英语论文格式

时间:2024.4.20

扬州大学外国语学院英语专业毕业论文格式

(20xx年2月28日)

一、 页面设臵与字体

毕业论文须用A4纸打印,上为2.5cm,下为2.8cm,左、右均为2.4cm,页码插入页面底端右侧。除另有特殊规定外,英文一律用Times New Roman,中文一律用仿宋_GB2312。

二、毕业论文组成

毕业论文由以下几部分组成:论文封面、题目扉页、论文题目、摘要及关键词、正文、参考文献、 附录(可选)。

三、毕业论文格式与撰写要求

1、论文封面

采用学校统一的封面。

2、题目扉页

参照附件1。

3、论文题目

段前段后各1.5行,三号字加粗居中,字体:Times New Roman。题目应该简短、明确、有概括性,字数适当。题目中所有实词首字母大写。副标题:四号字,居中,前面加破折号。

4、中英文摘要及关键词

摘要一般应包括(1)研究的题目和目的;(2)研究的方法或者过程;(3)研究的发现或者成果;(4)结论。摘要不应报告论文结构。

英文摘要及关键词在前,中文摘要及关键词在后,单倍行距,顶格,五号字。 英文摘要及关键词:字体采用Times New Roman,标示语 “Abstract”、“Key words”及冒号加粗。

中文摘要及关键词:标示语“摘要”、“关键词”及冒号为黑体;内容字体为仿宋_GB2312。

本科论文应该符合国际上对学位论文摘要的通行标准,英文摘要一般在100个单词左右,中文摘要一般在150汉字左右。中文摘要及关键词应与英文摘要及关键词相对应。

1

关键词是表述论文主要内容和信息的词语或术语,关键词数量一般为3—5个。关键词之间须用逗号隔开,最后一个关键词后不用标点符号。摘要和关键词中出现英文书名用斜体,出现中文书名加书名号。

5、正文

5.1排版

字号:小四

行距:固定值20磅

段落:首行缩进2字符

5.2篇幅

4000—4500英文单词。

5.3格式要求

5.3.1引言部分

引言标示语“Introduction”顶格加粗,段前段后各1行,前不用序号,后不用标点。

5.3.2正文主体部分

正文主体部分须有小标题(顶格加粗),要求简短明确,首词和专有名词第一个字母大写,其余一律小写。小标题须编序,编序采用以下模式:

1.(段前段后1行,加粗)

1.1(加粗,不空行)

1.1.1(加粗,不空行)

2.(段前段后1行,加粗)

2.1(加粗,不空行)

2.1.1(加粗,不空行)

……

依此类推。

5.3.3图与表的标示

不论是图还是表格,都以章节为单位进行编号,如Table 1.1, Table 1.2, Figure

1.1, Figure 1.2等;但注意:表格的题头Table 1.1等内容要臵于表格的上方,而图的题头Figure 1.1等内容要臵于图的下方,居中排列。

5.3.4结语

结语标示语“Conclusion”顶格加粗,段前段后各1行,前不用序号,后不用标点。

6、文内引用和参考文献

文献引用注明出处反映了论文作者对所涉领域的把握和治学的态度。引用的 2

规范按专业方向的不同一般分为MLA(the Modern Language Association)和APA(the American Psychological Association)两类,区别在于次序、大小写、缩写、标点等细节上。学位论文撰写人应该根据MLA或APA的要求,格式上做到前后一致。(详见文献引证。)

引文出处应使用括号夹注的方法(一般不使用脚注或者尾注)。在正文中,括号夹注是引文出现的小句的一部分,因而必须放在句末的标点以内,不得放在句外,但也不得放在引文的引号以内(见图6.1)。

图6.1 :括号夹注在正文中的使用方法

正确: 错误:

Her idea is Her idea is further

further confirmed that “people

confirmed that think her odd and that “people think her odd and that nobody loves

and admires

her” (Fountain Her idea is further

33). confirmed that “people

think her odd and that

nobody loves and

6.1、引文出处的标注(语言学、翻译方向请参照APA格式;文学方向请参照MLA格式)

参考文献引用的规范应该按专业方向的不同选择使用MLA(the Modern Language Association)或者APA(the American Psychological Association),按一般的学术规范,偏重人文学科论文的采用MLA,偏重自然学科论文的采用APA。就我院学位论文而言,文学方向的论文采用MLA,其他方向的学位论文采用APA。 申请人应认真阅读相应的规范使用手册。本节提供部分实例,供参考。

6.1.1 正文中的引证

学位论文引用别人的观点、方法、言论必须注明出处,注明出处时应该使用括号夹注的方法,一般不使用脚注或者尾注。

6.1.1.1 引用整篇文献的观点

引用整篇文献(即全书或全文)观点时有两种情况,一种是作者的姓氏在正 3

文中没有出现,如:

MLA:

Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their

personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor,1990).

APA:

Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their

personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor, 1990).

另一种情况是作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现,按MLA的规范不需要使用括号夹注,如:

MLA:

Taylor (1990) claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites,

not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing.

而按APA的规范则没有必要在括号夹注中重复作者的姓,如:

APA:

Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not

only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing

(1990).

如果作者的姓氏和文献出版年份均已在正文同一句中出现,按APA的规范不需使用括号夹注,如:

APA:

In a 1990 article, Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar

opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration

for writing.

在英文撰写的论文中引用中文著作或者期刊,括号夹注中只需用汉语拼音标明作者的姓氏,不得使用汉字,如:

MLA:

APA:

(Zhang, 2005) (Zhu 12)

6.1.1.2 引用文献中具体观点或文字

引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码,没有页码是文献引用不规范的表现。例如:

MLA:

4

Ancient writers attributed the invention of the monochord to Pythagoras,

who lived in the sixth century BC (Marcuse 197).

Monasteries in medieval Europe were not short of speculations about

Greek inventions (Marcuse 190-203).

APA:

Emily Bronte “expressed increasing hostility for the world of human

relationships, whether sexual or social” (Taylor, 1988: 11).

Newmark (1988: 39-40) notes three characteristically expressive text-types:

(a) serious imaginative literature (e.g. lyrical poetry); (b) authoritative

statements (political speeches and documents, statutes and legal documents,

philosophical and academic works by acknowledged authorities); (c)

autobiography, essays, personal correspondence (when these are personal

effusions).

注意在这些例子中引文超过一页时的页码标记方法:MLA的规范是(Marcuse 190-203),而 APA的规范是(1988: 39-40)。

假若作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现,则不需要在括号夹注中重复,如:

MLA:

Ancient writers, according to Marcuse, attributed the invention of the

monochord to Pythagoras, who lived in the sixth century BC (197).

APA:

Taylor writes that Emily Bronte “expressed increasing hostility for the

world of human relationships, whether sexual or social” (1988: 11).

6.1.1.3 引用多位作者写作的同一文献

MLA(二至三位作者):

Among intentional spoonerisms, the “punlike metathesis of distinctive

features may serve to weld together words etymologically unrelated but

close in their sound and meaning” (Jakobson and Waugh 304).

(如果有三位作者,在括号夹注中应用逗号分隔他们的姓氏,如:(Alton, Davies, and Rice 56)。)

MLA(三位以上的作者):

The study was extended for two years, and only after results were reviewed

by an independent panel did the researchers publish their findings (Blaine

et al. 35).

APA(两位作者):

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Research (Yamada & Matsuura, 1982) reports the poor performance of

advanced English learners who could use English articles correctly only in

70 percent of the cases.

若作者不在括号内,请用and,如:

Pauling and Liu (2005) discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism.

(注意两种规范的括号夹注中分别使用“and”与“&”。)

APA(三至五位作者)

第一次引用:

According to educational psychologists, raising children is a responsibility

of the entire community (Franklin, Childs, & Smith, 1995).

Pauling, Liu and Guo (2006) conducted a study that discovered a new possible genetic cause of alcoholism.

以后的引用:

To be successful, “communities must be willing to take this responsibility”

(Franklin et al., 1995: 135).

APA(五位以上的作者):

Patterns of byzantine intrigue have long plagued the internal politics of

community college administration in Texas (Douglas et al., 2003)

6.1.1.4 引用同样姓氏的不同作者

假若两个或两个以上的作者有同样的姓氏,则括号夹注中应同时使用他们名字的首字母,如:

MLA:

Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer

children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical

research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46).

APA:

Well-established SLA researchers (e.g., R. Ellis, 2002) seem rather

skeptical of the assertion that repetition alone explains the development of

the knowledge of a second language (N. Ellis, 2002).

引用中文著作或期刊时同姓作者的情况较多,应在括号夹注中使用他们名字的首字母加以区分,如:

MLA:

(S.R. Wang 26) (J.X. Wang 30)

APA:

6

(W.Y. Wang, 2003) (L.F. Wang, 2003: 213)

6.1.1.5 引用团体作者(corporate author)

引用团体作者的作品,括号夹注中应使用团体的名称,如:

MLA:

It was apparent that the American health care system needed “to be fixed

and perhaps radically modified” (Public Agenda Foundation 4).

APA:

Retired officers retain access to all of the university's educational and

recreational facilities (Columbia University, 1987: 54).

6.1.1.6 引用无作者文献

引用无作者文献,如果文献标题没有出现在正文里,则括号夹注中应使用该标题或者(如果标题过长的话)使用该标题中的关键词组,如:

MLA:

An anonymous Wordsworth critic once argued that his poems were too

emotional (“Wordsworth Is A Loser” 100).

APA:

(“Mad Cow,” 2001) 或者 (Sleep Medicine, 2001)

在使用关键词组时应该选择标题开始部分的词组。

无论是MLA还是APA的规范,独立出版物的标题或者标题中的关键词组用斜体标出,出版物内含的作品的名称以及未出版的作品(讲演、论文等)的标题或者标题中的关键词组用引号标出。

6.1.1.7 引用书信、谈话中的观点或文字

书信和谈话(含电子邮件、访谈、电话等)无法在正文后面的参考文献中列出,但应该在正文中使用括号夹注的方法注明出处。例如:

MLA:

Jesse Moore (telephone conversation, May 12, 1989) admitted the need for

an in-depth analysis of the otherness expressed in the work.

APA:

Mira Ariel (e-mail, April 17, 2004) confirmed that accessibility marking

played a crucial role in discourse organization.

Researchers may observe that Chinese English majors with no overseas

experience often have a better command of English than American foreign

7

language majors with no overseas experience have of the language they

study (Eugene Nida, personal communication, November 8, 1986).

6.1.1.8 引用同一作者的多篇文献

按MLA规范,引用同一作者的多篇文献时,在括号夹注中应加入文献标题中的关键词组,如:

Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children

(“Too Soon” 38), though he has acknowledged that early exposure to

computer games does lead to better small motor skill development

(“Hand-Eye Development” 17).

或者

Computers are not useful tools for small children (Lightenor, “Too Soon”

38), though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games

does lead to better small motor skill development (Lightenor, “Hand-Eye

Development” 17).

或者

Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children,

though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games does

lead to better small motor skill development (“Too Soon” 38 and

“Hand-Eye Development” 17).

按APA规范,同一作者的不同文献可用出版年份来区,如:

(Zhang, 1997)

(Zhang, 1999)

(Zhang, 2004)

括号夹注还可以表示同一作者的多篇文献,文献按发表次序排列,如:

(Zhang, 1997, 1999, 2004)

同一年份发表的文献应对年份另加字母,以示区别(正文后参考文献著录中相应的条目里的年份应加同样的字母),如:

(Bloom, 2003a, 2003b)

6.1.1.9 同时引用不同作者的多篇文献

括号夹注可以包括不同作者的多篇文献,文献按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列(注意分号的使用),如:

MLA:

8

The dangers of mountain lions to humans have been well documented

(Rychnovsky 40; Seidensticker 114; Williams 30).

APA:

Distance from health care providers, lack of transportation, lack of health

care providers, lack of information about the disease and various treatment

options, poverty and social isolation due to geography are all factors which

affect treatment decisions of rural clients (Brown, 2001; Sullivan, Weinert

& Fulton, 1993; Weinert & Burman, 1994).

在MLA的规范中,如果不同作者的多篇文献过于冗长,则不用括号夹注,而使用脚注(见第6.1.1.12节)。

6.1.1.10 引用非直接文献(indirect source)

论文应尽可能避免使用非直接文献(即二级文献secondary source),但在无法找到直接文献(即一级文献primary source)的情况下,引文可以从非直接文献中析出,例如:

MLA:

Samuel Johnson admitted that Edmund Burke was an “extraordinary man”

(qtd. in Boswell 2: 450).

(注意:“qtd. in”中的字母“i”不得大写。)

APA:

Grayson (as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996: 135) identified four

components of body language that were related to judgments of

vulnerability.

One researcher (Grayson, as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996: 135)

identified four components of body language that were related to

judgments of vulnerability.

引用非直接文献以后,在正文后参考文献著录中只需列入该非直接文献的条目(即上述实例中的“Boswell”和“Murzynski & Degelman, 1996”)。

6.1.1.11 引用文学作品和经典文献

按MLA的规范,有几种情况括号夹注内不标页码。

在引用剧本时应标出引文的幕、场、行,如:

In his famous advice to players, Shakespeare?s Hamlet defines the purpose

of theater, “whose end, both at the first and now, was and is, to hold, as

?twere, the mirror up to nature” (3.2.21-23).

9

这里的括号夹注表示引文来自剧本第三幕第二场的21至23行。(注意标点的使用。)

在引用诗歌时应标出引文的节、行,如:

When Homer?s Odysseus comes to the hall of Circe, he finds his men

“mild / in her soft spell, fed on her drug of evil” (10.209-11).

这里的括号夹注表示引文来自诗歌第10节的209至211行。对不分节的诗第一次引用时应说明括号里标的是行数,使用“line”,以后的引用则不需再说明。例如:

第一次引用:(lines 5-8)

以后的引用:(12-13)

在引用有章节、分册的小说的时候,应标出引文所在的页码、册数、章节,如:

One of Kingsolver?s narrators, teenager Rachel, pushes her vocabulary

beyond its limits. For example, Rachel complains that being forced to live

in the Congo with her missionary family is “a sheer tapestry of justice”

because her chances of finding a boyfriend are “dull and void” (117; bk. 2,

ch. 10).

例子里的括号夹注表示引文来自该书第二册第十章的第117页。(注意标点和缩略语的使用。)

在引用《圣经》、《可兰经》等经典文献的时候,应标出引文的篇、章、节,如:

Consider the words of Solomon: “If your enemies are hungry, give them

food to eat. If they are thirsty, give them water to drink” (Bible, Prov.

25.21).

例子里的括号夹注表示引文来自旧约《圣经》的《箴言》篇第25章第21节。《圣经》各篇的缩写有标准的写法,因而使用时应该注意核对。

6.1.1.12 脚注(footnotes)的使用

在MLA的规范里,脚注只应在下列两种情况中考虑使用:(1)提供有一定重要性、但写入正文将有损文本条理和逻辑的解释性信息;(2)提供因篇幅过大不宜使用括号夹注注明的文献出处信息。在APA的规范里脚注仅仅在上述第一种情况下可以使用。脚注应该使用阿拉伯数字编号上标,每页重新开始。在下面两个例子中,前一个属第一种情况,后一种属第二种情况:

10

The commentary of the sixteenth-century literary scholars Bernardo Segni

and Lionardo Salviati shows them to be less-than-faithful followers of

Aristotle1.

….

Technological advancements have brought advantages as well as

unexpected problems2.

—————————————

Notes

1 Examples are conveniently available in Weinberg. See Segni, Rettorica et

poetica d'Aristotile (Firenze, 1549) 281, qtd. in Weinberg 1:405, and

Salviati, Poetica d'Aristotle parafrasata e comnetata, 1586, ms. 2.2.11,

Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Firenze, 140v, qtd. in Weinberg 1:616-17.

2 For a sampling of materials that reflect the range of experiences related to

recent technological changes, see Moulthrop, pars. 39-53; Armstrong,

Yang, and Cuneo 80-82; Craner 308-11.

(第二个例子中“Moulthrop, pars. 39-53”中的“pars”指的是“段落”即paragraph。)

在脚注中提到的文献同正文中提到的一样,都必须在正文后面的参考文献著脚注可使用单倍行距,但相邻脚注之间应空1.5行。脚注的字体必须与正文录中详细注明。 一样。

6.2文后参考文献的编排(语言学、翻译方向请参照APA格式;文学方向请参照MLA格式)

参考文献著录在MLA规范里叫做Works Cited,在APA规范里叫做References。本节仅提供部分著录实例,供参考。

参考文献另起一页,只列出文内引用过的文献。标示语“Works Cited”或“References”居中,段前段后1行,用Times New Roman, 小四号字加粗。每一条目顶格, 如某一条目超过一行,从第二行起 “悬挂缩进”2个字符。参考文献中所有英文标点与符号均在英文状态下输入,标点符号后空一格。中文参考文献请在中文状态下输入符号,标点符号后不需要空格。

参考文献条目按作者姓氏(中文姓氏按其汉语拼音)的字母顺序排列。可以使用微软Word软件“表格”功能中的 “排序” 选项给外文和中文所有条目自动排 11

序。文献前不用序号。

中外文献分别排列,外文在前,中文在后。

同一作者不同出版年的文献按出版时间的先后顺序排列,同一年的出版物按照文献标题首词的顺序排列,在出版年后按顺序加a b c以示区别。

6.2.1 著录已出版的文章

6.2.1.1 一位作者写的文章

MLA:

Stewart, Donald C. “What Is an English Major, and What Should It Be?”

College Composition and Communication 40 (1989): 188-202.

APA:

Roediger, H. L. (1990). Implicit memory: A commentary. Bulletin of the

Psychonomic Society, 28: 373-380.

在实际应用中请注意以下几点

1) 在MLA规范里,作者的姓名应完整,应标明首名的全称和中间名的首

字母。在APA里,作者的首名和中间名均应用首字母。

2) 在MLA规范里,期刊名与期刊卷数之间不用逗号。

3) 按MLA的规范,标题第一个词和冒号后第一个词的首字母均必须大写,

而其余每一个词的首字母,除冠词、介词、并列连词以及不定式符号(“to”)以外都必须大写。按APA的规范,标题第一个词和冒号后第一个词的首字母必须大写,而其余每一个词的首字母,除专有名词以外,均不需要大写。

6.2.1.2 两位作者写的文章

MLA:

Brownell, Hiram H., and Heather H. Potter. “Inference Deficits in

Right-Brain Damaged Patients.” Brain and Language 27 (1986):

310-21.

APA:

Tulving, E., & Schacter, D. L. (1990). Priming and human memory

systems. Science, 247: 301-305.

6.2.1.3 两位以上的作者写的文章

MLA:

12

Mascia-Lees, Frances E., Pat Sharpe, and Colleen B. Cohen. “Double

Liminality and the Black Woman Writer.” American Behavioral

Scientist 31 (1987): 101-14.

APA:

Barringer, H. R., Takeuchi, D. T., & Xenos, P. C. (1990). Education,

occupational prestige and income of Asian Americans: Evidence from

the 1980 Census. Sociology of Education, 63: 27-43.

无论用MLA 还是APA,第一作者以姓氏开始(加上逗号),继以名字或者名字的首字母,但是从第二作者开始,在MLA规范里以名字开始,继以姓氏,而在APA规范里以姓氏开始(加上逗号),继以名字的首字母。

如果作者人数超过三人,也可以考虑仅保留第一作者的名字,加上et al.(拉丁文 “and others”),如:

MLA:

Mascia-Lees, Frances E., et al. “Double Liminality and the Black Woman

Writer.” American Behavioral Scientist 31 (1987): 101-14.

APA:

Barringer, H. R. et at. (1990). Education, occupational prestige and income

of Asian Americans: Evidence from the 1980 Census. Sociology of

Education, 63: 27-43.

6.2.1.4 书评、影评、电视节目评论等(Review)

MLA:

Kidd, John. “The Scandal of Ulysses.” Rev. of Ulysses: The Corrected

Text, by Hans Walter Gabler. New York Review of Books 30 June

1988: 32-39.

APA:

Falk, J. S. (1990). [Review of Narratives from the crib]. Language, 66:

558-562.

6.2.1.5 收集在书籍中的文章(Selection from an edited book)

MLA:

Glover, David. “The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of: Masculinity,

Femininity, and the Thriller.” Gender, Genre and Narrative Pleasure.

Ed. Derek Longhurst. London: Unwin Hyman, 1989. 67-83.

APA:

13

Wilson, S. F. (1990). Community support and integration: New directions

for outcome research. In S. Rose (Ed.), Case management: An

overview and assessment. White Plains, NY: Longman, 13-42.

说明:

1) “Ed.”代表“编”。

2) 在MLA规范中,书的编者的姓和名均用全称,在APA规范里,编者的

姓用全称,名用首字母。

6.2.1.5 杂志中的文章

MLA:

Miller, Mark Crispen. “Massa, Come Home.” New Republic 16 Sept. 1981:

29-32.

APA:

Gibbs, N. (1989, April 24). How America has run out of time. Time, 58-67. 说明:著录引用杂志中的文章应标明杂志的出版日期。

6.2.1.6 报纸中的文章

MLA:

“Literacy on the job.” USA Today 27 Dec. 1988: 6B.

APA:

Freudenheim, M. (1987, December 29). Rehabilitation in head injuries in

business and helath. New York Times, D2.

6.2.1.7 百科全书中的文章(An entry in an encyclopedia)

MLA:

Mohanty, Jitendra M. “Indian Philosophy.” The New Encyclopaedia

Britannica: Macropaedia. 15th ed. 1987.

APA:

Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia britannica

(Vol. 26, 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.

6.2.1.8 政府文件(A government publication)

MLA:

14

United States. Natl. Council on Disability. Promises to Keep: A Decade of

Federal Enforcement of the Americans with Disabilities Act.

Washington: GPO, 2000.

APA:

National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in

serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679).

Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

6.2.2 著录已出版的书籍

6.2.2.1 一位作者写的书籍

MLA:

Graff, Gerald. Professing Literature: An Institutional History. Chicago: U

of Chicago P, 1987.

APA:

Rossi, P. H. (1989). Down and out in America: The origins of

homelessness. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

说明:不同规范里书籍标题大小写规则的不同。

6.2.2.2 新版书(Book with a new edition)

MLA:

Erikson, Erik. Childhood and Society. 2nd ed. New York: Norton, 1963. APA:

Kail, R. (1990). Memory development in children (3rd ed.). New York:

Freeman.

6.2.2.3 团体作者(Corporate author)写的书籍

MLA:

College Board. College-bound Seniors: 1989 SAT Profile. New York:

College Entrance Examination Board, 1989.

APA:

American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical

manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.

6.2.2.4 无作者书籍(Book with no author)

MLA:

15

Guidelines for the Workload of College English Teacher. Urbana: National

Council of Teachers of English, 1987.

APA:

Standards for educational and psychological tests. (1985). Washington,

DC: American Psychological Association.

6.2.2.5 编撰的书籍(Edited book)

MLA:

Kerckhove, Derrick de, and Charles J. Lumsden, eds. The Alphabet and the

Brain: The Lateralization of Writing. Berlin Springer-Verlag, 1988. APA:

Campbell, J. P., Campbell, R. J., & Associates. (Eds.). (1988). Productivity

in organizations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

6.2.2.6 翻译的书籍(Translated book)

MLA:

Lacan, Jacques. Ecrits: A Selection. Trans. Alan Sheridan. New York:

Norton, 1977.

APA:

Michotte, A. E. (1963). The perception of causality (T. R. Miles & E.

Miles, Trans.). London: Methuen. (Original work published 1946)

注意在两种规范里,翻译者的名和姓均不需要改变次序。

6.2.2.7 重版书(Republished book)

MLA:

Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. 1937. Urbana: U of

Illinois P, 1978.

APA:

Ebbinghaus, H. (1964). Memory: A contribution to experimental

psychology. New York: Dover. (Original work published 1885;

translated 1913)

6.2.3 著录尚未正式出版的文献

6.2.3.1 硕士或博士学位论文(Dissertation)

MLA:

16

Hubert, Henry Allan. “The Development of English Studies in

Nineteenth-Century Anglo- Canadian Colleges.” Diss. U of British Columbia, 1988.

APA:

Thompson, L. (1988). Social perception in negotiation. Unpublished

doctoral dissertation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.

6.2.3.2 学术会议上的报告(Conference paper)

MLA:

Moffett, James. “Censorship and Spiritual Education.” The Right to

Literacy Conference. Columbus, Ohio, September 1988.

APA:

Hogan, R., Raskin, R., & Fazzini, D. (1988, October). The dark side of

charisma. Paper presented at the Conference on Psychological

Measures and Leadership, San Antonio, TX.

6.2.3.3 研究报告

MLA:

Flower, Linda. The Role of Task Representation in Reading to Write.

Technical Report No. 6. Berkeley: Center for the Study of Writing at U of California, Berkeley and Carnegie Mellon U, 1987.

APA:

Elman, J., & Zipser, D. (1987). Learning the hidden structure of speech

(Report No. 8701). Institute for Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego.

6.2.3.4 小册子(A brochure)

MLA:

Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Dept. of Jury Commissioner. A Few

Facts about Jury Duty. Boston: Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 1997.

APA:

Research and Training Center on Independent Living. (1993). Guidelines

for reporting and writing about people with disabilities (4th ed.)

[Brochure]. Lawrence, KS: Author.

17

6.2.4 著录非印刷材料

6.2.4.1 电影或录像

MLA:

High Fidelity. Dir. Stephen Frears. Perf. John Cusack, Iben Hjejle, Jack

Black, and Todd Louiso. 2000. Videocassette. Walt Disney Video,

2001.

条目以影名开始(用斜体表示),继以导演的姓名(放在“Dir.”之后)和主要演员的姓名(放在“Perf.”之后),然后是发行者的名称和发行年份。如果是录像带或DVD,则应在发行者的名称前注明是“Videocassette”或“DVD”。

APA:

Smith, J.D. (Producer), & Smithee, A.F. (Director). (2001). Really Big

Disaster Movie [Motion picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures.

假若著录非正式发行的电影或录像,则应报告收藏该电影或录像的地方,如:

APA:

Harris, M. (Producer), & Turley, M. J. (Director). (2002). Writing Labs: A

History [Motion picture]. (Available from Purdue University Pictures,

500 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907)

6.2.4.2 电视广播节目和系列报道(A Radio/Television Broadcast/Series)

MLA:

“Monkey Trial.” American Experience. PBS. WGBH, Boston. 18 Mar.

2003.

APA:

Important, I.M. (Producer). (1990, November 1). The Nightly News Hour.

[Television broadcast]. New York: Central Broadcasting Service.

Bellisario, D.L. (Producer). (1992). Exciting Action Show. [Television

series]. Hollywood: American Broadcasting Company.

电视系列报道分集(A Single Episode of a Television Series)

MLA:

Mysteries of the Pyramids. On the Inside. Discovery Channel. 7 Feb. 2001.

APA:

Wendy, S. W. (Writer), & Martian, I.R. (Director). (1986). The rising

angel and the falling ape. [Television series episode]. In D. Dude

(Producer), Creatures and monsters. Los Angeles: Belarus Studios.

18

无论是MLA 还是APA的规范,分集的标题均不用斜体,也不用引号。

6.2.4.3 音乐节目(A music recording)

MLA:

Bizet, Georges. Carmen. Perf. Jennifer Laramore, Thomas Moser, Angela

Gheorghiu, and Samuel Ramey. Bavarian State Orch. and Chorus.

Cond. Giuseppe Sinopoli. Warner, 1996.

Chapman, Tracy. “Paper and Ink.” Telling Stories. Elektra, 2000.

条目以作曲家、指挥、演奏者的姓名开始,如果作品较长,则继以作品名称(用斜体表示),再其他的演奏者和音乐家;如果作品是一首歌,则歌曲名称放在引号内,继以唱片或歌曲集的名称(用斜体表示)。最后是出版商和出版年份

APA:

Songwriter, W. W. (Date of copyright). Title of song [Recorded by artist if

different from song writer]. On Title of album [Medium of recording].

Location: Label. (Recording date if different from copyright date)

Taupin, B. (1975). Someone saved my life tonight [Recorded by Elton

John]. On Captain fantastic and the brown dirt cowboy [CD]. London:

Big Pig Music Limited.

本例中“Taupin”为演唱人,“(1975)”为版权获得日期,“Someone saved my life tonight”为歌名,“Elton John”为录制人,“On Captain fantastic and the brown dirt cowboy”为歌曲集的名称,“CD”表示该歌曲集为光碟。最后是出版地点和出版商。

6.2.5著录汉语著作和文章

汉语著作和文章中的标点符号在汉语状态下使用全角符号。引用中文期刊文章,必须标明文章出现的页码。条目中的汉语不得使用斜体。

MLA:

(i)专著:

(a) 基本格式

周小仪,《唯美主义与消费文化》。北京:北京大学出版社,2002。

周作人,《儿童文学小论中国新文学的源流》。石家庄:河北教育出版社,2001。 (b) 书的主编

北京语言学院语言教学研究所(编),《现代汉语补语研究资料》。北京:北京语

言学院出版社,1992。

(c) 翻译著作

夸克·伦道夫、西德尼·戈林鲍姆、杰弗里·利奇、简·斯瓦特威克,《英语语法大全》 19

(A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language), 王国富、贺哈定、朱叶等译校。上海:华东师范大学出版社,1985/1989。

索绪尔,费尔迪南·德,《普通语言学教程》(Cours de linguistique générale),沙·巴

利、阿·薛施蔼、阿·里德林格编,高名凯译,岑麒祥、叶蜚声校注。北京:商务印书馆,1949/1985。

赵元任,《中国话的文法》(A Grammar of Spoken Chinese),丁邦新译。香港:

香港中文大学出版社,1968/1980。

(d) 学位论文

祖生利,元代白话碑文研究,博士学位论文。北京:中国社会科学院,2000。 (ii) 文章:

(a) 期刊:文章基本格式

文秋芳、丁言仁、王文宇,中国大学生英语书面语中的口语化倾向,《外语教学

与研究》,2003(2):268-274。

(b) 论文集的文章

张伯江,深化汉语语法事实的认识。载商务印书馆编辑部(编),《21世纪的

中国语言学》。北京:商务印书馆,2004:135-142。

文秋芳,英语学习者动机、观念、策略的变化规律与特点。载文秋芳、王立非,

《英语学习策略实证研究》,西安:陕西师范大学出版社,2003a:255-259。 文秋芳,中国英语学习策略研究20年。载文秋芳、王立非,《英语学习策略实证

研究》,西安:陕西师范大学出版社,2003b:1-34。

(c)会议论文:

崔希亮,事件情态和汉语的表态系统。第十二次现代汉语语法学术讨论会论文,

20xx年4月,湖南长沙。

(d)词典:

中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室(编),《现代汉语词典》(The Contemporary

Chinese Dictionary)(汉英双语),外语教学与研究出版社语言学与辞书部双语词典编辑室翻译编辑。北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2002。

(e)报刊文章:

田志凌,《魔戒》的尴尬与文学翻译的危机,南方都市报,2005-8-24。

APA:

(a) 基本格式

吕叔湘、朱德熙(1952),《语法修辞讲话》。北京:中国青年出版社。

王力(1980),《音韵学初步》。北京:商务印书馆。

20

(b) 书的主编

北京语言学院语言教学研究所(编)(1992),《现代汉语补语研究资料》。北京:

北京语言学院出版社。

(c) 翻译著作

夸克·伦道夫、西德尼·戈林鲍姆、杰弗里·利奇、简·斯瓦特威克(1985/1989), 《英

语语法大全》(A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language), 王国富、贺哈定、朱叶等译校。上海:华东师范大学出版社.

索绪尔,费尔迪南·德(1949/1985),《普通语言学教程》(Cours de linguistique

générale),沙·巴利、阿·薛施蔼、阿·里德林格编,高名凯译,岑麒祥、叶蜚声校注。北京:商务印书馆。

赵元任(1968/1980),《中国话的文法》(A Grammar of Spoken Chinese),丁

邦新译。香港:香港中文大学出版社。

(d) 学位论文

祖生利(2000),元代白话碑文研究,博士学位论文。北京:中国社会科学院。 (ii) 文章:

(a) 期刊:文章基本格式

文秋芳、丁言仁、王文宇(2003),中国大学生英语书面语中的口语化倾向,《外

语教学与研究》(2):268-74。

(b) 论文集的文章

张伯江(2004),深化汉语语法事实的认识。载商务印书馆编辑部(编),《21

世纪的中国语言学》。北京:商务印书馆,135-142。

文秋芳(2003a),英语学习者动机、观念、策略的变化规律与特点。载文秋芳、

王立非,《英语学习策略实证研究》,西安:陕西师范大学出版社,255-259。 文秋芳(2003b),中国英语学习策略研究20年。载文秋芳、王立非,《英语学习

策略实证研究》,西安:陕西师范大学出版社,1-34。

(c)会议论文:

崔希亮(2002),事件情态和汉语的表态系统。第十二次现代汉语语法学术讨论

会论文,20xx年4月,湖南长沙。

(d)词典:

中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室(编),2002,《现代汉语词典》(The

Contemporary Chinese Dictionary)(汉英双语),外语教学与研究出版社语言学与辞书部双语词典编辑室翻译编辑。北京:外语教学与研究出版社。

(e)报刊文章:

田志凌,2005,《魔戒》的尴尬与文学翻译的危机,南方都市报,2005-8-24。 21

6.2.6 著录网络出版物

著录网络出版物必须标明出版物的上传日期和论文撰写人上网查询的日期(date of retrieval),标明网址。

6.2.6.1 网络期刊(online journal)上的文章

? 需给出获取时间和获取來源。

? 如果是从互联网上获取的信息,需给出获取日期和网址。

? 条目中网址如需断开换行,必须在“/”之后或者“.”之前,网址中不得出现空格。 ? 如果是网址,末尾不要加点号。

? 英文书写的文献获取日期为月日年,格式为“June 26, 2006”;中文书写的日

期为年月日,格式为“2008-07-02”。

? MLA格式中用尖括号标注网址,APA格式中英文写Retrieved from,中文写

“取自”。

? 汉语文献请参照MLA和APA汉语著作和文章格式并结合网络文献著录要

求,例:

MLA:

王岳川,当代传媒中的网络文化与电视批评,2004,2008-07-03

</new/display/58592.html/>.

APA:

王岳川(2004),当代传媒中的网络文化与电视批评,2008-07-03取自

/new/display/58592.html/

A.纸印期刊的电子版

MLA:

Bleich, Eric. “From International Ideas to Domestic Policies: Educational

Multiculturalism in England and France.” Comparative Politics 31.1 (Oct. 1998): 6 pp. Expanded Academic ASAP. Middlebury College 2 Aug. 2003

<http://myriad.middlebury.edu/verify-iac>.

该例中,“6 pp.”表示文章有6页,“Expanded Academic ASAP. Middlebury College”为网页名称,“2 Aug. 2003”为论文撰写人上网查询的日期。

APA:

VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the

selection of resources by psychology undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123. Retrieved Oct. 13, 2001, from http://jbr.org/articles.html APA规范在著录网络出版物时在条目的结尾处不使用任何标点符号。

22

B.仅有网络版的期刊

MLA:

Burka, Lauren P. “A Hypertext History of Multi-User Dimensions.” MUD History.

1996. 2 Aug. 1996 </talent/lpb/muddex/essay>.

APA:

Fredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health

and well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved Nov. 20, 2000, from /prevention/volume3/pre01a.html

该例中,“Article 0001a”为网页上文章序号。

6.2.6.2 报纸电子版中的文章

MLA:

Verhovek, Sam Howe. “Microsofts Might Be Better Than One.” The New York Times.

1 May 2000. 3 June 2001 <http://wwwnytimes.com/library/tech/

00/05/Biztech_articles/01seat.html>.

APA:

Hilts, P. J. (1999, February 16). In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out.

New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2000, from http://

6.2.6.3 网络上的独立文本(Stand-alone document)

MLA:

Eilola, John. “Little Machines: Rearticulating Hypertext Users.” 3 Dec. 1994. 14 Aug

1996 <ftp:///pub/CCCC95/john-eilol>.

APA:

GVU’s 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2000, from

http://www .cc.gatech .edu/ gvu/usersurveys/survey1997-10/

如果网页没有提供作者姓名,则条目以网页名或者文件名开始。“(n.d.)”表示网页没有提供上传日期。

6.2.6.4 大学网页上的文献

MLA:

Felluga, Dino. Undergraduate Guide to Literary Theory. 17 Dec. 1999. Purdue

University. 15 Nov. 2000 <http://omni.cc.purdue.edu/7Efelluga/ theory2.html>. APA:

23

Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., & Nix, D. H. (1993). Technology and

education: New wine in new bottles: Choosing pasts and imagining educational futures. Retrieved August 24, 2000, from Columbia University, Institute for

Learning Technologies Web site: http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/

publications/papers.html

6.2.6.5 来自网络讨论区(online newsgroup, forum, or discussion group)的信息

著录来自网络讨论区的信息,如果作者提供了真实姓名,则条目必须使用其真实姓名,否则使用作者在讨论区使用的姓名。条目必须提供信息上传的具体日期、讨论主题(subject line)、信息序号(thread of the message)等。

MLA:

Stevens, Melissa. “Take Our Daughters to Work Day.” Online posting. 24 Apr. 2001.

Career and Workplace Issues Forum. 2 May 2001

</webin/WebX?13@@efded73>.

APA:

Weylman, C. R. (2001, September 4). Make news to achieve positive press [Msg. 98].

Message posted to /group/

sales-marketing-tips/message/98

注意:这里可以不标明论文撰写人上网查询的日期。

6.2.6.6 网络上的参考资料(Online reference source)

MLA:

“Fresco.” Britannica Online. Vers. 98.2. April 1998. Encyclopedia Britannica. 8

May 1998 <:180>.

注意:本例中“Vers. 98.2”为版本,“April 1998”为出版日期,“Encyclopedia Britannica”为出版人。

APA:

Encyclopedia Britannica. (April 1998). Fresco. In Britannica Online (Vers. 98.2).

Retrieved May 8, 1998, from :180.

24

7、格式规范

7.1 空格、大小写、标点符号 7.1.1 正确使用空格

正确使用英语的一个基本要求是能够正确空格,不能按英语文字规范正确空格的论文不是合格的论文。经常出现的错误可见图7.1。

图7.1:不正确空格的一些例子

正确:

These figures indicate that the participants were in good command of Type One rules. 正确:

2. What are the major reasons for the misuse of articles by Chinese EFL learners? 正确:

People (Kharma, 1981; Mizuno, 1985) have attributed the lower error rates to learners? avoidance of uncertain uses of articles. 正确:

Master (1987, 1988) also found that “the” was overused in the same environment. 正确:

Hakuta (1976) found two types of

25

错误:

These figures indicate that the participants were in good

EFL learners?

错误:

error rates to learners? avoidance of uncertain uses of articles. 错误:

“the” was overused in the same environment. 错误:

Hakuta (1976) found two types of

error in the subjects? article usage and he termed them “error of omission” and “error of commission.”

commission.”

句子结尾在标点后空一格,不要空两格。 7.1.2 正确使用大小写

论文中使用有序号的单位的时候,单位名称的首字母应该大写(见图7.2)。

图7.2:单位名称的正确格式

正确:

Rules frequently cited by the interviewees are summed up in Table 3.9. 正确:

The results show that Group 1 outperformed Group 2.

任何标题第一个词的首字母必须大写。如果一个冒号后面的小句是一个完整的句子,小句第一个词的首字母必须大写。

7.1.3 正确使用连接符号

括号夹注中出现两至三个作者时,在MLA的规范里应该使用连接词“and”,

错误:

Rules frequently cited by the 错误:

在APA的规范里应使用连接符号“&”(ampersand)。连接符号“&”不得出现在正文里(见图7.3)。

26

图7.3:连接符号的使用

正确: Yamada and Matsuura (1982) also reported the poor performance of some advanced Japanese college students who could use English articles correctly only in 70 percent of the cases.

7.1.4 正确使用斜体(italics)

(1)论文中的语言实例(linguistic example)、即作为单词引用的单词(words

错误:

the poor performance of some advanced Japanese college students who could use English articles correctly only in 70 percent of the cases.

referred to as words)和作为字母引用的字母可以用斜体表示。文中不得用大写体或者另一种字体来表示单词(见图7.4)。

图7.4:斜体的使用

正确:

Many people, even Shaw, spelled Shakespeare without the final e. 正确:

Difficult words such as sphinx were explained in Chinese. 正确:

Twelve of the 30 participants in Group 2 could not correctly pronounce building.

(2)独立出版物(包括书报杂志、期刊、剧本、电影、软件等)的名称用斜体标出,如,Contemporary History of China(书籍)、Wall Street Journal(报纸)、

27

错误:

Shakespeare 错误:

错误:

Twelve of the 30 participants in Group 2 could not correctly

Star Trek(电影),但是出版物内含的作品的名称以及未出版的作品(讲演、论文等)的名称用引号标出,如,“The Lottery”(短篇小说)、“London”(诗歌)、“How to Succeed in an Interview”(演讲稿)。

(3)正文中引用非英语的拉丁语应使用斜体。 (4)统计符号应使用斜体,如“t test”。 (5)APA规范中期刊的卷数(不包括卷内的册数)应使用斜体,如“Language (6)汉语拼音用斜体。 Learning, 23, 1”。

7.1.5 正确使用引号

引号在(1)在正文中加入引语时使用;(2)在引用独立出版物内含作品的名称以及未出版的作品(讲演、论文等)的名称时使用(见前一节);(3)在正文中第一次引用俚语、引用有讽刺意味或者生造的词语使用(但第二次引用开始则不再使用引号),如:

Researchers in the West consider them learners? “normal” behavior.

However, there is little evidence that such normal behavior can be found in

Chinese university students.

论文中的语言实例(linguistic example)用斜体表示而不用引号标出。 论文中的引语段不得用引号标出。

7.1.6 避免使用缩略语(contractions)

正文中不得使用口语体,不得使用缩略语,即:用“it is”、“I am”而不用“it?s”、“I?m”。

7.2 数字的使用

(1)如果用英语撰写的论文偏重于文献研究而不需要使用很多数字,则应

eight forty seven three hundred one thousand 用英语拼写可以用一个或者两个单词表示的数字,如:

其余数字用阿拉伯数字表示,如“301”、“111”等。如果论文偏重于实证研究、需要使用大量数字,则正文中从“0”到“9”的数字必须用英语拼写,10和10以上的数字用阿拉伯数字表示,但是图表中的数字、用以作数学、统计运算的数字以及文字结构上与10以上数字相联系的数字即使小于10也仍旧用阿拉伯数字表示,如:

25 words, including 8 verbs, 10 nouns, 7 adjectives

in 4 of the 22 cases studied…

28

(2)量词前的数字必须用阿拉伯数字表示,如:“5 lbs.”。 (3)日期、地址、页码中的数字必须用阿拉伯数字表示。 (4)大数字可以同时用拼写和阿拉伯数字表示,如:“$2 million”。 (5)句首的数字必须用英语拼写(见图7.5)。

图7.5:句首数字的处理

participated in the

study. 正确: One hundred and thirty four students of a natural class

participated in the

study. 7.3 非英语词句的引用

用英语撰写的论文必须使得母语为英语的读者能够看懂,因此论文中引用的专门讨论翻译、语言对比的论文往往有整段的非英语引文,引文的英文翻译汉语或其它语言的词句都应该加以解释。 应放在上下文读者容易找到的地方。非英语引文及其英文翻译均应视为引语段,按引语段的格式编排,首尾不得使用引号。正文中的中文引文应提供英文译文。 如:

Confucius was quoted in The Analects as saying, “学而时习之,不亦乐乎” (“Learning with frequent reviewing, what a pleasure this is”)!

大段中文引文应用两节引语段,即中文原文和英文译文。英文翻译如果属于引文同样必须注明出处。

除了整段使用非英语引文以外,凡是使用非英语短句或词语的(不包括英语中的外来语)必须提供英语翻译,翻译应放在引号和括号之内。论文中汉语或其它非拉丁书写语的词句如果属于引文,则应用引号,但如果属于语言实例(linguistic example),则不应使用引号(更不得使用斜体)。英语以外的其它拉丁语的词句则应使用斜体,属于引文还要加引号,否则不加引号。见图7.5。

图7.5:非英语短句或词语英语翻译的格式

正确:

Learners of Spanish tend to

overuse certain idiomatic

expressions, e.g., irse todo en

humo (“to go up in smoke”).

29 错误: Learners of Spanish tend to humo” (“to go up in smoke”).

正确:

Some translators emphasized the

concept of 信 (“faithfulness”).

错误: 信 论文中出现的汉语或其它非拉丁书写语不得加英语词缀(见图7.6)。

图7.6:正确使用英语词缀

错误:

好(“fine”) is notemphatic device. 正确: In Chinese, using 好 (“fine”) several times is not necessarily an emphatic device.

7.4 统计数字的报告

在课题研究中使用了统计方法的论文撰写人在报告结果时应该按照统计报告的规范,首先报告描述统计的结果,即:平均值(mean)、标准差(standard deviation)等,然后再报告推断统计的结果,推断统计结果应包括自由度和显著性水平。推断过程中计算机软件产生的图表一般没有必要打印,如确有需要,可放在论文的附录部分。图7.7为一些正文中报告推断统计结果的实例。

图7.7:报告推断统计结果的规范

例:

例:

An examination of the number of hours of television viewing and the

frequency of aggressive acts for each of the 60 children revealed a positive

or direct correlation between television viewing and instances of

aggressive behavior. An analysis using Pearson's correlation coefficient

supported this observation, r(58) = .63, p < .001.

例: The effect of age was not statistically significant, F(1, 123) = 2.45, p = .12.

30

The control group (M = 14.1) remembered more words on the memory

test than the drugged group (M = 12.3). This difference was tested using an

independent groups t test, and was shown to be nonsignificant, t(18) =

1.23, p = .283. Thus, the data fail to support the notion of a drug effect on

memory.

例:

The mean scores for the short, medium, and long retention intervals

were 5.9, 10.3, and 14.2, respectively. A one way analysis of variance

revealed a significant effect of retention interval, F(2, 34) = 123.07, p

< .001.

例:

While 60% of the males agreed that their map reading skills were

strong, only 35% of the females did. A 2 x 2 Chi Square analysis revealed

that this was a significant difference, x2 (1, N = 119) = 10.51, p = .0012,

suggesting that there was a relationship between gender and confidence in

map reading skills.

注意:统计符号均须用斜体。另外,在报告绝对值小于1的小数时,小数点左面的“0”应该省去。

7.5 避免使用歧视性语言

学位论文的语言应该尽可能符合现代英语的使用规范,避免使用在现代英美社会公认有歧视性、因而已经过时的用法。

7.5.1 避免使用有性别歧视嫌疑的语言

(1)正确使用第三人称代词

泛指不知性别的第三人称时应使用复数、“she”或者“he or she”等方法,避免

A reporter must not express his own opinions.

在旧式英语中使用“he”、“him”、“his”的地方可以使用复数,如:

Reporters must not express their own opinions. 或者

A reporter must present facts, not opinions.

或者使用冠词,如:

31 使用“he”。例如,不要使用

A reporter must not express an opinion.

或者使用“he or she”,如:

A reporter must not express his or her own opinions.

(2)正确使用名词词组

指代成年人的名词词组应正确构成,不得隐含歧视性意义,具体实例见图7.8。

图7.8:正确与错误的指代成年人的名词词组

正确:

young men and

women

a chairperson

a female researcher

a firefighter

a nurse

people, humanity,

humankind

human-computer

interaction

workforce, workers

Gladys Yang

parenting, nurturing

a police officer

a postal worker

a poet

a president

错误(按字母排序): boys and girls(指大学生) a chairman a female researcher a fireman a male nurse man, mankind man-machine interaction manpower Mrs. Yang Xianyi mothering a policeman a postman a poetess a woman president

注:(1)“a female researcher”、“a woman president”这样一类字眼暗指女性一般不够资格担当研究员、校长这类职务,而“a male nurse”则暗指一般只能由女性担当护士之类的工作。(2)使用女性专业人员的全名(如“Gladys Yang”)而不得暗指其婚姻状况(如“Mrs. Yang Xianyi”)。

7.5.2 避免使用有残疾歧视嫌疑的语言

提及有残疾人士时用中性名词,下列词语应避免使用:

amputee cripple deaf and mute

the disabled the learning disabled the mentally ill

32

the physically disabled the retarded retarded adult

使用中性名词时有关残疾的修饰语应放在中性名词的后面,不要放在中性名词的前面,见图7.9。

图7.9:对有残疾人士的正确提法

正确:

person who has a

disability

child with a congenital

disability

child with a birth

impairment

person with mental

illness

people with psychiatric

disability 错误: disabled person defective child mentally ill person handicapped people mentally retarded person

7.5.3 避免使用有种族歧视嫌疑的语言

避免使用任何贬低少数族裔的语言,

图7.10:对少数族裔的正确提法

正确:

Asian-American

African-American, Black

Asians

Native American, American Indian 错误: Chinaman, Jap nigger, Negro, Afro-American Orientals Indian giver

33

附件1:

A Contrastive Study of English and Chinese

Idioms 字体Times New Roman;2号字,加粗。

题目超过一行,行间单倍行距。

By *** 作者姓名用汉语拼音标示,参照示例。

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for

the Degree of Bachelor of Arts

Under the Supervision of

Prof./Mr./Dr./Ms. ***

College of International Studies

Yangzhou University

June, 2012 字体Times New Roman;4号字加粗;。

英语论文格式

导师姓名与上一行之间用单倍行距;导师姓名前加Mr.、Professor、Dr.、Ms.等;姓名行上一行4号字,加粗;姓名行4号字加粗;字体均为Times New Roman。 字体Times New Roman;4号字加粗。

34

附件2:

An Analysis of Vampire Image in Fevre Dream by George

Martin

Abstract: Fevre Dream is a masterpiece of George Martin written in his post-adolescent years. It is a vampire story happening along the Mississippi River during the American Civil War. Martin describes the vampires in a totally fresh way. He explains and depicts the vampires, once a mysterious and horrible race, in a scientific manner. This thesis aims to analyze two different types of vampire images, both of which are represented by York and Julian, whose dreams and ambitions are in contrary in the novel. The work expounds that nothing is more powerful in saving a person in disaster than dreams.

Key words: Fevre Dream, vampire, blood, steamboat, friendship

摘 要:《热夜之梦》是马丁壮年时期的代表作,讲述了美国南北战争时期在密西西比河上发生的一段吸血鬼的故事。马丁对吸血鬼的重新塑造,让人耳目一新:他在用“科学”方法解释、刻画了吸血鬼这个本来充满神秘气息的可怕种族。本文旨在分析这部小说中的两类不同的吸血鬼形象,即以约克和朱利安为首的两类怀有不同梦想和激情的血族,反映了唯有梦想,才能救人于水火。

关键词:《热夜之梦》,吸血鬼,热血,蒸汽船,友谊

35

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