中西文化的差异

现在价值观与道德标准、社会关系、社会礼仪和社会风俗等方面，即西方文化主张个人荣誉、自我中心、创新 精神和个性自由，而中国文化主张谦虚谨慎、无私奉献、中庸之道和团结协作；西方人平等意识较强、家庭结 构简单，由父母以及未成年子女组成核心家庭；而中国人等级观念较强，家庭结构较复杂，传统的幸福家庭多 为四代同堂等。

在跨文化交际中，由于文化障碍而导致的信息误解，甚至伤害对方的现象屡见不鲜。有时善意的言谈会使 对方尴尬无比，礼貌的举止会被误解为荒诞粗俗。因此，研究文化差异，研究正确的跨文化交际行为已成为不 可忽视的问题。

在中国，对别人的健康状况表示关心是有教养、有礼貌的表现。但对西方人的健康表示关心，就不能按中 国的传统方式了。一个中国学生得知其美籍教师生病后，会关切地说“you should go to see a doctor！（你 应该到医院看看）”。不料，这句体贴的话反而使这位教师很不高兴。因为在这位教师看来，有病看医生这种 简单的事情连小孩都知道，用不着任何人来指教。如果就某种小事给人以忠告，那显然是对其能力的怀疑，从 而大大伤害其自尊心。

中国人在饭桌上的热情好客经常被西方人误解为不文明的行为。因西方人认为：客人吃多吃少完全由自己 决定，用不着主人为他加菜添酒；而且饮食过量是极不体面的事情，因此客人吃饭后，主人不必劝他再吃。一 位美国客人看到中国主人不断地给他挟菜很不安，事后他抱怨说“主人把我当猪一样看待”。

中国人路遇熟人时，往往会无所顾忌地说：“啊呀，老兄，你近来又发福了！”或者以关切的口吻说：“ 老兄，你又瘦了，要注意身体啊！”而西方人若听你说“you are fat”或“you are so thin”，即使比较熟 悉，也会感到尴尬和难以答。

从以上例子不难看出：文化障碍的确会影响跨文化交际。因此有必要研究不同文化间的差异。 西方文化在许多方面与中国的文化存在着很大的差异。

1．行为规范的差异

行为规范是指被社会所共同接受的道德标准和行为准则，简言之，就是告诉人们该做什么和不该做什么的一种规范。不同文化背景的人们在交际时，经常出现的一个现象就是套用自身所处社会的行为规范来判断对方行为的合理性，即以自己的标准去衡量别人行为的合理性。由于双方的行为规范存在差异，这种“以己及人”的办法与辩证法所讲的一切以时间、条件和地点为转移的分析问题的原则相悖的。由于生长的环境不同，接受的文化教育不同，中西的文化中许多行为规范的差异常常会产生误解、不快甚至更坏的结果。比如，中国人轻拍小孩子的头表示一种友好，而在西方国家，这是一种极不尊重小孩子的做法，父母会对此非常愤怒。非语言交际也是一种重要的交际方式，指的是在特定的情景或语境中使用非语言行为交流和理解信息的过程，它们不是真正的语言单位，但在生活和交际中有时候却能表达出比语言更强烈的含义，一些特定的非语言行为往往代表着特殊的含义，在跨文化交际中必须加以重视。中西文化背景下的非语言文化内涵差异非常大。例如，中国人信奉“沉默是金”，认为沉默里含有丰富的信息，甚至“此时无声胜有声”，而英语国家的人对此感觉不舒服。西方人交谈时，听着一般都会长时间注视对方的眼神，以示听者的认真核对说话者的尊重，但是在中国人看来，这是一种不礼貌的行为，因为中国人不习惯于对方长时间的盯着自己看。在跨文化交际中是否能够正确的识别和运用行为规范是保证跨文化交际顺利进行的重要因素。

2．思维方式的差异

不同的思维方式是特定文化的产物，又反过来不断地影响、形成特定文化的内涵和元素。西方文化的思维模式注重逻辑和分析，而东方文化的思维模式则表现出直觉总体性，这一点也是中国传统文化思维的特征。由于这种传统文化的影响，中国人往往特别重视直觉，注重认识过程中的经验和感觉，在交往中也往往以这种经验和感觉去“以己度人”。与西方人的思维模式相比，中国人的这种思维模式具有明显的笼统性和模糊性。如英语与汉语的句子结构也折射出英汉两种文化思维模式的差异。

3．价值取向的差异

人们的交际能力是在社会化的过程中产生的，必然和价值观念联系在一起。每一种文化都有自己特有的价值体系，这套体系能够帮助人们区分美与丑、善良与邪恶，这就是处世哲学、道德标准和行为规范。但一个社会的价值体系不能脱离具体的文化而存在，每一种文化的判断标准是不同的，这种文化认为是好的，另一种文化可能认为不好。但是，它们在自己的文化体系内都有其存在的合理性，绝不可能理解为一种价值标准先进，而另一种价值标准落后。以中西文化为例，在中国文化中，人们推崇谦虚知礼，追求随遇而安，不喜欢争强好胜，社会风气往往封杀过于突出的个人，所谓“木秀于林，风必摧之，行高于众，人必毁之。”西方文化则非常崇尚个人主义，人们崇尚独立思考，独立判断，依靠自己的能力去实现个人利益，并且认为个人利益至高无上。“随遇而安”被看作是缺乏进取精神的表现，是懒惰、无能的同义词，为社会和个人不认同。

4．语言的差异

语言是文化的载体，文化是语言交流的背景。文化差异常常在语言中表现出来，通过语言的差异而折射出文化的不同。在词语方面，两种语言中出现指称意义相同但文化涵义不同的词语。例如，在汉语中，“龙”是权利和力量的象征，代表了皇权的威严，也是中国人的骄傲，所以会有“龙子龙孙”、“龙马精神”、“龙的传人”等对“龙”进行赞美的词汇。然而，在西方，“龙（dragon）”并不是汉语的对等词汇，而是一种近乎毒蛇的独角兽，代表的是灾难与邪恶。所以，如果只从本民族文化角度来看待语言的内涵与引申是无法理解其中真实含义的。

通过了解中西方文化差异对于提高跨文化交际能力有着极其重要的意义，它能帮助我们正确理解西方人的言行 ，在交际过程中，充分了解对方，尊重对方的习俗，以取得最佳的交际效果。

生命科学学院

06级生物技术（1）班

王小雪

第二篇：中西文化差异英文版

With the rapidly challging word, people throughout the world have found it increasingly necessary to minimize the rate of misunderstanding due to miscommunication in their contacts with another. In the oast most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geoographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. It might be said that technological advances have been most effective in creating the borderless word, the global community. As our world shrinks and its inhabitants become interdependent, people from remot cultures increasingly come into contact on a daily basis. It is no longer hard to find situations in which membes of ince isolared groups of people. Now these people may live thousands of miles away or right next door to each other. So all the people are faced with the challenge of understand this world. So when the east meet west, there are many problems. Some problems are listed as follows.

First of all, the way of eating. All huaman beings have certain basic needs. Our fundamental needs for things that keep us alive. This is the physioligical need. All individuals must eat in order to survive. But what people eat, when they eat, and the manners in which they eat are all patterned by culture. No society views everything in its environment that is edible and might provide nurishment as food. Americans eat oysters but not snail. The French eat snails but not locusts. The Jews eat fish but not pork. The Hindus eat pork but not beef. The Russiand eat beef but not snake. We all have ideas about what kinds of food are good to eat. We also have ideas about what kinds of food are bad to eat. As a result, people from one culture often think the food that people from another culture eat are disgusting or nauseating. Dislike is not the only reason why some culture will not eat a certain food. In some clture, certain foods are taboo. Sometimes the food taboos may be so strong thrat just the thought of eating forbidden foods can cause an indivdual to feel ill. We can also find culture difference in way of bring up children treating the early, greeting each other, saying and spending money before other people do in everyday, but in some English-speaking countries, people do not agree with us. We chinese may enjoy something that is not usually consider as edible by the English-speaking people. Generally we perfer to have thing hot and much emphasis on the taste. We eat from one plate when we are eating with others, and we like to seat one by one, and in the shape of a round. On the opposite, some English-speaking contries, most of the people like to seat in two rows, two people face to face. They have their own plate. On the aspect of table manners, there are many differences between chinese and English-speaking people. For example, in some Englishi-speaking countries, Bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right. Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. When eating bread rolls, break off a piece before buttering. Use the knife only to butter the bread, not to cut it. They should not start eating before your host does or instructs to do so. At larger meals, it is considered okay to start eating once

others have been served. When finished, place the knife and fork together at five o’clock with the fork on the left. It is considered rude to answer the telephone at the table. If need to take an urgent call, excuse self and go outside. Try to eat all the food you are served. But in China, the table manners are different. Chinese traditionally eat rice from a small bowl held in the left hand. The rice bowl is raised to the mouth and the rice pushed into the mouth using the chopsticks. Some Chinese find it offensive to scoop rice from the bowl using a spoon. If rice is served on a plate, as is more common in the West, it is acceptable and more practical to eat it with a fork or spoon. The thumb must always be above the edge of the bowl. The host should always make sure the guests drinks are sufficiently full. One should not pour for ones self, but should offer to pour for a neighbor. When your drink is being poured, you should say "thank you" and tap fingers on the table to show appreciation. When people wish to clink drinks together in the form of a cheer, it is important to observe that younger members should clink the edge of their drink below the edge of an elder to show respect.

Secondly, the way of communication. Form birth to death, communication plays an integral part in our life. There are some language problems, including the different styles of using language such as direct, indirect; expansive, succinct; argumentative, conciliatory; instrumental, harmonnizing; and so on. These different styles can lead to wrong interpretations of intent and evaluation of insincerity, aggreeiveness, deviousness, or arrogance, among other. The misinterpretation nonverbal signs and symbols such as gestures, postures, and other body movements. It is a definite communication barrier. But it is possible to learn the meanings of these observable message,usually in informal rather ways. It is more difficult to understand the less obvious unspoken codes of the other cultures. Language, as the carrier of culture, is created during the process of human beings’ productive labor and serves as the tool of communication to convey the message between people. However, it has been endowed with magic and power in particular language acts. As the old saying goes, troubles come out of the tongue. Superstitious people think that the language itself can bring about fortune or misfortune so that taboos to restrict the use of language are created. Anyone who violates them will get punishment, whereas those who faithfully obey the restrictions of language taboo will get protection. Furthermore, linguistic taboos change with the development of society .The paper firstly analyzes the evolution of linguistic taboo. It is indicated in the paper that linguistic taboo exists in almost every aspect of people’s life and is a universal social phenomenon in China and Britain. Both Chinese and English cultures are in agreement about linguistic taboos such as pronunciation taboo, and vocabulary taboo. However, influenced by different cultural backgrounds, ideologies and the concepts of value, Chinese and English linguistic taboos also have differences, as is discussed in the paper

from the aspects of taboo subjects, taboo numbers and names. At last, this paper puts forward two effective ways of avoiding taboo, that is, using euphemism and having a good knowledge of the taboo culture. And this discussion would help English learners improve their ability of cross-cultural communication and achieve better communicational effects. For example, During the feudal times, people were not equal to the rulers and were suppressed by their superiors. The distinction between the upper and the lower classes was also reflected in the evaluation of the language used by them respectively. The words of upper class used were considered good and elegant while those used by the lower class were regarded as vulgar and indecent and should be avoided in the speech of ladies and gentlemen. In modern society, as a result of the development of science and technology, many natural phenomena are no longer mysterious. Human beings not only constantly improve their abilities to exploit the world where they are living through their great wisdom and knowledge, but also make efforts to explore the extraterrestrial world. Science has much more say in today’s society. Thereby, the superstitious elements in linguistic taboos decrease while those reflecting spiritual civilization increase.

In short, by comparison, we can find that both Chinese and English communication reflect people’s psychology for good will, for safety and fortune and pleasantness. The Chinese and English people restrict their words and deeds through taboos, trying to keep a harmonious relationship between human and nature, or between people and society. They are a reflection of people’s pursuit of freedom and equality.

The most important, the different way of family structure, family values and family education. Family structure is the big difference between east and west, traditional chinese, amony many other Asians, repect their elders and feel a deep sense of duty toward them. Children repay their parents` sacrifices by being successful and supporting them in old age. This is accepted as a natural part of life in China. In contrast, taking care of aged parents is often viewed as a tremendous burden in the English-speaking countries, where aging and family support are not honored highly. In some English-speaking countries are still extrmely family-oriented. They are dedicated to helping their children and will sacrifice greatly for their children to get an edcuation. In turn, the children are devoted to their parents, who often live nearby. Grown children who go away and leave the country for the economic reasons typically send large parts of their salary home to their parents and the rest of the family. Or in some Asia, any decisions or actions are done from family consideration, not individual desires. Peope`s behavior is judged on whether it brings shame or pride to the family. The children are trained to rely on their families, to honor elderly people, and to fear foreigners. And many of them think that their actions in this life will influence their status in the next life.

The way of family edcation is also the different. We all know the family education is the elementary education for children. Many serious problems have appeared in our education system in recent years. Almost everyone has realized the importance of solving these problems and many people have presented a lot of valuable suggestions. There are many types of family education in the world and each of them shows distinctive features and is closely responsive to its culture. And American family education is the most famous one among them. There are great differences in the concepts of education, methods of education and results of education between East family education and West family education. In some English-speaking countries, parents’ aims are to train their children to have the ability of adapting to environmental variety and the ability of living independently. Based on this concept, most American parents emphasize more to train their children’s ability of independence once they are born. They generally believe that children’s growth must rely on their own experiences, because they think that children should form a self-supporting will and the capacity to live independently since their childhood. And the capacity comes from the training in the early age. The so-called training contains many aspects, such as work, temper will, patience, the spirit of hard work, etc. However, the most fundamental training is the ability of adapting to hard conditions. Through the process of work, children will form the labor sense, learn some work skills and form a habit of labor. Besides, children can learn how to overcome difficulties, temper their willpower, develop their talents and skills, rich their knowledge, and form a habit of hard work and thrifty by working in hard conditions. It is just in the unconsciously process that children will obtain the independent survivability and take the responsibilities for the society. Compared with some English-speaking countries, Chinese parents have a very different concept of children’s education. Some parents in China only care about whether the children have a promising future, a good job, a good life or not. Based on these expectations, the majority of parents feel that their responsibility for their children is to create as good conditions as possible they can so that the children will not worry about anything in the future. Chinese parents would like to provide everything what they can for their children in the process of children’s growth. In short, they would like to sacrifice anything if their children can live better with their help. Therefore, in the process of children’s growth, the most important thing the parents concerning is to developing their children’s intellect, except for caring children’s daily life. In order to make their children have a good performance in study, become outstanding, or even become a famous person in the future, they would not let children do anything except studying. As for the children’s independence, civic awareness and their ability adapting to the society in the future, they consider little or not at all. From these aspects we can find the obvious differences of family education between America and China.

When we faced with those difference between West and East, we should give some advice to solve these problems. According to the three big difference that pointed, we should find some way to deal with these problems.

We can study other languages and learn to expect in nonvwebal forms and other cultural aspects. We can train ourselves to meet intercultural encounters with more attention to situation details. We can use an investigative approach rather than stereotypes and preconceptions. We can gradually expose ourselves to differences so that they become less threatening. We can even learn to lower our tension level when needed to advoid triggering defensive reactions. The overall goal should be to achieve intercultural communication competence.

So the ideal solution to reduce the problems are to share knowledge with others in communication. This is why it is easiest to communicate with other members of the same group. This is why people so often gather together socially with others who are very much like them. Since intercultural communication is communication with members of different cultual groups, and therefore, because we do not share knowledge, assumptions, values, and forms of discourse with them, we must expect there to be problems of interpretation. We must look for these problems, anticipate where they will arise out of our differences, and then plan our aommunications to be as effective as possible.

However, we have to remember that, most of the time, the different ways that are the customs of dfferent cultures are neither right nor wrong. It is simply that different people do the same tings in different manners, even though we can not understand ,we should show the respect. I believe this is the best way to make our life become more comfortable and make the world more harmonious.