一．Forms of Business Ownership
1.重要的短语和词汇
joint ventures 合资企业 corporations 公司 limited liability companies 有限责任公司 mergers and acquisitions 企业兼并与收购 franchises 特许经营 raise capital 筹资 fringe benefits附加福利 drawback 阻碍 make binding decisions 做出有约束力的，附有义务的决定 agreement 协议 creditor 债权人 pool their money and credit 筹资和贷款 dividend 股息 incorporate a business 组建公司 capital base 资本基础 retain profits 保留盈余 interdisciplinary 跨学科的 claim bankruptcy 宣布破产 a salaried laborer or employee 上班族 high-achievement employee
generate profit 创造利润 wind up/close business 关闭生意 be liable for 对...负有法律责任 state-owned enterprise 国有企业 broad of directors 董事会 barre 除...之外 issuance 发行 minute book 记录簿 bylaws and minutes 规章制度和会议记录 annual report 年度报告 sales volume 销售量 total assets 总资产 financial condition 财政状况 satisfy claims 还清索赔金额 pay off business debts 偿清债务 terminology 术语 paperwork 文书工作 default 违约 real state 房地产 create a concentrated market 形成一个集中市场 availability 可利用性 innovation 创新 sec-kill scandal 秒杀门 start from scratch 白手起家 a franchise agreement 特许经营合同 franchise 特许者 franchisee 被特许者 trademark 注册商标 deliver a product or service 送货/提供服务 coupon 优惠券 production line 生产线
2.定义：
An organization that is owned.and usually managed,by one person is called sole proprietorships(个人企业) Advantage:Be your own boss/Keep profit from your business/Enjoy freedom to wind up your business Disadvantage: Difficult to raise capital /Unlimited liability/Long hours working for the owner/Limited life span /Lose fringe benefits
Partnership（合伙企业）: A legal relationship between persons carrying on a profit-motivated business. (maybe a partnership between two partners or among thirty )Advantages Bring different skills and resource the business /Easier to pay the rent ,utilities ,and other bills incurred by a business (A limited partnership is specially to designed to raise money )Disadvantages Personally responsible for liability of the partnership/There exists division of profits/Disagreement among partners/Difficult to terminate Key elements of general partnership (1)common ownership(2)shared profits and losses (3)the right to participate in managing the operation of the business
General partnership（普通合伙）：a business with at least one general partner who has unlimited liability（无限责任）for the debts of the business (general partners arrange and run the business)
Limited partnership(有限合伙): An arrangement where a person can contribute to a business without being involved in the affairs of the partnership (limited partners are investors only)
Joint Ventures: (合资企业)the pooling of resources and expertise by two or more business ,typically from different areas or countries to achieve a particular goal .the risks and rewards of the enterprise are also shared (eg:Hewlett-Packard and
Samsung).Advantage Access to new markets and distribution networks*分销渠
道)/Increased capacity（生产力）/The sharing of risks with a partner/Access to specialized staff and technology.Disadvantages 1.If the objective of the venture is completely clear ,or not communicated to all the staff ,problems are likely to arise .2.There is an imbalance in the level of the expertise ,investment or assets brought into the venture by the different the partners3.Different culture and
management style results in poor integration and co-operation between the partners.
4.The partner businesses (总公司)do not provide sufficient leadership and support in the early stage
The corporation （公司）:a legal entity（法人实体） ,allowed by legislation ,which permits a group of people ,as shareholders（股东） (for-profit companies 盈利性企业) or members (non-profit companies), to create an organization, which can then focus on pursuing set objective ,and empowered（授权与） with legal rights which are usually only reserved for individual ,such as to sue or be sued ,own property ,hire employees or loan and borrow money Advantages（P12.13） Limited liability /Skilled management team /Transfer of ownership /Greater capital base/Stability Disadvantages(P13,14) Multiple taxation(双重课税) /Difficulty and expense of starting /Government involvement /Lack of secrecy /Lack of personal interest /Credit limitations(信用额度)（P13,14）
Limited liability companies (LLC):（有限责任公司）A type of business ownership combining several features of corporation and partnership structure .It is not a
corporation or a partnership .The numbers of the members are unlimited and may be individual Advantages Limited liability /Flexible profit distribution(灵活的利益分配)/No minutes/Flow through taxation（转移课税）Disadvantages Limited life /Going public (上市)/Added complexity（变得复杂）
Merger(兼并) :the result of the combination of two companies (or corporations) to form a new company .Acquisition（收购） :one company buying the property and obligations of another company
A horizontal merger（横向收购）joins firms in the same industry and allows them to diversify（横线多样化）or expend their products (e.g. The merger of a bicycle company and a tricycle company , TCL and TMS )
A Vertical merger（纵向兼并）is the joining of two firms involved in different stages of the related business — a manufacture（生产商）merging with a supplier（供应商）of component（零部件） products ,or a manufacturer merging with distributor（分销商）of its products.
A potential competition merger(conglomerate)(混合兼并)unites firms in completely unrelated industrials.
A franchises (特许经营)is the right to use a business name and sell products or services, usually in a specific geographical territory. (McDonald’s and KFC).
Advantages It is a way to reduce risk and receive support from a large network./The preliminary work has been done with an infrastructure (基础设施)well established, a product line （产品线）in place, and the marketing strategy (营销策略)developed. /The customer base (顾客群)may be set, sometimes with good name recognition.（品牌认同） /The franchiser usually provides management assistance and training and may offer financial support. Disadvantages A franchise offers less freedom than
an independent business.
Initial franchise fees(加盟费) may be expensive. (Start-up costs for a KFC’s
restaurant is about $5 million to $6 million in China.)/The franchise often demands a large share of the profits referred to as royalty payments（专利权税）./The reputation of one franchisee could be adversely affected by the failings of others.
Types of corporations
Private Attempts to earn a satisfactory profit
Public Owned and run by the government
Closed Stock held by only a few owner and not sold on the stock market Open Stock held by numerous people and actively sold on the market Municipal Cities and townships that carry out business
Domestic incorporated in one province or country and doing business within that region
Foreign Incorporated in one province or country and doing business in another province country
Alien Incorporated in one nation and operating in another nation
Non- Service organization incorporated for
Profit limited- liability status
二．Management
1.定义：
（1.）Management is defined as the application of
planning,organizing,directing,and controlling functions in the most efficient manner possible to accomplish meaningful organizational objectives. The theme of management is that a central person must-by using such skills as decision
making,communication and objective setting-coordinate the work activities of others to achieve organizational objectives(组织目标).（书上39页图）
（2.）Planning means defining goals for future organizational performance(企业运作) and deciding on the tasks and use of resources needed to attain them.
Strategic （long-range）planning(战略规划)determines the major goals of the organization as well as the policies,procedures,and strategies for obtaining and using resources to achieve those goals.
Tactical(short-range) planning(短期规划) is the process of developing
detailed,short-term strategies about what is to be done,who is to do it,and how it is tod be done.
Operational planning(运营规划) is the process of setting work standards and schedules necessary to implement the tactical objectives.
Contingency planning(应急计划)is the process of preparing alternative courses of action that may be used if the primary plans don't achieve the organization's objectives.
(3).Organizing involves the assignment of tasks,the grouping of tasks into departments,and the allocation of resources to departments.
Autocratic leadership(专制型领导)，the close style of supervision,means providing subordinates with detailed job instructions.
Democratic leadership(民主型领导)，or general supervision(also referred to as
participatory).In this style,the manager consults with subordinates about his job activities,problems,and corrective actions.
(3)Controlling involves verifying(核实) that actual performance matches the plan.The core idea of control is to modify behavior and performance when deviations(背离) from plans are discovered.
The process of control has five basic steps:
1.set clear standards for time,quality,quantity,and so on.
2.Monitor and record actual performance(results),
3.Compare results against plans and standards.
4.Communicate results and deviations to the employees involved.
5.Take corrective actions(采取矫正行动) when needed.
（4）Organizational structure(组织结构) is the formal decision-making
framework by which job tasks are divided,grouped,coordinated,（书上47页图） Departmentalization by function organizes by the functions to be performed,
Departmentalization by product assembles all functions needed to make and market a particular product and placed under one executive.
Departmentalization by geographical regions groups jobs on the basis of territory or geography.
Departmentalization by process groups jobs on the basis of product or customer flow.
Departmentalization by customer groups jobs on the basis of a common set of needs or problems of specific customers.
（5.）As enterprises grow from an owner to a group to a corporation,a number of managerial levels of management---top level,middle level and first level--are usually portrayed as a managerial hierarchy(管理层) （书53 图表）
TOP Level Manger（高层管理者） title--president(总裁)，chairperson(主
管),executive director，chief executive officer(CEO)，and executive vice-president(执行副总裁)
Middle Level Manger(中层管理者) responsibility--receive the broad overall strategies,missions,and objectives from top-level managers and translate them into specific action programs.The emphasis is on implementing the broad organizational plans.
First Level Manger(基层管理者)responsibility--is directly responsible for the
precise detail ordered to coordinate the work of non-mangers.His function emphasize directing and controlling the work of employees in order to achieve the team
goals,must work directly with employees and motivate them to perform satisfactorily.
(6)Managerial Roles(经理人角色)（书56 图）A role is a set of expectations for a manger's behavior.These ten roles are divided into three
groups:interpersonal(manging through people),informational(manging by
information),and decisional(manging actions).
Interpersonal Roles(人际关系角色)In the figurehead(名誉领袖) role,the manger handles ceremonial and symbolic activities foe the department or organization.The manager represents the organization in his or her formal managerial capacity as the head of the unit.In the liaison(联络人) role,the manger interacts with peers and
people inside and outside the organization.The top-level manger uses the liaison role to gain favors and information,while the supervisor uses the liaison role to maintain the routine flow of work.The leader(领导人)role encompasses(围绕) relationships with subordinates,including motivation,communication,and influence.
Informational role(信息角色) describe the activities used to maintain and develop an information network(信息网)In the monitor（监听者） role,the manger receives and collects information from many sources.The manger acquires information from others and scans written materials to stay well informed.In the role of disseminator（传播者）,the manger transmits special information into the organization.The top-level manger receives and transmits more information from people outside the organization than the supervisor.In the role of spokesperson（发言人）,the manger disseminates the organization's information into its environment..
Decisional Roles(决策角色)In the entrepreneur(企业家角色) role,the manager
initiates change.In the disturbance handler(障碍排除者) role，the manager resolves conflicts among subordinates or between the manager"departments. The resource allocator(资源分配者) role pertains to decisions about how to allocate
people,time,equipment,budget,and other resources to attain desired outcomes.In the negotiator(谈判者) role,the manager negotiates on behalf of the organization.
Management Skills(管理技能) Conceptual skill(概念技能) is the cognitive ability to see the organization as a whole and the relationship among its parts.(the ability to think strategically(战略性))Human skill(人际技能)is the manager"s ability to work with and through other people and to work effectively as a group member.Technical skill(技术技能)is the understanding of and proficiency in the performance of specific tasks.(61页图2.11)
2.重要的短语和词汇
managerial actons 管理行为 state of economy 经济状况 meet people’needs 满足需求 meet the strategic objectives 实际战略目标 set annual budgets 制定年度预算 structural reorganizations 结构重组 division 部门 downsize 精简，裁减 a diversity of workforce/labor force 劳动力多样化 distribution center 配送中心，快递公司 delegate one's responsibility 分配（委任）职责 accident reports 事故报告 departmentalization 部门化 department stores 百货商场 home accessories 家居装饰 pharmaceutical company 制药公司 domestic sales 国内销售 be discharged 出院 out-patient 出院 preliminary diagnostic tests 初步诊断 non-for-profit organizations 非营利性组织 project director(项目总监) sales coordinator(区域销售) line manger(生产线管理人员) section chief/head(工长) division manager(部门经理）budget allocations(财政预算) priority（得到优先处理）budget resources（预算来源）pant floor(工房) improve managerial potential(提高/增强某人的管理技能) top-priority task(首要任务)
四．Marketing
1.重要的短语和词汇 sales promotion促销 set price定价 advertise campaign 广告
catalogue 产品目录 a sales team 销售团队 discretionary income(可支配收入) develop the product 开发产品 sales-oriented 销售为导向
profit-oriented 盈利为导向（书129 销售与营销的不同）package design 包装设计 trademark 商标 warranty 质保 service policy 服务方针 target customers 目标顾客 sales personnel 销售人员 pay one for two 买一送一 entice 诱使 quantity or crash discounts数量或者现金折扣 sell off 清仓 introductory stage 引入期 maturity stage 成熟期 decline stage 衰退期 market share 市场份额 economic climates 经济环境 market segments 市场细分 retailer 零售商 wholesaler 批发商 ultimate consumer 终端消费者 mail order 邮购 e-commerce 电子商务 product range 产品系列 shopping carts 购物车 retail outler 零售点 retail premises 铺/店面 direct supply/sale 直效行销 direct to retailer 零售商销售
（P135） sales call 销售拜访 promotion goals(促销目标) develop an advertising campaign 策划广告活动 target audience 目标观众 build awareness 树立品牌意识 effectiveness of the advertisements 广告的有效性 an advertising agency 广告代理 coupons(赠券) rebate(价格折扣) premium(赠品) bonus pack 加量不加价 money-off promotion 折扣促销 public relations 公共关系 news release 新闻发布 feature article 专题文章 captioned photograph 带有图片说明的图片 an editorial 编者a news conference 记者招待会 sponsorship 赞助 The product life cycle 产品生命周期（P140）revenue 收益 product development 产品研发 incubation 孵化 between A and B 在A和B的相互作用下 launch/release a brand-new product 发布新产品 negative profit 负收益 the product class 产品类 product awareness 产品意识 a profit margin 边际利润 recoup development costs quickly 迅速回收研发成本 build brand awareness 树立品牌意识 selective distribution 选择性分销 intensive distribution 广泛型/密集型分销 survival of product 产品的生命 trade discount 贸易折扣 build product preference 树立品牌偏好 peak 达到（高峰期）advertising expenditure 广告支出 extend the product life cycle 延长产品生命 differentiate the product from 使产品不同于 a price war 价格战 shelf space 货架量 build brand loyalty 树立品牌忠诚度 competitive edge 竞争优势 discontinue the product 停产产品 a successor product 替代产品 product line 产品线
rejuvenate 更新 liquidate inventory 清算库存 a niche market 利基市场/瞄准机会的市场 phase out 逐步淘汰 reinforce the brand image 加强品牌形象 Need recognition 需求认知 search 收集信息 Evaluation of alternatives 分析选择
Purchase decision 决定购买 After-purchase evaluation 售后评价（P146）cognitive dissonance 认知失调 reference groups 咨询群体 sub-culture 亚文化 perception 认知 a day-care center 日托中心 portable 可携带的 proactive 主动的 address a specific topic or problem 提出问题 exploratory research 探测性调研 focus group interviews 专题组座谈 experimental research 实验性调研 descriptive research 描述性调研 secondary data 第二手资料 primary data 第一手资料 mass marketing 大量营销 target marketing 目标营销 heterogeneous 异类的 identifiable 可衡量 substantial 殷实 unique needs 反应差异(市场细分的要求P154) segmentation bases 细分依据 （P155) geographic segmentation bases(地理因素） demographic segmentation bases （人口因素）population density 人口密度 hinterland 穷乡僻壤 psychographic segmentation bases 消费心理因素 health conscious 健康意识 fitness-oriented 以健康为主的 behaviouralistic segmentation bases 消费行为因素
2.定义:
Marking is the process of planning and executing the
conception,pricing,promotion,and distribution of goods,services and ideas to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives.
The marketing concept(市场营销观念)is the philosophy that firms should analyze the needs of their customers and then make decisions to satisfy those needs, better than the competition.
The production concept（生产观念） was the idea that a firm should focus on those products that it could produce most efficiently and that the creation of a supply of low-cost products would in and of itself create the demand for those products.
The selling concept（推销观念） paid little attention to whether the product actually was needed; the goal simply was to beat the competition to the sale with little regard to customer satisfaction.
The Marketing Concept(市场营销观念)Focusing on customer needs before developing the product
Aligning all functions of the company to focus on hose needs Realizing a profit by successfully satisfying customer needs over the long-term
4P Product is a bundle of tangible(有形的) and intangible attributes（属性） including packaging, color, brand, services and the reputation (信念 理念)of
sellers.Consumer products are produced for and purchased by households for their use.Industrial products are sold primarily for use in producing their products. Price refers to the value or worth of a product that attracts the buyer to exchange
money or something of value for the product.1.recoup(补偿) any overheads（企业经常性费用） 2.compete with rival companies 3.charge a price your customers are willing to buy.（四种定价法见书132-134）
Place/Distribution simply refers to how you will sell your products to your customers. Promotion(促销)Personal selling （人员销售）is personal communication of
information to persuade a prospective customer（潜在客户）to buy sth that satisfies an individual;s needs.(几种不同的促销方式见课本136-139）
Advertising is non-personal communication of information paid for by an identified sponsor such as an individual or an organization.
Publicity（宣传） is a non-personal form of communication
sales promotion(销售促销) is a paid form of non-personal communication that
provides direct incentives to customers,salespeople,and marking intermediaries（营销机构） for purchasing a product.
Consumer Buying Behavior(消费者购买行为) The actions and decisions of
individuals who purchase products for their personal use constitute consumer buying behavior.
Industrial Buying Behaviour（企业购买行为）The purchase decision making of organizations such as manufacturers, service providers, government agencies,
institutions, and non-profit groups is referred to as industrial buying behavior.（P149 three ways）
Marketing research(市场营销调研) is the process of systematically gathering, analyzing and interpreting data pertaining to（关于） the company’s market, customers and competitors, with the goal of improving marketing decisions.（P151five processes）
Market Segmentation（市场细分）the division of a market into different homogeneous(同类的）
groups of consumers is called market segmentation.
五．Human Resources Management（人力资源管理）
1.重要的短语和词汇 cover letter 自荐信 socialization 定位Labor market 劳动力市场 promotion 升职/提拔transfer 调动 demotion 降级separation 解雇 compensation 酬劳 projected 突出的 demographics 人口统计数字 fill the
job/position 填补空缺 a written statement 书面陈述 qualified employees 合格力人才 substantial surplus or shortage 人力过剩或不足 rate of turnover 人员更替速率 scouting 人才物色 staff the organization 招聘职员 hinges on 取决于 set up stands 设立摊位 entry-level 入门水平，适合无经验者或者初入市场者的 campus recruitment 校园招聘 job openings 职位空缺 employment checks 招聘调查 credit checks 信用调查 honor 兑换 financial obligation 及时还债 cross-check 反复核对，交叉核对 a line manager 生产线管理人员 take a physical examination 体检 claim for compensation 索赔/理赔 the terms of the offer 开个条件 employment policies 招聘政策 promotion-from-within 内部提拔 boost the morale of the employees 鼓舞士气 career development 职业规划 proper orientation 正确定位 work hour 工作时间 pay schedule 工资体制 indoctrinate 灌输，传授 subunit 二级单位 a training program 培训项目 organizational analysis 组织分析 analysis of job requirement 工作分析 performance record 业绩记录 on-the-job method 在职培养 off-the-job method 脱产培训 lathe 车床 vestibule training 岗前培训 management development program 管理发展课程 seminar 座谈会/商讨会 case study 案例分析 simulation 模拟分析 field ship 实地考察 mountain hiking 登山 computer-assisted instruction CAI计算机辅助讲授
emotional resiliency 情感弹性 incumbent 职责所在的 would-be managers 要提拔管理者 resilient 现任/在职的管理人员 fringe benefit 额外福利 time wage 实薪 piece rate wage 产品数量 bonus 奖金 stock options 股票购买特权 quota 配额 base salary 底薪 stipulate 规定 overhead cost 管理费用 preset 预设的 pension 退休金 paid vacation 带薪假期 vision care 视力保健 tailor-made 合适的，特制的 cafeteria benefit 自助式福利计划 voluntary separation 自动离职 absenteeism 旷工，缺勤 societal 社会的 organizational climate and culture 组织氛围和文化 versatile 多面手的 stakeholder 赌金保管者 job enrichment 丰富工作内容 job enlargement 扩大工作面 rotate 轮换
2.定义
The Human Resources Management (HRM)（人力资源管理） process is an ongoing procedure that tries to keep the organization supplied with the right people in the right positions.
（1）Human resource planning(人力资源规划) is designed to ensure that personnel needs will be constantly and appropriately met.（P177 四个方面 ）Future
needs/Future balance/Recruiting or laying off employees/Development of employees
（2）Recruitment(招聘) is concerned with developing a pool of job candidates（工作应聘者） in line with the human resource plan. Job Analysis (P179,180) Job Description lists the objectives, responsibilities, main tasks of the job, the conditions under which the job is to be done, and its relationship to other jobs.
Hiring Specification(招聘细则) defines the specific skills, education, experience, and qualifications that an individual must have in order to perform effectively in the position.
The Four C’s Model for Evaluating Human Resources(评价人力资源的四个C模式) competence 能力 commitment 责任心 congruence 一致，和谐 cost effectiveness 成本效力
（3）Selection(选拔) involves using application forms（申请
表）,resumes,interviews,employment and skill tests（技能测试）,and reference checks (征信调查)to evaluate and screen job candidates for the managers who will ultimately select and hire a candidate.
（4）Socialization or orientation(定位) is designed to help the selected individuals fit smoothly into the organization.
（5）Training and development(培训与发展/培养) are both aimed at increasing employees' abilities to contribute to organizational effectiveness.（组织效能）
（6）Performance appraisal(绩效考核/评价)，which involves both informal performance appraisal and formal systematic appraisal.comparers and an individual' job performance with standards or objectives developed for the individual' position.
六．Corporate Culture企业文化
1.重要的短语和词汇
Social etiquette and demeanor 社交礼节和飞度 designation 称号 attorney 律师 litigation 起诉 adversary 对手 visionary 有远见的 emerging 新兴的
Identification of Corporate Culture 企业文化的确认（P212.213）theme parks 主题公园 collegial 学院派 toxic 有害的 subculture 次培养
occupational,professional or financial divisions(职业，专业，经济状况) avid extreme adventurer 热心的极限冒险者 niche 定位，合适的环境 defect-free products 没有瑕疵产品 price leadership 价格领先 mechanism 途径，手段 wield 有效地行使 underscore 强调 abiding 持久不变的 payroll 付给工人的薪金总额 blackjack 21点，一种纸牌游戏 acronym 首字母缩略词 commemorate 纪念，庆祝 inauguration 就职演说 enunciation 宣告，阐明 humblebee 大黄蜂，雄蜂 aerodynamic 空气动力学的
2.定义
Corporate culture is described as the the personality of an organization,or simply as "how things are done around here"Guide how employees think, act and feel.Include core values(核心价值观) and beliefs, corporate ethics, and rules of behavior（道德规范和行为规范）
Functions of Corporate Culture 1.Provide a sense of identity for members.(导向)2.Generate commitment to the organization’s mission.（凝聚）3.Clarify and reinforce standards of behavior.（约束）（P209）
(1)Culture as the Organization’s Personality作为企业个性的文化
1.Risk Taking Personalities.(喜欢冒险的个性)Certain organizations encourage employees to take risks.
2..Attention to Detail Personalities（注重细节的个性）.This type of organizations focuses attention on the details of the organization where they have made quality their driving themes.
3.Outcome Oriented Personalities(注重结果的个性)This type of organizations succeeds by focusing on results in certain aspects of their business.
4.People Orientation Personalities(以人为本的个性) Adobe-systems, the third largest manufacturer of personal computer software, treats its employees as “family”.
5.Team Orientation Personalities（注重团体的个性）.Increasing number of
organizations (and especially service providers) are shaping their cultures around the team concept.
6.Aggressive Personalities(积极进取的个性).Some organizations value
aggressiveness as a major part of the way that business is done.
7.Non-stable Personalities(不求稳的个性). Companies which emphasize growth could be easily identified as having non-stable personalities.
(2)Different Corporate Culture characteristic （P217）
1.Sensitivity to the needs of customers and employees
2.Interest in having employees generate new ideas
3.Value placed on taking risks
4.Openness of available communication options
5.Friendliness and congeniality(亲和力) of employees towards one another
6.Value placed on people in the organization
(3)Creation of Corporate Culture
1.Company Founders(企业的创建者).The founders often possess dynamic
personalities, strong values, and a clear vision of how the organization should operate.
2.Experience with the General Business and Industry Environment(企业外部环境的体验) Organizational culture often develops out of an organization’s experience with the general business and industry external environment.
3.Contact with Others（企业内部群体和个体间的联系）This refers to the shaping of the organization based on how it develops out of contact between groups and individuals within an organization.
(4)Tools for Transmitting Culture企业文化的传播途径（218-220）
Symbols 象征 stories 故事 jargon 行话 ceremonies 仪式 defining culture in writing 书面原则
(5)Influence of Corporate Culture on Climate and Management Practice(企业文化对企业氛围以及企业管理行为的影响)（P222,223）
Subtle differences between organizational culture and organizational climate (P222)
Organizational culture refers more specifically to the values,beliefs,and customs or norms of an organization.Organizational philosophy
Organizational climate more general,more nebulous(模糊的) it refers to the general atmosphere of an organization. 句子成分的英语表达
主:subject谓:predicate 宾:object 表:predicative 定:attribute 状:adverbial 补:complements主补:subjective complements 宾补:Objective complements 直宾:Direct object 间宾:Indirect object 插入语:parenthesis 强调:emphasize 排比:parallelism 比喻:parable 象征:symbolize
现在完成时:present perfect 将来完成时: future perfect
过去完成时:Past Perfect 现在分词: present participle
过去分词: past participle 不定式:infinitive
介词短语: prepositional phrase 被动语态passive
介宾短语Prepositional objective phrase
1.The frontier experience began about 1890 and is still continuing in the American West today.
2.The reason why Americans are still fascinated by the frontier is that this period represents a time when the basic American values were expressed in their purest form.
3.Because life on the frontier was very rugged, people had to be very self-reliant.
4.There are two types of the "rugged individual" hero: the first is a man who fights against the wilderness, and the second is a man who fights against man.
5.The primary qualities of the American "macho" hero are intelligence, sensitivity, and caring for others.
6.Skillful use of a gun and weapons was a characteristic of the frontiersmen.
7.The use of violence to solve disputes was too common on the frontier.
8.The "can-do" spirit came from the willingness of the pioneers to work together on a cooperative project for the good of all.
9.On the frontier, family name and ancestry were more important than what a person could do.
10.On the frontier, there was a great distance between the rich and the poor and social class was more important than in the more settled regions.