c) Work-related diseases: without causal relationship with work but which may be aggravated by occupational
hazards to health.
*What are the effective strategies to control the hazards?
a) Engineering controls: engineering changes in design, equipment, processes; substituting a non-hazardous
materials
b) Administrative controls: reduce the human exposure by changes in procedures, work-area access restrictions,
worker rotation, biological markers: to assess exposure-blood-lead levels.
c) Personal protective equipment/Clothing: ear plugs/muffs, safety glasses/goggles, respirators, gloves, clothing,
hard-hats.
*Diseases caused by environment pollution
a) Communicable disease: water-borne infection b) Public nuisance: Minamta disease, itai-itai disease c) Food-poisoning: pathogenic microorganism d) Occupational disease: silicosis *Core public health functions:
a) Assessment: the assessment and monitoring of the health of communities and populations at risk to identify
health problems and priorities
b) Policy development: the formulation of public policies designed to solve identified local and national health
problems and priorities
c) Assurance: to assure that all populations have access to appropriate and cost-effective care, including health
promotion and disease prevention services, and evaluation of the effectiveness of that care. *Challenges of CHC
a) Imbalance: nationwide, differences in geography, economic level, culture, religion, custom; cities better than
countries, east better than west
b) Low quality of staff in CHC centers: Historically, staff in low level medical units are under graduated, later on
spottily trained; high educated medical workers are not willing to do CHC c) Dilemma in financial support
d) Migrants: people who left their home town for cities, loss of the insurance from the original place *Prevention on three levels
a) Primary prevention: avoid occurrence of an illness and injury by preventing exposure to risk factors. b) Secondary prevention: minimize the severity of illness or damage
c) Tertiary prevention: minimize disability by providing medical care and rehabilitation service *What are the common deviant behavior that causes the impact and damage in health? Deviant behavior refers to the behavior of social maladjustment.
The common deviant behavior of impact and damage to health contains: smoking, alcohol abuse, drug abuse, dirty sex, gambling, poor diet, lack of exercise, lack of entertainment, do not follow doctors, not medical treatment, etc. *Challenges in public health and preventive medicine in China
a) The hazards of infectious and parasitic diseases remain seriously b) Increasing of hazards of non-communicable disease (NCD) c) Issues of food safety
d) China is the most severely country affected by endemic in the world e) The grim situation of occupational diseases
f) The adverse effects upon health by bad behavior and life style have become prominent g) Population aging is a growing problems
h) Environmental pollution and its damage to health *Major source of atmospheric pollution and its features Major sources: industry, transportation, domestic fuel. *Please illustrate the global environment issue a) Air pollution b) Acid rain
c) Greenhouse effect and global warming d) Stratosphere ozone layer destruction e) Water pollution and resource crisis f) Global deforestation g) Ocean pollution
h) Soil degradation and desertification i) Decrease of biodiversity j) Solid waste contamination
*How to decrease serum LDL level via dietary lipids Lowering LDLby diet, you should do as following: a) Reducing dietary saturated fat and cholesterol b) Increasing mono or polyunsaturated fat intake c) Increasing dietary fiber d) Loweringblood triglycerides
e) Not overeating, limiting alcohol and simple-sugar intake. *Air pollution indirectly affect health
Acid rain, global warming, stratosphere ozone layer destruction *7resources for healthy living and management of stress
Politics, Economy, Culture, Environment, Social security system, Life style and behaviors, Health care system *Contents of community diagnosis
a) natural environments: location, geomorphy, geology, climate, water resources, plants, animals, pollutions, sanitary
institution.
b) Demographic characteristics: population and the characteristics distributions: gender, age, birth rate, death rate,
life expectancy, family panning, genetic diseases.
c) Social and cultural characteristics: tradition, custom, religion, superstition, education management frame,
economics, leader view, consuming.
d) Health status: disease spectrum, incidence, mortality, disability rate, insurance. e) Resources: infrastructures, medical institutions, nursery, government investment. f) Potentiality: willing and belief for health and life quality.