选修6
Unit 1 Art
核心单词
1. faith
n. 信任；信念；信心
常用结构：
break one’s faith with sb. 对某人不守信用
keep faith with sb. 守信于某人
lose faith in 不再信任
have faith in 相信; 信任
in good/bad faith 真心诚意/虚情假意
After repeated failure, he lost faith in himself.不断的失败之后，他对自己失去了信心。
Faith can remove mountains. 信仰能移山。
Never break faith, or you will lose all your friends. 不要背信弃义，否则你将失去所有的朋友。
2. aim
n. 目标；目的
vi.&vt. 瞄准；（向某方向）努力
What is your aim in life?你生活的目标是什么?
常用结构：
take aim (at) 瞄准??
aim at 向??瞄准；旨在，针对
aim high 胸怀大志;心气很高
He aimed the gun at the enemy officer.他用枪瞄准了敌人的军官。
Our factory must aim at developing new models of machines.我们的工厂必须致力于研制新型机械。
3. consequently
adv.&conj. 所以，因而(=therefore)
Mr Foster has never been to China. Consequently he knows very little about it.
福斯特先生从未去过中国，所以对中国了解得很少。
联想拓展
be consequent on/upon 因??引起的；
consequence n. 后果；结果；重要性
be of consequence 重要的
as a consequence=as a result 结果
in consequence 由于
as a consequence of=as a result of作为??的结果
in consequence of 由于；作为??的结果
He is a man of great consequence. 他是一个重要的人物。
4. possession
n. （尤作复数）所有；财产
常用结构：
in possession of sth.拥有/占有某物
in the possession of/in one’s possession 被??拥有
take/gain/get/have possession of sth.拥有某物
When his father died, he came into possession of a large fortune. 父亲死后，他拥有了一大笔遗产。
The people had to gather up their few possessions and escape from the hills. 人们不得不收拾仅有的财产，逃下山去。 联想拓展
possess vt. 拥有；具有；支配
5. concentrate
vt. 集中,浓缩
常用结构：
concentrate on/upon集中在； 专心于
concentrate one’s attention/mind on 注意力集中在??
I quickly concentrated the camera on the children.我迅速把照相机的镜头对准孩子们。
联想拓展
pay attention to 注意
focus on 集中(注意力,关心)于??
fix one’s attention/eyes/mind on 集中精力/目光/心思在??
The children fixed their eyes on the teacher in class.孩子们聚精会神地听老师讲课。
6. attempt
vt. 尝试；企图
n. 努力；尝试；企图
常用结构：
attempt to do/doing=try to do/doing=make an attempt to do/doing 尝试做??
at one’s first attempt 某人第一次尝试
in an attempt to do sth. 试图做某事
make an attempt on sb.’s life 企图谋杀某人
attempt at/on sth.试图做某事
They attempted to finish the task before July.他们试图在七月以前完成这项任务。
They attempted on the life of the dictator. 他们试图杀死这个独裁者。
He made an attempt on the world record. 他试图打破世界纪录。
Her attempt at poetry was a failure.她尝试写诗但失败了。
易混辨析
attempt/try/manage
attempt为正式用语，常指一次的而不是连续的尝试，往往暗示这种尝试达不到目的，常包含“冒险”的意义。
try为一般用语，指为成功做某事而付出努力或花费一定代价；后接不定式时表示“试图做某事”；后接动名词时表示“试着做某事”。
manage表示“成功地做成某事”，强调结果。
7. score
n. 二十；划痕， 刻线； 欠帐； 得分， 成绩； 评分；乐谱
v. 划线，做记号；记分，得分；谱曲
Yao Ming scored again in the second half. 姚明在下半场时再次得分。
常用结构:
three score (of) people 60人
make a good score 得分多;成绩好
in scores 很多的， 大批的
score out 划掉，删去
联想拓展
scoreboard n. 记分板/牌
scorer n. 记分员；得分的运动员
scores of 很多（前面不能加数词)
温馨提示
数词+score，不加of；但用a score of。 score前有数词修饰，而且score后所修饰的名词前有the, those, these等表示限定的词时，必须加of。
重点短语
8. a great deal
大量，许多
We are living close to each other, so I see him a great deal. 我们住得很近，所以我经常碰到他。
联想拓展
量词短语归类:
修饰可数名词复数的：many, a good/great many, a great/large(small) number of, hundreds (thousands/millions/billions) of,
dozens of, scores of。
修饰不可数名词的：a great/good deal of, much, much of, a large/great amount of。
修饰可数名词复数或不可数名词的：a lot of, lots of, plenty of, half of, part of, one third of, ...percent of。
温馨提示
a great deal 可在句中作状语，修饰动词或形容词和副词的比较级，此时不加of。
deal用来表示“大量，相当多”时不用 large修饰，而习惯用 great/good来修饰。 a great deal of表示“许多”时,只能修饰不可数名词。
重点句型
9. Among the painters who broke away from the traditional style of painting were the Impressionists, who lived and worked in Paris. 在那些突破传统画法的画家中有生活和工作在法国巴黎的印象派画家。
关于倒装句:
表示方位的副词或介词短语位于句首，主语是名词，谓语是不及物动词，如 come, go, stand, sit, lie 等时，句子经常采用全部倒装的形式。
In front of the house sat a small boy.房前坐着一个小男孩。
There comes the bus. 车来了。
Under the tree stand my English teacher and some of my classmates. 树下站着我的英语老师和几个同学。
温馨提示
如果主语是代词，而不是名词，句子不用倒装。
Here you are. 给你。 Unit 2 Poems
核心单词
1. convey
vt. 运送；传达；表达；转让(财产等)
常用结构：
convey sth. to sb. 向某人传达/运送某物
convey sth./sb. to someplace 把某物/某人送到某地
convey one’s feelings/thanks to sb. 向某人表达某种感情/谢意
Passengers are conveyed by bus to the airport.旅客们被公共汽车送往机场。
A wire conveys an electric current. 电线传导电流。
I found it hard to convey my feelings in words. 我觉得难以用语言表达我的感情。
The old farmer conveyed his farm to his son. 老农夫将农场转让给儿子。
易混辨析
convey/transfer/transport
convey基本含义指将物体从一地运送到另一地，或指语言、信息等的传递。也可表示财产的转让，但该词更强调通过法律手段转让财产或某种所有权。
transfer主要指工作地点的变换、住所及物体的转移，还可指旅途中交通工具的变换，如转车、转船等。也可指把财产转让给他人。
transport基本含义是运送。但该词通常局限于用交通工具运输货物和人。
2. transform
v. 变成，彻底改变;转换；转化；改造
常用结构：
transform ...into ... 使??变成??
transform one’s life 改变某人的一生
transform to a new place 搬到新地方
be transformed from 由??变成??；由??迁到??
be transformed from A to B 由A处迁到B处
Hard work transformed her completely into an ordinary housewife.艰辛劳动彻底把她变成了一个普通的家庭妇女。 The company is transformed from a family business into one with 5，000 labours.
这家公司已从家族企业变成一家拥有5,000名员工的大公司。
联想拓展
transformation n.改革；转变；变化
3. appropriate
adj. 适当的；正当的
v. 侵吞；盗用；挪用；拨(专款等)
Fill in each of the blanks with an appropriate word.在每个空白处填入一个适当的单词。
The mayor was found to have appropriated government money.市长被查出挪用了公款。
常用结构：
an appropriate response/measure/method 恰如其分的反应/恰当的措施/方法
be appropriate to/for 适于；合乎
It is appropriate that ... (从句中用可以省略should的虚拟语气形式）
The government appropriated a large sum of money for building hospitals.政府拨了一大笔钱用来建造医院。
联想拓展
appropriately adv. 适当地
4. load
n. 负荷物（尤指沉重的）,载重物；压力，负担，工作量
v. 装载；给??负荷
常用结构：
a load of= loads of =plenty of 大量，许多
take a load off one’s mind 打消某人的顾虑
a heavy load for 对某人是一件重负
load (up) ...with ... 用??装??
load ...onto/into ... 把??装到??上去
load off one’s mind 去除某人的精神负担
Supporting such a large family is really a heavy load for her.她养这么一大家子,负担真的很重。
I had loads of fun today. 我今天玩得很开心。
She loaded film into the camera.她把胶卷装到照相机里。
温馨提示
load为及物动词，后面必须接宾语，否则要用被动语态。
常见结构为：load (up) A with B或load (up) B onto (into) A；被动形式：A is loaded (up) with B或B is loaded (up) onto A。
5. exchange
n. 交换；交流；互换
vt. & vi. 调换；交换
An exchange of opinions is helpful. 相互交换意见是有益的。
An exchange of prisoners during a war is unusual. 战争时期很少交换俘虏。
We’ll have an opportunity to exchange views tomorrow. 明天我们将有机会交换看法。
The store will not exchange goods without a receipt. 这家商店没有收据不予调换商品。
常用结构：
exchange sth. with sb. 和某人交换某物
in exchange for 交换
exchange sth. for sth. 用某物交换某物
exchange looks 交换眼色
exchange information 交流信息
exchange greetings 互相问候;打招呼 exchange words 相互交谈
重点短语
6. take it easy
轻松；不紧张；从容
Take it easy. We’ll take care of everything.放心好了，一切由我们照料。
You should take it easy this weekend.这个周末你应该放松一下。
Take it easy, and you will make it.别紧张，你会成功的。
联想拓展
take things easy 别紧张，慢慢来；从容不迫地进行工作
take one’s chance 碰运气
take one’s time 不匆忙；别着急；慢慢来
take sb. Wrong 误解（曲解）某人的意思
take sth. Seriously 认真地对待某事
7. run out of
用完
We are running out of our money.=Our money is running out. 我们的钱快花光了。
I run out of breath. 我跑得喘不过气来。
联想拓展
run out of 意为“用完了”，是及物动词短语，表示主动意义，主语一般是人。
run out=become used up 意为“??用完了”，是不及物动词短语，其主语通常为时间、食物、金钱等名词。 其他有关短语：
run short of sth. 缺乏，短缺
run short 不足；短缺
give out （为不及物动词短语）用尽；分发；宣布；发出；精疲力竭
use up （为及物动词短语）用完，消耗尽
8. make up of
组成??；构成（常用于被动结构）
Girl students make up 40% of the student number. 女学生占学生总数的40%。
The medical team is made up of five doctors and ten nurses. 这支医疗队由5名医生，10名护士组成。 联想拓展
make up 构成，组成；编造；化装
make up for sth. 弥补
be made up of= consist of ...由??构成，组成
be made of 由??做成(看得出原材料的样子)
be made from 由??做成(看不出原材料的样子)
make out 分辨，辨认出
be made in 在??(地方)做成
be made by 由??(某人)制造
make towards sth./make one’s way to 向??移动，朝??走去
I’ll try to make up for the lost time. 我要尽力弥补失去的时间。
9. let out
发出；放走
Every time she moved her leg, she let out a moan. 每次她动一下腿，就会发出一声呻吟。
Don’t let out the plan to the press.别把这项计划泄露给媒体。
He let out the bird from the cage.他把鸟从笼子里放走了。
联想拓展
let down 放下；使失望；给轮胎放气
let alone 更不用提；更别说
let one’s hair down 无拘无束；放松一下
let go 放开;松手
let it go 算了；放手
let in 让??进来；放??进来
let off 放（炮）；投放（炸弹）；宽恕
10. stay up
挺住；站立；熬夜；不睡觉
Our flag still stayed up after many attacks of the enemy.经过敌人的数次进攻之后，我们的红旗依然挺立。 He stayed up late into the night yesterday.昨天他一直熬到深夜。
联想拓展
stay ahead (of) (比??)领先； (走在??的)前面
stay away (from) 不在； 外出； 走开； 别接近
stay behind 留下来不走；留在后面
stay out 在外；不在家 stay still 静止不动
重点句型
11. And said though strange they all were true. 尽管有点奇怪，但这些都是真实的。
联想拓展
在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，如果从句的主语与主句的主语相一致，且从句含动词be时，从句可用省略主语和动词be 的形式。
在when it is+adj. 结构中，it is也经常省略。
I’ll go to Mary’s birthday party if invited to.(if invited to等于if I’m invited to)
如果受到邀请的话， 我就去参加玛丽的生日聚会。
What were you doing while staying at the hotel?(while staying ...等于while you were staying ...)
待在宾馆的这段时间你在干什么？
Whenever (it was) possible, they would stop him and ask him the question.只要可能，他们就会让他停下问他这个问题。 温馨提示
在条件状语从句、让步状语从句、方式状语从句中，也经常采用这种省略的形式。
Unit 3 A healthy life
核心单词
1. stress
n. 压力；重音
vt. 加压力于；使紧张
Too much work and stress does damage to your health. 过量的工作和压力会对你的健康有害。
In the word “mother” the stress is on the first syllable. 在“mother”这个单词中,重音在第一个音节上。
常用结构：
under stress 在压力之下
under the stress of 在??的压力下
stress sth.或lay/place/put stress on sth. 强调某事物；给某物压力
The weight of snow stressed the roof to the point of collapsing.雪的重量压得屋顶快要塌了。
联想拓展
stressed adj. 焦虑不安的；心力交瘁的
stressful adj. 压力大的；紧张的高手过招
2. accustom
vt. 使习惯于
常用结构：
accustom oneself to=be accustomed to (其中to为介词)习惯于??
These people accustomed themselves to hard work.这些人习惯于艰苦的工作。
I am not accustomed to being interrupted.我不习惯被别人打扰。
He is accustomed to loneliness.他对孤独已经习以为常。
联想拓展
表示“习惯于??”的短语还有：
be/get used to doing
adapt oneself to doing
adjust oneself to doing
3. quit
vt. 停止(做某事)；离开
常用结构：
quit something 离开??
quit doing something 停止做某事
He got his present job when he quitted the school.他退学后得到现在这份工作。
Quit talking rubbish. 别胡说八道了。
4. ashamed
adj.感到羞耻的；感到惭愧的（常作表语)
常用结构：
be/feel ashamed of (doing) sth./sb./oneself 为做某事/某人/某人自己而感到惭愧
be ashamed to be/to do sth. 因难为情而不愿意做??
be ashamed that ... 为??而感到惭愧或羞耻
be ashamed for sb. 替某人感到惭愧
I behaved badly yesterday and I am ashamed (of myself) now.我昨天表现得不好，现在感到很惭愧。 She was ashamed to ask such a simple question.她不好意思提这么简单的问题。
易混辨析
ashamed/shameful/shameless
ashamed 指事情使人感到羞耻，惭愧，难为情等。
shameful 指事情或行为本身不道德。
shameless指某人或行为是可耻的。高手过招
5. effect
n. 结果，效力；作用；影响(后接on/upon)
I tried to persuade him, but with little effect.我尽力劝他，但他根本不听。
An effect presupposes a cause.有果必有因。
常用结构：
put/bring/carry ...into effect 付诸实施
in effect 事实上；实际上
take effect 生效；奏效
come into effect 开始实施;开始生效
This had a great effect upon the future of both mother and son.这对母子俩的将来影响很大。 The medicine began to take effect.药力开始生效了。
6. risk
n. 冒险；风险
vt. 冒??风险； 冒??的风险
常用结构：
at risk 处于危险之中
at all risks=at any risk 无论冒什么险;无论如何
at one’s own risk 由自己负责,自担风险
at the risk of doing sth. 冒着??的危险
risk one’s life 冒生命危险
run/take a risk/risks 冒风险
run the risk of doing sth. 冒着??的风险
risk doing sth. 冒险做??
If you don’t obey me, you should be at your own risk.你如果不服从我的话，你应该自担风险。 They knew they risked being arrested.他们知道自己冒着被捕的危险。
重点短语
7. due to
由于??；因??造成；归功于；应给予；应属于
Due to the foggy weather, the traffic moved very slowly.由于有雾，车辆行进缓慢。
Our happy childhood is due to our father’s hard work.我们幸福的童年应归功于父亲的辛勤工作。 The failure is due to his carelessness.失败是由于他的粗心造成的。
联想拓展
表示“由于”的短语还有：
because of因为,由于，常用作状语；
on account of 比because of更正式，多用于书面语中；
owing to构成的短语作状语，既能指积极的原因，也可指消极的原因；
thanks to由于，多亏，常用于书面语，多表示正面的情况，有时也表示反面的情况；
as a result of由于；
in/as consequence of由于??的缘故，常用于书面语中；
in view of由于；鉴于（书面语）。
8. be addicted to
对??上瘾；入迷；沉溺于(其中to为介词)
常用结构：
be addicted to sth./doing sth.=addict oneself to sth./doing sth. 沉溺于某种嗜好；醉心于某种活动
Schoolboys are easier to be addicted than schoolgirls to net.男生比女生更容易上网成瘾。
He was addicted to cocaine.他吸可卡因上瘾。
He was addicted to gambling.他赌博成瘾。
联想拓展
addict vt. 使??成瘾
addict n. 入迷的人；有瘾的人
addictive adj. 使成瘾的；上瘾的
addiction n. 沉溺；成瘾；上瘾；入迷
9. in spite of
不顾;不管
I went shopping in spite of the rain.尽管下雨，我还是出去买东西了。
I know whatever you try, you’ll win in spite of early difficulties我知道你无论做什么，不管最初多么困难，最终都会成功的。 In spite of the bad weather, we went fishing. 我们不顾恶劣的天气仍去钓鱼。
易混辨析
in spite of/despite/though/although
这四个词(组)意思相近，但in spite of/despite后跟名词或动名词。而though/although是连词，引导让步状语从句。
10. get into
陷入；染上（坏习惯）
I’m really getting into jazz these days.近来我喜欢上爵士乐了。
I haven’t really got into my new job yet.我还没有真正熟悉我的新工作。
常用结构：
get into debt 负债累累
get into trouble/deep water 陷入困境
get into the habit of 养成??的习惯
Nobody likes to get into trouble. 没有谁愿意惹麻烦。
联想拓展
get along/on (with) 生活；融洽相处；进展；有起色
get away 逃脱；离开；把??送走
get down (从??)下来；吞下；写下；使沮丧
get down to 开始认真考虑
get in 进入；到达；收获；插入；陷入
get off 下来；脱下；出发；开始
get on 上车
get on with sb. 与某人相处
get over 爬过；克服；熬过；恢复
get rid of 摆脱,除去
get through 到达；做完；通过；渡过；打通 get across 使通过；被理解
重点句型
11. Every time you feel like smoking a cigarette, remind yourself that you are a non smoker.
每当你想要吸烟的时候，你就提醒你自己：你（已经）是不吸烟的人了。
every time在这里相当于连词，连接了两个分句；remind后面又跟了that引导的宾语从句。
时间状语从句通常由when, while, as before, after, as soon as 等从属连词引导，但有时也可由every time, each time，the
moment, the day等引导，这时这类词或词组就起到相当于一个从属连词的作用。
Each time I get a cold, I have a headache.每次感冒我都头疼。
He phoned me the moment he reached Chicago.他一到芝加哥就给我打了电话。
此外immediately, instantly, directly等词也可以引导时间状语从句。
He made for the door directly he heard the knock.一听到敲门声他就跑去开门了。
I got in touch with him immediately I received the letter.我一接到信就跟他联系了。
Unit 4 Global warming
核心单词
1. subscribe
vi. 同意；捐赠；订阅
vt. （签署）文件；捐助
常用结构：
subscribe to ... 同意，赞许；（在文件等下面）签名，署名
subscribe sth. to ... 捐助
subscribe to/for ... 订阅；订购(书籍等)
He did not subscribe to my proposal. 他不赞同我的建议。
He subscribed a large sum to the relief fund. 他向救济基金捐赠巨资。
He subscribed his name to a petition. 他在请愿书上签名。
2. tend
vt. & vi. （常与to连用）有某种倾向；有??的趋势；走向；趋向；朝向；照管，照料；看护
People under stress tend to express their full range of potential.处于压力下的人容易发挥自己全部的潜力。
He tends to pitch the ball too high.他往往把球掷得过高。
Prices are tending upward. 物价在上涨。
The woman stayed at home to tend her child. 那个妇女呆在家里照料她的孩子。
3. oppose
vt. 反对； 反抗；对抗；（与to连用）使反对，使相对
Many members of the council opposed the building of the luxury houses in the centre of the city.
许多议会议员反对在市中心建造豪华型住宅。
My mother is opposed to the new plan. 我妈妈是反对这个新计划的。
Many residents are opposed to the plan of building the motorway.许多居民反对修建那条高速公路的计划。
常用结构：
as opposed to （表示对比）而，相对于
易混辨析
oppose/object/resist
oppose 为常用词，指“对某人、某事采取积极行动来反对”，强调动作,尤指“反对一种观念、思想、计划等”。 object 常指“用言论或论据等表示反对”, 强调“个人嫌厌”和“由于与个人有关，因此提出反对意见”。 resist指“积极地反抗、对抗”；“用武力阻止??的前进”。
4. consequence
n.［C］结果；后果；影响
I’m quite willing to accept the consequences. 我完全愿意承担后果。
You should know the consequence of not studying hard.你应该知道不用功学习的后果。
This had the unexpected consequence that he got fired.这件事有了意外的后果，那就是他被革职了。
常用结构：
as a consequence (of ...)=in consequence (of ...)=as a result (of ...) 结果;因此；由于??的原因
联想拓展
consequent adj.（+on/upon） 因??而起的；随之发生的
consequently adv. 结果；因此；必然地
5. average
adj. 平均的；普通的
n. 平均;平均数
The average age of the boys in this class is fifteen. 这个班男生的平均年龄为十五岁。 It was an average piece of work.那是一件普通的作品。
The average man is not interested in this subject. 普通人一般对这个题目不感兴趣。 常用结构：
on average 平均地；通常
above/below average 高于/低于平均数/水平
an average of ... ??的平均数
up to average 达到平均数
The average of 4 and 8 is 6. 4和8的平均数为6。
Two students are absent each day on average.平均每天有两个学生缺席。
6. blame
v. 埋怨,责备
常用结构：
be to blame 应受谴责,应负责任
blame something on sb. 把??归咎于
blame sb. for sth./doing sth. 因??而责备某人
City residents also blame migrant workers for the sharp rise in the urban crime rate. 城市居民还责怪民工造成了城市犯罪率的大幅度上升。
They blamed the failure on George. 他们把失败归咎于乔治。
Blame me if I don’t. 我要是不这样做,随你怎么办好了。
联想拓展
blameful adj. 该受责备的，有过错的
blameless adj. 无可责难的,无过错的 blameworthy adj. 该受责备的
重点短语
7. come about
发生；产生
How did this dangerous state of affairs come about?这种危险的事态是怎么发生的? 联想拓展
关于come的其他短语:
come across 偶然发现；被理解；提供
come into being 发生；产生；出现；形成
come into power 开始执政；当权；当选
come into effect/force 开始生效；开始实行
come into existence 形成；产生；开始存在
come into fashion 开始流行
come off （头发、牙齿、纽扣）脱落；离开
come on 上场；开始；赶快；加油
come out 出来，发芽；出版；说出；洗掉
come to know/realize/understand 开始了解到/意识到/明白
come up with 找到（答案）；拿出（一笔钱等）
8. quantities of
意思是“大量的”，既可以修饰可数名词，又可以修饰不可数名词。
Quantities of apples were on the table.桌子上有很多苹果。
Huge quantities of oil were shipped to Japan last year.去年大量的石油被海运到日本。 联想拓展
in quantity/in large quantities 大量的
in small quantities 少量的
易混辨析
a quantity of/quantities of
a quantity of 与quantities of，都可译为“大量的”，都既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词，但用法有区别。
a quantity of的谓语动词根据其后的名词而定，跟可数名词复数时谓语动词用复数，跟不可数名词时谓语动词用单数。而quantities of 后无论跟可数名词还是不可数名词，谓语动词一律用复数。
A large quantity of air conditioners have been sold since the summer came.入夏以来，已有大量的空调售出。
9. result in
导致;结果是（相当于lead to）
Their dispute resulted in war. 他们的争端导致了战争。
The accident results in the death of two passengers. 事故导致两名乘客死亡。
His carelessness resulted in the accident.他的粗心导致事故的发生。
联想拓展
result from 起因于；由??造成
as a result 结果；因此
as a result of 作为??的结果；因为??
10. put up with
忍受；容忍
I don’t know how his parents put up with his antics.我不知道他的父母是如何忍受他的怪异行为的。
She could hardly put up with that fellow any longer.她再也不能忍受那家伙了。
联想拓展
put away 放好；收好；储存
put aside 忽视；不理睬
put across 交流，沟通
put down 记下；放下；镇压；平定
put forward 提出；建议；将??提前
put in 驶进
put out 熄灭；扑灭；出版；公布；生产
put off 推迟；延期
put on 穿上；戴上；上演；增加（体重） put up 提出；举起；升起；提（价）；投宿；建造
重点句型
11. Some byproducts of this process are called “greenhouse” gases, the most important one of which is carbon dioxide. 这个升温过程的一些副产品就叫做“温室”气体，其中最重要的就是二氧化碳。
定语从句中的介词或介词短语可以提到引导词which, whom的前面。
The old man has three daughters, two of whom are teachers.这位老人有三个女儿，其中的两个是老师。 Soon they arrived at a farm house, in front of which sat a small boy.不久他们来到了一所农舍，农舍前坐着一个小男孩。 Unit 5 The power of nature
核心单词
1. appoint
vt. 任命；委派
He appointed Williams as his deputy in the city of York.他任命威廉姆斯作为他在约克郡的代理人。
He was appointed mayor of the city.他被任命为这个城市的市长。
常用结构：
appoint sb. to a post 派某人担任某职
The teacher appointed him (to be) monitor. 老师任命他为班长。
联想拓展
appointment n. 约会；约定；委任
make/have an appointment with sb. 与某人约会
break one’s appointment 违约；失约
keep one’s appointment 守约
appointed adj. 约定的；指定的
Our visitors arrived at the appointed time.我们的来宾在约定的时间到达了。
2. evaluate
vt. 评估；评价；估计
The scientists have evaluated the data. 那些科学家已经评价了那些资料。
We need to evaluate how well the method is working.我们需要对这一方法产生的效果作出评价。
联想拓展
evaluation n. 估价；评价；计算
accomplishment evaluation 学业成绩评定
selfevaluation 自我评价
educational evaluation 教育评定
evaluation factor 评价因素
evaluation method 评价方法
易混辨析
evaluate/estimate/value
三个词都含有“评价，估计”的含义。
evaluate 一般不用来表示“估价”或“估计”某物的市场价值。
estimate表示“估量，预算”，还可以表示“评价，看法等”。
value表示“为??估价格”，还可以表示“珍视，重视”。
3. vary
vt. 改变, 变更, 使多样化
vi. 变化, 不同, （彼此）相异
常用结构：
vary in/on 在??方面不同
vary from ...to ... 从??到??不等;在??到??之间变动
vary with/according to 随??变化而变化
a variety of/varieties of=various 多种多样的
The temperature varied throughout the day.气温一整天都在变化着。
4. guarantee
vt. 保证；担保
n. 保证,保证书,担保,抵押品
常用结构：
guarantee to do sth. 保证做某事
guarantee that/sth. ... 保证??
guarantee sb. sth. 保证某人某物
give sb. a guarantee that ... 向某人保证??
The rain guarantees a good crop this year. 这场雨保证了今年有个好收成。 My watch is guaranteed for one year. 我的表保修一年。
重点短语
5. make one’s way to 前往??
Dickens made his way to the woods.迪肯斯朝树林走去。
Some thirty percent of the world’s exports of tea makes its way to London. 世界上大约30%的茶叶都出口到了伦敦。 Though it was raining hard, he made his way to school. 尽管雨下得很大，他还是朝学校赶去。
联想拓展
feel one’s way 摸索着前行
fight/push one’s way 推挤着前行
lose one’s way 迷路
force one’s way out 挤出去；冲出去
push one’s way in 挤进去
show sb. the way 为某人指路
get in the way 妨碍
wind one’s way 蜿蜒前进
6. burn ...to the ground
(楼房等)被（全部）烧毁；全部焚毁
He has no place to live in because his house has been burnt to the ground.
他无处栖身,因为他的房子被烧掉了。
联想拓展
burn away 逐渐烧掉;消失
burn down (建筑物）烧毁，火力减弱
burn off 烧掉，蒸发
burn up 烧毁、烧得更旺/亮，消耗
burn out 烧坏，烧尽
burn oneself out 筋疲力尽
burn for 渴望
burn in 给??留下不可磨灭的印象
7. quite a few
好些；相当多
I have made quite a few friends here.在这里我已经交了好多朋友。
易混辨析
very few/only a few/a few/not a few
very few, only a few都可表示“少”，“几乎没有”的意思，但very few侧重于“几乎没有人”或“大多数都不”这一概念
only a few侧重于表达“在许多之中有几个”， 不强调 “大多数不”这一概念。
a few 意思是“少数几个，一些”，表达肯定概念。
Very few people can bear the cold in Antarctica.几乎没有人能忍受南极的寒冷。
Only a few people could see the scene.只有几个人看到了这个景象。(看到这一景象的人不多。)
A few friends came to see me last week.上星期有几个朋友来看我。 Not a few students are going there.许多学生都要去那里。
重点句型
8. I was fast asleep when suddenly my bed began shaking and I heard a strange sound, like a railway train passing my window. 我睡得正酣，正在这时我的床开始晃动，我听到一种奇怪的声音，就像一列火车正从我窗外驶过。
when引导了时间状语从句。在此状语从句中，and连接两个并列的句子。like a railway train passing my window为介词短语作定语，修饰sound，而a railway train passing my window为like的复合宾语。
“be+形容词/表示状态的介词短语+when ...”表示“正在做某事，就在这时??”。
联想拓展
be about to do sth. when ... 正要做某事，就在这时??
be doing+when ... 正在做某事，就在这时??(分句中的动作往往是短暂性的)
had just done when ... 刚做过某事，就在这时??
温馨提示
此时的when不可以与while互换,也不可以将when引导的从句置于句首。
I was fast asleep when suddenly there was a loud noise outside my room.我睡得正香，就在这时房外传来巨大的噪音。 He was on a journey to Europe when he received her call.他正在去欧洲的旅行中，就在这时他接到了她的电话。 We were on a flight to Tokyo when suddenly I remembered I had left my passport home.
我们正在去东京的飞机上，这时我突然想起我把护照忘在了家里。
9. The other two climbed down into the crater to collect some lava for later study, but this being my first experience, I stayed at the top and watched them.
另外两人攀下火山口去收集供日后研究用的岩浆，我是第一次经历这样的事，所以留在山顶上观察他们。
句中的this being my first experience为独立主格结构。
独立主格结构（Absolute Structure）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需要特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
独立主格结构基本构成形式为：
名词(代词)+现在分词（过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/名词/介词短语）
Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance.
黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。
There being no bus, we had to walk home.由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。
The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.
由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。
He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
10. Having taken the wrong bus, Martin found himself in an unfamiliar district.
由于乘错了车，马丁发现自己到了一个不熟悉的地区。
find oneself后跟doing、v.ed形式、形容词、介词短语、副词等，表示“在无意识中出现了某种情况”。
When she came to herself, she found herself covered with a blanket. 当她苏醒过来的时候，她发现自己身上盖着一条毯子。 When food was served, we suddenly found ourselves very hungry.当食物端上来的时候，我们突然觉得饿了。
When dawn came, we found ourselves walking on a country road.黄昏时分，我们发现自己走在一条乡间的路上。 Suddenly I found myself making the same mistake as I made yesterday.突然间，我发现自己又犯了昨天的错误。