Unit1
English for Science and Technology 科技英语 Safety management 安全管理 Accident causation models 事故致因模型 Unsafe act 不安全行为
Unsafe condition 不安全状态 accident-proness models事故倾向模型
safety culture 安全文化 Organization safety culture企业安全文化
1、All modern theories are based on accident causation models which try to explain the sequence of events that finally produce the loss.
所有的现代理论都是基于尝试解释事件发生次序并最终导致损失的事故致因模型。
2、The strategic management, leadership, motivation, and the personnel‘s visible and hidden values are some issues that are now under intensive study.
现在正在加紧研究诸如战略管理，领导力，激励及员工有形的和隐藏的价值等问题。
3、One comprehensive definition for an organizational culture has been presented by Schein who has said that organizational culture is ―a pattern of basic assumptions – invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration – that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems‖.
沙因已提出“企业文化”的一个广义定义。他认为企业文化是“一种基本的假设模式——由某一组织发明、发现、或将之发展的，用它来处理外部适应和内部整合的问题。由于这一假设模式运作非常有效，因此可将它教给新员工，以使他们在遇到类似问题的时候也能以正确的方式感受、思考和感觉” 。
杜邦10条
Dubont company‘s safety principles
? All injuries and occupational illnesses can be prevented.
? Management is responsible for safety.
? Safety is an individual‘s responsibility and a condition of employment.
? Training is an essential element for safe workplaces.
? Audits must be conducted（必须进行检查 ）
? All deficiencies(不足) must be corrected promptly.
? It is essential to investigate all injuries and incidents with injury potential. ? Off-the –job safety is an important part of the safety effort.
? It is good business to prevent injuries and illnesses.
? Peple are the most important element of safety and occupational health program.
Unit2
System‘s life cycle系统寿命周期 Safety criteria安全准则
Hazard analysis危险分析 Performance reviews 绩效考核
Hazard Control危险控制
1、System safety concepts are based on the idea that an optimum degree of safety can be achieve within the constraints of system effectyeness.
系统安全的概念是基于最佳安全程度的想法，这个想法在系统效力的约束下能够实现。
2、It involves the application of scientific and management principles for the timely recognition, evaluation, and control of hazards.
为了对危险实现及时地识别、评价和控制，它所采用的方法包括科技、管理的手段。
3、These criteria normally provide for compliance with accepted safety standards such as those contained in government regulations.
这些标准通常与人们所普遍遵循的安全标准相适应，如政府法规中的相关内容。
4、Equipment specifications, maintenance plans, training plans, proposed system procedures, and other design materials are reviewed and evaluated during the design phase.
在设计阶段就应该考虑和评价设备说明书、维修计划、培训方案、建议的系统程序和其他的设计材料。
5、For an analysis to be meaningful, it must be logical, accurate, descriptive of the system, and based on valid assumptions.
为了使分析有意义，危险分析必须符合逻辑，具有准确性，系统描述完整，并且基于有效的假设。
Uint3
Ergonomics process人机进程 work efficiency工作效率
安全人机工程 工作效率
工作压力 伤害率
职业伤残
Similarly, an ergonomics process is a plan in which a facility gathers all relevant information on work organization, employee capabilities and limitations, and work-related MSDs, to develop solutions to better accommodate these employees and reduce MSD rates and their associated costs.
同样，人机工程进程其实就是一个计划。在这个计划中企业需要收集所有关于工作安排、员工能力和制度约束以及与肌肉骨骼疾病相关的资料。这样做是为了更好地满足员工的需求、能有效降低肌肉骨骼疾病的发生率及其相关费用。
2、A successful ergonomics process needs to be implemented and refined across various types of organizations, so that a wide variety of work-related issues can be incorporated.
一个成功人机工程/工效流程的顺利实施和不断完善，需要跨越多个部门。所以与工作有关的各种问题都有可能被纳入其中。
3、The element from which basic ergonomics issues arise is the Workplace; that is, the area in which the physical work is being performed and where employees become injured due to musculoskeletal stressors.
人体工程学的基本问题来自于工作场所，因为员工是在其中进行体力工作，同时易因肌肉骨骼受压而受伤。
4、This includes understanding ergonomics concepts on a global level–that work systems designed within individuals' capabilities and limitations will improve work efficiency and productivity and will reduce the numbers and costs of MSDs.
这包括对人体工程学的概念有一个全面的了解：在个人的能力和限制范围内进行工作系统的设计，将提高工作效率和生产力，还会降低肌肉骨骼疾病发生的次数，以及由此产生的花费。
5、A progressive management structure is one that honestly values its employees and communicates this commitment through corporate policies that tout this dedication to employees health and well-being;this includes the implementation of an ergonomics process. 一个先进的管理结构是这样的：诚实地评价雇员，通过制定满足雇员健康和福利的企业政策向大家传达承诺 ；这就包括工效进程的执行。
6、It is within the committee that all activities in the facility having ergonomics impact are directed. The formation of the committee and their training is no effortless matter, however. 正是在委员会内部,人机工程委员会施于企业内部所有活动的影响都是直接的。然而该委员会的组建和培训并不是不费力的事。
7、Just as ergonomics itself is comprised of multiple disciplines, an Ergonomics Committee should be comprised of members with diverse backgrounds and areas of expertise.
正如工效学本身是由多学科，人因工程委员会也应由具有不同背景和专业领域的专家组成。
8、This includes identifying both jobs and work practices that have historically caused MSDs and those destined to produce future problems if not corrected.
这包括确定历史上导致肌肉骨骼疾病发生的工作和操作上的行为，如果没有被予以纠正，它们注定会产生新的问题。
It is the responsibility of the team to continually keep employees updated on the team's activities.
通过团队活动不断保持其成员的进步是团队义不容辞的责任
Unit4
Hazard Identification危险辨识 personal protective equipment 个人防护设备 Accident investigation事故调查 Safety inspection安全检查
Occupational Safety and Health Act （OSHA） 职业安全与卫生条例
1、when you do not view a reported hazard as an actual hazard, it is critical to ongoning process to inform the worker that you do not view it as a true hazard and explain why.
当你没有把报告上来的危险视作一个真正存在危险的时候，对于持续的生产来说，通知工人你并不认为它是一个真正存在的危险并解释其原因，这就成为至关重要的了
2、Also, if a hazard exists, you must be prioritize it according to the ones that can be handled quickly, which may take time, or which will cost money above your budget.
此外，如果存在危险，你必须根据处置它所花费的时间，或花费的高于预算资金等来考虑其被处理的先后顺序。
3、Identification and control of hazards should include periodic site safety inspection programs that involve supervisors and , if you have them, joint labor management committees.
识别和控制危险，应包括涉及主管的定期现场安全检查计划，如果你有，还应包括联合劳动管理委员会 。
4、To prevent industrial accidents, the people, machines, and other factors which can cause accidents, including the energies associated with them, must be controlled。
为了防止工业事故发生，必须对人，机和其他可导致事故发生的因素以及与此相关的能量加以控制 。
5、Study the work environment for what is moving in the vicinity of the worker, what is 研究工作环境下是什么在工人附近移动，是什么样的移动，或由于工人操作什么将会移动。
6、Any type of work that involves materials or equipment that may be harmful without forceful contact is a source of contact-with accidents.
任何涉及到不包含强大能量源，有害的物质或设备接触都属于接触事故类型 。
7、Management is not as close to the actual work being performed as are those performing the work.
管理者工作并不像具体执行工作的人员一样能接触到具体的操作。
8、This hazard identification technique works well where management is open and genuinely concerned about the safety and health of its workforce.
危害识别技术运作良好的地方，其管理工作是开放的，是真正关注劳动者安全和健康问题的。
Unit5
Occupational health and safety management system（OHSMS）职业健康安全管理体系
1、Finding agreement upon criteria for effectiveness, or methods of measurement and evaluation is especially hard where basic disagreement exists upon what an OHSMS is.
发现能够达成一致的有效标准或测量、评价方法是特别困难的事，因为对什么是职业健康安全管理体系存在基本分歧。
2、Systems theory suggests that there should be four general requirements for an OHSMS, although how these requirements are met in practice allows for considerable diversity.
系统理论认为：对职业健康安全管理体系应该有四个基本要求，但这些要求在实践应用中却需满足多样化的需求。
3、In contrast, mandatory systems have evolved in a number of European countries where legislation requires adoption of a risk assessment system.
与此相反，强制性制度已经发展到了许多欧洲国家，在这些国家法律规定建立风险评估系统。
4、This approach stems from methods of regulation found in Europe as well as Australia, where businesses, including smaller ones, are encouraged or required to comply with a less demanding framework than ―management systems‖.
这种做法源于欧洲和澳大利亚现行的监管方法。在那的企业，包括规模较小的，都鼓励或要求遵守与―管理系统‖ 要求相比较低的框架。
5、First, it is grounded in the literature that discusses alternative approaches to managing OHS and different control strategies, and it reflects the principal debates in that literature. 首先，它植根于一种文化，对管理职业健康与安全采取不同控制策略的文化中。它反映了在特定文化中最大的争议。
6、The idea that there may be different levels of OHSM has been interpreted another way in Australia where performance levels in some programs are explicitly developmental (the business graduating up an ascending ladder as it demonstrates compliance with the requirements of each successive level).
澳大利亚的另一种方式可以用来解释OHSM有不同等级的观点，在澳一些方案的执行水平在显著提高（业务已经上升了一个台阶，因为它表明与每个连续的级别相一致）。
7、while, in general, this report advocates care in defining OHSMS with respect to the problems outlines above, for the purpose of this project an inclusive approach to the phenmena is to be adopted.
一般来说，考虑到前文所提到的许多问题，这篇报告倡导应专注于职业健康安全管理体系的定义，采纳一个包容性的方法就是为了解决上述问题。
Uint6
Physical hazards物理危害 Time-weighted average 时间加权平均
Hazard Communication Standard危险通识标准
1、Industrial hygiene has been defined as "that science or art devoted to the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control of those environmental factors or stresses, arising in or from the workplace, which may cause sickness, impaired health and well-being, or significant discomfort and inefficiency among workers or among the citizens of the community."
工业卫生被定义为―它是针对环境因素或压力的预期、辨识、评价和控制的一门科学和艺术。这些环境因素产生于工作场所，可能会导致疾病，损害健康或在工人和社会公民中引起显著的不适和降低效率‖。
2、The industrial hygienist, although basically trained in engineering, physics, chemistry, or biology, has acquired by undergraduate and/or postgraduate study and experience, a knowledge of the effects upon health of chemical and physical agents under various levels of exposure.
虽然工业卫生学家在工程、物理、化学或生物学方面已获得过培训，通过本科、研究生期间的学习和积累的经验，已经掌握了暴露于各级环境下化学和物理制剂对健康影响的知识。
3、Noise is a serious hazard when it results in temporary or permanent hearing loss, physical or mental disturbance, any interference with voice communications, or the disruption of a job, rest, relaxation, or sleep.
噪声是一种严重的危害，因它会造成临时或永久性听力丧失，身体或精神紊乱，干扰语言沟通，或对工作、休息、放松或睡眠产生障碍。
6、The chance of developing heat stress increases with increased humidity, hot environments, and the use of personal protective equipment.
热应力显现的可能性随着湿度的增加、热环境以及个人防护设备的使用而增大。
7、Ionizing radiation has the ability to change or destroy the atomic (chemical) structure of cells, non-ionizing radiation does not.
电离辐射有能力改变或破坏细胞的原子（化学）结构，非电离辐射则没有。
8、Although non-ionizing radiation is not as hazardous as ionizing, there are exposures that can cause severe injuries.
虽然非电离辐射电离不如电离辐射危险，但有导致严重伤害的风险。
9、Items such as sanitation and housekeeping items regarding potable water, removal of industrial waste and sewage, food handling, and personal cleanliness have the potential to exacerbate the potential risk of biological hazards.
卫生设施和家庭饮用水方面的项目，工业废物和污水的转运，食品处理和个人清洁等有可能会加剧潜在的生物危害风险。
10、When repetitive motion injuries occur , they often result from continuous use of a body part often in an unnatural posture employing more force than is normal for the body part. 重复性的运动损伤经常发生，多是因以一种不自然的姿势频繁使用身体某部位而引发的，对这个部位来说承受了比平常更多的能量。
11、The majority of the occupational health hazards arise from inhaling chemical agents in the form of vapors, gases, dusts, fumes and mists, or by skin contact with these materials. 多数职业健康危害由吸入以蒸汽、气体、粉尘、烟雾形式存在的化学制剂而产生，或通过皮肤接触这些材料也可产生。
12、To recognize occupational factors or stresses, a health and safety professional must first know about the chemicals used as raw materials and the nature of the products and byproducts manufactured.
为了识别职业因素或压力，健康和安全专家必须首先了解作为原料使用的化学品、产品及副产品。
Unit7
Risk assessment风险评估 Preventive measures 预防措施
Health and Safety Commission（HSC） 健康安全委员会
1、In response to the recognition [that its structure has limitations in providing the ?glue‘ that holds organisations together], much management thinking over the last two decades has focused on the concept of corporate culture.
作为对这种认识——―企业文化在像胶水一样将组织聚合时所发挥的作用有限‖的回应，许多管理者在过去的二十年里一直专注于对它的研究。
2、It is generally thought that a well-developed and business-specifc culture [into which managers and employees are thoroughly socialised] will lead to stronger organisational commitment, more efficient performance and generally higher productivity.
人们普遍认为：在一个发达的、具有特定企业文化(其中的管理者和员工被彻底同化了)的企业中，将产生较强的组织承诺、高效的执行力和较高的生产率。
3、The maintenance of the dominating corporate culture within any organization, therefore, is supported by ongoing analyses of organizational systems,goal-directed behaviour, attitudes and performance outcomes.
因此，在任何组织内对主导企业文化的维护是由组织系统的持续分析、以目标为导向的行为、态度和表现结果来支持的。
4、This is not surprising given [that organisations are dynamic, multi-faceted human systems that operate in dynamic environments (in which what exactly suits at one time and one place) cannot be generalised into a detailed universal truth argues that differing sub-cultures actually serve a useful function], as they are a valuable resource for dealing with collective ignorance determined by systemic uncertainty because they provide a diversity of perspectives and interpretation of emerging (safety) problems.
组织是动态的，在动态环境中运行的多面人文系可能适合于某一时间、某一场所，但不可
能成为一个普遍适用的真理。这就表明不同的次文化实际上能发挥有用的功能，以上观点是不足为奇的。因为它们在解决由系统不确定性累积形成的问题时是有价值的资源，对出现的（安全）问题提供了新的观点和解释。
5、Gaining international currency over the last decade, it is loosely used to describe the corporate atmosphere or culture [in which safety is understood to be, and is accepted as, the number one priority].
在宽松的企业环境或文化中认为：安全是第一优先考虑的，这种观点在过去的十年中得到了广泛流行，并且也被接纳。
6、As such the dominant corporate culture and the prevailing context such as downsizing and organisational corporate restructuring will exert a considerable influence on its development and vice-versa as both inter-relate and reinforce each other.
就这点而论起主导作用的企业文化和当时缩减规模、重组的背景对其发展将会产生较大的影响。反之亦然，两者既相互关联，又相互促进。
7、All these definitions are relatively similar in that they can be categorised into a normative beliefs perspective in so far as each is focused to varying degrees on the way people think and/or behave in relation to safety.
所有这些定义都比较相似，就定义的角度而言它们都可以被划分到规范信念一类中。每个定义所关注的均是与安全相关的人们思维和/或行为方式的程度不同。
8、Likewise, with the exception of the HSC these definitions tend to reflect the view 【that safety culture "is" rather than something that organisation"has―】.
同样地，除健康安全委员会以外，这些定义趋向于反映这样一种观点：安全文化―是什么‖，而不是组织 ―有什么‖。
9、It has been argued that 【both views are commensurate in that managerial functionalist strategies emerge from interpretative contexts】.
有人认为这两种意见是与管理功能主义战略在解释性背景下显露出来相称的。
10、Given the prominence of the HSC‘s definition in guiding reseachers, one area requiring precision [that appears to have been overlooked by all concerned] is the ―product‖ of the safety culture construct.
由于在指导性研究中突出了健康安全委员会的定义，一个似乎被所有人忽略了的细节之处就是安全文化建设的―产品‖。
10、Nonetheless, the degree to which members consistently confront others about their unsafe acts, the degree to which members report unsafe conditions, the speed with which members implement remedial actions, the degree to which members give priority to safety over production are all observable examples of members directing their efforts to improve safety.
然而，对成员一直面临不安全行为的关注程度，成员报告不安全条件的积极性，成员实施补救行动的速度，成员对安全给予优先考虑的可能性都是成员之间通过观察别人努力改善安全的例子。
11、Given that [the maintenance of organisational cultures are supported by ongoing analyses of organisational systems, goal-directed behaviour, attitudes and performance outcomes], the definition given for the safety culture ―product‖' provides a dependent variable with which to assess safety culture improvement initiatives.
鉴于企业文化的秉持是由组织系统、目标导向行为、态度和执行力来支持的，把安全文化说成―产品‖就提供了一个用以评估安全文化改善措施的因变量。
12、Despite notions 【that culture cannot easily be created or engineered, in practise】, the creation or enhancement of a safety culture is dependent upon the deliberate manipulation of various organisational characteristics thought to impact upon safety management practices.
尽管在实践中安全文化不容易被创建或设计，但它的创造或强化依赖于各种组织有意识地对安全管理实践施加影响的有意识操作。
Uint8
Needs Move Mountains and People人的需要层次理论
1、These statements, however, do not tell us what motivation really is nor do they tell us how we can measure or even understand motivation.
但是，这些说明并没有告诉我们什么是真正的动机，也没有告诉我们如何衡量甚至如何来理解它。
2、 But, possibly a better definition is ―motivation presumes valuing, and values are learned
behaviors; thus, motivation, at least in part, is learned and can be taught ‖.
但是或许一个更好的定义为：激励重视价值，价值是博学的行为 。因此，至少在某种程度上我们能学会激励、激励亦能被教会。
3、 We cannot directly observe or measure it but a glimpse of the results may be observed
when we see a positive change take place in behavior.
我们不能直接观察或测量它，但当看到积极的行为改变发生时，只需一瞥即可观察到。
4、Most of us do not believe that they are just "bom leaders" but individuals who possess a set of talents and have chosen to develop those talents to the maximum.
我们大多数人并不相信他们是―天生的领袖‖，但确实存在拥有过人才能，并将其发挥至极致的人才。
5、This plan should include your desired goals and objectives, levels of expectations, mechanisms for communication, valuative procedures and techniques for reinforcement, feedback, rewards, and incentives.
该计划应包括你的期望目标和宗旨，预期水平，沟通机制，有价值的程序和技术的强化、反馈、奖励和激励技巧。
6、Nobody can motivate you. You must assume the responsibility to motivate yourself within the environment in which you find yourself.
没有人能激励你。你必须承担在发现自我的环境中激励自己的责任。
7、Regardless of（不管、不顾） all the efforts made to assure that no accidents, injuries, or work-related illnesses occur, there will still be, at times, mistakes made and negative outcomes that occur.
不顾一切的努力以确保事故、伤害或与工作有关的疾病不发生，但是偶尔仍然会犯错和产生负效益。
8、It is not enough for them to know that they will be fired for violation of safety rule, they need to be motivated to perform their work safely even when there is no one watching them. 对他们来说知道将因违反安全条例而被解雇是不够的。他们应被激励到这种程度：当没人监督他们时仍能安全地工作。
9、This motivates them to do something and gives them the time, direction, and a reason to
find new or better ways to accomplish their goals and plans.
这促使他们做点事情，让他们有时间、方向和理由来寻找新的或更好的实现他们目标和计划的方法。
10、Some behaviors that take place and indicate a social need of acceptance are asking the opinion of the group before acting, following group preferences instead of personal preferences, or, joining job-related interest groups.
有些行为的发生表明需要社会的接纳，在采取这样的行动之前需要征求小组的意见，应是遵循组织的意愿而非个人的喜好，或参加与工作有关的兴趣团体。