一些学术类的文章，因此其内容和结构往往都有很好的逻辑性和完整性，往往文章的首句会提出文章的谈论背景和对象，并紧跟其后提出文章的主题，而接下来的文字则会围绕这个主题展开一些细节性的话题。同时，文章的最后一段也会有重点的观点和信息，也是考生重点要把握的部分。而在段落中间，一般情况下，学术类文章采取归纳式(先进行论证或举例子后总结观点)和讨论式(以主题句开头后面进行论证)的模式，同时考生应该要多注意表示转折，因果关系和总结性的连接词，把握了这一些内容，对于考生掌握阅读材料的重点信息和结构有很大的帮助。
其次对于听力材料，这是综合类写作过程中的难点，但考生在已经理解了阅读材料的基础上，对于听力材料的主题就已经有了一定的把握，因此考生需要将听力的重点放在判断听力文章的观点和阅读文章的观点的比较上，是互相支持还是互相对立，支持或对立的观点分别用哪些论证手段还实例来证明。但是，由于听力材料不会再次出现因此考生一定要在听力过程中过好笔记，记住关键性的句子和词语，为此建议考生平时多做相关听力资料的听取和笔记练习。
PART THREE：综合作文的行文结构
在总结了听力和阅读材料的重点信息之后，如何能够将其相关性清晰并准确的表达出来，则是综合类作文写作成功的第二步，这里就涉及到如何能够使用具有较强逻辑性和完整
的文章结构，对此建议考生可以自己制定相关的写作思维模板，将文章如何分段并每一段具体表达哪些信息固定下来，并反复练习，这样既可以保证文章的质量又可以在实际的考试过程中节约构思和思考的时间。
而在构建写作思维模板的时候，考生可以从以下几个方面去考虑：
第一段需要将听力和阅读材料的核心内容展示出来并点明两者观点是否相互支持抑或者相互对立;
第二段也即是主体段落可以分为几个小段，分别从各个不同的角度总结并得出两篇文字材料相互支持或者对立的证据;
最后一段结尾段可总结一下主要的论证对象并重申两份材料对于该论证对象的主要看法，在这一段构思过程中一定要注意，切忌加入自己对这一问题的看法和观点。
对于一些固定的表达，如“听力材料就某某问题主要从某个角度展开了论证”、“首先，对于阅读材料中提出的某某观点，在听力材料中用反例的方法提出了质疑”、“最后，对于阅读材料中的某一观点，听力材料通过几个方面的细化进行了支持性的论证”等等在写作过程中必用的表达，考生应该事先就做好准备，而不应该在考试时才去匆忙思考。 PART FOUR：改写能力的提高方法
谈到综合类写作过程中的改写问题，主要有两个方面，单词的同义词改写和句子的语法结构以及同义表达改写，单词的改写包括同义词改写，词性改写，而句子的改写包括关系词连接词的改写，词序的改写和分词的使用等等。
对于这个部分的练习，需要考生在平时阅读英文文章的时候，就多进行相关的总结和练习。向考生推荐平时在做阅读和听力练习的时候，就可以关注材料和题目的相对信息，往往就是十分地道的改写方式，非常值得参考和借鉴。
由此可见，通过以上四个部分的练习和总结，考生必定能够在综合类作文的考核中顺利获得满意的成绩。
在阅读和听力过程中，考生都能得到一张草稿纸供记笔记使用。事实上，合理高效的笔记方法确实是在最后“写”的过程中能否写的全面，写的正确的最关键因素之一。但是，记笔记是有技巧的。一般来说，阅读文章会有一个中心思想和由此中心思想延伸出的三个“点”。而这三个点，又是考生将会在之后的听力中听到的将会被支持或者驳斥的。但是在阅读文章中的三个点，有时是出现在段落第一句，有时是隐藏在文章内容中，需要考生迅速作出判断，将这三个点尽快提炼出来。而备考技巧充分的考生，将懂得如何在稍后的听力笔记中将讲话者如何支持或驳斥的这三个点的笔记结合在阅读笔记中，在提笔开始写之前，已经搭建好了文章的框架，而不用额外的时间再去打写作文章的草稿。因此，专家在此可以毫不夸张的说，决定考生综合写作命运的，记笔记是至关重要的第一步。
在以往的官方指南中，都不曾明确指出阅读和听力各有三个点。但是，改革后近四年的考试中，不仅出现的都是三个点，以听力中的点驳斥阅读中的点为主要考点。这样一来，备考时间有限的考生将更加明确综合写作的备考方向。三个点在阅读中用三个段落进行标示，而在听力的语段中则有各种不同的连接手法来表现这三个点，因此，专家建议考生要熟悉各类表并列，递进，列举等的连接手法，以确定自己能够将听力中的三点找出来。正确找到阅读和
听力语段中的三个点，并且表达他们之间的关系是能否在综合写作中得到高分的关键。如果这点没有做到，语法再严丝合缝，词藻再华丽，也无法获得令人满意的分数。
综合写作要求考生描写的，都是基于阅读和听力语段信息的内容，考生不能将自己的观点加入其中，否则将会因为不符合考试要求而被扣分。
专家特别提示考生，“综合考试”的考试方法在各类海外语言类考试中都比较少见，要求考生在听、读、写三方面的综合语言实力。但是考生一般对提炼信息的环节都比较弱，尤其是在考试时间短的情况下，更是会手忙脚乱，导致最后信息表达的错误。因此需要找到适合自己的高效记笔记的方法。
托福满分魔板填空法练习
各个大学的BBS上广为流传着“作文魔板”这个名词，没有自己体会过用套路写作的人其实根本不可能理解到这其中的奥秘，因为有的人说背“魔板”是不可能得到高分的，而另一些人却说不背“魔板”得到的高分是没有“性价比”的。实际上，就我个人而言，我认为魔板的背诵是非常必要的，但绝对不是能是盲目的！
大家都知道，我们中国人其实在英语的听说读写四个环节上最薄弱的就是输出的两个能力：说和写；而最强的就是输入的两个能力：读和听。而如果我们想在出国的道路上成为佼佼者，那么在保持传统强项的同时是否应该特别加强一下我们的口语和写作能力呢？
而根据我考TSE(TEST OF SPOKEN ENGLISH)的经验，其实口语考试分数的高低(注意这里仅仅是指考试分数)几乎完全取决于你到底背了多少段落。因为口语的TOPIC是覆盖面非常广泛的：教育、文化、历史、生物、科技、艺术等等，所以这就从客观上决定了考生必须背大量的段落，而实际上背的过程中也就是把不涉及过于具体内容的话背下来，到考试的时候再把听到或看到题目要求的具体内容往里面加。一定要注意是从背具体的段落到提炼抽象的魔板最后再回到具体的段落：
·具体
·抽象
·具体
下面我就分别以新TOFEL的综合部分和GRE/GMAT作文的“阿狗”部分为例分别给大家分享一下我个人对于满分的一些理解。
TOEFL iBT
其实新托福加了综合部分以后，我个人认为是降低了难度。因为原来老托福的作文作为新托福作文的独立部分并没有什么太大的改变，而且大家都知道作文水平的提高不是一朝一夕的事情，那么我刚才说的不能盲目就是指大家不能在这个需要体现真正写作水平的部分去背段落，因为这个是会被认为是舞弊行为的。那么在综合、独立各占15分的时候，我们如果能把握住任何一个部分的高分实际上平均下来的分数就不会低。而综合部分由于是先读一
篇文章，再听一段录音，然后让我们谈文章与录音的相互关系，而不用发表自己的观点这一题目本身的客观要求就决定了它是可以背由固定标准语句组成的“魔板”的。这正如研究生入学考试英语写作的小作文和雅思写作的小作文一样是有固定套路的。比如录音讲座要么就是质疑或者反驳了阅读段落；要么就是支持或者加强了阅读段落，所以只需要把相关描述质疑或者反驳与描述支持或者加强的固定语句背下来就可以得到一个相对较高的分数，如果考生同时又把相关要点表达准确和清楚了的话，那么满分是完全可能的。当综合部分有15分在手的时候，独立部分只要及格那么就能至少获得24分的作文高分！
比如以下两个“魔板“是分别描述质疑或者反驳以及支持或者加强的：
Integrated Writing Task
How the Integrated Writing Task is phrased:
If the lecture challenges the information in the reading passage, the writing task will usually be phrased in one of the following ways:
?Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt on specific points made in the reading passage.
?Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they challenge specific claims/arguments made in the reading passage.
?Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to specifically explain how they answer the problems raised in the reading passage.
Showing Challenge
In the lecture, the professor made several points about______________. The professor argues that__________________.
However, the reading contends that________________.
The professor’s lecture casts doubts on the reading by using a number of points that are contrary to___________________________.
The first point that the professor uses to cast doubt on the reading is that_________________.
According to the professor,________________________________.
_______________ differs from the reading in that the reading states _______________________________.
The point made by the professor casts doubt on the reading
because_______________________.
Another point that the professor uses to casts doubt on the reading is ___________________________________.
The professor claims that______________________________________.
However, the reading states _____________________________________.
This point is contradicted by_____________________________________. Finally, the professor stated that, on the contrary of the reading, _____________________________________.
In other words,______________________________________.
This directly contradicts what the reading passage indicates,
because___________________________.
In conclusion, the points made in the lecture contradict the reading.
_________________and_______________ demonstrate that ___________is in doubt.
If the lecture supports or strengthens the information in the reading passage, the writing task will usually be phrased in one of the following ways:
?Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to specifically explain how they support the explanations in the reading passage.
?Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to specifically explain how they strengthen specific points made in the reading passage.
Showing support
In the lecture, the professor made several points about_______________. The professor argues that______________________________.
The points made by the professor agree with________________.
In fact, the examples used by the professor support_________________. The first point that the professor uses to support the reading is
that_______________________.
According to the professor,_____________________________.
_______________________supports the reading, which holds
that_______________________.
The point made by the professor supports the reading
because_____________________.
Furthermore, the professor bolsters the reading by stating that_______________. The professor claims that_________________________________.
This point agrees with the reading, which contends that______________. __________________ shows the truth of the reading because___________. Finally, the professor stated that, in support of the reading,
______________________________.
Specifically,__________________________________________.
This perfectly reinforced what the reading passage indicates,
because___________________________.
In conclusion, the points made in the lecture support the reading.
________________ and ________________________demonstrate that
________________________is invalid.
接下来，我将以如下例子来告诉大家如果提炼“魔板”：
Getting the Templates
The first point the professor makes that casts doubt on the reading is his point about the behavior of stags. The professor shows how the actions of animal can be interpreted in different ways. For example, some people interpret the stag’s actions as being for the “good of the species,” but the professor shows that the stag is actually acting in self-interest. This casts doubt on the reading because it appears that the crickets’ behavior can be interpreted as helping only individual crickets and not the group as a whole. The professor then talks about the results of the experiment, which seems to indicate the crickets are acting only in self-interest.
Another point the professor makes that casts doubt on the reading is his point about the intelligence of animals and insects. As he states, it would seem to require a lot of intelligence to evaluate how a behavior will affect an entire species. This makes the explanation in the reading seem less likely; a cricket is probably unable to think of the consequences of its actions. It is more likely that the cricket is only acting out of self-preservation, as the professor indicates.
The first point the professor makes that casts doubt on the reading is his point about__________________________________.
The professor shows that_____________________________________.
For example, ______________________________, but the professor shows that_______________________________________.
This casts doubt on the reading because it appears
that_________________________________.
The professor then talks about_________________________, which seems to indicate that___________________________.
Another point the professor makes that casts doubt on the reading is his point about__________________________________.
As he states, it would seem to___________________________.
This makes the explanation in the reading seem less
likely;_____________________________________.
It is more likely that________________________, ad the professor indicates. 实际上，大家从上面这个例子就可以发现“魔板”的提取过程就是这样的：
·先认真读完一篇满分范文
·再用笔划掉其中涉及题目具体内容的部分
·最后把余下来的部分抄写下来即可
但“魔板”做出来后只是做了一小半工作，大家还必须学会如何往里面填空，实际上最简单的方法就是看着题目把具体内容自己填进去，然后跟范文对比，找出填空的精华技巧所
在，因为在后半部分的GRE/GMAT中我还会详细讲解，所以这里只是先告诉大家这样一个简单方法。
大家如果想在今后新托福的考试中作文部分有所突破，那么就应该按照我这个提炼“魔板”的方法，去至少提炼20篇左右的满分范文，再加以有机排列组合成自己独特的考试“魔板”，最后进行集中填空，那么新托福作文25分将不再是神话。
文章最后我就用这2道ARGUMENT真题来让大家体会一下如何填空，由于篇幅有限，所以我直接给出了答案，希望大家在自己练习“满分魔板填空法”的时候先自己按照这两道真题题目本身进行填空，再对照我的标准答案，只有这样才能够体会到“满分魔板填空法”的精髓所在。
例题一：The following appeared in a memo from the mayor of the town of Hopewell. “Two years ago, the town of Ocean View built a new municipal golf course and restore hotel. During the past two years, tourism in Ocean View has increased, new businesses have opened there, and Ocean View’s tax revenues have risen by 30 percent. The best way to improve Hopewell’s economy, and generate additional tax revenues, is to build a golf course and restore hotel similar to those in Ocean View. 题目结论：末句。
1. 在两个事物之间进行的弱类比——错误类比(False analogy)/不全面比较或有选择比较(incomplete comparison or selected comparison)
题目通过与类似事物的比较得出关于某一事物的结论(城市、学校、公司)但表层的共性并不能否定更深层次的差异。/比较两个事物时，只比较少数几个方面，或只比较对自己的观点有利的方面，同时忽略或压制其他重要方面。
关键判断词：Similar
改错模板：The argument relies on what might be a false analogy between OV and H. In order for a new municipal golf course and restore hotel in OV to serve as models which H should emulate, the major must assume that all the relevant circumstances involving the general and initial economy are essentially the same. However this assumption is unwarranted. For example, the argument overlooks the possibility that the increase of OV’s tax revenues was motivated by other factors/concerns besides the new building in OV. Perhaps those in power changed some policies regarding OV’s tax revenues. As for 30 percent, perhaps the starting point is very low. Or perhaps the improvement of OV’s tax revenues is only because a dominant geographical location in OV.
2.混淆因果关系和相关性(两个现象一起发生)和时间的先后次序(一个现象在另一个现象之后发生)。
关键判断词：Two years ago/during the past two years
改错模板：The argument is based on a known correlation between building a new municipal golf course accompanied by a restore hotel and the enhancement of OV’s
tax revenues, that the latter is attributable, at least partly, to the former. Yet the correlation alone amounts to scant evidence of the claimed cause-and–effect relationship. Perhaps the growth of OV’s tax revenues can be caused by other factors as well, which are absent in these particular states but present in all the others. Moreover, the argument overlooks the fact that two years doesn’t mean forever. The arguer has not accounted for the possibility that the geographical and demographic differences might even lead to opposite result. If this is the case, then the conclusion that H should follow the example of OV would lack any merits whatsoever.
3.认为所有事物是恒定的
关键判断词：Two years ago/during the past two years
改错模板：The arguer’s claim unfairly infers form OV’s comparatively promotion of tax revenues in the past that H should copy/indiscriminately imitate. Absent evidence to support this inference, it is just as likely that the global economy had been gliding. For that matter, perhaps the OV’s experience would contribute less to H or even nothing. Any of these assumptions, if true, would serve to undermine the claim that H should do the same thing as OV.
例题二：Now is the time to invest in a PLG franchise so that you can profit from opening one of our gyms in your town. Consider the current trend: PLG is already popular among customers in 500 locations, and national surveys indicate increasing concern with weight loss and physical fitness. Furthermore, last year’s sales of books and magazines on personal health totaled more than $50 million and purchases of home exercise equipment almost doubled. Investing now in a PLG franchise will guarantee a quick profit.
题目结论：末句。
1.整体特征不一定适合于群体中的每个个体；同样，局部特征也不能表明整体特征。 关键判断词：your town，500 locations
改错模板：The argument assumes that the general trend that PLG is already popular among customers infers the trend in specific regions upon which the argument relies. Yet, the brochure fails to offer any evidence to substantiate this crucial assumption. Absent such evidence, it is just likely that PLG may not be so popular in the proposed town as it in the 500 locations; for that matter, perhaps in the mentioned region the people’s hobbies are just on the contrary, in which event the arguer’s recommendation would amount to especially poor advice.
2.急于概括：在证据不足的情况下作出普遍的概括
/因果关系简单化：忽略了因果关系的复杂性：一因到多果/多因合一果
/错误的两难处境：把复杂的问题简化为非此即彼的两种选择
改错模板：The recommendation depends on the assumption that no alternative means of influencing people’s concern on personal health are available. Yet no evidence
is offered to substantiate this assumption. Admittedly, the last year’s sales of books, magazines and home exercise equipment are some evidence that could ensure a quick profit in some sense. However, it is entirely possible that other relevant factors might result in no profit at all. Perhaps a much quicker profit should result from investing in another program. Without considering and ruling out these and other alternative means of reducing profit, the arguer cannot confidently conclude that PLG franchise is a wise investment.
3.数据类问题(survey/study/poll)
(1) What procedure is used?
调查的结果是否具有代表性(representative)，是否遵循了随机性原则(the principal of random )：全体成员有同样的机会(the same opportunity)被抽到不能事先把一部分成员排除在外。
(2) How large was the sample?
抽样调查必须保证从调查对象的总体(the whole)中抽取足够大(adequate/sufficient)的样本，否则，调查的结果就缺少可信度(credibility)。
(3)Are the statistics misleadingly vague?
调查过程与结果的叙述应该使用明确的数字，如：具体的数字、比例或百分比。而不要模糊如：many, majority,以及不知道底数的百分比。
(4)Are the statistics complete?
作者只提供了部分相关数据
(5)Are the statistics important?
数据与作者试图证明的假设之间没有必然的联系
(6)When was the survey conducted?
调查的时间可能影响结果的代表性如：人们在选举前对政治新闻的兴趣可能变大，中国CCTV-5对NBA 火箭队的兴趣等
关键判断词：National surveys
(样本不具备代表性)改错模板：(1) One problem with the argument involves the cited statistics about sales of books and magazines. It is unreasonable to draw any conclusions about their sales in the future based on statistics regarding last year’s. Depending on the total number of books and magazines, it is entirely possible that those on personal health are not representative of the whole. For example, perhaps the sales regarding sports totaled more than $50 billion. If so, then the arguer’s recommendation might amount to poor advice for us.
(收集数据过程有误)改错模板：(2)The survey methodology might be problematic in two aspects. First, we are not informed whether the survey required that respondents choose their concern between alternatives. If it did, then the results might distort the preferences of respondents, who might very well prefer a certain one not provided in the survey. Secondly, we are not informed whether survey responses were anonymous,
or even confidential. If they were not, the respondents might have provided responses that they believed those in power would approve of, regardless of whether the responses were truthful. In either event, the survey results would be unreliable for the purpose of drawing any conclusions about people’s real increasing inclination.
托福考试应试写作部分四大必杀技
很多初次接触考试的学生总是非常担心写作的综合写作部分，也就是我们说的小作文。他们常提出这样的疑问：“怎么考得这么变态啊？读了又听再写！”其实大家完全不必为此如此焦虑，等看完下面的文章，读完下面的四大必杀技，我相信你一定会豁然开朗！
首先，summarize，也就是概括阅读和听力文章的主要内容和各三个分论点。 这其实就是Introduction要写的内容，掌握了概括，第一段就不成问题咯！
其次，Paraphrase，也就是改写。掌握好了改写句子，你写起文章来将会感觉到如鱼得水，游刃有余。改写其实主要有下面的两种方法：
第一，使用不同的词汇
a.使用同义词，比如以下的一些写作高频词汇的同义词，你一定要掌握，出现的尤为频繁。
important→essential, crucial, vital, significant,
think→claim, believe, consider, deem, figure out
nowadays→currently, at present, now, recently, in recent years, these days b.改变词性，这是一种稍微难一些的方法，要求你的语法基础非常好，你才能灵活自如的运用。
n. → v.
Eg：When we look at a comparison between A and B?
When we compare A and B?
Adj. → n.
There are a variety of solutions to the problem.
There are various solutions to the problem.
c. 使用不同的承接词。承接词在文章当中的使用相当频繁，不仅是段落和段落的连接，还包括句子和句子的连接。背住一些常用的承接词比你的改写将会有极大的作用。 because of → due to, owing to, because, as, since, for
but → however, nevertheless, nonetheless, whereas
so → therefore, hence, thus, consequently
d.形容词的逆向表达。在某些形容词上进行修改，会达到非比寻常的效果。
Eg: not as easy as?→more difficult than?
Not uncommon→common
The cheapest → the least expensive
第二，使用不同的句型
a. 改变词序。这是非常简单的一种方法，完全不用动脑筋就可以进行改写。常常将句子中的状语（包括状语从句）换位置。
Eg: For many years, people have believed ?.
→People believed? for many years.
After this programs has been solved, work on ? can continue.
b. 主动语态和被动语态的互相替换Eg: Trained scientists performed this research.
→This research was performed by trained scientists.
c. 使用“there be” 句型，可以将一个简单句，马上变成一个加入定语从句或者分词的复杂句。Eg: Several computer programs can be used to solve this problem.
→There are several computer programs that can be used to solve this problem.或There are several computer programs used to solve this problem.
d. 定语从句，分词和插入语的互相替换
Eg: Study?, conducted by sociologists in 2004, shows that?
→Study?, which was conducted by sociologists in 2004, shows that? Eg: This?, which is one of the most powerful ? in the world, has? →This?, one of the most powerful? in the world, has?
接下来，Cite，即引用。综合写作乃客观写作，只是一个旁观者的角度对这两篇文章的内容进行描述，因此，某观点是出自哪篇文章一定要说清楚。所以，下面的这些句型在综合写作中必不可缺。
a.According to+noun.
Eg: According to the passage/lecture/author/professor,?
b.Subject+verbs of reporting +that clause
Eg: The author
tells/reports/suggests/explains/says/argues/states/indicates/claims/points out/thinks/believes that?
或The speaker agrees/disagrees/rejects/disputes/challenges/takes a different view?.
c. As is indicated/displayed/illustrated in the passage/lecture,...
最后，Synthesize，也就是连接。具体来讲，就是承接词的使用是相当重要的，将文章当中的重要信息连接起来，体现作者对于两篇文章的理解正确，说明作者的思路清楚。由于综合写作是对两篇文章的比较，所以下面表对比和递进的承接词使用的最频繁。
a.Transitional words showing contrast: however, on the other hand, in contrast, on the contrary
b.Transitional words showing addition: moreover, furthermore, in addition, besides, as well
现在，是不是感觉清晰很多了呢？也没有那么惧怕综合写作了呢？我相信，只要你掌握了上述四大技巧，综合写作对你来说将不再是个难以跨越的关口。
十大经典句型博得新托福综合写作高分
内容提要：不论是雅思还是IBT的写作部分，评分标准中非常重要的一项就是句型结构，要求句型结构做到丰富多变。那到底什么样的句型才是高分句型呢? 怎样才能做到句型丰富呢?通过不断地归纳和总结，将下面这十种高分句型介绍给大家。不需要你全部都用上，因为只要用上几种就足以使你的写作成绩提高一个甚至几个档次！
第一， 定语从句。
这应该算是写作中最常用的一种句型之一。适当地运用定语从句可以给你的文章增色不少。
例如，下面的这两个句子用上定语从句马上就变成了一个漂亮的复杂句。
Bad books contain evil thoughts. In them, there might be much description about violence, superstition, and sex. source:veduchina
→ Bad books, in which there might be much description about violence, superstition, and sex, contain evil thoughts.
第二， 状语从句。
在写作当中运用的最多的是以下五种状语从句，即原因状语从句，让步状语从句，条件状语从句，时间状语从句和目的状语从句。
1. 原因状语从句：常由because, as, since和for引导
Eg: Nonetheless, I am still in favor of space travel, for its merits far outweigh demerits.
尽管如此，我还是赞成太空探险，因为它的好处远远大于坏处。
2. 让步状语从句：常由although, though, even though/ if, as long as和notwithstanding引导
Eg: Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.
尽管这一观点被广泛接受，很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点、任何年龄进行。
3. 条件状语从句：常由if, on the condition that和providing that引导
Eg: If you want to achieve something or intend to fulfill one of your ambitions, you must work hard, make efforts and get prepared. source:veduchina
假如你要取得成就或要实现你的雄心壮志，你必须努力工作、艰苦奋斗、准备好条件。
4. 时间状语从句：常由when和while引导
Eg: When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.
说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。
5. 目的状语从句: 常由so that和in order that引导
Eg: Millions of people have to spend more time and energy on studying new skills and technology so that they can keep a favorable position in job market.
成千上万的人们不得不花费更多的精力和时间学习新的技术和知识，使得他们在就业市场能保持优势。
第三， 宾语从句。
Eg: Some people claim that government should be mainly responsible for the environmental pollution.
一些人认为政府应对环境污染负主要责任。
Eg: Many experts point out that, along with the development of modern society, it is an inevitable result and there is no way to avoid it. source:veduchina 许多专家指出这是现代社会发展必然的结果，无法避免。
第四， 同位语从句。
Eg: It is an undeniable fact that environmental pollution becomes increasingly serious.环境污染变得越来越严重是不可否认的事实。
Eg: No one can deny the basic fact that it is impossible for average workers to master those high-technology skills easily.
没有人能否认这一基本事实：对于一般工人来讲，轻松掌握这些技术是不可能的。
第五，主语从句。
Eg: What has caught our attention is /It is noticeable that the environment in both the rural and urban areas is deteriorating.
值得注意的是农村和城市的生态环境都在不断恶化。
Eg: It is universally acknowledged that environmental pollution becomes one of the most serious problems in China or even the world as a whole. source:veduchina 众所周知，环境污染问题是中国乃至世界面临的最为严重的问题之一。
第六，强调句: It is + 被强调的内容 + that
Eg: It is cars and factories that release a great deal of gases, polluting the environment.
汽车和工厂排放大量的废气，使得环境被污染。
第七，倒装句。
Eg: Only if the government will take some appropriate measures, will this intractable problem be tackled.
只有政府采取适当的措施，这个棘手的问题才能被解决。
第八，被动语态。
Eg: Every means should be tried to protect the environment on which people live. 人们应竭尽全力来保护我们赖以生存的环境。
第九， 分词结构：包括现在分词和过去分词。
Eg: Tourism, which is a rising industry, has become the major source of economy, playing crucial role in many Asian countries. source:veduchina
旅游业是一个新兴的行业，它成为经济的主要来源, 在很多东南亚国家起着尤为重要的作用。
Eg: To be more specific, government should stage some relevant laws or
regulations to severely punish the factory producing a great number of pollutants and the people littering or spitting deliberately.
具体来说，政府应该出台相关法律法规对制造大量污染物的工厂及故意乱扔垃圾随地吐痰的人进行严惩。
第十，插入语。
一种独立成分,与句子的其它成分一般没有语法上的关系,大都是对一句话作一些附加说明或解释。它通常由一个词、一个短语或一个句子构成,位置较为灵活,可置于句首、句中或句末,一般用逗号或破折号与句子隔开。
Eg: Computer, an indispensable part in our life, has brought us great conveniences.
电脑，我们生活中必不可少的一部分，给我们带来了极大的方便。
Eg: College students, lacking social experience, are easily cheated. 大学生，没有社会经验，容易上当受骗。
结语：有了这十大句型，写作还有什么可怕的呢?只要你多多练习，熟练掌握这些句型并灵活运用到写作中去，想要在雅思或托福写作部分得到一个比较满意的分数将不再是一个遥不可及的梦想。行动起来吧!