学术论文写作格式

学术论文写作格式（标题1、小二号字居中）

作者姓名（黑体五号字居中）

作者单位( 学校 所在系名 城市 邮编)（宋体五号字居中） 摘要（Abstract黑体五号）：本文介绍了学术论文各部分的写作要求与写作方法，以及学术交流会议上通用论文规范格式，初学者可按照本文所提供格式撰写论文。（楷体五号字）

关键词（Key words黑体五号）：学术论文；规范格式；写作要求（楷体五号字）

中图分类号（CLC number黑体五号）：O121.8;G558（楷体五号字） 0 引言（Introduction一级标题黑体小四号）

引言又称前言，属于整篇论文的引论部分。其写作内容包括：研究的理由、目的、背景、前人的工作和知识空白，理论依据和实验基础，预期的结果及其在相关领域里的地位、作用和意义。

引言的文字不可冗长，内容选择不必过于分散、琐碎，措词要精炼，要吸引读者读下去。引言的篇幅大小，并无硬性的统一规定，需视整篇论文篇幅的大小及论文内容的需要来确定，长的可达700~800字或1000字左右，短的可不到100字。

1 题名（Title,Topic一级标题黑体小四号）

题名又称题目或标题。题名是以最恰当、最简明的词语反映论文中最重要的特定内容的逻辑组合。论文题目是一篇论文给出的涉及论文范

围与水平的第一个重要信息，也是必须考虑到有助于选定关键词不达意和编制题录、索引等二次文献可以提供检索的特定实用信息。

1．1主标题（Quot二级标题宋体五号字）

论文的主标题十分重要，必须用心斟酌选定。有人描述其重要性，用了下面的一句话：“论文题目是文章的一半”。对论文题目的要求是：准确得体，简短精炼；外延和内涵恰如其分，醒目。对这两方面的要求分述如下。

1．1．1准确得体，简短精炼（三级标题宋体五号）

要求论文题目能准确表达论文内容，恰当反映所研究的范围和深度。

常见毛病是：过于笼统，题不扣文。如：“不等式的应用”过于笼统，若改为针对研究的具体对象来命题。效果会好得多，例如“贝塞耳不等式的应用”，这样的题名就要贴切得多。再如：“中值定理在证明一类不等式中的应用”这样的论文题目不准确，题名中值定理是哪一个？，令人费解，何类不等式？请教不得而知，这就叫题目含混不清，解决的办法就是要站在读者的角度，清晰地点示出论文研究的内容。假如上面的题目中，指的是微分中值定理，何类不等式可放在内文中说明，不必写在标题中，标题中只需反映运用微分中值定理这一事实即可。可参考的修改方案为：“巧用微分中值定理”。

关键问题在于题目要紧扣论文内容，或论文内容与论文题目要互相匹配、紧扣，即题要扣文，文也要扣题。这是撰写论文的基本准则。

力求题目的字数要少，用词需要精选。至于多少字才算是合乎要求，并无统一的硬性规定，一般希望一篇论文题目不要超出20个字，不过，不能由于一味追求字数少而影响题目对内容的恰当反映，在遇到两者确有矛盾时，宁可多用几个字也要力求表达明确。

1．1．2外延和内涵恰如其分，醒目（三级标题宋体五号）

“外延”和“内涵”属于形式逻辑中的概念。所谓外延，是指一个概念所反映的每一个对象；而所谓内涵，则是指对每一个概念对象特有属性的反映。

命题时，若不考虑逻辑上有关外延和内涵的恰当运用，则有可能出现谬误，至少是不当。如：对农村合理的人、畜、机动力的组合设计这一标题即存在逻辑上的错误。题名中的人，其外延可能是青壮年，也可以是指婴儿、幼儿或老人，因为后者也是主标题“人”，然而却不是具有劳动能力的人，显然不属于命题所指，所以泛用“人”，其外延不当。同理，“畜”可以指牛，但也可以指羊和猪，试问，哪里见到过用羊和猪来犁田拉磨的呢？所以也属于外延不当的错误。若使用“劳力”与“畜力”，就不会分别误解成那些不具有劳动能力和不能使役的对象。 论文题目虽然居于首先映入读者眼帘的醒目位置，但仍然存在题目是否醒目的问题，因为题目所用字句及其所表现的内容是否醒目，其产生的效果是相距甚远的

1．2副标题（二级标题宋体五号字）

若简短题名不足以显示论文内容或反映出属于系列研究的性质，则可利用正、副标题的方法解决，以加副标题来补充说明特定的实验材料，

方法及内容等信息，使标题成为既充实准确又不流于笼统和一般化。如?（主标题）一类几何曲线特性--（副标题）用数学软件模拟几何曲线的滑移特性。

2 摘要（Abstract一级标题黑体小四号）

论文一般应有摘要，有些为了国际交流，还有外文（多用英文）摘要。它是论文内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述。其他用是不阅读论文全文即能获得必要的信息。

摘要应包含以下内容：①从事这一研究的目的和重要性；②研究的主要内容，指明完成了哪些工作；③获得的基本结论和研究成果，突出论文的新见解；④结论或结果的意义。

论文摘要虽然要反映以上内容，但文字必须十分简炼，内容亦需充分概括，篇幅大小一般限制其字数不超过论文字数的5%。例如，对于6000字的一篇论文，其摘要一般不超出300字。

论文摘要不要列举例证，不讲研究过程，不用图表，不用夸张，也不要作自我评价。撰写论文摘要的常见毛病，一是照搬论文正文中的小标题（目录）或论文结论部分的文字；二是内容不浓缩、不概括，文字篇幅过长。

3 关键词（Key words一级标题黑体小四号）

关键词属于主题词中的一类。主题词除关键词外，还包含有单元词、标题词的叙词。

主题词是用来描述文献资料主题和给出检索文献资料的一种新型

的情报检索语言词汇，正是由于它的出现和发展，才使得情报检索计算机化（计算机检索）成为可能。主题词是指以概念的特性关系来区分事物，用自然语言来表达，并且具有组配功能，用以准确显示词与词之间的语义概念关系的动态性的词或词组。

例如：主题词之一“微积分应用”。它具有概念的特性，说明它不是别的，而是微积分的应用，采用的是自然语言词汇。

关键词是标示文献关建主题内容，但未经规范处理的主题词。如，“最值”（其规范的主题词可是“最大值”）。关键词是为了文献标引工作，从论文中选取出来，用以表示全文主要内容信息款目的单词或术语。一篇论文可选取3~8个词作为关键词

关键词或主题词的一般选择方法是：由作者在完成论文写作后，纵观全文，先出能表示论文主要内容的信息或词汇，这些住处或词江，可以从论文标题中去找和选，也可以从论文内容中去找和选。例如上例，关键词选用了6个，其中前三个就是从论文标题中选出的，而后三个却是从论文内容中选取出来的。后三个关键词的选取，补充了论文标题所未能表示出的主要内容信息，也提高了所涉及的概念深度。

关键词与主题词的运用，主要是为了适应计算机检索的需要，以及适应国际计算机联机检索的需要。一个刊物增加“关键词”这一项，就为该刊物提高“引用率”、增加“知名度”开辟了一个新的途径。

4 正文格式（Main body一级标题黑体小四号）

论文正文宽为18cm，高为23cm。可将页面设置A4即21cm×29.7cm，页边距：上2.8cm、下3.9cm、左1.8cm、右1.2cm。排版采用双栏。

正文是一篇论文的本论，属于论文的主体，它占据论文的最大篇幅。论文所体现的创造性成果或新的研究结果，都将在这一部分得到充分的反映。因此，要求这一部分内容充实，论据充分、可靠，论证有力，主题明确。为了满足这一系列要求，同时也为了做到层次分明、脉络清晰，常常将正文部分人成几个大的段落。这些段落即所谓逻辑段，一个逻辑段可包含几个自然段。每一逻辑段落可冠以适当标题（分标题或小标题）。

段落和划分，应视论文性质与内容而定。一般常见的划分方式有：①问题提出/问题分析。②解决方法/主要结果定理/结果比较与分析。 根据论文内容的需要，还可以灵活地采用其它的段落划分方案，但就一般性情况而言，大体上应包含问题部分和理论分析部分的内容。“主要结果论证”这一部分是论文的关键部分。有人曾说：“没有论证结果的论文必脏”，这并不为过，论文的新意主要在这里体现。

如果标题定为结果和讨论，对于讨论（或分析）这一部分与其它部分相比，则更难以确定所应写的内容，通常也是最难写的一部分。写得好的讨论（或分析）具有以下几个主要特征：①要设法提出结果一节中证明的原理、相互关系以及归纳性的解释，但只对结果进行论述，而不应进行重述。②要能指出你的结果和解释与以前发表的著作相一致或不一致的地方。③要论述你的研究工作的理论含义以及实际应用的各种可能性。④要能指出任何的例外情况或相互关系中有问题的地方，并且应明确提出尚未解决的问题及解决的方向。

由于学术论文的选题和内容性质差别较大，其分段及其写法均不能

作硬性的统一规定，但必须实事求是，客观直切，准确完备，合乎逻辑，层次分明，简练可读。

5 参考文献说明（Reference一级标题黑体小四号）

在学术论文后一般应列出参考文献（表），其目的有三，即：①为了能反映出真实的科学依据；②为了体现严肃的科学态度，分清是自己的观点或成果还是别人的观点或成果；③为了对前人的科学成果表示尊重，同时也是为了指明引用资料出处，便于检索。撰写学术论文过程中，可能引用了很多篇文献，是否需要全部列出？回答是否定的。事实上，只需要将引用的最重要和最关键的那些文献资料列出即可。 论文的参考文献部分可按照如下标准书写。

参考文献 （黑体五号居中）

[连续出版物] 作者. 文题[J]. 刊名，年，卷(期)：起止页码-终止页码.

[专著] 作者. 书名[M]. 出版地：出版者，出版年.

[论文集] 作者. 文题[A]. 编者. 文集[C]. 出版地：出版者，出版年. 起止页码-终止页码.

[专利] 申请者. 专利名[P]. 国名及专利号，发布日期.

[在线文献] 作者. 文题[EB/OL]. http://?, 日期.

示例如：

[1]彭锦， 刘宝碇. 不确定理论的公理化体系[J]. 黄冈师范学院学报，2004，14（2）：1-10.

[2]Liu B., Theory and Practice of Uncertain Programming[M], Physica-Verlag, Heidelberg, 2002.

作者简介（黑体小五号字）：该部分对论文的主要作者进行介绍，包括作者姓名，何时何地获得什么专业的学士、硕士、博士学位，现工作单位及主要研究领域等。

另附参考文献标准格式：

参考文献标准格式

参考文献类型：专著 ［M］，论文集［C］，报纸文章［N］，期刊文章［J］，学位论文［D］，报告［R］，标准［S］，专利［P］，论文集中的析出文献［A］

电子文献类型：数据库［DB］，计算机［CP］，电子公告［EB］

电子文献的载体类型：互联网［OL］，光盘［CD］，磁带［MT］，磁盘［DK］

A：专著、论文集、学位论文、报告

［序号］主要责任者.文献题名［文献类型标识］.出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页码（可选）

［1］刘国钧，陈绍业.图书馆目录［M］.北京：高等教育出版社，1957.15-18

B:期刊文章

［序号］主要责任者.文献题名［J］.刊名，年，卷（期）：起止页码

［1］何龄修.读顾城《南明史》［J］.中国史研究，1998,(3):167-173 ［2］OU J P，SOONG T T，et al.Recent advance in research on applications of passive energy dissipation systems

［J］.EarthquackEng,1997,38(3):358-361

C:论文集中的析出文献

［序号］析出文献主要责任者.析出文献题名［A］.原文献主要责任者（可选）.原文献题名［C］.出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页码

［7］钟文发.非线性规划在可燃毒物配置中的应用［A］.赵炜.运筹学的理论与应用--中国运筹学会论文集［C］.西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，1996.468

D：报纸文章

［序号］主要责任者.文献题名［N］.报纸名，出版日期（版次） ［8］谢希德.创造学习的新思路［N］.人民日报，1998-12-25（10）

E：电子文献

[文献类型/载体类型标识] [J/OL]网上期刊

[EB/OL]网上电子公告 [M/CD]光盘图书

[DB/OL]网上数据库 [DB/MT]磁带数据库

［序号］主要责任者.电子文献题名［电子文献及载体类型标识］.电子文献的出版或获得地址，发表更新日期/引用日期

［12］王明亮.关于中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的进展［EB/OL］.

第二篇：论文主体格式

Introduction

Catch-22 is the first important novel of Joseph Heller. It was published in 1961 in America. It has always been an important part of modern literature since its occurrence. It seems never out of date even after so many years. Contrarily, it attracted the attention of all over the world because of its thoughts, writing style and the value of the world.

In China more and more scholars are writing books and essay to explain the different aspects of this novel. After detailed research, it was found that at least 120 academic essays talk about Catch-22. In these papers, 48 of them are mainly talking about its writer and theme and 66 of them mention the writing skills. The rest mainly study its absurdity and other features.

This paper simply examines the relationship between black humor and the novel, analyzes its main characters, theme, structure and language to show its adoption of black humor so that the readers may understand it better with the help of this thesis.

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Chapter One General Explanation of Black Humor and Paradox

1.1 Black Humor

Black humor is originated from the Anthology of Black Humor which is a 1939 French anthology of 45 writers edited by Andre Breton. (Harris 15) In America, black humor is very popular as a literature style between 1950s and 1960s.

Black humor was usually shown in literature, opera and movie. It is a kind of strange occurrence. The aim of the black humor is to depict the absurdity, paradox and the cruelty of the modern world. Common situations are usually exaggerated a lot so as to overstep the range of ordinary satire or limit of irony. The situation of using of black humor is always connected with tragedy or equated with tragic condition. There are a lot of themes in dramas, like nightmare, disease, crime, racism, insanity, domestic, violence, terminal illness, drug abuse, murder, suicide, war, barbarism, disability. After that, some comedians and jokers would like to use it to explore the vulgar problems as a kind of tool to make people think it seriously and entertain them.

The writer of this article holds an opinion that there must be an origin to support and develop black humor. When we look back the history of America, it’s very easy to find out two important conditions or reasons of producing the black humor. Firstly, the bad influence and social disturbance of the Second World War made people feel the sense of world’s ending. In 1960s, the Second World War was just over, but its influences remained for many years. All facts in America have exposed past lies of so-called justice and patriotism, and resulted in shaking people’s belief in God, humanitarianism and reason. Secondly, the unbalanced development of technology and fortune increased the loss of personality and humanity. More and more people were nervous about the materiality and spirit. In this situation, black humor was born and became a very important method to express people’s inner feelings.

1.2 Paradox

In Catch-22, there is an interesting and strange matter that must be mentioned and explained

2

in this paper. Only lunatics can be permitted to avoid flying tasks, but an application must be submitted. Once you submit the application, it can prove you are healthy in mind. On the other hand, it stipulates that, if you finish the mission for 25 times, you can return to home. But it also tells us you must follow the order, and you are not allowed to return to home if you disobey the order.

This is a paradox that influences the book all the time. The paradox is a kind of statement that we can get a conclusion or result based on some conditions, but the conclusion and result can be proved false from another direction. (Wikipedia Mar10th) There are three kinds of structure of it. The first one is, it looks wrong but it’s true. The second one is, is looks true, but it’s wrong. The last one is, some ratiocination can be proved right, but it caused antilogy in logic. For example, ―the sentence that I am speaking is wrong.‖

As the most remarkable feature in this book, this paradox makes the whole book become a work of black humor. It influences the whole passage and it plays a very important role in the whole book.

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Chapter Two Brief Introduction to Joseph Heller

2.1 Heller’s Life

Joseph Heller (1923-1999) was born in New York, Coney Island of Brooklyn on May 1st, in 1923. His parents are poor Jewish from Russia. And he died of heart diseases when he was 76 at his home in east Hampton, on Long Island, in 1999.

He loves to write very much even when he was just a kid. When he became a teenager, he wrote an article about the Russian invasion of Finland. And he sent it to New York Daily News, but they rejected it. His first publishment was in 1948, that Atlantic adopted his short stories. His first story almost won the Atlantic First. In 1961, he began to write the Catch-22 and published it. Soon later Heller thought of an idea for his next novel, and this would be the Something Happened. After that novel Heller became a professional writer and continued to write until he finished his last novel, named Portrait of an Artist as an Old Man.

Literature is based on the reality and developed from it. There is no doubt that his life experience influenced his writing career. He was born in a Jewish family. His family totally moved to America in 1913 because of the racial persecution in Russia. His family was very poor when he was a young child. And he joined the U.S. Army Air Crops when he was 19 years old. And then, he was sent to the front line in Italian fighting as a bombardier. The main character in the Catch22 –Yossarian is similar to him very much in many ways and conditions. After the Word War II, he went to the University of Southern California and New York University to have a study of English. During that time, he started to write some small stories. He suffered from a kind of disease. His illness and the process of recovering were mentioned in his autobiographical No Laughing Matter (1986) with a long paragraph. In 1998, he came out a memoir, Now and Then: From Coney Island to Here. In that book, he told readers the stories about himself as the son of a deliveryman and with some detailed information about his conceiving of the novel Catch-22.

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2.2 Heller’s Works and Writing Style

Joseph Heller started his career as a professional author of small stories. And he immediately became famous and popular with his Catch-22 (1961; film, 1970). As a novel, it strengthened black humor. Catch-22 criticized the horrors of war and the government of the modern society, especially the bureaucratic system that was destroying the spirit of people. Heller’s second novel, Something Happened (1974), describes the phenomenon that business world damage the personal thought and soul. It is a tragic article about the influences of flourish on the humanity situation. ―We Bombed in New Haven‖, a play produced on Broadway in 1967, is a tragicomedy similar in thoughts and writing style to Catch-22. Good as Gold (1979) gave us a humorous image of Jewish family life and satire of the national politics, including attacks on real people such as Henry Kissinger. God Knows (1984) is a very humorous retelling and analysis of the biblical account of King David. After those, his later works are the novels Poetics (1987), Picture This (1988), Closing Time (1994), Portrait of an Artist, as an Old Man (2000). No Laughing Matter (1986) is a chronicle of Heller's recovery from Guillain-Barre syndrome, which contains alternating chapters by Heller and his good friend Speed Vogel. The book mentioned the help and company Heller got during this period from a number of his outstanding friends—Mel Brooks, Mario Puzo, Dustin Hoffman and George Mandel among them‖.

The character of Heller’s works is an ironic sense of the ridiculous, and speaking out against the military-industrial complex and those organized institutions that controlled the lives of people with a fake and sham face in the name of reason and humanity. The writer of this passage just regards Heller’s Catch-22 and Something Wrong as examples.

In Catch-22, Heller did not use the traditional way of realism. And there is not a completed plot development clue and any prominent character image. Instead, it was in an atmosphere of disorder, noisy and crazy. But the authors also pointed out a ―serious absurd‖, describing the society of the USA from its disadvantage in side, corruption, and fall, especially those bureaucrats. Something Wrong, the second novel of Heller, written in 1974, described a company staff’s mental anguish. It clearly shows the psychological situation of American middle class. It paid attention to write external forces causing the person’s oppression and corrosion. But

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Catch-22 mainly talked about the inner world of character. The author used his unique way to tell us the society was in trouble. He also satirized the real life and the state of politics by ridiculous and changeable words.

2.3 Heller’s Catch-22

2.3.1 The Background of Catch-22

After the Second World War, America has experienced an outstanding period of rapid economic development. In 1950s, America became the leader of the western world. And then, the cold war has begun between America and Soviet Union. With the development of Soviet Union, more and more people began to be scared of communism. They thought America was being threatened by the Soviet Union. The republican from Wisconsin Joseph R McCarthy spread out the fear of the Soviet Union. McCarthyism made the young angry and disgusted with it. This behavior limited the development of American literature. Besides, using up all fuel to build up American supper power stimulated the thoughts of against the policy of war. Under such political situation, Catch-22 was born to express the writer’s ideas to a confused American people.

There are also some social reasons for Catch-22. Though the World War Two was over in 1945, it is very difficult to forget the fear and unsafe situation caused by the war. Nightmare is always there for people. And the crime of Nazi and the use of atomic bomb gave people a very deep impression on how fragile people lives were. Because of the technology of atomic bomb, people always had doubts about the view that science can make human live better. And then, the experiment of super weapon and artificial satellite in 1950s and the world pollution made people feel confused about former thoughts.

The desire for democracy and the demand of individuals are disappearing. In the modern society, traditional moral belief is losing its work. Without these, people will feel more and more lonely and scary.

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2.3.2 Gist of the Novel

Catch-22 is a famous, meaningful novel of Joseph Heller. It was regarded as one of the greatest works of 20th century. It has a special way to describe every event from each one’s view. It also interrupts the order of time.

There is not any complete plot in this novel of Heller. 42 chapters are included and each of them tells us a different one’s story. The novel is always kept up with Yossarian--a U.S. Army Air Forces B-25 bombardier and other characters. And the pilots of the fictional 256th squadron are based on the island of Pianosa, in the Mediterranean Sea west of Italy. During the WW2, the main character Yossarian lived in a strange situation and different world. Everyone was put in the center of the war. He devoted himself for justice as a bombardier of an U.S. Army Air Forces. He was promoted to captain, because of his outstanding achievement. But he has seen many fake hypocritical, absurd, crazy and cruel phenomena. He became cynical and antipathetic to war. He just wanted to go home instead of promotion and making achievement and avoided to be killed like his friends. Therefore he made many strategies to avoid the battle mission. But his commanding officer can always use catch-22 to let him continue his mission. Constantly, Yossarian begun to realize that catch-22 did not actually exist, because the leaders and authority admitted it, and the all of the people from the whole world believes it does. Finally, he chose to escape to Sweden.

The writer of this paper thinks that it is from different points of view, though many events in the books are repeatedly described. They can tell us different things. In this situation, readers will understand more things about every event from each one’s sight with the new ideas and get a joke. The orders of the events in the novel are not mentioned, but if readers are familiar with those events, they can finally organize a time table of those events.

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Chapter Three Black Humor in Catch-22

3.1 The Characters in this Novel

The author of the book directly describes the real situation of American bureaucracy society after the WW2 by giving us images of those people one by one of all kind. As the representative of the literature about black humor, the book includes exaggerate way of speaking and many different kinds of people around the catch-22. As a typical anti-heroic character of black humor, Yossarian had a lot of characteristics of a hero, for example, he was so clever and he understood the world very well. So, he was not like Hency who had too much fancy. In the training of the Air Force, Clevinger had an opinion that Scheisskoph really need advices when he asked for help, while Yossarian knew that was fake. And Yossarian was praised and respected by others. The plan of Dobb to assassinate Colonel Cathcart would be failed without his support. Otherwise, the capitalists Milo liked and believed Yossarian very much, for instance, ―he always asked Yossarian for advices to run his business‖.

But most of his behaviors seemed immoral and timid. For instance, when his friend was killed he was afraid and he pretended to be ill. Every time, he was sent to the hospital. He had tried many methods to prove himself maniac, so he would have right to quit any flying mission.

But in other ways, he can be thought to have a moral life. He refused to become a hero, when he knew it was a deal designed by the bureaucrat Colonel Cathcart to cover his illegal behaviors. And he would not have abnormal relationship with women that he did not love. In a word, Yossarian can be regarded as a hero in some ways. He disagreed with the corruption among soldiers. Even today, few people can do that. Yossarian’s refusal to accept catch-22 did not prove his cowardice, but revealed the truth of being a hero. In a word, Yossarian is a typical symbol of common people in the society, whose fates are controlled by others. The different point is that Yossarian can’t stand his fate under the control of others.

Every character in this novel is very typical. They can represent the thoughts and attitude of the society. The canteen Minder Milo is a smart businessman. He symbolized the international

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business power. He was busy in small game of economic in the process of buying the food for the army. He even had an international company in this way. He transported goods by aircraft and even hired the enemy’s planes to transport. What was funnier is he bombed his own air base when the enemy gave him a little money. For cost reduction, he made the solider have chocolates with advertisement in it.‖ Though he did not care about the lives of soldiers, he became a famous, international and popular person. He even became a star in many European cities and the vice governor of Malta.

Colonel Cathcart and Scheisskoph can be regarded as the bureaucratic group. Colonel Cathcart is always increasing the amount of mission. And he was cold and ambitious commander. Just because wanted to be promoted to general and appreciated by the senior officer. He ignores the lives of soldiers and increases the number of mission. At last he wanted to make a deal with Yossarian to cover the truth of his crime. The second lieutenant Scheisskoph graduated from the reserve force. He was very happy for the war because that made him have the chance to wear the army uniform everyday and give the word of command with dignified and clear voice to those soldiers who are going to die. Because of his poor sight and fistula, he was not required to risk his life to participate in the war. In this novel, he likes checking troops. He was committed to training the soldiers with their own personalities into monotonous robot. He loved to do that in order to be promoted and praised by his senior officers. He was praised as ―military genius‖ and promoted to be a general. It is obvious that the authority wanted to destroy human’s thoughts, humanity and sprit. Under this condition, they can control the power and the world for ever. ―The soldier in white‖ was the most tragic role in this article.

He was covered by medical treatment. His legs and arms are injured

seriously. Sewn into the bandages over the insides of both elbows was

zippered lip through which he was fed clear fluid from a jar. A silent

zinc pipe rose from the cement on his groin and was coupled to a slim

rubber hose that carried waste from his kidneys and dripped efficiently

into a clear, stopped jar on the floor. When the jar on the floor was full,

the jar feeding his elbow was empty and the two switched so that the

staff could drip back to him. (Heller 88)

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All others ever really saw of ―the soldier in white‖ was a frayed black hole over his mouth. Only one person talked to him, he is Texan. ―The soldier in white‖ represents those people whose soul and heart have been destroyed by persons who control them. The other pitiable man was Doc.Daneeka. He was always afraid of being sent to pacific. Because he was still regarded as dead in a plane accident though tell others he was alive. He became a dead -alive person. Even his families for the sake of money thought that he was killed in the accident without any evidence.‖

There are also a lot of other special roles. For instance, ―the boring Texan‖ who is the unique person speaking with the ―soldier in white‖

Dunbar always told Yossarian some strange dreams, who was the ward mate of Yossarian. Clevinger, who missed in the sky, had a lot of theories but lacked practical experience. The injured machine-gun shooter Snowden was familiar by the readers through Yossarian’s memory. When Yossarian looked back on his death every time, the readers are deeply influenced. He was dying in the back part of Yossarian’s plane and spoke out his scary secret. ―Major Majormajor,‖ whose bad experience in life is that he similar with Henry Fonda and Major_de Coverley, whose face was so scary even nobody had courage to ask about his first name.

3.2 The Theme of this Novel

The main idea is to show the phenomenon and influence of bureaucratism. The most scared and miserable thing in Cath-22 is that Yossarian and his brothers’ lives were not controlled by themselves in dangerous situations. And those savage and terrifying bureaucrats did not care about their feeling and sacrifice. Catch-22 is the typical symbol of bureaucratism. There was not any book before or since has equal position compared with Catch-22’s influence and outstanding in describing the cruel craziness of war. Heller used serious hating and humor to satirize the leader and authority in the army. Soldiers have to keep up with the order from the commanding officers. Even the orders were wrong and despair, under the power of catch-22. In the final part of the article, the soldiers must follow the order to fight and accomplish their

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mission eve the war was totally won. The pilots tried to express their will but their leaders ignored them totally.

Under the pressure of bureaucratism, individualism disappeared. Just like other works made in the time of war, Catch-22 told us clearly that soldiers lost their self-esteem. Both the war and bureaucratism are the reason that soldiers like that. The the most clear instance is that lieutenant Scheisskoph focus to show that the soldiers should be robot not a man. He use soldier’s life to promoted himself. On the other hand, the colonel Cathcart was also the man like that. He raised the amount of missions that even they are not necessary, only for increasing his fame and influence among those poor soldiers. The ―soldier in white‖ is a very special and unique example for the disappearing of individualism. This guy appeared twice in the article. Yossarian and his friends found that he was about plaster and gauze. No one knew who was he. The author used this funny way to show he was not a real human.

Bureaucratism is also an important reason for the disintegration of moral values. Milo made an equal business with Germany that bombing his own airbase and persuaded the higher leaders that it is good for everyone. In the modern military system, value can not be proved. People realized that they were put in a crazy society. Everyone was trying to seek the answer and way to solve it. Yossarian can not fight against the leaders and the authority. If he did that, he would disappear in the world. Finally, the best solution for him is to run away.

3.3 The Structure of this Novel

Heller abandons traditional writing method and writing style. Instead he used a new way to finish Catch-22. He put the words, expressions and even the whole sentence into disorder situation, in order to let reader realize the crazy and morbidity of the society. This is the black humor’s special feature.

There are a lot of repeating, unclear and paradoxical words, expressions and conversation E.g. Doe Daneeka was Yossarian’s friend. And he did nothing to help his friend. ―My only fault, is that I have no faults?‖ (Heller 91)

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The unclear and misunderstanding sentences show the funny part of the world. Heller means to create some misleading sentences. He planed to express his meaning clearly but he didn’t. In fact, they have contrary effect. He followed the order not to plant alfalfa in order to get money form the government. But he used that money to plant it in other place

Major Major’s father was a sober God-fearing man whose idea of

a good joke was to lie about his age. He was along-limbed farmer,

a God-fearing, freedom-loving, law-abiding rugged individualist

who held that federal aid to anyone but farmers was creeping

socialism. He advocated thrift and hard work and disapproved of

loose women who turned him down. His specialty was alfalfa,

and he made a good thing out of not growing any. The

government paid him well for every bushel of alfalfa he did not

grow. The more alfalfa he did not grow, the more money the

government gave him, and he spent every penny he didn’t earn on

new land to increase the amount of alfalfa he did not produce.

Major Major’s father worked without rest at not growing alfalfa.

(Heller 35)

In general, the traditional novelists try their best to make their novels clear and avoid dubious. Contrarily, Heller just made the readers unclear. It’s difficult for us to understand the logic order of this sentence. And these sentences are to make readers more and more confused.

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Conclusion

In a word, as one of the main literature genes of American literature in 1960s, black humor is closely connected with Joseph Heller’s Catch-22. This paper firstly expresses the background information about black humor and Catch-22. And then, the writer of this paper analyzes the black humor in this novel from four aspects: main characters, theme, and language features.

In the process of preparing for this paper, the author acquired several methods to conduct a research. They are detail analysis, comprehensive discussion and comparison. At the same time, a conclusion can be got that novel doesn’t completely reflect all features of black humor and only black humor also can not summarize this novel.

This paper is just a simple research on Catch-22 or black humor. More researches are required to be done. There are also many other great works of black humor. The differences between them and Catch-22 are waiting to be discovered. Besides, except black humor, the other features proved Catch-22 are necessarily explored. In a word, both Catch-22 and black humor are valuable research topics. They should be explored continually and widely.

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