科技英语论文中摘要的写作修改稿(1)

时间:2024.4.20

科技英语论文中摘要的写作

联合国教科文组织规定:“全世界公开发表的科技论文,不管用何种文字写成,都必需附有一篇短小精悍的英文摘要。”目前国内正式出版的学术刊物在文章中均要求提交英文摘要,目的就是便于国外检索机构对所刊论文进行收录,国外科技人员从英文摘要中了解我国科研现状,并利用我国科研成果。由此可见,科技论文英文摘要不是论文可有可无的点缀,其重要性不言而喻。

摘要的定义及其特点

摘要(abstract)又称为概要、内容提要。国际标准化组织将摘要(Abstract)一词定义为:一份文献内容的缩短的精确的表达,而无须补充解释或评论。即摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的,简明、确切的记述文献重要内容的短文(short composition)。其基本要素包括研究目的(objects)、方法(methods)、结果(results)和结论(conclusions)。具体地讲就是研究工作的主要对象(subject)和范围(scope),采用的手段(means)和方法(methods),得出的结果(results)和重要的结论(conclusions),有时也包括具有情报价值的其他重要的信息(information)。摘要应具有独立性和自明性,并且拥有与文献同等量的主要信息,即不阅读全文就能获得必要的信息。

摘要的主要作用是能够使读者迅速而准确地确定论文的基本内容及其相关性,并能获得论文的足够的信息量,以确定是否阅读全文。对无需参阅全部原文的读者而言,一篇摘要必须是易懂的,还要保持原文的基本信息和风格。摘要的另一作用是为信息人员和计算机的检索提供方便。摘要是研究论文全文的缩影,它囊括了数千或万字的研究信息,直接为科技文献检索服务。

作为科技论文的重要部分,摘要的写作特点非常鲜明。它具有全、短、精的特点。全是指科技论文摘要应是一篇相对独立的短文。这就要求把论文的研究问题、基本观点、试验方法、主要结论,用连贯的语言、严谨的结构反映出来。短是指科技论文摘要应言简意赅。一般中文稿250~300字左右;英文稿以1 000印刷符号为宜,原则上不超过全文的3%。精是指科技论文的摘要应是其原文的精华。必须准确地抓住全文的关键,使读者只通过阅读摘要便可对全文内容有明确的了解,且字字句句均具有摘要的信息价值。

摘要需要系统、逻辑、简要地概括全文的基本内容,一般包括下列内容,但并非面面俱到,不同的研究可以有不同的侧重:

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(1)目的——调查、研究、研制的前提、出发点、任务和涉及的主要范围。

(2)方法——运用原理、理论、条件、对象、材料、工艺、结构、手段、设备、程序、步骤等。

(3)结果——实验、观察或研究的结果、数据、关系、效应、性能等。

(4)结论——结果的分析、比较、评价、应用;提出的问题;今后的课题、假设、启发、建议、预测等。

(5)其他——属于非研究的主要目的,但仍有重要价值的信息亦可提及,但注意不要转移读者对文献主要内容的注意力。

五要素视情况要有所选择和主次之分。有时作为单独发表的英文摘要,尤其是一些会议论文集摘要可以包括以下各方面详细内容:

(1)研究课题、题目及研究类别;

(2)该研究领域的现状及问题的提出;

(3)研究的目的;

(4)研究的对象,包括材料及问题;

(5)研究的条件,包括时间、地点、环境、关系、范围等;

(6)研究的着眼点,角度及侧重面;

(7)研究时运用的原理,采用的仪器仪表、分析手段、分析方法等;

(8)研究的具体结果,包括定量和定性的结果;

(9)研究的结论;

(10)研究结果的应用、技术效果、经济价值、推荐和建议;

(11)附带的结果结论及新的待证实的问题。

摘要的类型

根据国际标准IS0和国家标准GB对摘要可划分为报道性摘要、指示性摘要、报道-指示性摘要三种。近年来,随着自然科学的迅猛发展,论文摘要的撰写格式也有了新的发展。自80年代后出现了一种新型的摘要类型――结构式摘要。下面将具体介绍这几种摘要的特点与适用范围。

1. 报道性摘要(informative abstracts)

即资料性摘要或情报性摘要。主要用于实验性和技术性较强的论文,报道论文的主要研究成果、数据和结论。一般应包括试验目的或原因,进行这种试验所运用的方法以及实验工作得出的实验结果和有关这些结果的分析结论。其摘要陈述重点放在结果和结论上。其撰写顺序是目的、方法、结果、结论。向读者提供原文中全部创新内容和尽可能多的定量或定性的信息。字数一般在200-300字范围内。

报道性摘要适合于单一专题研究论文。凡是在内容上具有独创性和前沿性的论文,单一课题的试验报道及新技术的采用,均适合写成报道性摘要。另外,征文时提交的摘要和独立成篇的文摘也属此类型。

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报道性摘要概述文献的主题范围和定性定量信息。一般来说,它是以浓缩的形式概括地叙述所有重要的事实情报,使读者借助于阅读这篇摘要能基本掌握其实质性内容。

此类摘要的内容可概括成七句话:

(1)做了什么,目的何在?

(2)用的是什么材料和方法?

(3)通过什么手段?

(4)结果如何?

(5)有什么可供讨论的?

(6)结论如何?

(7)有何建议?

例1:

Effect of Adding Essential Amino Acids and Vitamin to Rations of Broilers

(1) Four experiments were carried out to investigate the amino acid(胺肌酸) and vitamin requirements of broilers(肉鸡).(2)The performance of birds fed on control diets formated according to the recommendations of the National Research Council(1977)was compared to that of birds fed on experimental diets containing additional amounts of essential amino acid and vitamin.(3)The control(对照,参照) diets varied in protein and metabolizable energy(代谢能) content; the experimental diets were obtained by adding varying amounts(10 to 50%)of one or both amino acids and vitamin to the control diets.(4)The experimental diets resulted in consistently better body weight gains than the control diets.(6)The result showed that under the conditions of these experiment,the levels of amino acids and vitamins in the control diets were not optimal for the proper growth and development of broilers and must be increased.

例2

Abstract: C23 of Burkhloderia cepacia(洋葱伯克霍尔德菌C23)was one antagonistic bacteria (拮抗细菌)from Slash pine roots.After the antagonistic bacteria were cultured for two days, their culture exerted外露的 obvious inhibition抑制 on pathogenic fungi of Slash pine damping-- such as Rhizoctonia solani丝核菌 and Alternaria alternata链格孢菌.But C23 did not show any inhibition on Fusarium sp镰刀菌.In the indoor experiment,C23 3

showed certain control effects.But outdoor, C23 did not show any prevention effect. Strain C23 could be colonized in Slash pine root湿地松根部定殖. But the distribution of C23 in different parts of the root showed no rules. In the process of colonization, the number of C23 kept rising with the time passing. Forty days later, there was the most amount of C23 within the root,then gradually reduced.

(洋葱伯克霍尔德菌C23是一株从湿地松根部分离到的拮抗细菌。在培养2d后,其培养物对丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)和链格孢菌( Ahemaria alternata)均表现出明显抑制效果,但对镰刀菌(Fusarium sp)几乎没有抑制作用。在室内防病试验时,C23表现出一定的防病效果,但在室外,没有表现出防病效果。菌株C23可在湿地松根部定殖,但是在根部不同部位的分布并没有规律循。在定殖过程中,C23菌株在松苗根部的菌量随着时间的增长而增加。接种后40d, 菌量达到峰值,而后数量逐渐减少。)

2. 指示性摘要(indicative abstracts)

即概述性摘要或简介性摘要,多用于理论性较强的论文,如专论、评论、综述、数学计算、理论推导等,主要概括论文的主要论点、分析过程和结论。该类摘要很少传递具体数据,而只告诉读者本文采用了什么方法,讨论了什么问题,得出了什么结论。它缺少实质性和具体内容,文字上高度概括、简练。篇幅较短,字数一般为50-100字。如综述、评述和单个专题的研究论文适于用指示性摘要。一些研究论文所涉及的知识分散、庞大,论文的主要内容不系统,用报道性摘要不能用200-300字概括全,而又必须对这类文献进行高度概括,故适合写作指示性摘要。

例1Abstract: Pentostatin喷司他丁 was a kind of purine analog拟嘌呤类物质 which was originally isolated from the species of bacteria Streptomycin 链霉素菌antibiotics. Pentostatin is used to treat hairy cell leukemia毛细胞白血病 and chronic lymphocytic leukemia慢性淋巴细胞白血病. In this paper, the total synthesis of Pentostatin was reviewed and each synthetic route was analyzed. Both merits and limitations of synthetic method were discussed.

(喷司他丁是从链霉素菌发酵产生的发酵液中分离出来的拟嘌呤类物质。对毛细胞白血病、慢性淋巴细胞白血病等具有特殊疗效。综述了喷司他丁的合成方法研究进展,分析了其合成路线,并讨论了各合成方法的优缺点。)

例2:

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Plant cells encase themselves within a complex polysaccharide多糖 wall, which constitutes the raw material that is used to manufacture textiles, paper, lumber, films, thickeners增稠剂 and other products. The plant cell wall is also the primary source of cellulose纤维素, the most

abundant and useful biopolymer生物高聚物 on the Earth. The cell wall not only strengthens the plant body, but also has key roles in plant growth, cell differentiation, intercellular在细胞间的 communication, water movement and defence. Recent discoveries have uncovered how plant cells synthesize wall polysaccharides, assemble them into a strong fibrous含纤维的 network and regulate wall expansion during cell growth.

(Growth of the plant cell wall Cosgrove,Daniel J.; Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology; 1471-0072; 20051100 ; 6卷11 期 ; 850-861 页; 10.1038/nrm1746)

3. 报道-指示性摘要(informative-indicative abstracts)

报道-指示性摘要是以报道性摘要的形式,表述论文中价值最高的部分。其余部分以指示性摘要形式表达。字数在二者之间,一般为100- 200字左右。对于论文所陈述的内容较多,用报道性摘要的形式不能完全表达清楚,而用指示性摘要的形式又不能将论文中实质性、具体性内容表达出来的这一类论文均可采用报道-指示性摘要书写。报道-指示性摘要的表达对重要的结果和结论进行具体而且实质性陈述,突出论文中的基本内容,行文有详有略,使摘要简炼且容量大,包含了更多的信息,见例3。

例:A method for simultaneous determination of harmful trace elements in unplastisized polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U) 聚氯乙烯 pipes by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) 电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP—AES)was studied. Under the optimum condition, the method of simultaneous determination of trace elements in PVC-U pipes such as Cd,Pb,Sn and Hg by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法was established. The detection limit检出限 for elements are 0.007-0.0l 7g/ml. The recoveries a回收率re 95.12%--106.00%. The relative standard deviations相对标准偏差 are 1.5%-- 2.9 %.This method is accurate, rapid and convenient with satisfactory results. (采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP—AES)进行聚氯乙烯管材中微量有害元素的同时测定。在选定的最佳条件下,建立了电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法同时测定聚氯乙烯管材中镉、铅、锡、汞4种元素的方法,测得方法检出限为0.007~0.017g/ml,回收率为95.1 2%~106.00%,相对标准偏差RS为1.5%一2.9 %。该法准确、 5

快速、简便、结果令人满意。) [6]

4. 结构式摘要(structured abstract)

结构式摘要是20世纪80年代后期兴起的一种文摘撰写形式,于19xx年《内科学纪事》( Annals of Internal Medica)首先采用,此后国际上著名的生物医学期刊,如《美国医学会杂志》、《英国医学杂志》、《澳大利亚医学杂志》等纷纷采用。国际医学期刊编辑委员会也于19xx年要求论著和综述类论文使用250 个单词以内的结构式文章摘要。结构式摘要具有内容完整、层次清楚、一目了然的优点,便于阅读时选择性查阅,也便于作者书写,易于成文,同时又不致遗漏重要内容。 当然,此类摘要也非常利于文献的贮存和检索。目前国内一般按以下四个项目叙述:

(1)目的(Objective)简要说明研究的目的和提出问题的缘由,表明研究的范围和重要性。

(2)方法(Methods)简要说明研究课题的基本设计、使用了什么材料和方法、如何分组对照、研究范围和精确程度、数据是如何取得的以及经何种统计学方法处理。

(3)结果(Results)简要列出研究的主要结果和数据,有什么新发现,并要给出说明结果的主要数据及臵信值、统计学显著性检验的确切值等。

(4)结论(Conclusion)简要说明根据研究结果形成的理论、观点、它们的价值及局限性,是否可推荐、推广或需要更深入的研究等。

[Abstract] Objective: This study was designed to investigate the influence and correlative factors of aspirin resistance (AR) 阿司匹林抵抗 by diabetes糖尿病 in the case who taken lower dosage of aspirin. Methods: 328 cases with stable cardiac and/or cerebral vascular diseases稳定的心脑血管病 or with risk factor for cardiac and/or cerebral vascular diseases were classified as one group with type 2 diabetes (diabetes group, n=101) and another group…. aspirin semi-resistance.Results: (1) 6.9% of the patients were AR, 35.6% were ASR in diabetes group; 4.0% of the patients were AR,23.8% were ASR in non—diabetes group,….(4) Women was independently associated with AR/ASR in diabetes group.Conclusion: The incidence rate of ASR and AR +ASR in diabetes group is higher than non—diabetes group.Gender is a relative risk factor of AR/ASR in diabetes patients.(【摘要】目的:探讨糖尿病对小剂量阿司匹林治疗的阿司匹林抵抗(AR )的影响及相关因素分析。方法:选择328例病情稳定的心脑血管病患者或有心脑血管病危险因素者,。。。。结论:服用小剂量阿司匹林的心脑血管疾病合并糖尿病 6

患者A SR及A R +A SR发生糖尿病 率高于心脑血管疾病非糖尿病患者。性别可能是糖尿病患者发生A R/A SR 的相关危险因素之一。)

除以上基本分类外,英文摘要还有一种更为笼统的分类,即独立摘要和随文摘要。这与摘要的载体有关,前者用于检索性刊物如Excepta Medica , Index Medicus,Chemical Abstracts,Biological Abstracts等及大型国际会议的论文摘要汇编,此外还有一些文摘杂志;后者用于一般期刊,与正文同存。前者由于独立于正文,应相对地写得比后者详细。

相关表达方法

An abstract in scientific paper typically outlines four elements germane有关的 to the completed work: objective, methods, results, and conclusions. [3] Taking national journal Science Mosaic马赛克, 2009, volume 9 as the analyzed object, some examples and words are selected.

(1). Objective: as the beginning of the abstract, it usually introduces some background information and range of study within one or two sentences but not repeat the title. Some useful phrases as discuss(讨论),focus(重点关注), address(致力于,侧重于), intend to(旨在), aim at(目的为), seek to(寻求), in order to(为了) can facilitate促进 the convey of the range of study.

Eg1.―Chinese characters versatile numeral input technique‖ and“Chinese characters matrix fast literacy technique” are discussed in this paper.(本文主要介绍了“ 汉字万用数码输入法” 和“ 汉字母体快速识字法”) -- the range of the study

Eg2. Campus A1l-in-one Card system is an integrating system of identification, school management and various campus services with campus as its carrier and the electronic and information technology as the means.(校园一卡通系统是以校园网为载体, 以电子和信息技术为手段, 集身份识别、校务管理以及各项校园服务为一体的系统) -- background information

Eg3. UAV airport is a complex environment. In order to find the center of airport quickly and accurately,firstly,pretreatment of image is carried on,such as filter….(无人机场环境复杂。为了快速准确的找到无人机场的中心位臵,首先对图象进行滤液等预处理。。。) -- both background information & range of the study

In addition, the objective part of the abstract is omitted in some professional journals, but placed in the introduction part, making the abstract more refined and succinct简洁的.

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(2). Methods: it lies in the second part of an abstract in most cases, including involved theory, conditions, techniques, equipments, procedure and the way you work on your paper(experimental research, case studies, questionnaires, etc.). A proper verb can best guide the sentence, such as analyze(分析), deal with(解决), discuss(讨论), develop(发展), dwell on(详细讨论), examine(检验), study(研究), present(介绍), take…as an example(举例), compare(比较), review(回顾,检查), outline(概要),measure(测量), estimate(评估), calculate(计算)….

Eg4. This paper firstly analyzes reasons and solutions of topology mismatch拓扑不匹配 of the current chord network based on DHT.On this basis,propose a topology matching method based on IPv4 addresses to achieve matching of physical topology and logical topology.(本文首先分析了目前 P 2 P网络中基于 D H T的C h o r d网络的拓扑不匹配的原因及目前的一些解决方案。在此基础上提出一种基于 I P v 4地址的拓扑匹配方法,实现了物理拓扑与逻辑拓扑的匹配。)

Eg5. The writers address these issues in accordance with the deve1opmental theory and adaptive theory, and construct a developmental model of teacher self- adaptive evaluation system. (针对上述问题笔者依照发展性理论和自适应理论,建构了一个发展性教师自适应评价指标体系模型。)

(3). Results: elaborate the experimental data, observed results, and summary. Common terms: indicate(指出,表明), conclude(推断), elaborate(详细阐述), result(结果), demonstrate(证明,论证), correspond(符合), corroborate(证实),prove(验证), expound(解释), show(说明,显示)….

Eg6. The result is that EASI (LMS) algorithm 算法has worse convergence集中 and better stability than RLS algorithm.(结果显示E A S I ( L M S ) 算法与RLS算法相比, 其收敛性能更差,但稳态性能更好。)

(4). Conclusion: put forwards your conclusion and prediction based on the research result, including the analysis, comparison, and application of the result.

Some common words: support(支持), provide(提供), indicate(指出), identify(识别), find(发现), demonstrate(论证), confirm(确认), clarify(阐明),suggest(建议),suggestion(示意), recommend(建议,推荐), recommendation(推荐), propose(建议), necessity(必要性), expect(期待,预期)…

Eg7. This paper can be the reference at PV system’s design and provides a theoretical 8

basis.(本文为在光伏发电系统设计中选择合适的拓扑结构, 提供了参考与理论依据。) – application of result

Eg8. Creating the reliability test is an important part of software re1iabi1ity engineering, which is important for guiding software test process and improving software reliability.(可靠性测试用例的生成是软件可靠性工程的一个重要组成部分,它对于指导软件测试过程、提高软件可靠性有重要的意义。)

Sometimes, the four elements have no distinct boundaries, and each of them mutually intermingled. No matter how the four elements connect and filter, a good abstract should express the paper succinctly简洁地 and clearly, especially in the scientific papers, each sentence have to be unified, coherent, concise, and able to stand alone.

摘要的写作原则

国外期刊对英文摘要的编写相当重视,大多有自己独特的规范。为了提高英文摘要的写作水平,论文作者和编辑都应努力去掌握和借鉴外国期刊中英文摘要的写作技巧及要领。如EI就很看重英文摘要的文字效能,并提出两个原则:①Limit the abstract to new information(摘要中只谈新的信息);②Strive for brevity(尽量使摘要简洁)。EI中国信息部还对英文摘要的写作提出儿点具体要求:①删去不必要的词,如:It is reported, Extensive investigations show that, The author discusses等;②不要使用一些并不增加任何新的信息或并不能增进读者对摘要的理解的词语,如:The author studied, A method is described, In this paper, This paper is concerned等;③尽量使用最简单的谓语动词形式,如:用increased比用has been found to increase更好。

结构式英文摘要的内容构成

科技论文英文摘要除具有科技英语写作的语言特点外,必须提纲挚领、重点突出、结构紧凑,内容完整。如《EI》要求一篇较好的英文摘要应较好地回答以下4个方面的问题:(1) What you want to do(目的);(2) How you did it(方法);(3) What results did you get and what conclusions can you draw(结果和结论) ; (4) What is original in your paper(创新独到之处)。

一般来说,科技论文英文摘要的结构有开头(主题句)、展开(展开句)和结尾(结果和结论)三部分组成。一般包括背景( Background)、目的(Purpose)、方法(Method)、结果( Results)和结论( Conclusion)这五要素,其内涵范围分述如下:

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背景(B句):指一些背景信息介绍;

目的(P句):指研究、研制、调查等的前提、目的和任务,及所涉及的主题范围;

方法(M句):指所用的原理、理论、条件、对象、材料、工艺、结构、于段、装备、程序等;

结果(R句):指实验研究的结果、数据、被确定的关系、观察结果、得到的效果性能等; 结论(C句):指结果的分析、研究、比较、评价、应用,提出的问题,今后的课题、假设、启发、建议、预测等。

科技期刊对论文摘要字数均有限制,英文摘要一般不超过250字单词,这时常省略背景句及目的句,重点放在研究的方法(M)、结果(R)、结论和建议(C)上。当然,在介绍方法、结果和结论时,忌泛泛而谈,空洞无物。

下面是一篇题名为“Effects of Exposure to Pesticides on Carbaryl Toxicity西维因毒素 and Cytochrome 细胞色素P450 Activities in Aedes albopictus Larvae (Diptera双翅目: Culicidae蚊科)”的文摘。这是一篇比较规范与标准的报道性文摘,结合上述摘要内容构成,简单分析如下。为便于分析,每句前标出序号。

(1)Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase单氧酶 (P450)-mediated调节 metabolism新陈代谢 is an important mechanism by which insects detoxify是解毒 insecticides. (2)In this report, a major contribution of P450s as a mechanism of insecticide detoxification was demonstrated by the effect of herbicides and fungicides and the synergist 增效剂piperonyl 亚甲二氧苄基butoxide 增效醚on carbaryl西维因 toxicity and P450 activities in the mosquito Aedes albopictus. (3)Mosquito larvae幼虫 preexposed to technical and analytical grade pentachlorophenol五氯苯酚 (PCPT, PCPA) showed significant increases of survival from carbaryl toxicity. (4)This phenomenon was reversed when piperonyl butoxide was also applied. (5)Microsomes 微粒体from PCPT- and PCPA-treated larvae showed higher levels of N-demethylation脱甲基化 of p-chloro氯代-N-methylaniline甲基苯胺 than those from control larvae. (6)Microsomes from larvae treated with PCPT also yielded a very high level of O-demethylation of methoxyresorufin.

(7) However, peroxidation 过氧化氢of tetramethylbenzidine was decreased in both treated groups. (8)This suggests that PCP may induce certain P450 isozymes同工酶 but suppress抑制 others. (9) SDS-PAGE bands corresponding to the molecular weights of 61 and 63 kDa presented strong intensity in the treated microsomes; these may represent P450s induced by PCP. 10

(10)P450s in the mosquito larvae are active, inducible可导致, and capable of detoxifying使解毒 the insecticide杀虫剂 carbaryl.

其中(1)句为背景(B句),交代了Cytochrome P450的基本情况及其生理意义。(2)句为目的(P句)和方法(M句),表明了该研究所用的材料、方法及主要研究内容。(3)-(9)均为结果(R句) ,(10)为结论。

英文摘要的语言特点与写作技巧

(一)、英文摘要的用词

在科技论文摘要的翻译中,应在理解确定原词义的基础上,选择既能准确表达中文词语内容,又符合英文表达习惯的英文词语,才能保障译文意思的确切和概念的统一。因此,在英文摘要的用词上要注意以下一个方面。

1. 用词的规范性

与普通英语相比,除了大量使用各学科的专门术语外,英文摘要趋向于科技英语正式、庄重的语体特征和非技术词汇,而不使用浮华、带有感情色彩的普通英语词语。如:ask/inquire(表示不用ask而用inquire,下同)、buy/purchase、cheap/inexpensive、finish/complete、get/obtain、obtainable/available、quick/rapid、touch/contact、 use/ utilize、put/place、 enough/sufficient、 in the end /eventually等。

2. 用词的准确性

撰写科技论文英文摘要时应在把握全文的基础上,透彻理解文中的词汇含义,句间的逻辑关系,选用准确的英文单词.如:“为了解棉蚜抗性产生与自然环境条件的关系,我们…”.原译为“In order to understand a possible connection in the development of resistance of Aphis gosspii棉蚜虫with the environmental factors,we…‖ 在中文句中,“了解”一词实指“发现”、“找出”,译为understand欠妥;“产生”一词实指由于某些原因而诱导形成;“抗性”是指抗药性。故试译为“In order to find out a possible connection in resistance induced of Aphis gosspii to pesticides with the environmental factors,we…‖

另外,对于近义词一定要严格辨析,准确应用。如在农科学术论文中常用的近义词: species/ variety。species为“种”,variety为“品种”。species是生物分类上的一个分类界元,其上一级是genus(属),下一级是subspecies(亚种)。variety是指农业生产上由人工选育出的遗传构成稳定、性状表现相对一致的生物群体。

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conservation/ protection conservation是针对面临灭绝或消失危险的对象整体上的保护,如forestry conservation(森林保护“),conservation of wildlife(野生动物保护) ; protection是针对受侵害对象具体的保护,使之免受侵害或遭到杀灭,如plant protection(植物保护),natural enemy protection(天敌保护)。

test/ experiment。都可翻译为“试验”,但其含义有所不同。test是指简单的测试、鉴定或比较类的试如variety test(品比试验),resistance test(抗性试验;而experiment是指那些较复杂的以研究为目的的试验,如physiological experiment(生理试验),genetic experiment(遗传试验)。

3. 用词的简洁性

为了节约文字,应该尽量用短的词语代替长的,主要有三方面。

(1)用复合名词。

将关系密切的单词用连字符号结成词组,更能收到结构谨严、含义清晰的效果,因此复合名词在科技写作中被广泛运用。如:Transmission unit of diesel engine which is new and of low cost用了12个单词。改成复合名词为:The new low- cost diesel柴油 transmission.只用6个单词,节省用词量50%,却表达出同样的意思:新型低费用柴油机传动装臵。

(2)以单词代词组。

词组应该用含义相近的单词代替。例如:

根据:用by代according to, on the basis of,in terms of

由于:用for代due to,as a result of , for the reason that, due to the fact that

现在:用now代nowadays, at present, at the present time

经常:用often代frequently, in many cases

因为:用for代because , on account of , owing to the fact that

事实上用actually代in fact, as a matter of fact

再如用increase代替has been found to increase;用was代替was considered;用seemly代替it would seem that…;把an enhancement method which is named as IDEF4x is proposed…替换为an enhancement method IDEF4x is proposed…等。

对有多个限定修饰成份的短语,其修饰成份避免是一长串形容词和名词的罗列,应被分解成前臵或后臵成份,并用连字符将关系紧密连接。如the chlorine 氯containing high melt 12

index propylene 丙烯based polymer聚合物,在文摘中应以the chlorine containing propylene based polymer of high melt index形式出现。

(3)以短语代从句

有两种方式,一种为将从句改成介词短,如:Those machines in operation(代which are now operating) are put into mass production.(这些运转中的机器都投入大批量生产。)用介词短语in operation代替从句which are now operating,表意相同,却节省用词一半;另一种表达为将从句改成分词短,如:This energy is transferred in turn to the object ( which is ) being lifted.(些能量转过来又传给正在提升的物体。)用分词being lifted代替从句which is being lifted不损原意而少用两词可取。

另外,对于科技文章中常出现的物理化学单位名称和一些常用词也应删繁就简。如km(公里).kg(公斤).CAD(计算机辅助设计).AIDS(爱滋病)等。但是缩写只限于大众熟悉的事物,对那些仅为本专业人员熟悉的缩略词应在摘要中至少出现一次全称,所以,用词简洁也是相对而言的,以较少的词传递较多的信息为其标准。

4. 其他用词技巧

(1)动词的名词化表达。名词化结构以短语形式来表达一个动作,将原来的施动含义蕴藏在结构的深层里,可使句子言简意赅、关系明确、结构严密和表达客观。如:“将无线电波与水波作了比较”,与其用“Radio waves are compared with water waves",不如用“A comparison of radio waves with water waves is made.”。只有熟悉科技英语动词名词化的表达,才能使英文摘要的表述同国际习惯接轨。

(2)合理选用单复数。有些名词单复的含义是有区别的,如“Experts experiences are stored in the knowledge base of an ES.(专家的经验储存在专家系统的知识库中)”中的experiences含义是“经历”,“经验”应是experience。此外,需注意有些常见词汇只有单数形式,如:equipment(设备),information(信息),machinery(机器)和knowledge(知识)等。

(3)词语拼写,用英、美拼法都可以,但每篇中须保持一致。

(4)注意冠词用法,不要误用、滥用或随便省略冠词;如: ―(the) sea surface temperatures North Pacific and(the) surface meteorological data were used”;例句中圆括号()中的定冠词不应该删去;

(5)不使用俚语,慎用行话和俗语表达。

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(6)能用名词做定语的不要用动名词做定语,能用形容词做定语的不要用名词做定语。例如:用investigation accuracy而不用investigating accuracy ;用educational effects不用education effects。

(7)可直接用名词或名词短语做定语的情况下,要少用of句型。例如:用cross-cultural communication;不用communication of cross-culture。

(8)组织好句子,使动词尽量靠近主语。例如不用“The decolorization 脱色in solutions of the pigment天然色素 in dioxane二氧杂环乙烷,which were exposed to 10 hr of UV irradiation放射,was no longer irreversible不可更改的”,而用“When the pigment was dissolved in dioxane,decolorization was no longer irreversible after 10hr of UV irradiation”。

(二)、英文摘要的语法

语法包括人称、时态、语态及句式。

1. 人称

在人称上,科技论文英文摘要应用第三人称表达。一方面,摘要是报告、论文的不加注释和评论的简短陈述,若用第一人称,给读者的感觉像自我介绍和评论,不符合文摘的性质;另一方面,英文摘要可能会作为第二文献出现在检索期刊上,它就成为一篇脱离原文的独立的文章。因此必须使用第三人称,文摘中不能出现We, I,只能以The authors, The author, The paper表达。摘要的首句也多用第三人称This paper. .等开头,现在倾向于采用更简洁的被动语态或原形动词、介词短语、分词或分词短语开头。如:In order to,Based on, On the basis of, By using,By analyzing,From the view of, As an example of, With regard to,To understand, To overcome, To enhance增加, To investigate, To analysis, To seek,Taking advantage of, Compared with, ects.例如:

In order to elucidate the activation mechanism of phosphoramidate氨基磷酸酯 insecticides杀虫药,……

To investigate the role of the heterocyclic不同环式的 moieties基团 of nitrogen-containing phenyl苯基 heterocyclic compounds (PHCs) in interaction with amino butyric acid (GABA)氨基酪酸的-gated chloride氯化物 channels,

然而,对于首次揭示的、具有重要意义的科学事实或规律,为强调发现者,也常用第一人称,如:

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We report the discovery of a checkpoint检查站 that monitors synapsis染色体结合 between homologous相应的 chromosomes染色体 to ensure accurate meiotic减数分裂的 segregation隔离.(A Conserved Checkpoint Monitors Meiotic Chromosome Synapsis in Caenorhabditis elegans. Needhi Bhalla, Abby F Dernburg. Science. Washington: Dec 9, 2005.Vol.310, Iss. 5754; pg. 1683, 4 pgs)

We now demonstrate by studying whole insect respiration and locomotive 移动的activity that CGA 140408 has a depressing effect like other mitochondrial线粒体的 inhibitors禁制因素.

2. 时态

有人认为摘要报道的是自然界一般存在的科学事实和科学规律,所以英文摘要的动词时态只用一般现在时。然而科技论文摘要并非陈述一般的科学事实,而是要简述一项科学研究的时空过程,涉及到现在、过去和未来,不能简单地将过去和未来的事情简单地统一处理成现在时。 但是,时态的运用也以简练为佳,常用一般现在时、一般过去时,少用现在完成时、过去完成时、进行时态,其他复合时态基本不用。下面结合摘要五要素分别说明其适用的时态:

(1)背景:在介绍背景资料时,应该用一般现在时态来叙述不受时间影像的普遍事实。如:

The GABA-gated chloride channel is the proposed target for phenylpyrazole苯基吡唑 insecticides. Amplification of two carboxylesterases羧酸酯酶, Est21and Est21, is the major insecticide resistance mechanism in the field-collected Pel strain of the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus库蚊科.

若介绍背景资料的句子内容是对某种研究动向的概述,则应该使用现在完成时,如: The phenylpyrazole 苯基吡唑insecticide fipronil氟虫腈is the first compound of its class to be registered for commercial use. The mode of action of this class of insecticides involves antagonism敌对 of the inhibitory禁止的 neurotransmitter神经传递素, -aminobutyric氨基丁酸acid (GABA). The sulfone砜metabolite代谢物 of fipronil has been reported to be similar in toxicity to the parent compound. The spinosad多杀菌素-based fruit fly bait诱饵GF-120 has recently been developed as a primary tool for the area-wide control and eradication根除 of tephritid实蝇科fruit flies.

(2)目的:在叙述研究、试验或调查等的目的、任务或研究所涉及的主题范围,常用 15

一般现在时,偶尔也见到使用过去时。举例如下:

This is the first in a series of reports that define the novel mode of action of spinosyns, a new class of macrocyclic大环的lacton内酯e natural products for insect control.

(3)方法:在摘要的实验、调查、加工等研究方法的写作中宜用一般过去时。如: Glutathione谷胱甘肽S-transferases转移酶(GSTs) were purified and isolated from male adults of the German cockroach蟑螂, Blattella germanica德国小蠊, by using a three-step procedure involving ammonium铵sulfate硫酸盐 fractionation分馏法, glutathione-agarose琼脂糖affinity (生性)喜爱chromatography色层分离法, and native polyacrylamide聚丙烯酰胺gel electrophoresis电泳法.

若论文本身即为介绍数学模型、算法、分析方法或技术,则作者应该使用一般现在时态来描述这些研究方法。

(4)结果:一般使用一般过去时概述实验研究的结果、数据、观察结果、得到的效果性能等。但是若这认为自己的研究结果普遍有效,而不只是在本次研究的特点条件下才适用,则可使用一般现在时。举例如下:

The compound proved its efficacy against the 2nd, 4th and 5th larval幼虫的instars生长阶段.

The 2nd larval instars were the most sensitive to spinosad多杀菌素at different tested concentrations

(5)结论:使用一般现在时态、推测动词或may、should、could等情态动词来叙述结论或推论,包括结果的评价及应用、提出问题、启发、建议、预测等。举例如下:

These results suggest that organophosphorus有机磷insecticides affect the carbohydrate碳水化合物metabolism in silkworms and consequently alter their metabolic functions to meet the required energy demands under the insecticides' toxic有毒的stress conditions.

The results seem to indicate quantitative and qualitative differences of glutathione谷胱甘肽S-transferases转移酶according to the feeding behavior of the larvae.

对于综述性文章,摘要只是叙述文章的内容概要,为指示性摘要,通常都以现在时态书写,如:

Knockdown resistance ( kdr) is used to describe resistance to DDT and pyrethroid insecticides that 16

result from reduced sensitivity of the nervous system in insects and other arthropods. The voltage- sensitive sodium channels are important action targets of DDT and pyrethroids合成除虫菊酯. Pyrethroids are known to exert their insecticidal effects by altering the function of these channels , and the point mutations of their genes are the primary cause for producing kdr resistance. Kdr resistance has been the subject of sustained research interest for more than 40 years , but the past decade has witnessed significant advances in the identification of the mechanisms underlying kdr resistance at the molecular分子 level . This paper mainly reviews new advances on molecular biology of kdr resistance obtained since 1996 , with emphasis on the structure of voltage- sensitive sodium钠 channel subunit , gene mutations associated with kdr resistance among 14 species of pest arthropods节肢动物and their amino acid氨基酸sequence polymorphisms多态性. These results can provide new insight into the mechanisms by which pyrethroids modify the function of voltage sodium channels.

总之,英文摘要中一般现在时和一般过去时用得较多,完成时态用得较少,而进行时和其它复合时态基本不用。大多国际性权威检索机构如EI就摘要的句法明确提出要求:描述作者的工作一般用过去时,但在陈述由这些工作所得出的结论时,应该用现在时态。

3. 语态

英文摘要中即可用主要语态,也可用被动语态。被动语态是19世纪以来科技论文中广为流行甚至是必用的语态。因为使用被动语态不仅可以省略施动者,避免出现“We...”表示式,而且还可以使需强调的事物做主语而突出了它们的地位,有利于说明事实。同时,被动语态句子在结构上有较大的调节余地,有利于使用恰当的修辞于段,扩展名词短语,扩大句子信息量。

然而,近些年来,在科技论文英文摘要中,越来越多的出现主动语态。采用主动语态比用被动语态在结构上更简练,表达更直接有力,可以突出动词所表达的内容,而且文章显得清晰、自然。腾真如等抽样统计了2001-2003发表的中外100篇学术论文英文摘要,国外50篇,国内50篇。结果表明,目前我国期刊用被动语态仍占主导(58. 36% ),主动语态相对较少(41. 64% );而国外期刊目前用主动语态占主导(61. 47% ) ,被动语态较少(38. 53% )。由此可见,在英文摘要中多用主动语态应当是科技论文写作的趋势。如EI也指出: 摘要一般应使用动词的主动语态,如:写成A exceeds B比B is exseeded by A更好。

因此,在现代科技论文英文摘要的写作中应尽量采用主动语态,尤其是谓语动词尽量用 17

主动语态,这样有助于文字清晰、简洁及表达有力。当然,在某些特定的条件下也可用被动语态。例如,使用被动语态比使用主动语态更能造出简洁的句子,或作者想把某个词作为句子的主语以强调这个词,或作者想描述某个标准化的过程而过程的执行者并不重要时,常用被动语态。此外,在实验方法部分中,以被动语态来叙述实验的程序也是一种约定俗成的写法。

以下2个例子分别出自19xx年和20xx年的science,其中19xx年摘要主要用被动语态,而20xx年的摘要主要使用了主动语态,可更好地反映语态使用的变化过程,具体如下: The spatial空间的relation between mitochondria线粒体and endoplasmic内质的reticulum网状组织 (ER) in living HeLa实验用增殖表皮癌细胞cells was analyzed at high resolution in three dimensions with two differently colored, specifically targeted green fluorescent荧光的proteins. The results emphasize the importance of cell architecture and the distribution of organelles细胞器in regulation of Ca2+ signaling.(Close contacts with the endoplasmic内质的reticulum网状组织 as determinants of mitochondrial线粒体的Ca2+ responses., , 12, 1998.Vol.280, Iss. 5370; pg. 1763, 4 pgs)

We report the discovery of a checkpoint that monitors synapsis染色体结合between homologous同源的chromosomes同原染色体 to ensure accurate meiotic减数分裂的segregation. Oocytes卵细胞 containing unsynapsed非联合的 chromosomes selectively undergo apoptosis细胞凋亡even if a germline种系DNA damage checkpoint is inactivated. This culling挑选 mechanism is specifically activated by unsynapsed pairing centers, cis-acting顺式作用chromosome sites that are also required to promote synapsis in Caenorhabditis elegans小型土壤线虫. Apoptosis凋亡due to synaptic failure also requires the C. elegans homolog同系物of PCH2, a budding yeast pachytene粗线期checkpoint gene, which suggests that this surveillance mechanism is widely conserved.(A Conserved Checkpoint Monitors Meiotic Chromosome Synapsis染色体结合in Caenorhabditis elegans.Needhi Bhalla, Abby F Dernburg. Science. Washington: Dec 9, 2005.Vol.310, Iss. 5754; pg. 1683, 4 pgs)

4. 句型

18

(1)基本句型

英语的句型较多,有陈述、疑问、倒装、省略、强调等等。由于摘要具有言简意赅的特点,且以陈述事实、描写过程为主,所以英文摘要在句法上常以简单陈述句为主。

这些简单陈述句多为以下句型:

① 主语(含多种连带修饰语)+谓语(被动态)+主语补语或状语;

例如:

Enzymes of Krebs cycle, namely succinate琥珀酸盐dehydrogenase脱氢酶 and malate苹果酸盐(或酯) dehydrogenase, were significantly lowered, suggesting a decrease in respiration rate at the tissue level in silkworms due to toxicity induced by these organophosphorus有机磷的insecticides.

② 主语+谓语(主动态)+宾语+宾语补语。

这样的句型结构紧凑严谨,符合科技论文的严密性,而且主谓语是句子的核心,承担的信息量大,将它们突出,符合摘要的简洁性。下例可充分体现这一特点。

例如:

The spinosyns多杀霉素are a new class of fermentation发酵-derived insect control agents因子 that are effective against a variety of lepidopteran鳞翅类的insect pests, including the tobacco budworm芽虫Heliothis virescens绿棉铃虫.

(2)特殊句型

虽然在英文摘要中以陈述句为主,但为满足英文摘要特殊语体的需要,长期以来还逐渐形成了一些特殊的、独有的习用句型,其中主要有主语前臵句和长句:

① 主语前臵句。有时,英文摘要主题句往往为了突出中心主题,常常采用主语前臵句。这种句型的特点是将大量信息集中于主语部分,表达方法直截了当,开门见山。如“本文较系统地观察了刀豆氨酸对亚洲玉米螟生长发育及生殖的影响……”。可译作“A comprehensive observation of the effects of L一canavanine刀豆氨酸 to the growth and fecundity多产 of Asiatic corn borer钻蛀虫,Ostrinia furnacalis Guenee亚洲玉米螟was conducted in this paper…”.

② 长句。科技论文在内容上具有严格的科学性、严密的推理和准确的叙述,使句子结构更加显得复杂。与英语相比,汉语中的词与词的相互关系主要依靠词序来表达。如果要表 19

达的一个完整意思太复杂,难以表达清楚或容易引起误解时,汉语则常用两个或多个句子来表达。而英语由于具有不同语法功能的非谓语动词形式和作用不同的修饰从句,往往只有一个句子就能条理清晰、层次分明地表达出相当复杂的语义,因而英语科技论文的句子比汉语科技论文的结构更复杂、更严谨。所以在英文摘要中,只要抓住中心内容,弄清各部分之间的关系,分清上下层次以及前后的联系,就可将汉语中的两个或多个句子按照英文的表达方式,不拘泥于原文集中地翻译,这样既可使译文逻辑严密、内容集中,又能避免部分词语重复,使译文简炼。如:

The estimated abundance of these presolar silicates太阳前硅酸盐(3-30 parts per million) is higher than reported for other types of presolar grains in meteorites陨星, consistent with their ubiquity普遍存在 in the early Solar System, but is about two orders次序 of magnitude星级 lower than their abundance in anhydrous 无水的interplanetary行星之间的dust particles.

The modification of the sensitivity of Hep-2 and P388 tumour肿瘤 cells to taxol紫杉酚and vincristine长春新碱, substrates底物 of multidrug resistance proteins, by naturally occurring avermectins阿维菌素and the effect of avermectins on the accumulation of calcein钙黄绿素in cells and the efflux流出物of rhodamine玫瑰精123 were studied.

(3)常用句式

前已述及,英文摘要一般有五要素构成,所以其在语法结构上有较强的倾向性。在论文英文摘要许多句式出现的频率很高,熟练掌握这些常用的句式,有助于提高英文摘要的写作质量和速度,进而能保证其可读性。下面的句子结构,有一定的代表性。

① 起始句

在摘要开头,作者常开门见山地点明文章的主题,常用的句式有:

A new method is described for. . .;

The principle of. . . is outlined;

The apparatus of. . . is described;

Automation of. . . is discussed;

An account of. . . is given;

The use of. . . is addressed;

The mechanism of. . . is examined;

20

The dependence of. . . was established;

An analysis of. . . was carried out·

这些常用句型一开头就用一个很长的名词短语来突出题旨。这种句型看来头重脚轻,结构上不平衡,但它符合摘要直接了当、开门见山的要求,有突出中心的优点,因此在论文摘要中经常采用。在起始句中常用的动词还有有: study, research, explain, expound, confirm, verify, clarify, prove, testify, how,present, bear out, point out, instruct, illustrate, put forward, advance, analyze, sum up, summarize, introduce,

② 表示研究目的的行文方法

This paper presents…

This paper reports…

This paper describes…

This paper discusses…

This paper investigates…

This paper deals with…

The objectives of this investigation be to(do)…

The aim of this investigation be to(do)…

The purpose of the present study be to(do)…

This paper is concerned with…

This paper is aimed at…

This paper is limited to…

The authors report…

The authors(writers) made observation on…

Investigation on … be carried out in…

be evaluated and analyzed

Experiment was carried out on…

③ 表示研究方法

The experiment be performed using…

elaborate. 21

The approach be based on…

The present study was started in 时间 to(do)… … be identified according to…

… be determined by…

… be based on the use of…

… was used to(do)…

… be collected from…

… be grown during…

… be observed by(using)…

… be studied by measuring…

… be characterized by…

Analysis of… by… revealed that…

Using the methods...

By the methods of...

④ 表示研究结果与结论

The results Indicated that…

Our results confirm that…

The study proves that…

The results demonstrated that…

The study reveals that…

The conclusion is that…

The results showed that…

The results be summarized as follows

We conclude:①… ②… ③…

The comparison concludes that…

The results from the present Investigation suggest that… These findings regarding… suggest that…

22

These results support the findings found(observed) by…

23

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