英文summary写作范例

时间:2024.4.21

Article

Children Must be Taught to Tell Right from Wrong

William Kilpatrick

Many of today’s young people have a difficult time seeing any moral dimension (道德层面) to their actions. There are a number of reasons why that’s true, but none more prominent than a failed system of education that eschews (回避) teaching children the traditional moral values that bind Americans together as a society and a culture. That failed approach, called “decision-making,” was introduced in schools 25 years ago. It tells children to decide for themselves what is right and what is wrong. It replaced “character education. (品格教育)” Character education didn’t ask children to reinvent the moral wheel (浪费时间重新发明早已存在的道德标准); instead, it encouraged them to practice habits of courage, justice and self-control.

In the 1940s, when a character education approach prevailed, teachers worried about students chewing gum; today they worry about robbery and rape.

Decision-making curriculums pose thorny (棘手的) ethical dilemmas to students, leaving them with the impression that all morality is problematic and that all questions of right and wrong are in dispute. Youngsters are forced to question values and virtues they’ve never acquired in the first place or upon which they have only a tenuous (薄弱的) hold. The assumption behind this method is that students will arrive at good moral conclusions if only they are given the chance. But the actual result is moral confusion.

For example, a recent national study of 1,700 sixth- to ninth-graders revealed that a majority of boys considered rape to be acceptable under certain conditions. Astoundingly, many of the girls agreed.

This kind of moral illiteracy is further encouraged by values-education (价值观教育) programs that are little more than courses in self-esteem (自尊). These programs are based on the questionable assumption that a child who feels good about himself or herself won’t want to do anything wrong. But it is just as reasonable to make an opposite assumption: namely, that a child who has uncritical self-regard will conclude that he or she can’t do anything bad.

Such naive self-acceptance results in large part from the non-directive (无指导性的), non-judgmental (无是非观的), as-long-as-you-feel-comfortable-with-your-choices mentality (思想) that has pervaded (渗透) public education for the last two and one-half decades. Many of today’s drug education, sex education and values-education courses are based on the same 1960s philosophy that helped fuel the explosion in teen drug use and sexual activity in the first place.

Meanwhile, while educators are still fiddling with (胡乱摆弄) outdated “feel-good” approaches, New York, Washington, and Los Angeles are burning. Youngsters are leaving school believing that matters of right and wrong are always merely subjective. If you pass a stranger on the street and decide to murder him because you need money—if it feels right—you go with that feeling. Clearly, murder is not taught in our schools, but such a conclusion—just about any conclusion—can be reached and justified using the decision-making method.

It is time to consign (寄出) the fads (风尚) of “decision-making” and “non-judgmentalism” to the ash heap of failed policies, and return to a proved method. Character education provides a much more realistic approach to moral formation. It is built on an understanding that we learn morality not by debating it but by practicing it.

Sample

Summary of “Children Must be Taught to Tell Right from Wrong”

In his essay “,” fervently that the approach to the moral education of American youth, which replaced “character education” 25 years ago, has prevented juveniles from behaving and thinking in accordance with the traditional moral principles that are fundamental to American society.

subjective constructs with only relative truth in them and therefore can be interpreted flexibly and even about what should be clearly right or wrong.

are the unexpected outcomes of that subscribe to the “non-judgmental” mindset dominating . that feeling good warrants morality excuses students from criticizing and disciplining their own behaviors.

emphasizing practice instead of discussion.


第二篇:英文概要summary的写作


第4卷第2期2002年6月

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衡水师专学报

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2002

英文概要(summary)的写作

赵金东

(衡水师范专科学校外语系,河北衡水0s舢)

摘要:读懂原材料是写好概要的关键。拟就合适题目及简要提纲也是不可或缺的。据此成文再详加润色。根据内容需要

适当引用例子、数据及引语等,使概要曼克实。

关键词:概要;提纲;引语中图分类号:m15

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1008—6900(2002)02一0024—02

英文概要(s叫血哪)是提高英语写作能力的较为有效的

手段之一。它可以锻炼学生的英文概括能力。而掌握概要的写法很重要。主要是因为写概要的练笔机会较多,学习(读报刊、看小泌、听材料)、娱乐(如看电影)、工作(如个人总结)等都写概要。根据要求写概要可长可短,可详可略。在几十字,几百宇,甚至几千字的概要中要想准确展示原作的主要思想决非易事。从语言本身到谋篇技巧决非一日之功,需要反复地磨练。本文的多数引例均以周学艺先生编注的《英美报刊文章选读》(精选本)(以下简称《选读》)为基础,取材范围不广,但其中涉及的写作方法与技巧对学生能起到抛砖引玉的作用。

那么什么是英文的概要呢?简单地说,就是用尽可能少的词汇集中展现原材料的主要思想及观点。概要不同于作文:原作可长可短,长到一部电影或一部几百页的小说,短至只有几十字的一个段落。概要是简写或再现其他人的观点、

概要(sLlmⅡ目):Beau州mou州m

询脚bymlly

d加…聊】.

ah删e,mtodayaocessibktom”y,蛐

keM伽m喇,once

t。htterw8学eB,paidhnlidays,f-ew110td8andb甜ercoIIHbuIlica.

分析:原文提到中国的几大名山,过去罕有人至。如今,随着旅游设施等条件的改善,去那儿旅游不再是幻想。原文内容较为详细,充实,共53个宇。概要中有27个字,概括地交代了景区旅游的过去及当今的情况。

2.拟出题目。题目反映作者对原作的理解。概要的题目要明确,一读就可以知道原作的主要内容或主题,并且不

应设任何障碍,如:不出现5个w问题(w}leIl,w}Iat,wh帆,

wb0,why)和一个H问题(H洲)。题目的形式可写成句子,也可写成短语。试比较:

(1)1heNewwhizz—kid(神童)

(不合适)

iIltheus

(2)A耐锄AH耐cⅢ日:粕ri职s姐8

(3)_nta西119:m

(可以)

思想.是再现(聊re嘲I【且d叩);丽作文写的是作者本人的观点,

是新创作(cred∞)。写概要无须加评论,评论了就不是概要了,那是再创作。那么,如何才能写好英文的概要呢?

1.先要读懂、读透原作。这是准确再现原文、写好英文概要的前提,十分重要。动笔前不妨多读两遍原文直至搞懂、读透为止。这一点往往被学生忽略。倘若不明白原作的主旨,又怎能再现别k的观点呢?那只能是片面地理解、歪曲。如:

nt峨0f吐t∞d缸∞c嘶哼

(可以)

(4)Dd跏iIlg

k啪“seellrity(不合适)

(5)(却吨咖如h蛐tDd由dk∞甜∞咖毋(可以)

分析:作为一篇文章的标题应该醒目,吸引人,可以设

问,(如:D咖tlle

Us8pyt00

m啦h?)从而激发读者去思考。但

wll五日ds(神童)中并未清楚地

作为一篇概要的题目须简明扼要,明确主题,设有谜点。因此,笔者认为:题目(”T1le

New

№,b睇时w8目嗍,ll。lid8p而tll

幽andk日吲n

"。1|Ⅲ一Ⅻ]

aIldb11B

划Y‰蜘n,㈣Ⅷ删by曲a‰础intIle

wm∞,llave

原文:Beall咖瑚ll山h

Hke

M眦m%Lu妇M伽ntain,

pa8|.告知:w1】o蛳tJle眦w池kids?w1眦妇岫jlapp雠?而题目(2)A昌ianArr谢ca璐:幽衄咖玛intlleus则明确地讲述了

美籍亚洲人是美国的耀眼明星。所以,作为英文概要的题目以第2句话为宜。

p町,肥w110tek∞tho∞∞oun-

reach∞11唧Wll0IⅢ‰E蛳0fvjsi堍timⅫ舯

bI咄妇l“妯

蛐k

题目(4)De妇吐唱tlle嘶d蜮脚ty没有说出讲m

isde.

soci日l黜I|rity?很显然,这是一个不全面的标题。

收稿日期:20∞一04—23

作者简介:赵盒东(1966一),男,河北枣强县人,衡水师专外语系助教

万方数据 

第2期赵金东英文概要(咖皿laIy)的写作25而其他丽个题目就好些。题目(3)The硒唱:肿cu血lg0fd帕在《选读》的第五课中,谈到美国的美籍亚洲裔学生的优soc试se叫讪虽不是句子,但讲出了全面的内容(老年人呼吁秀表现。在探究其成功的原因时,其中提到儒家思想(c叩缸不可以削减社会福和).其中一个“:”使得题目简洁、达意。ci叽id蜘1E)的影响。有同学这样写到:

(5)(;r吲瑕aⅡ面鹤Mal℃ht0d翻dthesocial删ty是一个完整心鲫cdhⅡe,EkeCor血d粕jdeals,exerIsa缸一帕dliI】g的句子,交代了社会福利的捍卫者(灰自发的老年人),采取idIuen∞∞dm.

的方式(游行)以及游行的目的(维护社会福利保障制度)。旬中c∞缸i蚰ide山的内容是什么?概要中应讲清。试

3.拟好提纲(outline)。原作者写作中一般均有写作提写为:

纲,这样写起文章来会繁而不乱,有条理。读者的阅读过程Asian眦I眦,like

就是一个梳理原作框架,理解、吃透原文的解码过程。在此edu碰∞,e珊怡a妇一f岫啪峭i胡煳∞tll锄.co曲d8nidealB砌ch曲雠f缸由词峭andf缸mv

过程中,就须理出一个粗略的提纲,这个纲目对理解原作帮在许多报道中,尤其是科技性报道、科研项目中,为说明助很大,尤其在有关外报外刊的概要时更明显。因为外报外报道、项目研究的权威性会有很多数据,概要中引用典型的刊从行文顺序、谋篇布局到主论点的阐述方式均不同于汉语一个就够了。

作品:中文的论点较为集中;外刊中解释性报道居多,解释多第二,引语(用)问题。写概要时尽量用自己的话,当然而细。文章越细,给人的印象越繁杂凌乱。因此,拟就一个不排斥引用。外报外刊中有的短语、甸子写的十分精彩。若小提纲(哪怕几个单词或词组),写起概要来文章就会有章引用得当,势必起到画龙点睛的作用(写作有关外报外刊的法,而且也不会漏掉原作中的要点。因为概要也该是意义连概要更是如此)。并且我们阅读外报外刊的目的也不仅仅是贯、语篇衔接紧密的一段或几段文字。获得一点知识,同样也要善于汲取语言的精华。而运用是很

4.快速成文,反复推敲。写作时,有的作家提倡b面一一有效的?种方式。反过来讲,引用不当就是画蛇添足。需要stc棚(大脑风暴)式写作法,就是有了题耳。明了要求后,可强调一点:引用不是抄袭.而是为我所用。语言上要多加润以不受限制地去写,放开思路,大胆想象,让大脑活跃起来,色。注意词类、时态、语态等的适当调整。

不更多考虑文字的恰切与否,也不多考虑语篇的衔接与否,如:“wed删JdIl’tbeⅡIIemeIled,hIIt

很快写出一篇东西。依笔者理解,拟好提纲后.写作尽量一er髓诂酗ngtobea夸e缸Ⅱ醯曙k鼬dety.”妇d№蛔嘣ci釉cIIaue。峰ed.蛳p瑚一气呵成,一次成文。将这一方法移植于概要写作之教学,颇。唧ell,pa^ofBJewi吕hi叩玎igram辄o。e轱唧洲脚1.受学生欢迎。虽说每一次写概要是一个痛苦思索的过程,但可否这样改写:

它却锻炼了学生的不阉断思维能力。写作变得不再枯燥、乏Acc忸diIlgtDⅡJ确sll

味。倘若在写作过程中考虑如何写得更好,势必影响写作思0f嫡∞^m酣cⅢi肿ta岫hnj卫如啦zaII【Malh酬ci舶,mept世吣

BchaH8噼,and日】s0a删

路,影响写作的连续性。写作中愈加谨慎,思路被束缚愈紧,bl∞血瞎h日0ciety.

不能很好地展开。一旦有了初稿,等于画树有了枝干,这时改写后的句子根据行文需要,将动词换成了名词,变换的写作成了一半。然后再读原文,对照修改润色,看是否漏了人称、时态、语态。这就是为我所用。总之,英文概要是一掉了什么重要信息或主要内容。另外,用词上看是否搭配恰种很好的写作练习,只要掌握了好的方法与技巧,加上大量当、达意。这一过程中的修改很重要,因为概要中的每个字的写作实践,定能写出上佳的概要(Ⅻm畔)来。

(词)都要有用场。可用可无的,要删去。使别人读了概要,

基本不用了解原文,足矣。参考文献:

5.写作过程中还有几个问题:第一,例子、数据的问题。[1]丁往道.美语写作手册(修订本)[M].北京:外语研究概要中的例子数据不可多用,用一两个说明问题即可。如:出版社.1994.

L幽yi咖(政治说客)a陀t症日debyco—o阳蜘。抛,1日b∽一Ilrd唧,[2]用学艺.英美报刊文章选读(精选本)[M].北京:北京i趟刊lIals,蚰dg脚aliIlt既eg嵋.写成概要不妨这样:I曲颐出大学出版社,l嘲.

骶hi耐坶gp。cid证嘧e嘟uke曲一0p口豳呻,

恤Te曲niq%0fw一山瞎蛐&嘻岫翱蛐m岬

捌:The踟皿一她

(Depar嘶erItkey岫0fw一吨a0f&庐出,HeT耐叫Hormdcoll8铲,Hen酣Illi,}l妇i053呻0,clIh)

8l煳ary运协I刊Ⅲdund删kⅢi酬;and矗诘酬协诎0I吐8p叩dtlealldabd

岫吐iIle.0n岫b日sis

蛐d£s,69L蹦and8ben

Key肿rds:s唧哪8ry;ouLl妇;屯枷佣q枷哪c舳be0ftl瑚。即一诎,a州蛐lla工y咖be蛳8Iled出妇聃p0Bsible“c蒯pou日hc蛐be皿a由∞h.hla曲don,瓢一

used白ra叩删ary.

(责任编辑:许素波中文校对:谢新栋英文校对:孛玉玲)

万 方数据

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