必修1
Unit1
核心单词
1. add
vt.& vi. 增加；加；加起来；补充说； 又说
常用结构：
①add to增添；增加；增进 ②add ...to ...把…增添到… ③add up合计，相加 ④add up to总数为；总计为
He added some wood to increase the fire.他添了一些木柴，使火更旺些。
2. upset
adj. 心烦意乱的；不安的；不适的
vt. ( upset, upset) 使不安；使心烦；打翻；打乱
联想拓展
①be upset by...被…… 打乱 ②upset oneself about sth.为某事烦恼
Our arrangements for the weekend were upset by her visit. He was horribly upset over her illness.
她一来把我们周末的安排给打乱了。 他为她的病而忧心忡忡。
Don’t upset yourself — no harm has been done. The students really upset her.
不要难过——并没有造成任何伤害。 学生们着实让她烦恼。
3. ignore
vt. 不理睬；忽视
I said hello to her, but she ignored me completely. He ignored the speed limit and drove very fast.
我向她打招呼，可是她根本不理我。 他不顾时速限制，把车开得飞快。
联想拓展
①ignorant adj. (对某事物）不了解的；无知的；无学识的 ②be ignorant of/about sth.不知道；没有意识到
③ignorance n.无知；愚昧；不知道 ④be in ignorance of/about sth. 不知道某事
易混辨析
ignore/neglect/overlook
ignore 通常指有意不顾，或不理会显而易见的事物。
neglect 侧重指有意的忽略或忽视，也可指粗心与疏忽。
overlook指因匆忙而疏忽或视而不见。
4. concern
n. ［U］关心，担心，担忧；［C］有利害关系的事
vt. 涉及，关系到，参与；使担心
联想拓展
①concerning prep. 关于 ②concerned adj.有关的；担心的 ③concern sb.与某人有关
④be concerned with sth.牵涉，与……有关；参与 ⑤concern oneself with 关心
⑥be concerned about/for/over sth.担心；关心某事 ⑦as/so far as ... be concerned关于；至于；就……而言
As far as I am concerned, you can go wherever you want. I was very concerned about my mother’s illness.
就我而言，你什么时候走都行。 我很担心母亲的病情。
We read stories concerning visitors from outer space.
我们读了关于天外来客的故事。
5. settle
vi. 安家；定居；停留
vt. 使定居；安排；解决
Both wanted to settle their scores.双方都愿意尽弃前嫌。
常用结构：
①settle down 镇定下来 ②settle in 在……定居
He settled his child in a corner of the compartment.他把孩子安顿在车厢的一个角落里。
The family has settled in Canada.这家人已定居加拿大。
6. suffer
vt. 遭受；忍受；蒙受
vi.后接from/for意为“受……之苦”，“患……疾病”
常用结构：
suffer an attack/a defeat/losses/pains
遭受打击/失败/损失/痛苦
He suffered hard pains from the accident. Do you suffer from headaches? 你经常头痛吗?
他忍受着事故带来的痛苦。 She’s suffering from loss of memory. 她患有遗忘症。
联想拓展
①sufferer n. 受苦者，受难者 ②suffering n.痛苦，苦难
重点短语
7. go through 8. get sth.done
经历；经受；检查；浏览；用完；做完 让别人做某事/使得某事被做
The country has gone through too many wars. done是过去分词作宾语补足语，与have sth. done用法一样。这个国家经历了太多的战争。 get sb./sth. doing使某人/某事物……起来
She’s gone through a bad patch recently. get sb. to do sth.使/让某人做某事
她最近经历了一段困难时期。 get done （状态的改变）get作系动词，相当于be
Have you gone through all your money already? get away逃脱；离开
你把所有的钱都花完了吗？ get back回来；取回
I went through the students’ papers last night. get by维持生活；通过
昨晚我仔细阅读了学生的试卷。 get down to sth./doing sth.开始认真做某事
联想拓展 get in进站；到达；收集
go after追求；追赶 get off下来；下车
go ahead 前进；请说（做）吧 get on上车；进展；进步
go by走过；（时间）过去 get cross(对……)生气，发脾气
go along with向前；（与......)一起去 get in one’s way挡路，妨碍
go in for爱好；从事 get used to doing sth.习惯做某事
go out 外出；（灯，火）熄灭 get involved in涉及
go over 越过；复习 get in touch with和……取得联系
go through with 做完；完成 get it了解，懂得，明白
go up 爬上；（价格等）上升
9. set down 放下；记下；登记
Passengers may be set down and picked up only at the official stops.乘客只有在正式车站方可上下车。
联想拓展 温馨提示
set about (doing sth.) 着手（做某事） set about 和set out都可作“开始/着手做某事”讲，
set out (to do sth.)开始，着手(做某事) 但set about 后加doing sth.， 而set out后加 to do sth.。
set aside留出；不顾
set back（把钟等）往回拨；推迟
set free释放；解放
set off动身，出发（去某地）；使爆炸
set out动身，出发；安排，组织
set up开办；建立；设立
set an example to树立榜样
set fire to ...= set ... on fire纵火烧
be set in以……为背景
The bad weather set back the building programme by several weeks.由于天气恶劣，建筑计划延误了好几个星期。
We need to set about finding a solution.我们得着手寻找一个解决办法。
10. on purpose 故意
The boy broke Jack’s window on purpose. He wanted to frighten Jack.
那男孩是故意打破杰克的窗玻璃的，他想吓一下杰克。
联想拓展
①purpose n. 目的，用途；目标；重要意义 ②for the purpose of 为了……
③to little/no purpose 作用不大/徒劳
The purpose of the book is to provide a complete guide to the university.这本书的目的是全面介绍这所大学。
11. join in 参加；加入
They didn’t have enough time to join in the activity.他们没有足够的时间来参加这个活动。
联想拓展
①join sb. in sth.与某人一起做某事 ②join up入伍；参军
③join up with sb.与某人联合；会合 ④join hands with sb.与某人拉起手来；合伙；联合
Will you join me in a walk? Let us join hands in friendship.
你愿意和我一起散步吗？ 让我们携手共建友谊吧。
易混辨析
join in/join/take part in/attend
join in 参加正在进行着的活动。如游戏、讨论、辩论、谈话等。
join ①参加某组织或团体，并成为其中一员;②来和某人待在一起。
take part in 参加会议或有组织的群众性活动，并在其中发挥一定的作用。
attend 正式用语，指参加会议、仪式、婚礼、葬礼、上课、上学、听报告等，句子的主语是去听去看，自己不一定起积极作用，相当于be present。
重点句型
12. ...but your friend can’t go until he/she finishes cleaning his/her bicycle.
……但是你的朋友不把自行车弄干净不能走。
not ... until 意为“直到……才”，表示主句谓语的动作直到until状语的时间才发生，主句的谓语动词表示的是动作的开始。until引导从句时，如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动作，则主句用肯定式；如果主句中的谓语动词是短暂性动词，则用否定形式。
“It is/was not until+被强调的部分+that ...”相当于“Not until ... did (does, do, is ...)+主语 ...”意为“直到……才”，是强调形式。
You must stay in bed until your temperature is normal. 体温正常后，你才能起床。
He didn’t leave until the meeting was over. 直到会议结束他才离开。
It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a film star.
=Not until she took off her dark glasses did I realize she was a film star.
=I didn’t realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.
直到她摘下墨镜我才认出她是一位电影明星。
13. While walking the dog, you were careless and it got loose and was hit by a car.
遛狗的时候，你太大意了，一松手，狗就被车撞了。
while walking the dog是连词while加现在分词短语结构，强调分词的动作正在发生，相当于while you were walking the dog。
在时间、条件、让步、方式等状语从句中，如果从句的主语与主句的主语一致，谓语含有系动词be，可以省略从句的主语和系动词be。
When crossing the street, you should be careful. 过马路时，你应当小心。
If heated, water can be turned into vapour.如果受热，水会变成蒸气。
温馨提示
在状语从句中，如果从句的主语为it时，也可以将it和助动词be省略。
Whenever possible they would stop him and ask the three questions.可能的话，他们就让他停下问他这三个问题。
14. I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature. 我不知道这是不是因为我长久无法出门的缘故，我变得对一切与大自然有关的事物都无比狂热。
此句中的it’s ...that是强调句型。关于强调句型，我们需要掌握以下几点：
（1）强调句型的基本结构：
“It is/was+被强调的成分+that/who+其他成分”用来强调主语、宾语和状语等成分。that只起连接作用，不作成分，但不能省略。当被强调部分为sb.作宾语时，可用who,也可用that,其他情况一律用that。强调主语时，that后的谓语动词必须与被强调的主语在人称与数上保持一致。
（2）特殊句式中的强调句型：
①如果强调的是特殊疑问句中的疑问词，表示“到底”、“究竟”等语气时，就用如下结构：
“特殊疑问词+is/was+it+that/who+该句的其余部分”，that/who后只能使用陈述语序。
②在“not ...until”结构中，由until所引导的短语（或从句）作时间状语时，要用固定的强调句型：“It+is/was+not until ...+that+该句的其余部分”，that所引导的从句中的谓语动词用肯定式。
（3）强调句型要注意和it代表时间、距离、温度、自然现象、具体事物或人物等时所构成的各种句型的区别。判断是否是强调句，可采用“还原法”。如果还原为一般句式后，句子各种成分完整，则是强调句，否则不是。
It was three o’clock when I got home.我到家的时候三点。
It was at three o’clock that I got home.三点钟我到的家。
It was in his town that he was brought up.他是在镇上被养大的。（强调句）
It was this town where/in which he was brought up.
这是他被抚养长大的城镇。（定语从句）
（4）英语中常用助动词do, does或did强调谓语。
He did go to the airport yesterday, but he didn’t find you. 他昨天确实去了机场，但他没有找到你。
It is I that/who am going for a holiday with Mary.是我跟玛丽一块儿去度假。
When is it that we will have a meeting?我们什么时候开会？
15. I don't want to set down a series of facts in a diary as most people do ...
我不愿像大多数人那样在日记中记流水账……
as引导的从句为比较状语从句，意为“像大多数人那么做”。
as 用作连词，可引导下列状语从句：
①引导时间状语从句，强调主句谓语与从句谓语的同时性；
②引导让步状语从句，表示“尽管，虽然，即使”（从句需倒装）；
③引导方式状语从句，表示“以……方式”；
④引导原因状语从句 (=since; because)，意为“由于，因为”；
⑤引导比较状语从句。
As he grew older he lost interest in everything except gardening.
随着他年纪越来越大，他失去了对所有事物的兴趣，除了园艺。
Cold as it is, my brother wears only a shirt.尽管天气冷，我哥哥只穿了一件衬衫。
Why didn't you take the medicine as I told you to?为什么你没有按我说的来服这种药？
As you were not there, I left a message.因为当时你不在那，所以我给你留了便条。
She is as tall as you. 她和你一样高。
16. ...it was the first time in a year and a half that I'd seen the night face to face ...
……这是我一年半以来第一次目睹夜晚……
如果前面是“it (will be)is/this (will be)is/that (will be)is+the first/second time that ...”句式，表示“某人第几次做某事”。其中,that引导的是定语从句，后面句子的时态用现在完成时；如果前面是it (would be)was ..., 后面则用过去完成时。
It is the first time that I have come to Zhuhai. 这是我第一次来珠海。
It was the second time that she had visited London.那是她第二次游览伦敦。
温馨提示
如果time前有last修饰，此时我们一般不用完成时态。
注意：the first time可起从属连词的作用，引导时间状语从句；for the first time意为“第一次”单独用作状语。
This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson.这是我最后一次给你们上课了。
Unit 2
核心单词
1. command
n. & vt. 命令；指令；掌握
The officer commanded his soldiers to fire. 那名军官命令士兵们开火。
A general is a man who commands a large number of soldiers.将军是统率众多士兵的人。
常用结构：
①at/ by sb’s command 听某人支配 ②take command of 控制
③in command of 指挥着 ④under one’s command 由某人的指挥
⑤under the command of sb. 在某人的指挥下 ⑥command sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事
⑦command (=order) that ... 命令……（从句用虚拟语气，即should+ do 形式，should可省略）
联想拓展
commander n. 指挥官
2. request
vt.&n. 请求；恳求；要求
常用结构：
①request sb. to do sth.请求某人做某事
②request sth. from/of sb. 向某人要求某物
③request that sb. (should) do sth.要求某人做某事
④make a request/requests 发出请求
⑤at the request of sb.＝at sb.’s request依照某人的请求
易混辨析
request/demand/require
request表示“有礼貌的请求；正式的请求”。
demand表示“有正当权利的要求”，因此含有“坚决或强烈要求”的意思。
require表示“要求所必须的东西；法律、协定、规章以及其他客观情况的要求”。
但它们也有不同之处：
Page No.47
①require和request都可以接宾语+to do sth.结构，而demand没有此种用法。但可以说demand of sb. to do sth.
②require+动名词时，主动形式的动名词具有被动意义，而demand，request无此种用法。
They are demanding higher wages. 他们要求提高工资。
Do you require anything else? 你还要求（需要）别的吗？
Many people have requested this next song.许多人要求听下面这首歌。
They required me to keep silent. 他们要求我保持沉默。
The letter requested us to leave the house within six weeks. 这封信要求我们六周内搬出这所房子。
温馨提示
以上三个词的共同点是：从语法上看，request和demand，require都可以接that引导的宾语从句，并且在从句中要使用虚拟语气。
3. recognize
vt. 辨认出；承认；公认
常用结构：
①recognize sb. 认出某人
②recognize one’s voice听出某人的声音
③recognize ... as ... 认定；承认……为……
④recognize sb./sth. ... to be ...认为某人/某事物是……
⑤recognize that ...承认……
When he walked out of the station, I recognized him immediately. 当他从车站里走出来时，我立刻认出了他。
Everyone recognized him to be the lawful heir/as the lawful heir. 大家都承认他为合法继承人。
4. direction
n. ［C］ 方向；方面;［U］指导；指挥
常用结构：
in the direction of 朝……的方向(=towards)
in sb’s direction 朝某人的方向(=towards sb.)
under one’s direction 在……指导下(=under the direction of sb.)
Tom went off in one direction and Jack in another. 汤姆往一个方向走，杰克往另外一个方向走。
Reforms are needed in many directions. 许多方面都需要改革。
He is walking in the direction of the police station. 他正朝警察局的方向走去。
He glanced in her direction and their eyes met.他朝她这个方向一看，俩人的眼睛相遇了。
The singing group is under the direction of Mr Lee. 合唱团由李先生指挥。
温馨提示
direction意为“指示；指引；用法说明”等，通常要用复数形式。
注意：表示邮件上的“姓名地址”时，也用复数形式。
Follow the directions on the medicine bottle.请按药瓶上的说明服药。
重点短语
5. more than one
意为“不止一个”，虽然在意义上表示复数，但作主语或修饰主语时，谓语动词用单数，与many a(许多)用法一样；如果more修饰复数可数名词再跟than one作主语时，其谓语动词则要用复数。
More than one member has protested against the proposal. 不止一个成员反对这个建议。
More than one person has been concerned in this.这里面涉及的不仅是一个人。
More persons than one have been involved.涉及的不仅仅是一个人。
联想拓展
①“more than+ adj.”意为“很；非常”。
②在“more ... than ...”中，肯定“more”后面的，而否定“than”后面的，意为“是…而不是…”或者“与其…不如…”。
③“more than ... can/could”是英语里的一个常见结构，可把more than理解为not,表示否定，该结构意为“非……所能……；是……所不能……；不是……所能……”。
④more often than not 经常；往往
In doing scientific experiments, one must be more than careful with the instruments.
做科学实验时，对待仪器必须非常小心才行。
If you tell your father what you have done, he will be more than a little angry.
如果你把所做的事情告诉你父亲，他会非常生气的。
Catherine is more diligent than intelligent.与其说凯瑟琳聪明，不如说她勤奋。
6. because of 因为；由于是介词短语，后跟名词、代词或动名词及what从句。
She got hurt because of what you’d said.
她因为你的话而受到伤害。
due to 意为“由于”常作表语，也作后置定语和状语。
thanks to意为“多亏；由于”只作状语。
owing to意为“由于”常作状语。
as a result of意为“由于”作状语。
易混辨析
because/as/since/for
because表示直接原因，语气最强。回答why提出的问题只能用because。在强调句型中，也只能用because。
as用于解释做某事的原因，语气较弱，通常位于主句前。
since表示的原因是指人们已知的事实，常意为“既然”。语气比because弱，但比as强。通常位于主句前，并常与as换用。
for并列连词，连接并列分句，表示一种补充说明，是推测或判断的理由，语气较弱，不可位于主句前。有时可表示直接原因，相当于because。
7. come up走近；上来；提出
The little boy came up to the stranger and showed him how to get to the police station.
小男孩向陌生人走去，并告诉他去警察局的路。
We won’t forget the day when we watched the sun come up on top of the Tai Mountain.
我们不会忘记一同在泰山顶看日出的那天。
It is certain that the question will come up at the meeting.这个问题在会议上一定会被提出来的。
The snowdrops are just beginning to come up.雪莲花刚刚开始长出地面。
I am afraid something urgent has come up.恐怕发生了什么急事。
联想拓展
come true 变成现实，成为现实 come across 邂逅
come about 发生 come at 向……扑来,攻击
come from来自 come out出版;开花；结果是
come up with 想出 come round绕道而来；苏醒
come down 落下,塌下 come over（从远处）来到；横过
come into use开始使用 how come ...?(表示理解)……怎么回事？
when it comes to sth.当涉及某事时
How come her French is so bad if she spent 5 years in pairs?她在巴黎待了5年，但她的法语怎么这么糟糕。
When it comes to getting things done, he is useless.一涉及到做事，他便不中用了。
8. such as 例如……；像这样的
易混辨析
such as/for example/that is/and so on
①such as用来列举事物。通常插在被举例的带有解释性质的事物与前面的需要进行解释的名词之间，意为“比如；诸如……之类的”，可与 like 互换，as 后不能有逗号。
②for example同for instance一样起到补充说明的作用，表明在众多的内容中仅取一两个例子，可放在举例之前或之后，意为“例如，举个例子”。
③that is 是后面列举的事物的总量等于它前面所提到的总和，相当于namely。也用that is to say。
④and so on 对几个事物进行列举时，在说了其中的几个以后，用and so on进行概括，说明还有例子，但不一一列出。
Boys like to play balls, such as football and basketball.男孩子喜欢打球，比如足球和篮球。
Some students, Li Jun, for example, live in the country. 有些学生，如李军，住在农村。
I have three good friends, that is, John, Jack and Tom.我有三个好朋友，即约翰、杰克和汤姆。
There are some books, pens, erasers and so on in my bag.我的书包里有书、笔、橡皮等。
9. play a part (in) 扮演一个角色；参与
She plays an active part in local politics.她积极参与地方政治活动。
She played a major part in the success of the scheme.她对该计划的成功起了重要作用。
联想拓展
take part (in sth.)参加, 参与（某事）
the best part of sth.（某事物的）绝大部分（尤指一段时间）
for the most part整体上; 通常; 多半
for my part就我来说
重点句型
10. Which country do you think has the most English learners? 你觉得学英语最多的是哪个国家？
do you think/believe/expect/find/know/suppose 作为插入语，放在特殊疑问词后，其他内容紧跟其后并用陈述语序。
What time do you expect we will come and pick you up？你希望我们几点来接你？
What do you suppose he will do after he hears about the good news？你认为他听到那个好消息后会做什么呢？
Why do you think their team could win the football match?你认为他们队为什么能赢得那场足球赛呢？
11. Believe it or not, there is no such thing as standard English.
信不信由你，（世界上）没有什么标准英语。
believe it or not在句中用作插入语，意为“信不信由你；我说的是真的”。
联想拓展
常用作插入语的还有：
generally speaking一般来说 frankly speaking坦白地说
judging from ...从……来判断 to tell you the truth说真的；老实说
to be honest说实在的 to make matters worse更糟糕的是
联想拓展
no such...as没有这样的…… such as例如
such...as...像……这样的…… such...that...这样……以至于……
易混辨析
such ... that ... /such ... as ...
在such ... that ...结构中，that是从属连词，引导结果状语从句，在从句中不作成分。
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在such ... as ...结构中，as是关系代词，引导定语从句，在从句中常作宾语。
He is reading such a book as you borrowed from the library last week.
他在读的书和你上周从图书馆借来的一样。（ as是关系代词，引导定语从句）
He is reading such an interesting book that I want to borrow it.
他在读的书这么有趣，我想借来读读。（that引导结果状语从句）
Unit 3
核心单词
1. persuade
vt.说服；劝服；使相信(同convince)
常用结构：
persuade sb. of sth. 使某人相信某事
persuade sb. to do sth. 说服某人做某事
persuade sb. into doing sth. 说服某人做某事
persuade sb. out of doing sth. 说服某人不要做某事
persuade sb. that-clause 使某人相信……
联想拓展
talk sb. into/out of doing sth.
=reason sb. into/out of doing sth.
说服某人做/不做某事
trick sb. into/out of doing sth. 诱使某人做/不做某事
urge sb. into/out of doing sth. 怂恿某人做/不做某事
易混辨析
advise/persuade
advise 强调“劝告，建议”的动作，不注重结果；而persuade强调“已经说服”，重在结果。用法上：advise可跟v.-ing形式作宾语，也可以接that-clause （that sb. should do）,而persuade则不能。
I persuaded him of its truth. 我使他相信这是真的。
We will persuade him to take the medicine. 我们将说服他把药吃下去。
We persuaded her into taking the job. 我们说服她接受了这份工作。
I persuaded my father out of smoking.我劝服父亲戒了烟。
She persuaded me that death does not end all.她说服我相信了死并不能结束一切。
He persuaded her to go to school, even though she did not want to. 即使她不想去上学，他还是说服她去了。
He advised that we (should) leave early.他建议我们早点出发。
2. determine
vt. (使)决定,决心要;确定
常用结构：
determine + n. / pron.决(确)定
determine to do sth.决定做某事 (表示动作，是非延续性动词短语)
determine on／upon ...决定……
determine that／what ...决定……
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determine sb．to do sth.使某人决定做某事
determine sb. against sth.使某人决定不做某事
be determined to do sth.决心做某事 (表示状态，可与表示时间段的状语连用)
We determine to go to the railway station at once.我们决定立刻去火车站。
The court determined that the man was guilty of assault. 法庭裁定那个人犯了侵犯人身罪。
That determined her against leaving home. 那件事使她决定不离开家了。
联想拓展
determined adj. 坚决的，有决心的
determination n. 决心
I was determined to make it as a jazz musician. 我决定要成为一名爵士乐音乐家。
温馨提示
be determined to do与determine to do 意思基本一致，但前者表示状态，可与某段时间状语连用；后者表示动作，是非延续性的动词短语。类似的短语还有：prepare for／be prepared for，worry about／be worried about。这类结构常考查分词作状语的用法。
3. insist
v. 坚持；坚决要求
You can come back later, if you insist.如果你一定要坚持，就稍后再来吧。
常用结构：
insist on/upon sth./(sb’s) doing sth.坚持某事/要求（某人）做某事
insist that ....(should)坚持……
I still insist on my viewpoint. 我仍然坚持我的观点。
He insisted on paying for the meal. 他坚持要付饭钱。
Mother insisted on our washing the clothes by ourselves. 妈妈坚决要求我们自己洗衣服。
温馨提示
insist当“坚决要求”解时，后面的从句应用虚拟语气，即谓语部分用“should+动词原形”或直接用动词原形；如果insist当“坚持（认为；说）”解时，后面的从句不用虚拟语气。
4. once
用法较多，意思也比较丰富，既可以用作连词，也可以用作副词。
once用作连词时，意为“一旦……就……”，连接时间状语从句，相当于as soon as。
once用作副词时，意为“曾经；一度；从前”。它是一个不确定的时间副词，其位置一般是在行为动词之前，系动词之后。
once用作副词，也可意为“一次”。
Once you start, you will never give up. 一旦开始了，你就不要放弃。
Physics is easy to learn once you understand the rules. 一旦你理解了规则，物理就不难学了。
Once he lived in America, but now he lives in England. 他曾经居住在美国，但现在他生活在英国。
His song was once very popular among the young people. 他的歌曾经在年轻人中很流行。
The old professor comes to see us once a week. 那个老教授一周来看我们一次。
Tell us the story once more.把那个故事再给我们讲一遍。
联想拓展
at once 立刻；马上
once again再一次；又一次（相当于once more）
all at once突然（相当于suddenly)
once upon a time很早以前；从前
once in a while偶尔；间或once/as soon as
once偏重于条件，而as soon as偏重于时间。
Once you see the film, you’d never forget it(不宜用as soon as).你一旦看了这部电影，你就永远不会忘记它。
As soon as he got off the plane, we wanted to say hello to him(不宜用once).他一下飞机，我们就想向他打招呼。
5. view
n. 风景；视野；观点；见解
vt. 观看；注视；考虑
The house has a view over the sea. 这座房子面向大海，视野开阔。
What is your view on school punishments?你对学校的处罚有什么看法？
The plan was viewed favorably.这项计划是受到称赞的。
联想拓展
in one’s view 在某人看来
come into view 进入视野，看得见
in full view (of sb./sth.) 完全看得见
in view of sth. 鉴于，考虑到，由于
with a view to sth.／to doing sth.为了，指望
Several possible buyers have come to view the house.几个可能是买主的人来看过房子。
重点短语
6. care about 关心；担心；在乎；喜欢
I really care about my work. 我真的关心我的工作。
联想拓展
care for 喜爱；照顾；重视
take care 当心
take care of 照料; 关怀; 处理
under the care of由……管理, 在……的照料下, 在……的保护下
with care 小心, 慎重
She doesn’t care for that colour．她不喜欢那种颜色。
He spent years caring for his sick mother．他数年里一直在照顾生病的母亲。
I do care for what my teacher says.我的确尊重老师说的话。
7. change one’s mind改变主意
Maybe you’ll change your mind after thinking it over. 也许你仔细考虑之后会改变主意。
联想拓展
make up one’s mind (to do) 下定决心（做某事） have a/no mind to do 有/无意做……
lose one’s mind 失去理智 read one’s mind 看出某人的心思
speak one’s mind 直言不讳 be of the same mind 意见一致
be in/of two minds 拿不定主意 give one’s mind to 注意……
keep one’s mind on 专心于…… take one’s mind off sth. 转移某人的注意
bear/keep sth. in mind 记住某事 bring/call sth. to mind 回忆某事
put one’s mind to sth. 全神贯注于某事
I have made up my mind to leave, and nothing you say will change it.
我已经下定决心要离开，不管你说什么我都不会改变主意了。
①I’ve made up my mind to be a doctor.
②Nothing will make me change my mind.
8. give in 屈服，让步，投降；上交
联想拓展
give in (to sb./sth.) 向……让步 give up sth./doing 放弃（做）某事
give away 赠送；泄露 give back 归还；恢复
give off 放出，散发(光、热、烟、气味等)
give out分配；分发；发布；（食物，燃料，电力等）被用光；筋疲力尽
Seeing that he could not persuade me, he had to give in (to my view). 由于无法说服我，他不得不让步。
Our food supply at last gives out.我们的食物终于用完了。
His strength gave out.他已筋疲力尽。
重点句型
9. Which kind of transport do you prefer to use: bus or train?
汽车和火车，你更喜欢使用哪种交通方式？
prefer to do (rather than do) 意为“宁可；宁愿（表选择）”或者“更喜欢做某事”。 其本身带有like better的含义，所以不能再与表示程度的better或more连用。
联想拓展
prefer sth. 喜欢某事/物
prefer doing sth. 更喜欢做某事
prefer+to do sth. （表示特定场合下）更喜欢做某事
prefer sb. to do sth. 宁愿某人做某事
prefer A to B/prefer doing A to doing B宁愿……而不愿……
prefer to do A rather than do B 宁愿做A而不愿做B
prefer + that-clause (虚拟语气)+(should) +do喜欢做某事
Do you prefer cooking for yourself or eating in a restaurant? 你是喜欢自己做饭还是下馆子？
Their father prefers them to be home early. 他们的父亲宁愿他们早点回家。
I prefer writing a term paper to taking an examination. 我宁愿写一篇学术论文也不愿参加考试。
He preferred to die rather than become a traitor. 他宁死也不做叛徒。
Would you prefer that I（should）come on Monday instead of on Tuesday? 你宁愿让我星期一来而不是星期二来吗？
10. When I told her the air would be hard to breathe and it would be very cold, she said it would be an interesting experience. 当我告诉她那里空气稀薄，呼吸困难，而且天气很冷时，她却说这将是一次有趣的经历。
“...the air would be hard to breathe ...”是“主语+系动词+形容词+不定式”结构，其中不定式的谓语与主语在意义上是动宾关系，但要用主动形式表示被动意义，不定式后面如果是不及物动词要在其后加适当的介词与主语构成动宾关系。这一类的形容词通常可以描绘主语的情绪、态度、品质属性或者难易程度，如hard, difficult, easy, nice, interesting, important, pleasant和comfortable等。
Your writing is impossible to read. 你写的字太难辨认了。
Do you think the water is safe to drink?你认为这水喝起来安全吗？
The chair looks rather hard, but it is very comfortable to sit on. 这把椅子看上去很硬，但坐起来很舒服。
11. A determined person always tries to finish the job, no matter how hard it is.
有决心的人总是努力完成工作，不管它有多么难。
no matter how ...引导让步状语从句，意为“无论多么……”，how后跟形容词或副词，相当于“however + adj./adv.”句式。
联想拓展
no matter意为“无论；不管”时，引导让步状语从句，常用于下列句型中：no matter what (who/when etc. )... 分别表示“无论何事”、“无论何人”、“无论何时”等，这个从句可以置于主句之前，也可以置于主句之后。no matter后接关系代词或关系副词引导的状语从句在句中作让步状语。
注意：whatever, however, whoever etc.可引导状语从句，也可引导名词性从句。
No matter what happened, he would not mind.
=Whatever happened, he would not mind.
不管发生什么，他都不在意。
（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they’re given.
（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they’re given.
囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。
No matter how hard he works, he can not get a promotion. 不管他工作多努力, 他就是得不到提升。
No matter what you do, you must be very careful. 不管做什么事，你都必须非常细心。
No matter who you are (=Whoever you are), I’ll never let you in.无论你是谁，我绝不让你进去。
No matter which you choose(=Whichever you choose), you will be satisfied. 不论你选择哪一个，你都会满意的。
No matter where I go (=Wherever I go), I will be thinking of you. 无论我去哪里，我都会想着你。
Unit 4
核心单词
1. burst
vt. & vi. (burst, bursting)爆炸；胀裂；突然而起；闯入；
充满；满盈；n. 突然破裂；爆发
联想拓展
burst out 迸发；突然发作；突然……起来
burst open推开；忽然打开； 裂开
burst through冲开；冲破；拨开
burst in upon打断(谈话等)；突然出现； 突然到达
burst in/ into闯入； 突然出现； 突然……起来； 突然发作
另外，burst into后接名词时可表示不同的意义：
burst into laughter突然大笑起来
burst into tears突然大哭起来
burst into cheers突然欢呼起来
burst out后接动名词也表示同样的意思
burst out laughing/crying 突然大笑/哭起来
2. event
n. 事件；大事；比赛项目
The new book was the cultural event of the year.这本新书的出版是今年文化界的大事。
Coming events cast their shadows before.未来之事先有征兆。
The next event will be the 100-metre race.下一个比赛项目是100米赛跑。
常用结构：
at all events 无论怎样 in any event 无论如何 in the event of 万一；倘若
In the event of rain, the game will be postponed.要是下雨，球赛就延期。
易混辨析
occurrence/event/incident/accident
occurrence系常用词, 指“任何发生的事件”。
event 指“有重要意义的历史事件、重大事件”。
incident指“事件”, 尤指“比较不重要的小事件”。
accident指“意外事故”。
3. rescue
n.&vt. 援救，营救
常用结构：
rescue sb./ sth. from sb./ sp. 把……从……营救出来
come to/ go to sb’s rescue = rescue sb. 援救某人
a rescue team 救援队
a rescue mission 救援任务
rescue workers 救援人员
The police came to his rescue and pulled him out of the river. 警察来救他，把他从河里拉了出来。
The rescue team made countless rescues during the earthquake. 营救队在这次地震期间进行了无数次救援。
Michael rescued a boy from drowning. 迈克尔把溺水的男孩救了起来。
4. judge
n. 法官；鉴赏家；裁判
vt.判断；估计
His father used to be a judge. 他的父亲过去是一名法官。
She’s a good judge of wine. 她是鉴别酒的专家。
The blind can’t judge colours. 盲人无法判断颜色。
Don’t judge a man by his looks. 不要以貌取人。
联想拓展
judgment n.判断，辨别力
judge sb./ sth. by/from 通过……判断……
as far as I judge 我认为
judging from...从……来看， 根据……判断
Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man.
从他所说的话来看，他是个诚实的人。
5. ruin
vt. 毁坏；毁灭。既可指实际的东西，也可指抽象的东西。
n.［U］毁坏；毁灭 ［C］（常用作复数）废墟
联想拓展
in ruins严重损坏；破败不堪；落空
bring come to ruin使某人失败；使倾家荡产
bring ruin upon oneself自取灭亡
fall/go to ruin毁灭, 灭亡; 崩溃; 破坏掉
ruin oneself毁掉自己
易混辨析
destroy/ruin/damage/harm
destroy 表示在肉体上、精神上或道义上的彻底摧毁，使之无法恢复，也可以表示对某物体进行完全的毁坏。
ruin一般指对物体或生命彻底的破坏，但往往是非暴力的，也往往不是一次性打击的结果，常指对美好的或希望中的事物的破坏。
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damage 一般指对物体或生命的局部损伤，使整体的价值或作用降低或变得无价值、无作用。这种损伤可以是暴力的或一次性破坏的结果，也可以指非暴力的长期损害的结果。
harm 一般指伤害有生命的东西，常指伤及人的健康、权利、事业等。
What he faced ruined his hope. 他所面对的使他的希望破灭了。
The whole city was destroyed in the earthquake. 整个城市在地震中被毁掉了。
Laziness will ruin one’s prospects. 懒惰会使人自毁前程。
We wanted to have a look at the ruins of Pompeii.我们想看一下庞贝城的废墟。
They managed to repair the houses that had been damaged. 他们设法修复了受到破坏的房子。
6. bury
vt.埋葬；掩埋；使沉浸于
联想拓展
be buried alive 被活埋
be buried under 为……所压倒；沉浸于,忙于
bury (oneself) in 埋头于；专心于；退居于(乡间等)
=be buried in
bury one’s head in the sand自欺欺人，逃避现实（来自鸵鸟的习性）
The house was half buried under snow.房子一半被埋在雪中。
If you continue to bury your head in the sand and refuse to recognize the fact that some of your classmates are catching up with you, it won’t be long before you find yourself left behind.
如果你再拒绝承认你的一些同班同学已经赶上来了这一事实，那么不用多久，你就会发现自己落后了。
重点短语
7. right away 立刻，马上
I’ll return the book to you right away. 我会马上还书给你。
If war breaks out, we shall be called up right away.如果战争爆发，我们将立即被征召服役。
联想拓展
right now=at once=immediately=in no time立刻，马上
8. think of 认为；考虑
联想拓展
think poorly of不放在眼里；轻视
think twice 再三考虑
think little/nothing of轻视；忽略
think much/highly of重视；看重，评价高
What do you think of ...?认为……怎么样？
think about考虑；回想；想起
think of考虑；记忆，记起
think sth. over仔细想；谨慎思考；作进一步考虑
think sth. out认真考虑；仔细盘算
think sth. up想出，发明
The government thinks highly of his invention because it will benefit the whole country.
政府非常重视他的发明，因为它将有益于全国人民。
The foolish boss thought little of my suggestions on that project.那个愚蠢的老板根本就不重视我对那项工程的建议。
He is thinking about travelling in the summer holidays. 他正在考虑暑假旅游的事。
I can’t think of his name at the moment. 我一时想不起他的名字。
Please think over what I said. 请仔细考虑我说的话。
He thought out a new idea. 他盘算出了一个新主意。
9. at an end 结束，终结（= finish）
联想拓展
end n.&v. 结事，终结
与end搭配的常用短语
at the end of在……末尾 by the end of到……末为止
in the end最后，终于 at a loose end无所事事；处于杂乱状态
make ends meet收支相抵
The war was finally at an end.战争终于结束了。
10. instead of 代替，而不是
The Chinese use chopsticks instead of knives and forks.中国人不用刀叉,用筷子。
Instead of working, Jack was idling away his time.杰克不去工作,虚度着光阴。
She decided to leave here on Sunday instead of Monday.她决定星期日而不是星期一离开这里。
易混辨析
instead/instead of/in place of/take the place of
instead 是副词，单独使用，用于句首或句末作状语，意为“而是，相反”。
instead of 是复合介词，后接名词、代词、或动名词，意为“代替、而不……”。
in place of 为介词短语，也是“代替、而不”的意思，表示“以甲代乙”，而instead of则是“用甲不用乙”，除“代替”外，还有对乙否定的意思，有时意为“不”。
take the place of (replace)作谓语，用在名词、代词前。
11. the number of …的数量、数目
作主语时谓语动词用单数；a number of意为“一些，很多”，相当于 many, 后接可数名词复数，当它作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
The number of competitors is limit.参赛者的数量是有限的。
A number of problems have arisen. 已经出现了一些问题。
a large /great/good number of；a great/good many;a good few/quite a few+可数名词复数，意为“大量的”；
a great/good deal; a great/ large amount of; quite a little+ 不可数名词，意为“大量的”；
a lot of/lots of; a great /large quantity of; large quantities of/ plenty of +可数名词复数/不可数名词均可，意为“大量的”。但是a great/large quantity of ..., large quantities of ...作主语时谓语动词与quantity形式一致。
重点句型
12. In the farmyards, the chickens and even the pigs were too nervous to eat.
农家大院里的鸡，甚至猪都紧张得不吃食。
“too + adj./adv.+动词不定式”结构简称为“too ... to”结构，在大多数情况下表示否定意义，通常可意为“太……而不能……;太……无法……”。
“too ...to”结构表示否定的常见句型有：
too +adj./adv. + to do，有时too后也可跟一个起形容词作用的过去分词。
too ... to/to be done形式。这是“too ...to”结构中不定式为被动式时的变体，如果主语是不定式动作的承受者，不定式既可以用主动式，也可以用被动式，此时用主动式虽然在形式上是主动的，但在意义上却是被动的。
too + adj. + a (an) + n.+ to + v./to be done形式。这个句型在too+ adj.后再接一个带不定冠词的名词，不定冠词一定要放置于形容词后。与此同时，只有当too后形容词修饰一个可数名词时，才可以在形容词与名词间加不定冠词“a/an”。当句子主语能发出该不定式的动作时，可以用to + v.的主动式，当主语是该不定式动作的承受者时，则用to be + v.-ed的被动式。
温馨提示
并不是所有“too ...to”结构的句子都表示否定意义，在下列情况下，“too ...to”结构可以表示肯定意义：
“too ...to”结构之前带有but, only, all, never, not时，是强调肯定的表示法，意为“非常……，十分……，实在……，真是太……”等。
“too ...to”结构中带有表示某种心情或描绘性的形容词或副词，如ready，eager, satisfied, kind, willing, easy, anxious等加动词不定式结合成一个不可分割的状态、态度、倾向或心情等，并且其后的不定式不是说明too的具体内容，而是修饰形容词，故不定式不再表示结果。
在“too ...to”结构中，不定式为否定式时，是构成的双重否定，其意为“非常/很/太/那么……不会不/必定能/所以能……”，也不表示否定意义。
I，m too tired to think of anything now.我太累了，什么也不能想了。
The tea is too hot to drink/to be drunk. 茶太热，不能喝。
The shoes are too badly broken to be mended.这些鞋子破烂得不能修补。
He is too experienced an artist to mind/ be worried by what the critics say.
(＝As an artist，he is too experienced to mind what the critics say.)
他是个经验非常丰富的艺术家，不会介意批评家说些什么。
I am but too glad to do so. 我非常喜欢这样做。
He was too anxious to do this job. 他非常想做这件工作。
The girl is too careful not to do it well.这姑娘很细心，完全能做好那件事。
13. It seemed as if the world was at an end! 仿佛到了世界末日！
联想拓展
as if=as though意为“仿佛，像，似乎”。通常用在be，look，seem，sound，taste，smell及feel等连系动词的后面。如果表示真实情况应该用陈述语气；如果表示非真实情况则应该用虚拟语气, 其谓语动词的虚拟式与wish后面宾语从句中谓语动词的虚拟式相同。引导方式状语从句时也要用虚拟语气。
注意：as if (though)后面除了跟句子外，还可以跟名词、动词不定式、形容词(短语)、介词短语和分词。
另外，as if (though)还可以表达感叹语气，来对某项建议、假设和推测表示不赞成、惊讶、不满和厌恶等。
How wild his white hair looked as if it had been electrified! 他的白发十分凌乱，好像触了电似的。(虚拟语气)
She seems as if she is going to cry. 她似乎要哭了。(陈述事实)
As if anyone would believe that story！好像有人竟会相信那样的事！
As if we were all stupid and he alone clever！哼，就仿佛我们都是傻瓜，只有他一个人聪明似的。
He raised his hand as if to take off his hat.他举起他的手，好像要取下帽子。
He behaved as if nothing had happened.他表现的好像什么也没发生。
14. All hope was not lost.不是所有的希望都破灭了。
all, both, each, every, everyone, everything, always, whole, wholly, entirely, altogether等具有总括意义的词后跟否定词not连用时，一般都表示部分否定，其中all, both, each, every无论在not之前还是之后，都表示部分否定。
但如果句子中出现下列单词或短语则该句为全部否定：none of+n./pron.; neither+n./pron.; no+n.; nothing；nobody；neither；never；nowhere；neither ... nor等。
All that glitters is not gold. 发光的不一定都是金子。
Not all body languages mean the same thing in different countries. 并非所有的肢体语言在不同的国家里都有相同的意思。
Each machine here is not produced in our plant.这里的机器不全是我们厂生产的。
Unit 5
核心单词
1. quality
n. ［U,C］质，质量，品质；特性（既可用于描述物品，也用于描述人物）
［C］性质；特性；特点
Modesty is one of his good qualities.谦虚是他的美德之一。
One quality of wood is that it can burn.木料的一个特点是能燃烧。
常用结构：
high quality 优质 poor quality 劣质 average quality 一般的品质
Wine of high quality costs more than that of poor quality. 优质的葡萄酒比劣质的葡萄酒价格要高。
易混辨析
quality/quantity
quality 质，质量
quantity 数量；大量
For study, quality often matters more than quantity.就学习而言，质量往往比数量更重要。
Quantities of food were on the table. 桌上摆了大量食物。
There is a small quantity of water left in the bottle.瓶子里还剩下少量的水。
2. devote
vt.献身；专心于
常用结构：
devote oneself/one’s energy/one’s time to (doing) sth.
奉献/精力/时间于某事
sb. be devoted to (doing) sth. 某人献身做某事
He devoted all his life to China’s aviation.他的一生都奉献给了中国的航空事业。
He’s devoted his whole life to the protection of the rare animals. 他终生献身于保护珍稀动物。
He is devoted to helping the poor. 他致力于帮助穷困的
联想拓展
类似于devote ... to ... 的结构中to为介词的词组还有：
object to 反对 attend to 办理；照顾；注意听
look forward to 期待；盼望be opposed to 反对
devote ... to 贡献给……stick to 坚持
lead to 导致pay attention to 注意到
be related to 与……有关see to 务必做到； 负责……
refer to 提到；指的是turn to 翻到； 求助于
3. equal
adj.相同的；平等的
vt.等于，比得上
n.同等/相等的人或物
He asked us to cut the apple into three equal pieces.他让我们把苹果切成三等份。
None of us can equal her in intelligence.我们中没人能在智力方面比得上她。
常用结构：
be equal to sth./doing sth.胜任某事/ 做某事 A equals B A等于B
without equal/have no equal 无与伦比/无比
Are you equal to (doing) the task?你能胜任这项工作吗？
Yao Ming is a basketball player without equal in China.在中国，姚明是个无与伦比的篮球运动员。
4. reward
n.报答；酬金（为某些特殊服务提供或给予的金钱）
vt.酬谢，奖赏；报应；惩罚（坏人或坏事）
常用结构：
as a reward (for) 作为（对某事的）报酬（或奖赏）
give/ offer a reward to sb. for sth. 为某事而给某人报酬
in reward for 为酬答……；作为奖励……
reward sb.(with ...)for sth. 为某事（而以……）报答……
易混辨析
reward/award/prize
reward表示“奖赏，酬谢”，动词只能以人或人的行为作宾语，名词表示某人因做了某事而应得到某东西。
award 作名词指正式或官方 “给予，颁发，授予”（奖章，奖金等），也可以指法庭裁决；作动词时可以跟两个宾语，award sb. sth.把某物授予/判给某人。
prize只能作名词，表示“奖赏、奖金、奖品”，尤指在比赛中获得的荣誉。
It’s a reward for virtue.那是对美德的回报。
It is unfair that he gets very little in reward for his hard work. 他工作很辛苦，报酬却很少，这不公平。
How can I reward your kindness?我如何酬谢你的好意呢？
Jim rewarded the boy a pound for bringing back the lost dog.男孩把吉姆丢失的狗带了回来，为此吉姆奖赏给他一英镑。
重点短语
5. out of work 失业
Jim has been out of work for several months.吉姆已经失业几个月了。
Mary’s cell phone has been out of work for several days, which brought her a lot of inconvenience.
玛丽的手机坏了好几天了，这给她带来了很多不便。
联想拓展
in work有工作 out of breath上气不接下气 out of patience 不耐烦
out of use 没用了 out of date过时 out of order次序颠倒；出故障
out of control失控 out of danger脱离危险 out of shape变形
Out of sight, out of mind.眼不见, 心不烦。
6. as a matter of fact 事实上
It was cold. As a matter of fact, it was freezing.天很冷。事实上，冷得要命。
联想拓展
as a matter of fact=in fact/in actual fact/actually/in
reality/to tell the truth 实际上；事实
to make matters worse 让事情更糟糕的是
it doesn’t matter 没有关系
7. blow up
vi.爆炸；突然严峻；大发雷霆
vt. 炸毁；给……充气；放大（照片）
My father blew up when I didn't come home last night.我昨晚没回家，父亲大发雷霆。
Stop at the gas station and we'll blow up the tyres.在加油站停一下，我们要给轮胎打气。
联想拓展
blow away刮走，吹走
blow down(风) 刮倒
blow off 吹掉；将（热水、蒸汽等）放出
blow out 吹熄；（电线）烧断
blow over (暴风雨等)吹散，刮倒；（坏天气）大风平息
8. in trouble 在危险、受罚、痛苦、忧虑等的处境中
Please telephone us when you are in trouble.遇到困难时就给我们打电话。
联想拓展
have trouble (in) doing sth. 做某事有困难。其中的介词 in 在口语中通常可省略。
take (the) trouble to do sth. 在这一结构中，其中的冠词用不用均可，但含义稍有不同：用冠词，表示不怕费事或不怕麻烦而去做某事；不用冠词，表示尽心尽力或费尽心血而去做某事。
go to (the) trouble to do （of doing） sth.不辞辛劳做某事/费心做某事
give sb. trouble/put sb. to trouble麻烦某人；打扰某人
have trouble with ... 有……病痛；同……闹纠纷
We had no trouble (in) finding his office.我们没费吹灰之力就找到了他的办公室。
He took the trouble to show me the way to the station.他不嫌麻烦地为我去火车站而指路。
He went to the trouble of finding out when our train was leaving. 他费心为我们打听到了我们乘坐的火车的开车时间。
I don’t like giving trouble to people I don’t know.我不愿意给我不认识的人添麻烦。
The man often has trouble with his wife.这个男人经常与他的妻子闹矛盾。
9. turn to 求助于；依赖；翻到；询问
We have to turn to some bigger companies for technical help. 我们不得不向一些更大的公司寻求技术援助。
联想拓展
turn against背叛
turn down（音量）关小；拒绝
turn in上交
turn ...into ...(使……)成为……
turn off关掉(水源、 煤气、 电灯等)；避开(问题等)
turn on打开(水、 煤气、 电灯、无线电等)
turn over(使)打翻/翻身/翻动/翻耕(土地)/转危为安
turn up开大；出现；找到
by turns轮流；交替
in turn依次；轮流
turn out证明是；结果是
Nobody will turn against his country.没有人会背叛自己的国家。
Please turn down the television.请把电视机的音量调小点儿。
He turned down my suggestion without hesitation.他毫不犹豫地拒绝了我的建议。
The child picked up a purse and turned it in to the policeman. 那个孩子捡到了一个钱包，然后把它交给了警察。
The farmers are turning waste land into rice fields.农民们正把荒地变成肥沃的田地。
Don't forget to turn all the lights off before you go to bed. 在你上床之前，不要忘记把所有的灯都关上。
The man turned over and went to sleep again when the telephone rang.
当电话铃响的时候，那个人翻了个身，又睡着了。
10. lose heart
丧失勇气或信心
He failed many times, but he didn’t lose heart.他失败了许多次，但他并没有失去信心。
No matter what you do, never lose heart.不管你做什么，千万不要失去信心。
lose one’s job失业 lose one’s balance失去平衡
lose one’s breath上气不接下气 lose one’s heart (to sb./sth.)爱上
lose one’s life丧生; 遇害 lose face丢脸; 受屈辱
lose hope失去希望
重点句型
11. ...only then did we decide to answer violence with violence.……只有到这个时候，我们才决定用暴力反抗暴力。
only 修饰的时间、条件、方式状语等放在句首时，主句要用部分倒装。
Only then did she realize she had made mistakes.直到那时她才意识到她所犯的错误。
Only when he came back did I go to bed.当他回来的时候，我才上床睡觉。
温馨提示
only 放在句首修饰状语时，主句部分要倒装，修饰主语、宾语时，则不倒装。
Only you understand me.只有你了解我。
12. He taught us during the lunch breaks and the evenings when we should have been asleep.
他在午餐后的休息时间以及晚上本来该睡觉的时间教我们学习。
should have done 本应该做某事（但实际上并没有做）/对过去已发生的事情的推测。ought to= should 但在语气上比should要强。
温馨提示
情态动词+have done的用法小结：
must+have done 表示对过去情况的推测，只用于肯定句中，意为“一定……”，其否定的意义用can’t+have done表示。
can/could have done 对过去已发生的情况的推测，用于疑问句或否定句中。
could+have done本来有能力做而实际上没有做
needn’t+have done本来不必做的事，实际上却做了
might have done本来可以做而实际上未做。
may (might)+have done表示对过去的推测，多用在陈述句，意为“也许；可能……”。用might 比用 may 语气更加委婉。
would+have done 用于虚拟条件句中，表示与过去事实相反。
He ought not to have taken the old clothes away.他不该把旧衣服带走。（事实上已带走。）
The street is wet. It must have rained last night.路面是湿的，昨天晚上肯定下雨了。
If I could have stopped, there wouldn’t have been an accident.如果我能够停下来，事故就不会发生了。
I needn’t have gone to the office yesterday.昨天我没必要去办公室。
Please don’t do that. You might both have been caught and killed!请不要那样做。你们俩很有可能被抓住然后被杀掉！
易混辨析
should/ought to
①两者均有“应该”之意，should多表示说话人主观建议，ought to多表示道义和责任。
Doctors and nurses should take good care of patients.医生和护士应该仔细照顾病人。
You shouldn’t drink and drive.你不该喝了酒还开车。
You ought to be blushed at your conduct.你应该为你自己的行为感到羞愧。
②两者均可表示预测，意为“应该会，可能”。
We should/ought to arrive there before dark.我们应该会在天黑前到达那里。
It’s twelve o’clock now. She should/ought to have already got there.现在已经12点了。她应该已经到那里了。
联想拓展
should的其他用法：
①虚拟从句中，表示“假如；万一”；
If you should change your mind, do let we know.如果你想要改变主意，让我们知道。
In case you should need any help, here is my number.假如你需要任何帮助，给我打电话，这是我的电话号码。
②应该，必须
She recommended that/she (should) take some time off.她建设应该休假。
③表示惊讶，遗憾。
It’s strange that she should have done such a thing.她能做好这样的事情，真让人觉得奇怪。