初中语法总结
语法, 初中
一. 一般现在时
概念: 表示经常发生的动作或经常存在的状态。
常和 always , often , usually , sometimes , every day 等表时间的状语连用。 如：1) I go to school every day . 我每天都去学校。（表经常）
2) He is always like that . 他总是那样。 （表状态）
构成： 1) 主语 + be (am / are / is ) +……
2) 主语 + 实义动词 + …
1) be 动词
肯定句 否定句 一般疑问句 回答
主语+be (am,are,is)+… 主语+be (am,are,is)+not Be+主语+…? 肯定回答: Yes, … 否定回答: No, …
I am Gina.
I am not Gina. Are you Gina? Yes, I am.
No, I am not.
He is ten.
He is not ten. Is he ten? Yes, he is.
No, he isn’t.
They are twins. They are not twins. Are they twins? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
2) 实义动词 (以 like 为例)
肯定句 否定句 一般疑问句 回答
a)主语+动词原形…
b)主语(三单)+动词三单 主语+don’t + 动原
主语+doesn’t +动原 Do +主语+动原...?
Does+主语+动原…? 肯定回答: Yes, …
否定回答: No, …
I like apples.
I don’t like apples. Do you like apples? Yes, I do.
No, I don’t.
He likes red.
He doesn’t like red. Does he like red? Yes, he does.
No, he doesn’t.
附: 一般现在时动词的第三人称单数的构成:
规则 动词原形 第三人称单数
一般动词在词尾加-s, 在清辅音后读/s/,在浊辅音后读/z/, 在t后读/ts/,在d后读/dz/. help
swim
get
find helps / helps/
swims /swimz/
gets /gets/
finds / faindz/
以字母s, x , ch , sh , 结尾的动词加-es, 读/iz/, 以o结尾的加-es, 读/z/. teach bus
go teaches
buses
goes
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,把y变为i, 再加-es, 读/z/. study
carry studies
carries
二. 一般过去时
概念: 1) 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态.
常和表示过去的时间状语连用. 如: yesterday , last week , in 1998 , two days ago等.
如: I went to a movie yesterday. 我昨天去看了一场电影.
2) 也可表示过去经常或反复发生的动作.
如: He always went to work by bike last week.
构成: 1) 主语 + be (was / were ) +……
2) 主语 + 实义动词过去式 +
1) be 动词
肯定句 否定句 一般疑问句 回答
主语+was/ were+… 主语+was/were +not Was/ Were+主语+..? 肯定回答: Yes, … 否定回答: No, …
She was 12 last year.
She wasn’t 12 last year. Was she 12 last year? Yes, she was.
No, she wasn’t.
They were twins. They weren’t twins. Were they twins? Yes, they were.
No, they weren’t.
2) 实义动词 (以 like 为例)
肯定句 否定句 一般疑问句 回答
a)主语+动过…
b)主语(三单)+动过 主语+didn’t + 动原
主语+didn’t +动原 Did+主语+动原...?
Did+主语+动原…? 肯定回答: Yes, …
否定回答: No, …
We liked apples.
We didn’t like apples Did you like apples? Yes, we did.
No, we didn’t.
He liked math . He didn’t like math. Did he like math? Yes, he did. No, he didn’t.
附: 一般过去时动词的构成: (分为规则与不规则两类, 不规则动词的过去式构成见八年级课本上册P116)
规则动词的过去式构成:
构成规则 原形 过去式
一般在动词原形后加-ed look
play looked
played
结尾是e的,加-d live
hope lived
hoped
末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词,先双写这个辅音字母,再加-ed. stop plan
trek stopped
planned
trekked
以辅音字母加结尾的,把y变为I, 再加-ed. study
worry studied
worried
注: 加-ed后的读音,清辅音后读/t/, 浊辅音后读/z/, /t/,/d/后读/id/ .
三. 现在进行时
概念: 表示现在(说话瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作.
如: He is singing.
They are watching TV now.
构成: 主语 + 助动词be(am/are/is) + 动词-ing形式构成.
肯定句 否定句 一般疑问句 回答
主+be (am,are,is)+v-ing 主+be +not+v-ing Be+主语+v-ing…? 肯定回答: Yes, … 否定回答: No, …
I am working.
I am not working. Are you working? Yes, I am.
No, I am not.
He is dancing.
He is not dancing. Is he dancing? Yes, he is.
No, he isn’t.
They are swimming. They are not swimming. Are they swimming? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
附: 动词现在分词的构成:
规则 动词原形 -ing形式
一般在动词词尾加-ing go
ask going
asking
以不发音字母e结尾的动词,去掉e加-ing. write
make writing
making
以重读闭音节结尾的动词,如果末尾只有一个辅音字母的,先双写这一字母,再加 get shop
begin getting
shopping
beginning
四. 过去进行时
概念: 表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作. 这一特定的过去时间除了有上下文暗示外,一般用时间状语来表示.
如: 1) ---What were you doing?
---I was jumping.
2) ---What was the boy doing when the UFO arrived?
---He was sleeping.
构成: 主语 + 助动词be(was/were) + 动词-ing形式构成.
肯定句 否定句 一般疑问句 回答
主+be (was/were)+v-ing 主+be +not+v-ing Be+主语+v-ing…? 肯定回答: Yes, … 否定回答: No, …
I was working.
I was not working. Were you working? Yes, I was.
No, I weren’t.
He was dancing.
He was not dancing. Was he dancing? Yes, he was.
No, he wasn’t.
They were singing. They weren’t singing. Were they singing? Yes, they were. No, they weren’t.
五. 一般将来时
概念: 表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,也表示将来经常或反复发生的动作,常与表示将来的时间状语连用,如: tomorrow, next week, next year, in the future等. 如: He will go shopping tomorrow.
They are going to play basketball next week.
构成: 1) 主语 + 助动词will + 动原 +…
2) 主语 + be going to + 动原 + ….
1)
肯定句 否定句 一般疑问句 回答
主+ will + 动原… 主+ will not + 动原 Will+主语+动原 ..? 肯定回答: Yes, … 否定回答: No, …
I will swim next week.
I won’t swim next week. Will you swim next week? Yes, I will.
No, I won’t.
He will sing at the party. He won’t sing at the party. Will he sing at the party? Yes, he will.
No, he won’t.
They will go with us. They won’t go with us. Will they go with us? Yes, they will. No, they won’t.
2)
肯定句 否定句 一般疑问句 回答
主+ be going to + 动原… 主+be+not +going to + 动原 Be+主语+动原 ..? 肯定回答: Yes, …
否定回答: No, …
I am going to swim next week.
I am not going to swim next week. Are you going to swim next week? Yes, I am. No, I am not.
He is going to sing at the party. He isn’t going to sing at the party. Is he going to sing at the party? Yes, he is.
No, he isn’t.
They are going to travel Paris. They are not going to travel Paris. Are they going to travel Paris? Yes, they are.
No, they aren’t.
六. 过去将来时
概念: 表示在过去将来的某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态.
构成: 1) 主语(第一人称) + 助动词should + 动原 +…
2) 主语 + would + 动原 + ….
3) 主语 + was/ were going to +动原…
用法: 过去将来时除了上下文暗示外,一般常用在间接引语中,主句谓语动词为过去时态. 如: 1) I should go.
2) You knew I would come.
3) They were going to Naning.
七. 现在完成时
构成: 主语 + 助动词 ( have / has ) + 动词过去分词 +…
用法:
用法 例句
表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果. ---Have you had your lunch yet?
---Yes, I have. (现在我不饿了)
某些动词的现在完成时可表示过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在(包括”现在”在内)的动作或状态,可以和表示延续的时间状语连用. 表示持续动作或状态的动词多是延续性动词. 1. I have seen you these days.
2. They have lived here for about 20 uears.
3. How long have you studied English ?
4. She has taught us since I came here.
现在完成时可以和already, never, ever, just, before, yet等状语连用. 1. I have just lost my coat.
2. I’ve never been to Shanghai before.
have been to ‘表示到过某地’
have gone to ‘已经去某地了’ 1. My mom has been to America.
2. He is gone to Beijing.
肯定句 否定句 一般疑问句 回答
主+ have/has + 过分 主+have/has +not +过分… Have/Has+主语+过分… ..? 肯定回答: Yes, …
否定回答: No, …
I have seen the film
I haven’t seen the film. Have you seen the film? Yes, I have.
No, I haven’t.
He has watered the flowers. He hasn’t watered the flowers. Has he watered the flowers ? Yes, he has.
No, he hasn’t.
注: 现在完成时和一般过去时的区别:
现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,强调的是现在的情况,所以它不能和表示过去的时间状语连用. 而一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态,和现在不发生联系,它可以和表示过去的时间连用.
附: 动词过去分词的构成: (分为规则与不规则两类, 不规则动词的过去分词构成见八年级课本上册P116)
规则动词的过去分词构成:
构成规则 原形 过去分词
一般在动词原形后加-ed look
play looked
played
结尾是e的,加-d live
hope lived
hoped
末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词,先双写这个辅音字母,再加-ed. stop plan
trek stopped
planned
trekked
以辅音字母加结尾的,把y变为I, 再加-ed. study
worry studied
worried
注: 加-ed后的读音,清辅音后读/t/, 浊辅音后读/z/, /t/,/d/后读/id/ .
八. 现在完成进行时 *
概念: 表示从过去某一时间开始持续到现在的动作.这一动作可能是刚刚开始,也可能仍在继续,并可能延续到将来.
构成: 主语 + 助动词 (have / has ) + been + 动词-ing +…
如: 1. I have been sitting here for an hour.
2. She has been collecting stamps for about 6 years.
九. 过去完成时
构成: 主语 + 助动词 had + 动词过去分词 +…
用法:
用法 例句
表示过去在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作.它表示的动作发生的时间是”过去的过去”.表示过去某一时间可用by, before 等构成的短语,也可用when,
before, 等引导的从句或者通过上下文表示． I had finished my homework when my mom came back home.