If winter comes , can spring be far behind ?( P. B. Shelley , British poet ) 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？( 英国诗人, 雪莱. P. B.)
The world can be changed by man's endeavor, and that this endeavor can lead to something new and better .No man can sever the bonds that unite him to his society simply by averting his eyes . He must ever be receptive and sensitive to the new; and have sufficient courage and skill to novel facts and to deal with them. (Franklin Roosevelt , American President ) 人经过努力可以改变世界，这种努力可以使人类达到新的、更美好的境界。没有人仅凭闭目、不看社会现实就能割断自己与社会的联系。他必须敏感，随时准备接受新鲜事物；他必须有勇气与能力去面对新的事实，解决新问题。(美国总统 罗斯福建. F.)
We cannot always build the future for our youth, but we can build our youth for the future. (Franklin Roosevelt , American president ) 我们不能总是为我们的青年造就美好未来，但我们能够为未来造就我们的青年一代。 (美国总统 罗斯福. F.)
Where there is a will, there is a way. ( Thomas Edison , American inventor ) 有志者，事竟成。 (美国发明家 爱迪生. T.)
Success covers a multitude of blunders. ( George Bernard Shaw , British Dramatist) 成功由大量的失望铸就。( 英国剧作家 肖伯纳. G.)
Money is a good servant and a bad master. (Francis Bacon , British philosopher ) 金钱是善仆，也是恶主。( 英国哲学家 培根. F. ) (这里的MONEY你可以改成什么TECHNOLOGY啦等等哦)
No country, however rich, can afford the waste of its human resources. (Franklin Roosevelt , American president) 任何一个国家，不管它多么富裕，都浪费不起人力资源。(美国总统 罗斯富. F.)
If you want to understand today, you have to search yesterday. ( Pearl Buck , American female writer ) 想要懂得今天，就必须研究昨天。(美国女作家 赛珍珠)
Eternal truths will be neither true nor eternal unless they have fresh meaning for every new social situation . (Franklin Roosevelt , American president ) E永恒的真理如果不在新的社会形势下赋予新的意义,要么就不是真理,要么就不是永恒的。 (美国总统 罗斯福 . F.)
Histories make men wise ; poems witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep ; moral grave ; logic and rhetoric able to contend . (Francis Bacon , British philosopher ) 历史使人明智；诗词使人灵秀；数学使人周密；自然哲学使人深刻；伦理使人庄重；逻辑修辞学使人善辨。( 英国哲学家 培根. F.)
A free man obtains knowledge from many sources besides books. (Thomas Jefferson , American president) 一个自由的人除了从书本上获取知识外，还可以从许多别的来源获得知识。( 美国总统 杰斐逊 . T.)
Education commences at the mother's knee, and every word spoken within the hearsay of children tends towards the formation of character. Hosea Ballou British educator 教育始于母亲膝下，孩童耳听一言一语，均影响其性格的形成。 英国教育家 巴卢 H
The university imparts information, but it imparts it imaginatively. Alfred North Whitehead, British philosopher and mathematician 大学提供信息，但它是富于想象力地提供信息。 英国哲学家、数学家 怀特海 A N True science teaches, above all, to doubt and be ignorant. de Unamuno Spanish philosopher 真正的科学首先是教人怀疑并无知。 西班牙哲学家 乌纳 诺
Information is power; the information domain is the future battlefield. Cebrows Arthur, American economist 信息就是力量，信息领域将是未来的战场。 美国经济学家 阿瑟，C.
Time is a great judge, even in the fields of morals. H.L Mencken , American arts artic 时间是伟大的法官，即使在道德领域亦如此。 美国文艺评论家门肯。 H L
Jovons saw the kettle boil and cried out with the delighted voice of a child; Marshal too had seen the kettle boil and sat down silently to build an engine. John Maynard Keynes, British economist 杰文斯看见壶开了，高兴得像孩子似地叫了起来；马歇尔也看见壶开了，却悄悄地坐下来造了一部蒸气机。 英国经济学家 凯恩斯. J. M.
Growth and change are the law of all life. Yesterday's answers are inadequate for today's problems ----just as the solutions of today will not fill the needs of tomorrow. Franklin Roosevelt, American president 生长与变化是一切生命的法则。昨日的答案不适用于今日的问题——正如今天的方法不能解决明天的需求。 美国总统 罗斯福,F.
It is conflict and not unquestioning agreement that deeps freedom alive. In a free country there will always be conflicting ideas, and this is a source of strength. Thomas Jefferson. American president 使自由保持活力是冲突而不是绝对的一致。在一个自由的国家里总会有各种相冲突的思想，而这正是力量的源泉。 美国总统杰斐逊 .T.
Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely; great men are almost always bad men? There is no worse heresy than that the office sactifies the holder of it. Lord Acton, British historian 权力导致腐败，绝对权力绝对导致腐败。伟人几乎都不是完人??再也没有比神化掌权者更坏的异端邪说了。 英国历史学家 阿克顿爵士
The world makes history, and scholars write it, ——one half truly and the other half as their prejudices blur and distort it. Wendell Phillip. American leader against slavery 世界创造历史，学者把历史写下来——一半真实，另一半却因学者的偏见而被模糊或歪曲。 美国废奴运动领袖 菲利普斯 .W.
No society can make a perpetual constitution, or even a perpetual law. Thomas Jefferson, America president 没有哪个社会可以制订一部永远适用的宪法，甚至一条永远适用的法律。 美国总统 杰斐逊 T
PART I 这些人你不得不知道
Copernicus 哥白尼 The Heliocentric Theory 提出新建议
Bruno 布鲁诺 Condemned To Stake（在罗马执行火刑）坚持真理
Darwin 达尔文 The theory of evolution科学研究需要时间；后人评说
Einstein 爱因斯坦General and special theory of relativity教育问题，他把学校比作监狱；诺贝尔奖，他为了光电效应的的诺贝尔奖，而不是相对论 Edison爱迪生
Galileo伽利略 专家出错
John Nash 那什 努力克服困难
Stephen Hawkin 霍金 兴趣决定工作
Newton牛顿 总结开普勒 哥白尼 布鲁诺得出运动定律； If I was able to see further, it was only because I stood on the shoulders of giants Watt瓦特 到壶盖想到蒸汽机 科学需要Imagine
Mendel孟德尔 the law of inherence 后人评论功绩
Aristotle 亚里士多德the theory of geocentric 专家犯错
Plato柏拉图 坚持法律
Tyco第谷 穷其一生积累大量行星运动数据，为Kepler开普勒the three law of planet motion奠定基础
Van Gogh凡高 死后得到肯定 the expressionism
Beethoven贝多芬 聋了坚持创作symphony
Leonardo Da Vinci 达芬奇
Napoleon拿破仑 出身卑微 努力做大事；独裁
Martin Luther King马丁路德金
Nixon 尼克松 water gate scandal
Bill Clinton 克林顿 Sexual Scandal
Adolph Hitler 希特勒
Keynes凯恩斯 宏观调控
Davies Richard大卫李嘉图Invisible hand---市场机制
PART II这些事你不得不知道
Victor Hugo雨果 悲惨世界 Les Miserable
Picasso 毕加索 在相机出现以后 绘画业萧条 创作出了抽象化
PART III 有些词你应该知道
大跃进THE GREAT LEAP
垄断MONOPLY An TITRUST ACT
Vicious Cycle 恶性循环
福布斯Forbes
Roman PAPACY罗马教皇
The Vineyard----梵高生前唯一卖出去的画
万有引力定律-----The Law of Gravity
SARS---Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Amazonia 亚马逊河流域 Japanese Aum Doomsday Cult.B 奥姆真理教 Nixon's Watergate scandal 尼克松的水门事件
Taj Mahal 泰姬陵 Du Louvre 卢浮宫
Aswam Dam 阿斯旺水坝 Galileo 伽利略
Roman Curia 罗马教廷 Gandhi 甘地
Vincent Van Gogh 梵高 Charles Chaplin 查理卓别林
Bill Gates 比尔盖茨 Wright brothers 莱特兄弟
Mussolini 墨索里尼 Hitler 希特勒
The Great Dictator 大独裁者（卓别林的电影）
Chechnya 车臣 Chopin 肖邦
Edmund Halley 哈雷 Stephen Hawking 霍金
Venice 威尼斯 Nelson Mandela 曼德拉
Roosevelt 罗斯福 Frankenstein 弗兰肯斯坦
Guernica 格尔尼卡（毕加索名作）Picasso 毕加索
Islam 伊斯兰教 Goldbach conjecture 哥德巴赫猜想
Mark Twain 马克吐温 Cervantes 塞万提斯
Don Quixote 唐吉坷德 Zeno of Elea （埃利亚的）芝诺（希腊哲学家） Bermuda Triangle 百慕大三角 Shakespeare 莎士比亚
Paganini 帕格尼尼 Czar，Tsar，Tzar 沙皇（三个是不同的变体，哪个都行）
明治维新：Meiji restoration
The Meiji restoration brings about the transformation of Japan from the feudal to the modern constitutional state.
阿伯拉罕 林肯 Abraham Lincoln
“A house divided against itself cannot stand”
Abraham Lincoln is the enemy of slavery.
The right to rise up, and shake off the existing government.
揭竿而起，推翻现存的政府的权利
弗兰克林 德拉诺 罗斯福Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected four times to the presidency of the US
The world can be changed by man’s endeavor, and that this endeavor can lead to something new and better. No man can sever the bonds that unite him to his society simply by averting his eyes. He must ever be receptive and sensitive to the new; and have sufficient courage and skill to novel facts and to deal with them.
The world could be changed by man’s endeavor, and the endeavor can lead to something new and better. No man can sever the bonds that unite him to his society simply by averting his eyes. He must have sufficient courage and skill to novel facts and to deal with them.
We cannot always build the future for our youth, but we can build our youth for the future.
No country, however rich, can afford the waste of its human resource. No country, however rich, can afford the waste of its human resource. Thomas Jefferson
A free man obtains knowledge from many resources besides books. Whitehead ----British philosopher and mathematician
The university imparts information, but it imparts it imaginatively The university imparts information, but it imparts it imaginatively The university imparts information, but it imparts it imaginatively The university imparts information, but it imparts it imaginatively. Arthur The American economist
Information is power; the information domain is the future battlefield In formation is power; the information domain is the future battlefield Ballou British educator
Education commences at the mother’s knee, and every word spoken the hearsay of children tends to towards the formation of character. Roosevelt and Churchill had made the epochal decision
appropriate 合适的=suitable fitting
oversimplify 使??过分简单化
决定性的
crucial /fateful /definitive /decisive
决定
decision /choosing
明智的，贤明的
sage /sensible
有远见的
far-sighted /farseeing /forward-looking
宅地法 Homestead Act
解放黑人奴隶宣言 The Emancipation Proclamation
划时代的 epochal
法西斯 fascist
坚定不移的坚持改革开放 steadfastly follow the road of reform and opening-up
The policy of reform and opening-up is the road for socialist China to be stronger, a historic decision determining the destiny of China in contemporary times.
Collapse （政权）瓦解
蒙娜丽莎 Mona Lisa 美感 aesthetic feeling
There has never been an artist who was more fittingly, and without qualification, described as a genius. Like Shakespeare, Leonardo came from an insignificant background and rose to universal acclaim. Pissarro Camille Pissarro Camille Pissarro Camille
French impressionist painter, who endure prolonged financial hardship in keeping faith with the aims of impressionism.
“Peasant Girl Drinking Her Coffee”
“Haymakers Resting”
French impressionist painter, who endures prolonged financial hardship in keeping faith with the aims of impressionism.
“Peasant Girl Drinking Her Coffee” “Haymakers Resting”
野兽派 fauvism
立体派 cubism
Pablo Picasso Pablo Picasso Pablo Picasso
山水画 landscape painting
残忍 brutality/bloodiness/sanguinities
人性的阴暗面 the seamy side of the humanity
强调 stress/accent/pinpoint /accentuate
Everyone in the academic circles may know this: under most circumstances, we need to link our research work with the requirements of the outside world. In this way, we can not only testify what we have done but also benefit the whole society, which in turn stimulates us to further efforts. History has seen many examples: the dreadful genetic diseases make scientists all over the world unite together to explore the human genes; the urgent need for information leads to the birth of the Internet; the explosion of population forces us to probe into the other planet, like the Mars. And there are also many other attempts, which men are undertaking. Anyway, we explore because we need
When most of people think of the word "education", they think of a pupil as a sort of animate sausage casing. Into this empty casing, the teachers are supposed to stuff "education", However, genuine education, as Socrates knew more than two thousand years ago, is not inserting the stuffing of information into a person, but rather eliciting knowledge from him, It is drawing out from his mind. Furthermore, in the current times, there is, for the society, an increasing desire for the workers who are adaptable to it, as the bolts and nuts to a machine. Therefore, I firmly believe that education should elicit the students and provide instruction to the adaptability.
I agree insofar as some common core curriculum would serve useful purposes for any nation.
A nation's educational system might defeat its own purposes in the long term.
Thirdly, the inflexible nature of a uniform national curriculum would preclude the inclusion of programs, courses, and materials that are primarily of regional or local significance.
In the final analysis, homogenization of elementary and secondary education would amount to a double-edged sword.
羽翼未丰的 squab
诺贝尔奖获得者 a Noble laureate/ the recipient of the Noble Prize laureate 佩戴桂冠的/佩戴桂冠的人
肖邦音乐节 Chopin Music Festival
With interest, impossible is nothing.
不利于 make against. Go against/ went against/go ill against /to the prejudice/be adverse to
工作效率 working efficiency
社会生产力 social productivity
In today's society, which is dominated by relentless competitions, people become more pragmatic. Grades, with the significant and decisive roles in various competitions such as entering schools, applying scholarship, and seeking jobs, are accordingly receiving more and more emphasis. But
some scholars worry that such grade-fever jeopardizes education quality and call for a score-free learning environment.
Grades, if employed skillfully and effectively~~~~~~~~~~
经典句子：
Shakespeare’s classic writings are continuously being adapted into current movies that are often big hit with students and the general population as a whole.
These writings directly relate to, and in some cases to a great extent to control, the behavior of the human beings today even though most were written hundreds if not thousands of years ago.
Reading of religious texts has never gone out of style with a large part of the world’s population.
At the university level, studies of politics, business and the computer sciences must deal in great detail with the latest advances in contemporary culture in order to remain up to date and relevant.
It would seem self-evident that a properly educated university student must find a balance between studying contemporary culture without neglecting the study at the arts and literature of the past.
Consider the religious writings of Bible, the Koran and those of the Confucianists, as well as those related to Buddhism, Hinduism and all other religions.
Consider Michelangelo’s work in the Sistine Chapel at the Vatican, or the vast myriad of historic Buddhist statues throughout Asia, or the ancient Muslim mosques throughout the Middle East and Central Asia. 圆明园：Yuanmingyuan Park
The chief temple of the goddess Athena built on the acropolis at Athens between 447 and 432 B.C and is considered the supreme example of Doric architecture.
女神雅典娜的主要神庙位于希腊雅典卫城上，建于公元前447年于432年间，被认为是多利安建筑的杰出代表
the chief temple of the goddess Athena built on the acropolis at Athens and is considered the supreme example of Doric architecture. Doric architecture
Chateau de Versailles 凡尔赛宫----Rococo style
Saint. John Cathedral 圣约翰大教堂----Gothic order 哥特式风格 Roman amphitheatre 罗马角斗场
Piazza San Pietro 圣彼得广场
Pantheon 万神庙
罗马法系 continental legal system / Roman law system
英美法系 Anglo-American law system
驾驶技术 road sense
Copernicus’ heliocentric theory
Copernicus’ heliocentric theory
Copernicus’ heliocentric theory
达芬奇的蒙娜丽莎完美的体现了文艺复兴时期的人文主义思潮，体现了人们对人的美的追求，体现了整个时代的呼唤
Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa's perfect humanism ideological trend of period of embodiment Renaissance, has reflected people's beautiful pursuit to people, has reflected the call in the whole era.
马寅初，中国上个世纪伟大的社会学家，曾经向政府提出计划生育的建议以遏制中国的人口膨胀，但遭到了严词拒绝。20年后，政府对人口问题的漠视终于酿成了世界性的难题
Ma Yinchu, great sociologist of Chinese last century, once put forward the suggestion of the family planning to the government in order to inhibit the explosive of population of China, but been rebuffed sternly. Twenty years later, government' ignoring to the questions of people brings about the world difficult problem at last.
思想，人类智慧的精华，不管它是否被当代人接受，都将是人类进步史上的奇葩 The thought, the mankind’s intelligent quintessence, whether it is accepted by the contemporary people, it will be wonderful works in the history of progress of mankind.
The thought, the mankind’s intelligent quintessence, whether it is accepted by the contemporary people, it will be wonderful works in the history of progress of mankind.
There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Undoubtedly, the just law could ensure the interests of the majority, and the unjust one will give the privilege to some people, which are the unharmonious factors in the way of shaping a stable society. For the reason having to do with the trend to be just and harmonious, every individual has responsibility to observe the just ones and meanwhile, resist unjust ones.
If we look around at many countries we choose as stable ones, we will wake up to that the stability of a society has much more to do with its sorts of institution of conventions, the decree of assorted laws and the control ideology than how is responds to the extremes of human behavior. Therefore, I tend to disagree with the speaker's statement.
1.批评家用自己的独特的视角去鉴赏，评价艺术作品，从而给出一件作品的社会价值，使其所体现的价值更直接，更明了的展现在人民大众面前。
The critic appreciate and appraise the artistic work via their unique way, thus probide the social value of a work, and make it spread out before the people masses.
2.批评家建立了一种创作规范与文化规则，在一定程度上对艺术家的创作起着推动作用
The critic has set up a kind of creation norm and cultural rule, thus playing a driving role to the artist’s creation to a certain extent.
1.现代文明崇尚物质，如果没有政府对文化传统遗产的干预与保护，对它的破坏将是不堪设想的。
Modern civilization advocates materials. Without the government’s intervention and protection to the cultural tradition legacy, the
destruction to it will be too ghastly to contemplate.
2.政府对古代文化的保护不仅保留了自己文化的独特性，而且反过来促进现代文明的发展
Government’s protection to the ancient culture has not merely kept the uniqueness of one’s own culture, and promotes the modern civilization conversely
竞争与合作是人类进步的重要方式，过多的偏重任何一方，都是将问题简单化，不利于社会的向前发展
The competition and cooperation are ways of progress of mankind. To lay more stress on either party will all make question over simple and is unfavorable to the development forward of the society.
然而，不正当的竞争将会引起社会达尔文主义，弱肉强食，不利于社会的和谐发展。
However, the improper competition will cause social Darwinism; the weak are the prey of the strong, which is unfavorable to the harmonious development of the society.
不同群体间的互相合作是彼此互惠互利.比如，国际间的经济交往与合作促进各国经济贸易的健康快速发展
It works in coordination to be each other mutual reciprocity and mutual benefiting among the different colony. For example, the international economic association and cooperation promote trade of various countries to develop fast and healthily.
国家间的合作有利于解决一些困扰整个社会已久的各种问题
The cooperation across boundaries will help to resolve various kinds of problems for a long time of the society of some puzzlement. 艺术创作 artistic creation
艺术欣赏 art appreciation
艺术需要传递，需要创新，政府对艺术院校的资助也即对艺术本身的资助。尽管艺术大师们深受人们的喜爱，但新生力量同样不可忽视。
The art need transmitting, need innovation. The subsidy to the art college is the funding to the art itself. Although the maestros are well received by people, the new force cannot be ignored either.
解剖学促进了人体画的产生，人体画的发展促进了几何学的产生，几何学的发展促进了色彩学的产生，色彩学的发展促进了印象派的产生
The production that anatomy has promoted the human body to draw, the development that the human body drew has promoted the production of geometry, the development of geometry has promoted the formulation of color science, and the development of color science has promoted the production of the impressionism.
塞尚是现代艺术之父，他讲你就画一个苹果，不是为了一个表面的像，而是圆、方之间的构成，罐子、几何形的、圆锥形的、圆柱形这些东西结合起来，造成它的美感。因此这些东西实际上，也是几何学的普及，
Father of modern art that Cézanne is, he says you draw an apple, not for a superficial picture, but round, composition during being square, pot,
geometry shape,, round cone-shaped, cylindrical things these combined together, cause its aesthetic feeling . So these things are the popularization of geometry in fact。
商品的销售情况，市场，利润：a function of supply and demand; quality; price; formidable competitor; national and international economic climate; demographic changes; company's reputation; ad strategy; a waning of interest in XXX among people; supply or distribution problems; market has become saturated; management and market problem; the changes of policy and law; material and labor price; improvement in training of workers.... the electorate 选民
杰出的：
topping
adj 高耸的，杰出的，一流的
n 除顶部，修剪树梢，构成顶部的东西
eximious
adj 优良的, 超凡的,卓越的,杰出的
crackajack
adj 能干的, 上等的, 杰出的
n 能干, 杰出, 上等
因为人类的一切活动都是在时间的先后顺序上发生的
Because all human activities take place on the priority in order of time 我国清代大儒章学诚，在其历史哲学巨著《文史通议》中开篇就写下了这样一句名言-------六经皆史，意思是所有的学问都是历史。
请注意你的思想，它影响着你的行为
请注意你的行为，它影响着你的习惯
请注意你的习惯，它影响着你的性格
请注意你的性格，它决定着你的命运
Please pay attention to one’s thought，it will shed influence on his conducts; conducts, habit; habit, characteristic; characteristic, fate. Argument之七宗罪：
1. 因果无关
The arguer fails to establish the casual relationship between the fact??and the claim that??This argument is unacceptable unless there is compelling evidence to support the connection between these two events. Perhaps, for example??
2. 前因后果（后此谬误）
The arguer commits a fallacy of “after this, therefore, because of this”, which assumes that B has been caused by A, just because the second event follows the first. The causal claim based on the correlation is premature unless the author can rule out other factors. Perhaps, for example??
3. 无理假设
There is a gratuitous assumption that ??However, no evidence is sated in this argument to support this assumption. For example, it is most likely that??Therefore, the argument is unwarranted without rulling out the
possibility that??
4. 错误类比
The arguer claim that??,because ??. The arguer assume without justification that the background conditions have remained the same at different time/location. The assumption is unwarranted because things rarely remain the same from place to place/over extended periods of time. There are likely all kinds of difference between A and B. For example, A??; however, B??. Thus, it is impossible to conclude that??
5. 不明调查
The conclusion unreasonably relies on the survey that??. The survey cited is too vague to be informative. The claim does not provide sufficient evidence to confirm the reliability of that survey, because it fails to indicate who conducted the survey, who responded, or how the survey the survey was conducted to lend credibility to the claim. Until these questions are answered, the results are worthless and the validity is doubtful. For example, if 200 persons were surveyed but only 2 responded, the conclusion would be highly suspected.
6. 样本不足
The evidence the arguer provides is insufficient to support the conclusion drawn from it. The example cites that??, while suggestion of that is insufficient to warrant the truth, because there is no reason to believe that the data is representative of the ??. For example, it is possible that ??In fact, in the face of such limited evidence, it is misleading to draw any conclusion at all.
7. 急于概括
In addition, the arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization. Even if??，which is an unwarranted assumption, it does not follow that ??The arguer does not provide any solid information concerning??Unless we are informed that??, which is unknown in this argument, there is no guarantee that??.Without ruling out these and other possible factors, the author cannot confidently conclude that??
Cradleland 发源地，发祥地
The Warring States period 战国时期
Interdiscipline 交叉学科，边缘学科
Don Quixote 堂吉诃德
Don Quixote
历史的参与者和创造者
人类历史是由无数个人的活动汇成的，每个人都在一定程度上参与了历史的形成。但是，人人虽是历史的参与者，却并非人人都推动了历史的发展，有人是阻碍社会发展的。历史的创造社是指历史的推动者
人民群众是历史的主体和创造者
1. 人民群众的含义 Mayan 马雅文明
人民群众是一个历史范畴。从量上说，人民群众是指居民中的多数；从质上说，人民群众是指对社会起推动作用的人们。劳动群众是人民群众的主体
2. 人民群众创造历史的作用
1） 人民群众是社会物质财富的创造者。人民群众创造的社会屈指财富是社会得以存在和发展的物质保障。作为人民群众主体的劳动群众是生产力的体现者
2） 人民群众是社会精神财富的创造者。首先，人民群众的社会时间活动是科学，文化，艺术的唯一源泉；其次，劳动群众为人们从事精神文化活动提供了一切物质手段和物质条件；再次，劳动知识分子在精神财富的创造过程中起着极其重要的作用。
3） 人民群众是社会变革的决定力量。既是社会革命的决定力量，又是社会改革的决定力量。社会革命，社会改革根源于社会基本矛盾，但是生产关系一定要适合生产里的发展状况的规律，上层建筑一顶要适合经济基础发展的规律不可能自发地起作用，必须通过、人民群众这一社会变革的主体才能实现其作用 生产关系 relations of production
社会变革的决定力量：the decisive strength of social change
the war between the states 南北战争
China`s war of liberation 解放战争
法国大革命 美国南北战争和内战
日本明治维新 中国的解放战争和改革开放
人民群众是社会精神财富的创造者：
the average people are the creators of social spirit wealth.
任何艺术作品都反映了当时的社会环境，而正是这样的社会环境促使了同时代艺术的产生。莎士比亚的作品反映了当时的英国战乱，描写了英国对法国战争和内战，并且塑造了一系列正面和反面的君主。很明显，如果没有当时的社会环境以及人民的活动，莎士比亚的作品是不可能有如此高的艺术成就的。飘，真切地反映了美国南北战争时期的人们的生活状态。泰戈尔的诗清晰地表达了印度人民在帝国主义和封建种姓制度压迫下要求改变自己命运的 强烈愿望，描写了他们不屈不挠的反抗斗争，充满了鲜明的爱国主义和民主主义精神，同时又富有民族风格和民族特色， 具有很高艺术价值。No matter Michel or Tagore, if their works depart from the contemporary social environment, it is almost impossible to achieve the universe acclaim.
人民群众是社会物质财富的创造者：
the average people are the also the creators of the social materials. 在企业界(in the realm of business) ，有这样一句话(there is a proverb as it going) ，叫做“照顾好你的员工，他才能照顾好你的顾客，因而才会照顾好我们的利润。在现代社会中，企业是任何一个国家的经济命脉，是一个国家的经济来源，是一个国家的生存的基本条件。但是没有普通员工的直接参与，没有一线员工的辛勤劳作，无论如何，是不可能创造出物质财富的。很难想象IT巨人MICROSOFT没有员工的状况，很难想象所有的老百姓都不工作，所有的农民都不种植小麦，玉米，甚至大米的状况。没有这些人类基本的生存资料，我们是不可能有进一步的发展的。
服务业 service industry
宗教裁判所inquisition
浮士德 Faust, who is the personage of the legend in the Middle age in Europe, betrays his soul to the evil in order to gain the knowledge and power.
现代技术的危害性：
With the increasing development of automobile industry, sedans are no longer luxurious articles for most families; however, the quality of the environment that we have lived in is deteriorating all the time for the reason having to do with the serious air pollution caused by exhaust. When the convenience of fridges has dominated the average people’s daily life, Freon from the fridge is eroding our natural protector-ozonosphere, thus making more ultraviolet radiation to do harm to our human beings and other creature. Meanwhile, the progress of information technology has paved the way to the expansion of the Internet. Although various channels and the faster and more informative Internet make it easier to get what one needs including trading on the line and so on, the unhealthy contents spread via the Internet may seriously harm to the na?ve adolescent.
医疗科技的发展：
University of Toronto researchers have discovered an ample source of stem cells in an uncharted part in umbilical cord, providing new hope for born marrow transplant and tissue repair.
急剧地 sharply
即使一个国家物产丰富，地大物博，这个国家也不可能有所有的能维持其工业发展的原材料和能源。
雀巢咖啡 Nescafe
百事可乐 Pepsi-cola
铁矿石 iron ore
各种各样的 of sorts // multifarious // omnifarious // various 更新 renovate // update
扩建 expand?expansion
先进的管理模式 advanced management pattern
transmission-line system of electric power∶ 一个较大地区内的发电、输电系统
欧洲投资银行向爱沙尼亚国家贷款8000万欧元，用于更新和扩建爱电网
The Europe Investment Bank has provided loan about eighty million Euros to Estonia for the renovation and expansion of the transmission-line system of electric power.
High level of unemployment 高失业率
促进贸易
give an impulse to trade
促进因素
an incitant factor
促进贸易
To promote trade
促进贸易
To promote business
促进水稻生长
advance the growth of rice
incitant n.兴奋剂 adj.兴奋的，刺激的
促进：accelerate//advance//boost//expedite//facolitate//hasten//promote//speed
以色列 Israel
巴勒斯坦 Palestine
immanent cause 内在原因
old-style private school 私塾
演唱会 vocal concert
精彩的 wonderful
武断的 dogmatical
广泛性/普遍性/一般性 universality
互补的 mutual complementary
“Walden Lake”------lonely/loneliness, tranquil/tranquility, wisdom/witty
高尔基 Maksim Gorky
美感 aesthetic feeling
“Stray birds” 飞鸟集
潜在的 latent//potential//underlying
给水排水工程 water supply and wastewater engineering
简单地说 be short//in brief//put briefly//put it shortly
总裁 president
ethnic composition 种族构成
European Community 欧共体
evaluation and reward systems 评估与奖励体系
greenhouse effect 温室效应
market attractiveness factors 市场吸引力因素
market attractiveness 市场吸引力
potential customer 潜在顾客
potential market 潜在市场
Wal-Mart 沃尔玛
Idiographic 具体的，个别的，独特的
Inimitable 无法模仿的，独特的，无比的=matchless//peerless//incomparable//one and only//unique
Marketing axiom 营销理论
Charities 慈善事业
贫穷的 impecunious//impoverished//needy//penniless//poor//starveling
慈善家 philanthropist
企业家 enterpriser//entrepreneur
代表作 magnum opus
To improve Haier management efficiency, Zhang Ruimin combined Chinese traditional culture and western industrial experiences, and established the OEC and the Market-chain management systems. Zhang Ruimin’s management system has been widely acknowledged by domestic and overseas
management professionals
Forthgoer 先行者
基督教 Christianism
be fraught with 充满??
In my observation, personal morality is unrelated to the effective leadership. Modern political events are replete with examples?? The marital indiscretions of President Kennedy??
Consider many leaders such Stalin and Hitler, whom most people would agree with were egregious violators of public morality. Ultimately such leaders forfeit their leadership as a result of the immoral means by which they obtained and wielded their power.
Bill Clinton’s sexual scandal with Monica Lewinsky does not shed darkness on the leadership of the great president.
正义感、责任感和同情感是造就政治家最基本的因素
Sense of justice, consciousness of responsibility and sympathy bring up the basic factors of a statesman.
真正的政治家有政治上的信仰和追求，而不是把政治工具化、庸俗化
Real statesmen have the political faith and pursuit, but do not make it only be a vulgar tool
They devoted themselves to the perfection of the government utility while have any private egregarious want; they have enough knowledge, outstanding faulty and excellent performance; they have their unique characteristics, manners and charms, especially coverage of bearing the accountability.
种族隔离制度 apartheid system
apartheid system
apartheid system
1、政治家是不是应该具有最高的伦理和道德标准
正义感、责任感和同情感是造就政治家最基本的因素。真正的政治家有政治上的信仰和追求，而不是把政治工具化、庸俗化；真正的政治家亲民近民，致力于公共利益，而不是把政治变成私利；他们有执政的知识、能力和业绩，他们是职业化的；他们有个性，有自己的风格和魅力，敢于有所担当。人民并不要求政治家无私无欲，只是期盼他们热爱光荣胜于热爱财富；人民也不奢求政治家有金刚不坏之身，只是希冀他们襟怀坦白，知错即改。200多年前，在世界上建立一个王朝作终身制皇帝的人不是政治家，而建立一个民主的美国只担任两届总统的华盛顿才是政治家；90多年前，抱着皇帝轮流作、今日到我家的袁世凯不是政治家，而推翻封建帝制、建立亚洲第一个民主共和国的孙中山才是政治家；10多年前，认为种族隔离制度是南非的“基本国情”只能听天由命的人不是政治家，而在南非宣布废除延续300多年之久的种族隔离制度的曼德拉才是政治家。政治家必须出于公心，超越时代的局限，地域的局限，现实政治的局限，服务于起码是社会的多数人。要超越如此多的局限，要求政治家本身在社会进阶过程中，不但有卓越的见识和超人的胆魄，而且有卓越的理论抽象能力，卓越的集思广益的胸襟，卓越的意志贯彻能力和团队合作的精神。因此，政治家不一定要具有最高的伦理道德，但必须具有远大的理想和明确的政治目标，有一定的道德
水准和人类的高贵情操，必须具有正义感、责任感并为了大多数人的幸福而不懈的努力。
The preeminent Italian philosopher Machiavelli has said that: Whoever wants to foresee the future must consult the past, for human, for human events resemble those of proceeding times.
The phrase of “the history of the future” sounds like a oxymoron, but there is much to learn from looking at the past visions of shape of things to come.
As artifacts of culture and belief, the past is the guidepost to a better understanding of their own culture.
Reliance on patterns of stars as a means of predicting the future developed early on. Astrology, the study of how the events on earth correspond to positions and movements of astronomical bodies, was a key science in classical China, Greece and Rome, and in the Islamic Middle East. Automation Trade-off technological advancement has both positive and ill effects on a society. For example, advances in automation technology have improved the production efficiency and quality control.
Fully aware of the presence of microorganism in nature, Pasteur undertook several experiments designed to address the question of where these “germs” came from. Were they spontaneously produced in substances of themselves, or were they introduced in substances from the environment? Pasteur concluded that the latter one was always the case. However, his findings resulted in a fierce debate with the French biologist Felix Pouchet who maintained that under appropriate conditions instances of spontaneous generation could be found. These debates gave great impetus to improve the experimental techniques in microbiology.
The world can be changed by man’s endeavor. This endeavor can lead to something new and better. No one can sever the bonds that unite him to his society simply by averting his eyes, and he must be receptive and sensitive to the new, and have coverage and skill to novel fact and deal with them.
Rather than spend our limited source on preserving the areas that could better autonomously, we should take into consideration other pressing social problems—such as hunger, unemployment, increasing rate of crime, the epidemic of deadly diseases, etc. After all, these problems are around us and affecting our daily life to a great control. Accordingly, limited resources should require priorities and choices; it is absolute wise and instrumental to distribute resources to these social problems
At first glance, anyone who is environmentally sensible will applaud such a program, for it seems to conduce to protecting environment
In accordance to the theory of need of the preeminent sociologist Abraham Maslow, everybody has social need including acceptance, affection and affiliation with a social group.
Long-distance education has provided people an alternative way of learning apart from the traditional education confined only in the classroom.
亲自鉴定 identification in dispute paternity
identification in dispute paternity
identification in dispute paternity
假如科学家能够控制胚胎干细胞的分化过程，那么就可以制造不同的细胞来取代许多病人坏死的细胞，例如可为糖尿病人制造胰脏细胞，为帕金森病人制造脑细胞等，许多不治之症就可迎刃而解了. At a glance, 这是对人类的福音，但是对于地球有限的资源来说，这将是不可思议的灾难。很难想象每个人都能够活到100岁，甚至是200岁，这将给社会一个沉重的负担：对医护人员需求的激增，对有限资源的浪费，从而严重阻滞了社会生产力的向前发展。
If scientists can control the division course of embryo's stem cell, then make different cells to replace the downright bad cell of a lot of patients, for example can make pancreas cell for the diabetes patient, the patient makes brain cell for Parkinson, a lot of incurable diseases are very easily solved. At a glance, this is a gossip to the mankind, but to limited resource of the earth, this will be an inconceivable disaster. It is awfully difficult to imagine everybody to live to the age of 100, even 200 years old, this will give the society a heavy burden: To the surge of medical personnel's demand, the waste of limited resource, thus blocked the development forward of social productivity seriously.
从哲学上说，任何行为都是有利有弊的， 是什么原因让人们做出了这样而不是那样的决定呢？我认为，人的行为都是基于“价值趋向”和“利益判断”的结果。比方说我们为什么会请客？显然请客会花钱的。我们请客不请客的原因在于我们判断了请客与不请客的利弊，肯定在请客会更有利的情况下才会去请。当然这里的利益并非是物质上或者金钱上的利益，这就牵涉到价值取向问题，比方说你是为了摆阔而请客，那么你请客的原因就在于你花钱的心痛程度小于你摆阔之后的满足感和成就感。如果要花更多的钱，也许你就不会请客。
虽然说人的行为在很多情况下是有外力决定的，但我认为，人的行为最终还是有人自身决定的，只不过是在外力的作用下人的本性裸露了出来。一个政府官员在没有别人贿赂的诱惑下或许不会贪污腐化，但面对如此大的诱惑，他的本性就裸露了出来，在他的心中自己的私利就超过了大众的利益；当一个大公司做假帐骗取银行的贷款和人民的信任时，在他们心中自己一时的利益要大于自己的名誉。其实，所以个人或团体行为都是有自己或团体的利益以及他们心中的利益尺度决定的。
人类的行为很大程度上是不能由自己决定的，那是因为
PS：环境对一个人的价值观的形成有很大的影响。As the outstanding British educator Ballou has said education commence at the mother’s knee, and every spoken within the hearsay of children towards the formation of character.
价值观 values
作为社会的一分子，每个人都应该为自己的行为负责任。责任是社会道德的基础。没有责任就没有道德，那么这个社会就会陷入瘫痪，无法正常运转。好在自从人
类文明开始，就有法律规定社会中每个人的责任，以及对自己行为的后果的担当。 As a member of the society, everybody should shoulder the responsibility for one's own behavior. Responsibility is Society's ethical foundation. No responsibility, no morals, then this society will be paralyzed, and is unable to run well. Fortunately since the human civilization begins, there is everybody's responsibility in legal provisions societies, and the consequence to one's own behavior one is taken on
The first code in this planet “The Code of Hammurabi” had dictated that:：”If a man has stolen a child, he shall be put to death” (Article
14), that “If a man has committed highway robbery and has been caught, that the man shall be put to death” (Article 22) and that” If a man’s wife, for the sake of another, has caused her husband to be killed, that women shall be impaled. (Article 153) All of the statements above have proved that the conception of personal responsibility is awfully necessary.
Shut-in （因病弱或天气）而被关在屋内的人//被关在屋内的,诡秘的,被围在中间的
Undue emphasis on tele-government poses the risk that government proceedings will become mere displays, or shows, for the public, intended as public relations ploys and so-called "photo opportunities,'' while the true business of government is moved behind closed doors.
A “historian” is a person who studies history. The term is often reserved for people whose work is recognized in academia; particularly those who have acquired graduate degrees in the discipline. The process of historical analysis is a difficult one, involving investigation and analysis of competing ideas, facts, and purported facts to create coherent narratives that explain ”what happened” and “why or how it happened”. Reduce the stafftrimmer 裁员
杰克 韦尔奇 Jack Welch
郭士纳 Lou Gerstner Lou Gerstner
accord with 符合
绥靖政策 policy of appeasement
Lou gerstner
Lou gerstner
Welch
Policy of appeasement
总结教训，大家参考
1 所有题目一定要吃透，今天考得题目是153（I）和51，两个考前都准备了提纲，因为都是高频
可是到了考场上还是因为思维跟不上浪费了些时间思考， 希望大家吸取教训，题目，尤其是高频要吃透
2 例子的问题，要想清楚再写，今天用的例子写出来才发现有些不能支持我的观点，迫不得已又换例子
3 不要太紧张，由于过分紧张好多本来能想到的东西只是在考完了才出现在脑子里
4 对于对自己来说难写的题目要多练，对我来说批判精神，艺术类的是比较难的，平时练习的时候会刻意回避，
但是总觉得自己能侥幸逃过， 结果吃亏了
5模版一定要弄熟，今天的argu也是， 本来准备得还不错， 考试的时候有点懵、，结果有些漂亮句子没用上
大概就这些， 每个人情况不一样，仅供参考吧！