名解
*Essential nutrients: The essential substances are vital for growth and maintenance of a healthy body throughout life.Two characteristics: 1/ its omission from diet must lead to a decline in certain aspects of human health; 2/ if the omitted nutrient is restored to the diet before permanent damage occurs, those aspects of human health hampered by its absence should regain normal function.
*Acid rain: Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning that it possesses low pH (<5.6). Acid rain is caused by emissions of SO2 and NOx.
*Soil:Soil is the unconsolidated or loose covering of fine rock particles that covers the surface of the earth. It is the complex of minerals, organic materials, water, air, etc.
*Raynaud’s disease: a vasospastic(血管痉挛的) disorder causing discoloration of the fingers, toes, and occasionally other areas.
*Primary preventive: Avoid occurrence of an illness and injury by preventing exposure to risk factors. (prevention before disease occurrence).
*Eutrophication: Eutrophication is the ecosystem response to the addition of artificial or natural substances, such as nitrates and phosphates, through fertilizers or sewage, to an aquatic system.
*Soil pollution: soil pollution is caused by the presence of human-made xenobiotic(杀虫剂) chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment. It is typically caused by industrial activity, agricultural chemicals, or improper disposal of waste.
*RNI/RDA: Recommended nutrients intake/recommended dietary allowance, means nutrient intake that is sufficient to meet the needs of nearly all individuals (about 70%) in certain age and gender group.
*Kwashiorkor: is an acute form of childhood protein-energy malnutrition characterized by edema, irritability(过敏性), anorexia, ulcerating dermatoses and an enlarged liver with fatty infiltrates.
*Occupational disease: is chronic ailment that occurs as a result of work or occupational activity. It has a specific or a strong relation to occupation generally with only one causal agent recognized. It occurs among a group of exposed people with a frequency above the average morbidity of the rest of the population.
*Silicosis: is a form of occupational lung disease caused by inhalation of crystalline silica dust(石英灰), and is marked by inflammation and scarring in forms of nodular lesions in the upper lobes of the lungs. It is a type of pneumoconiosis. *IDD: iodine deficiency disorders are a series of diseases caused by insufficiency of intake of iodine.
*Work-related disease:is a disease without causal relationship with work but which may be aggravated by occupational hazards to health.
*Air pollution: is the introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause discomfort, disease, or death to humans, damage other living organisms such as food crops, or damage the natural environment or built environment.
*Health:is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. *Primitive environmental pollution: pollution caused by natural disasters and endemic diseases
*Iatrogenic disease: It is a special disease that affects physical and mental health, as a result of improper diagnosis, treatment, or preventive measures from health care providers.
*Community health service (CHS):a systematic approach to the practice of medicine in communities built on principles of epidemiology and community organizing. A blending of preventive medicine, clinical medicine, and sociology
China’s CHS: with leadership of government, participation of community, guidance of high level professionals, CHC offers services of prevention, clinic, health promotion, rehabilitation, health education and birth control. General practitioners are the convenient, integrated, continuous.
*Public health:is the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals.
*Secondary environment: artificial or remade environment which is related with human activity or man-made environment pollution.
*Polysaccharide:including cellulose(纤维素), hemicelluloses(半纤维素), pectins(果胶), gums(树胶) and mucilages.
*Occupational hazard: it is hazard from working conditions which include process and operation, environment of workplace and materials and products. The hazards include chemical, physical, biological agents such as dusts, noise and insects.
*UL: tolerable upper intake level which do no harm to human body. 简答
*Briefly describe the function of dietary protein. a) Producing vital board constituent b) Maintaining fluid balance
c) Contributing to acid-base balance d) Forming hormones and enzymes e) Contributing to immune function f) Forming glucose g) Providing energy
*The property and the function of fermentation dietary fibers Property:Indigestible polysaccharides
a) Polysaccharide: cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectins, gums and mucilages. b) Noncarbohydrate: lignins (alcohol derivatives). c) Insoluble: cellulose, lignins, hemicelluloses
d) Soluble: pectins, gums and mucilages, some hemicelluloses (Soluble fiber are digested by bacteria in the large
intestine.)
Metabolic products are short chain fatty acids.Yield energy about 3kcal/g. Function:
a) Stool large and soft because plant fiber attract water b) Binding bile acid and cholesterol
c) Reduced colon cancer and heart disease
d) Advise to increase fiber intake using fiber-rich foods, not relying on fiber supplements *Four elements for diagnosis of occupational disease (HCFL)
a) History of occupational exposure: agents, duration, location, protection, etc. b) Clinical features: personal health history, symptoms, signs
c) Field investigation and surveillance system: assessment of exposure level, monitoring, environmental inspection,
process, personal protective equipment utilized, etc.
d) Laboratory or physical examinations: biochemical marker, enzyme, protein, IHC, neurological functions, CT, X-ray,
etc.
*What are the three steps towards the goal of occupational health? a) Recognition: hazard and identification b) Evaluation: risk assessment c) Control: risk management
*What are the origins of occupational hazards? Working conditions:
a) Process and operation: regulation, work and rest, ergonomics, intension b) Environment of workplace: natural condition, layout and design
c) Materials and products: equipments, raw materials, by-products, products *What are the health effects when exposure to occupational hazards?
a) Occupational diseases: any disease contracted as a result of exposure to risk factors arising from the work activity. b) Occupational injury