一、论文题目
《浅谈如何培养学生对音乐的兴趣》
二、论题观点来源：
我国具有悠久的音乐教育史，春秋时期的思想家、教育家孔子就非常重视音乐的教化作用，在孔子之后两千余年的封建文化教育中，《乐》一直被作为封建教育的经典文本之一。新中国成立后，在我国的基础教育中，音乐一直作为中小学的必修科目。近年来，根据我国教育现代化的发展需要，小学开设的音乐课程，较之以往的音乐课，在知识与能力的综合性与实践性方面大大增强，在培养学生积极、健康的审美意识和生活情趣，锻炼学生良好的思维品质和创新能力方面发挥着越来越重要的作用。根据学生生理、心理发展的客观规律，结合个人几年从事音乐课教学的实践经验发现：兴趣是儿童认知最好的老师。因此，培养学生良好的音乐课学习习惯，进而激发其艺术的感悟、想象和创新能力，也必须从培养学生对音乐课的兴趣抓起。本文分析了培养学生学习音乐的重要性、方法和意义,旨在使学生了解和热爱音乐文化,从而增强民族意识和爱国主义情操。
三、基本观点：
1培养学生良好的音乐课学习习惯，进而激发其艺术的感悟、想象和创新能力，也必须从培养学生对音乐课的兴趣抓起。
2激发孩子对音乐的兴趣，这是把音乐的魅力传递给他们的必要条件。
3我们要充分发挥好“兴趣”的作用，从而达到提高课堂教学质量的目的以及激发学生学对音乐的兴趣
四、论文结构：
（一）引言部分：
古今都对音乐很重视，如今在我国的基础教育中，音乐一直作为中小学的必修科目。近年来，根据我国教育现代化的发展需要，小学开设的音乐课程，较之以往的音乐课，在知识与能力的综合性与实践性方面大大增强，在培养学生积极、健康的审美意识和生活情趣，锻炼学生良好的思维品质和创新能力方面发
挥着越来越重要的作用。
一、培养学生学习民族音乐的重要性
二、培养学生学习民族音乐兴趣的方法
（1）教学内容需要童趣化
（2）教学方式需要游戏化
（3）教学示范需要生动化
（4）教学评价的合理化
（5）利用美的直观事物以激趣
（6）加强学生的艺术实践以启趣
（7）丰富教学内容，扩充视野，激发学生兴趣。
三、培养学生学习民族音乐的意义
（三）结论
培养学生音乐兴趣的方法是多种多样的，只有重视音乐兴趣的培养，才能顺利的、很好的完成音乐教学任务，才能真正使学生感受美、体现美，在艺术的空间中尽情遨翔，驰骋，真正做到“培养人”的目标。 参考文献：
[1]杨荫浏.中国古代音乐史
稿.人民音乐出版社,1981.
[2]齐易,张文川.音乐艺术教育.人民出版社,2002.
[3]汪毓和.中国近现代音乐史.人民音乐出版社,1984.
[4]杨红.新世纪中国传统音乐的构想.中国音乐,2001,(1).
第二篇：英语论文提纲范文
Idiom Translation under the Chinese
and English Cultures
Class XXX Number XXX Name XXX
Abstract: Nida, a famous translator, says, "For truly successful translation, it is much more important to familiarize two cultures than master two languages, because words are assigned meanings in its particular cultures."(Background information) This is to say, translation is closely related with not only languages but also cultures. Studies of the cultural distinction in idiom translation are still relatively weak in the field of translation in China. Exclusive research on the translation of Chinese and English idioms is still incomplete. In the last twenty years, idiom translation has mostly emphasized the level of inter-lingual communication, but cultural differences were rarely involved in it.(Identify problem) This thesis analyses the cultural differences in Chinese and English idioms, then studies English-Chinese\Chinese-English idiom translation methods(Research subject) from the angle of culture(Method) and points out some warnings concerning idiom translation: pay attention to context and choose the right version in line with the style and meaning of the original passage(Results); culture is a whole way of life, when new culture emerges, new idioms also appear, therefore idiom translation should develop with the time.(Conclusion)
Key Words: idioms; culture; translation
论英汉文化背景下的习语翻译
摘要:著名翻译学家奈达指出:“对于真正成功的翻译而言，熟悉两种文化甚至比掌握两种语言更为重要，因为词语只有在其作用的文化背景下才有意义。”也就是说，翻译不仅与语言有关也和文化有关。习语翻译中对文化差异的研究在中国的翻译领域中仍然较弱，专门对中英习语翻译的研究还不很完善。近20年来，习语翻译大多强调语际的交流，而很少涉及文化差异。本文通过分析中英习语的文化差异，进而从文化角度研究中英习语翻译方法，并指出中英习语翻译要注意的问题:联系上下文，选择与原文风格，意思相符的翻译；文化是一种生活方式，文化在变化，出现新的习语，习语翻译要与时俱进。
关键词：习语；文化；翻译
1. Introduction
Idioms universally exist in every language. An Idiom is a word or an expression that cannot be literally translated from the source language into the target language because its idiomatic meaning cannot be understood by literally defining its component parts.(Background) In a broad sense, idioms contain set phrases, proverbs, colloquialisms, slangs, maxims, allusions, etc. (YinLi, 2007:9) In Chinese, they also include enigmatic folk similes. Newmark, a British translation theorist, in his work A Textbook of Translation, said, "I define as culture the way of life and his manifestation that are peculiar to a community that uses a peculiar language as its means of expression. "(Previous research) English Idioms derives from English cultures and daily life. In real context, idioms explain themselves: nine times out of ten they carry their own explanations. If we are unaware of these, we will find ourselves in a state of confusion since we will assign literal meaning to them. The Chinese Idioms, especially the four-character idioms, have their own unique origins which are closely correlative to the Chinese history and cultures. In view of the difficulties in understanding idioms, we should pay due attention and efforts to understand their cultures and customs. This thesis is designed to dig into the cultural differences between Chinese and English and then elaborates on the translation theories applied to idioms. (Subject + Method)
2. A Comparison Between English and Chinese Idioms
2.1 The Cultural Differences Between English and Chinese Idioms
2.1.1 Geographical Conditions
The formation of culture is closely related with natural geographical conditions. A specific geographical environment produces a specific culture, which also leads to a particular expression.
Great Britain covers islands including the Northern one-sixth of the island of
Ireland between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, northwest of France. It has a moist climate with much rainfall. Rivers and lakes are numerous. No wonder that fishery is thriving and most important in Britain. Accordingly, idioms concerning fish and navigation constitute a great part in English idioms. (LiYuping, 2008:20)(Theory/Results of previous research)
For example, "like a fish out of water". If you feel like fish out of water, you feel awkward and uncomfortable because you are in an unusual and unfamiliar situation. Fish in the air 缘木求鱼
An odd fish 怪人
Miss the boat 错过机会
Trim the sails to the wind 顺势前进
A small leak will sink a great ship 小洞不补要沉大船 (Examples)
On the other hand, China is located in the Asian Continent and reputed as an agricultural country with a large population of peasants. It is not surprising to find many idioms relevant to farming, such as "骨瘦如柴，对牛弹琴, 众人拾柴火焰高,竹篮打水一场空......". Chinese people also have a mysterious and awe feeling for sea, so they have idioms like "海角天涯，海枯石烂，海阔天空，海底捞针，海市蜃楼......". (Analysis)
2.1.2 History
………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………….
2.2 The Similarities Between English and Chinese Idioms
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2.2.1 Colours
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2.2.2 Numbers
………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………….
3. Methods of Idiom Translation
Translation is far more than a science. It is also a skill, and at the ultimate analysis, fully satisfactory translation is always an art. (Nida, 1982:49) Translation is considered as the cultural bridge and media between two languages. As there are wide differences in vocabulary and syntax between English and Chinese, translation is no easy job. Therefore, in order to keep the flavor of the original as well as cater for both the Chinese and English languages, translation skills should be reasonably employed in the process of translating, such as the following translating methods:
3.1 Literal Translation
………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………….
3.2 Free Translation
………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………….
3.3 Translation with Notes
………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………….
3.4 Replacement with Similar Idioms
………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………….
3.5 The Translation of Corresponding Idioms with the Same Meaning
………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………….
3.6 A Combination of Literal and Free Translation
………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………….
4. Some Warnings Concerning Idiom Translation
………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………….
5. Conclusion
One of the major characteristics identifying us as human is our ability to use language. Language plays a very important role in people’s daily life; it enables people communicate with each other and understand others' feelings. Language has close relations with culture. It is impossible to separate language from culture. As the essence of language, idioms also have close relations with culture. The contents of them range from society, history, psychology to customs and other various social phenomena. So, in the process of translation, translators should pay more attention to the cultural factors, in doing this, he can dig up the implicit meanings. (Conclusion of research) Only the cultural factors are concerned, translators can have a satisfactory translation. Besides, people should get acquaintances with the cultural background when using idioms to avoid embarrassment in communication. (Suggestions)
References
[*] 作者. 书名（英语的斜体）. （出版地：）出版社，年份：参考内容页码
[*] 作者. 文章名（英语的斜体）. 刊物名称. （出版地：）出版社，年份
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2008
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