高一英语定语从句知识小结
在英语中,句子按结构分类可分为简单句、并列句和复合句，而复合句又分为：主语从句、宾语从句、状语从句、表语从句、同谓语从句和定语从句等。定语从句是高一英语学习的重点之一，也是学生在英语学习中常碰到的难点之一。现将高中课本相关的知识点作一小结：
我们先看以下几个句子：
（1）This is his book.
（2）Please turn on that green light.
（3）Do you like the beautiful flowers?
在这些句子中的book, light, flowers前面的修饰语只是简单词,它们对后面的几个名词起一种修饰作用。那如果要表达以下几个句子又该怎么办呢？
（1）我昨天买的 这本书不贵。
（2）住在我隔壁的 这个人是卖菜的。
（3）那是 他们去年住的 房子。
（4）小明还记得 他第一次来广州 那天。
这时,我们会发现,只用简单词来做修饰语还不行，有的时候需要用句子来表达意思：
(1): This book is not expensive.
(2): The man (3): That is the house (4): Xiaoming still remembers the day 这些斜体部分的句子就是定语从句。我们把在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的句子称之为定语从句。上面四句中的book, man, house, day是定语从句被修饰的词, 叫作先行词，用来引导从句的that, which, who 叫作关系代词（一般情况下，定语从句放在先行词后面），where, when 叫作关系副词。
（一） 由关系代词引导的定语从句。
关系代词有 that, who, whom, which, whose.
1. 关于 that
先行词指物或指人时，一般情况下，关系代词可用 that。 that 在从句当中可以充当主语或宾语。如：
( 指物 ) (1) The house that was built in 1987 stayed up in the earthquake. (that在从句中作主语)
(2) The house (that ) I built in 1987 stayed up in the earthquake. ( that 在从句中作
宾语)
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( 指人 ) (3) The teacher that teaches us is a teacher of English. ( that 在从句中作主语)
(4) The teacher (that ) I met yesterday is a teacher of English. ( that 在从句中作宾语)
注：在口语中和非正式文体中,当that 在从句中作宾语时，可以省略，即第(2)、(4)句可写成：
The house I built in 1987 stayed up in the earthquake.
The teacher I met yesterday is a teacher of English..
2. 关于which
先行词如果指物，那么，关系代词可用which. Which可在从句中作主语或宾语。如： They planted some trees which didn’t need much water. (which在从句中作主语) The fish (which ) we bought were not fresh. (which在从句中作宾语) 注：在口语中和非正式文体中。当 which 在从句中作宾语时, 也常可以省略。
3. 关于 who , whom
先行词如果指人，关系代词可用上述的 that，也可用who, whom. Who, whom在从句中分别作主语和宾语。如：
The men who visited our class yesterday is from Canada.(who在从句中作主语) The boy who broke the window is Tom. (who在从句中作主语) The man (whom ) you just talked to is Mr. Li. (whom在从句中作宾语) The person (whom) you want to see has come. (whom在从句中作宾语) 注：在口语和非正式文体中，whom也常可省略。
4. 关于 whose
刚才谈到的几种定语从句中的关系词在从句中要么作主语或宾语，要么作状语。而在以whose 来引导的定语从句里，whose ”，请看以下几个例子：
I know a boy whose mother is a teacher in our school.
The boss, whose name was Mr. Little, told the story.
That woman whose leg hurt was a very famous engineer.
这三个句子中的先行词都是涉及人的，再看以下几个例子：
My friend got a new room whose windows face the south.
He like the book whose cover(封面) is a picture.
I was asked to look after the house whose owner had went abroad.
在这三个例子中，先行词提到的都是事物。可见，whose 这一关系词既可修饰人，也可修饰物。
注：在whose 后面，一定要有名词，因为它起到定语的作用，用来修饰名词。
（二） 由关系副词引导的定语从句。
定语从句的关系副词有when, where. 在这类定语从句中，先行词通常指时间或地点。而这两个关系副词在从句中作状语。先看两个例句：
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1. I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.
2. The factory where his father works is I the west of the city.
这两个关系副词在从句中，既不作主语，也不作宾语，而作状语。
讲到这里，有必要再向大家分析几道易混淆的题目：
1. The factory _____ my friend works is far from my home.
A. when B. where C. which D. what
2. The factory _____ my friend visited last year is far from my home.
A. when B. where C. which D. what
3. I won’t forget the day ____ I was born.
A. that B. when C. which D. in which
4. I won’t forget the day ____ I spent in Nan Hua Temple three days ago
A. that B. when C. what D. on that
上面的第1、2题有相似之处，同样，第3、4题也是。
第1题答案是B，而第2题的是C，为什么题目貌似相同，答案却各异呢？
我们要分析句子：首先找出句子的主干，第1句“The factory _____ my friend works is far from my home ”的主干是“The factory is far from my home ”，然后找出先行词，该句的先行词是factory，再看看定语从句部分是从哪里到哪里，不难看出，这个句子的定语从句部分是 “_____ my friend works ”，想想，如果在横线上填上which, that 可不可以？如果填上去的话，那这个关系词就得在从句中作主语或宾语，但work 这个词不是及物动词, 从逻辑上讲,其后是不能直接接宾语的,但可带状语。所以，该题应选B。
我们再看第2题，“The factory _____ my friend visited last year is far from my home. ” 按上述分析法，可以看出定语从句部分“_____ my friend visited last year ”缺的是宾语，visit 的逻辑宾语。因此，答案选C。
请用上述的分析方法自己分析第3和第4题。这两题的答案分别为B 和A。
（一） 关于 “ 介词 + which / whom ” 结构
我们还是先看几个句子：
1. The person whom you should write to is Mr. Brown.
2. That house that they are living in belongs to me.
3. The day which my sister was born on is March, 1999.
4. She showed me the dictionary which she paid a lot money for.
5. The man whom you spoke to last night is my father.
考虑一下，把上述五句的介词去掉可否？当然不行，因为句中的whom，that, which等在从句中无法做动词的宾语，那么就要在动词后加个合适的介词，句子才通。因此，这些句子也可说成：
6. The person is Mr. Brown.
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7. That house belongs to me.
8. The day is March, 1999.
9. She showed me the dictionary .
10. The man is my father.
注意：
1 在第2句中的介词in 如果要前置放到关系词前面，则不能写成：
That house belongs to me.
应该写成： That house in which they are living belongs to me.
2 含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of 等。
This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正)
This is the watch for which I am looking . (误)
（二） 关于 “介词 + whose + 名词”结构
首先我们来看两个句子。
The boss went to the hospital. Mr King worked in the boss’s company.
如果我们要把这两句话整合成一句话，该怎样做呢？可能同学们会想到以下的答案： Mr King worked in the company whose boss went to the hospital.
但是更贴近原意的表达应该是怎么样的呢？
这类定语从句并不太难。其实我们可以把它理解为 “介词+关系词”与whose 的定语从句的结合体。The boss, in whose company Mr. King worked went to the hospital.
（三） 关于只用 that不用which的时候
这样的情况通常有4种：
1． 当先行词有最高级形容词修饰时，定语从句通常用关系代词that来引导,如 This is the best film (that) I have seen.
2． 当先行词前有序数词，only,very,the first, the last等修饰词时，定语从句也
常用that 来引导。如
She is the only person (that) I can believe in.
That is the first car that arrived this morning.
3. 当先行词之前有不定代词all, any, every, no等词时，其后的定语从句常用that 来引导。如
All the people that come from the country work much harder.
This is all (that) I can tell you.
4. 当先行词既指人有指事物的时候, 如
He is not interested in the people and the things that he saw in the market.
（四） 关于只用which不用that的时候
1在非限制性定语从句
2在定语从句中，用来代替事物或前面的句子的时候（详见下面的内容）
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关于非限制性定语从句（非限制性定语从句也称为非限定性定语从句） 对于这项内容的基本问题，主要掌握好在非限制性定语从句中从句和主句间往往用逗号隔开这一特征，而且要注意，在非限制性定语从句中的关系词不用that, 如 Yesterday I met Li Ping, who seemed to be very busy.
The dam, which is the biggest in the world, is 3800 metres long.
The workers, some of whom stayed for four years, came from different countries.
（1）限制性定语从句和主句关系密切，如果省略了，主句的意思不明确，而且，主句和从句之间不用逗号分开。而非限制性定语从句则不同。 This is the best novel that I have read.
This is a good novel, which is famous and popular.
又如：
She has a son who studies in Britain.
她有个在美国留学的儿子。（意思含有：她可能还有别的孩子）
She has a son, who studies in Britain.
她有个儿子在美国留学。（意思含有：她只有一个儿子）
（2）限制性定语从句的先行词总是一个名词或代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是一个词，也可以是部分或整个主句。此时一般由关系代词which或as来引导。如：
Jenny was late again, which made her teacher angry.
My wife is patient with my son, which I am seldom.
I am good at English, as you know.
As he pointed out, your words were wrong.（as引导非限制性定语从句时，可以在主句的前或后。）
用which代替整个句子的用法
The bamboo is hollow, which makes it very light.
Tom was playing his gameboy, which made his teacher quite angry.
as和which的用法
as引导定语从句主要用于非限制性定语从句和the same…as，such…as，的结构中。
1.as与which都可以引导一个非限制性定语从句，并代表前面整个句子或主句中的表语。 He married the girl，as(which)was natural.
He seemed a foreigner, as(which)in fact he was.
不同的是：as引导的定语从句可以前置，而which不行。
As was natural, he married the girl.
As we know, the earth is round.
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2.在the same…as, such…as,结构中，same, such,之后应是名词。
We are facing the same problems as we did years ago.
We hope to get such a tool as he is using.
这些结构也可以用which改写。但要去掉这种结构，不能直接用which代替as。以上两句分别可以改写成：
We are facing the problems which we faced years ago.
We hope to get the tool which he is using.
注意：the same…as与the same…that引导的定语从句在意义上的区别是：前者修饰的是与原物同样的；而后者修饰的就是先行词同样的东西。是比较：
This is the same watch as I lost. 这和我丢失的那一只表一样。（不是同一只） This is the same watch that I lost. 这就是我丢失的那一只表。（同一只）
例题：
1. ___ is known to everyone, the moon travels round the earth once every month．(NMET01)
A． That B． It C． Which D． As
2.The result of the experiment was very good, ＿＿ we hadn’t expected．(京00春)
A． when B． that C． which D． what
3. ___ is mentioned above the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing． (上99)
A． Which B． As C． That D． It
4.Those houses are sold at such a low price ___ people expected． (上00)
A． like B． as C． that D． which
分析：1－4DCBB ①as引导的定语从句可放在主句之前、之后或插在句中，而which引导的从句只能放在主句后面。如题1，as引导的从句置于句首。②as引导定语从句有“正如”、“就像”之意，而which没有，如题2和题3。③在固定结构“such．．．as”， “the same．．． as”中用as而不用which，如题4。
定语从句是高中英语的重点，也是历年来高考的热点，仅“3+综合”NMET 2001单项填空中直接考定语从句的题就有2道，占该题型的13%。但是，由于定语从句的结构和用法比较复杂，初学者在使用时往往容易犯一些错误，最常见的有如下七种： 一、在定语从句中加了多余的定语。如：
1．误：Some of the boys I invited them didn’t come．
正：Some of the boys I invited didn’t come．
译：我邀请的男孩中有几个没有来。
析：应删去them，因为从句的宾语是省略了的whom， who或that。
2．误：The book that you need it is in the library．
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正：The book that you need is in the library．
译：你需要的书在图书馆里。
析：应删去it，因为从句的宾语是关系代词that。
二、把定语从句谓语动词的单、复数弄错。如：
1．误：Anyone who break the law will be punished．
正：Anyone who breaks the law will be punished．
译：任何违犯法律的人将被处罚。
析：应改break为breaks，因为who指anyone，是单数。
2．误：Those who has finished may go home．
正：Those who have finished may go home．
译：做完了的人现在可以回家。
析：应改has为have，因为who指those，是复数。
3．误：He is the only one of the teachers who know French in our school．
正：He is the only one of the teachers who knows French in our school．
译：他是我们学校中唯一懂法语的人。
析：应改know为knows，因为one前有the only之类限定词，定语从句在意义上修饰的是the only one，是单数，而不是复数名词the teachers。
4．误：This is one of the rooms that is free now．
正：This is one of the rooms that are free now．
译：这是目前空着的房间之一。
析：应改is为are，因为one前没有the only之类的限定词，定语从句在意义上修饰的是名词复数the rooms，而不是单数one。
三、误省略了定语从句中作主语的关系代词。如：
1．误：Children eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth．
正：Children who／？that eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth．
译：吃糖多的孩子往往牙齿不好。
析：应加上关系代词who或that，因为从句少主语，且主语不能省略。
2．误：The key opens the bike is missing．
正：The key that／which opens the bike is missing．
译：开这辆自行车的钥匙不见了。
析：应加上关系代词that或which，因为从句少主语，且主语不能省略。 四、定语从句中加了多余的关系副词或介词。如：
1．误：The house where he lives in needs repairing．
正：The house where he lives needs repairing．
或：The house he lives in needs repairing．
译：他住的房子需要修理。
析：应保留where，删去从句中的in，因为关系副词where在从句中作地点状语，in属多余。或删去关系副词where，因为where在这里的意思是in which，否则介词in就重复了。
2．误：I still remember the day on when I first came to Beijing．
正：I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing．
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或：I still remember the day on which I first came to Beijing．
译：我仍记得我第一次来到北京那天的情景。
析：应删去on，因为when在这里的意思是on which，否则介词on就重复了，或把when改为which。
五、在作先行词的时间名词或地点名词后错用了关系代词或关系副词。
1．误：I still remember the day when we spent together．
正：I still remember the day that／which we spent together．
译：我仍记得我们在一起度过的日子。
析：应改when为that或which，因为从句中谓语动词spent是及物动词，其后应跟宾语而不是时间状语。
2．误：This is the house where we lived in last year．
正：This is the house which／that we lived in last year．
译：这是我们去年住过的那个房子。
析：应改where为which或that，因为从句谓语动词lived后有介词in，其后少介词宾语，而不是地点状语。
六、在先行词reason后错用关系副词why。如：
1．误：Have you asked her for the reason why may explain her absence？
正：Have you asked her for the reason that／which may explain her absence？ 译：你是否向他问过可以解释他缺席的原因？
析：应改why为that或which，因为定语从句缺少主语，而不是少原因状语。 2．误：I don’t believe the reason why he has given for his being late．
正：I don’t believe the reason that／which he has given for his being late．
译：我不相信他所提供的他迟到的原因。
析：应改why为that或which，因为从句谓语动词has given后缺少宾语，而不是少原因状语 。
七、误将强调句型当定语从句。如：
1．误：It was in the kitchen where the fire broke out．
正：It was in the kitchen that the fire broke out．
译：大火发生在厨房。
析：应将where改that，因为原句还原为The fire broke out in the kitchen后，在语法和句意上均成立，故此题是强调句型，而非定语从句。
2．误：Was it because it snowed last night when you didn’t come？
正：Was it because it snowed last night that you didn’t come？
译：你是否因昨晚下雪而没有来？
析：应将when改为that，因为，原句还原为Because it snowed last night， you didn’t come后，在语法和句意上均成立，故此题是强调句型而非定语从句。
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