七年级下册英语语法复习总结
一、 冠词的用法
定冠词the的用法
1、 特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。
e.g.: The man in a white car is Tom’s father.
2.指上下文已经提到的人或事物。
e.g.: Nancy bought a storybook. The book is very interesting.
3、用在世界上独一无二的名词前。
e.g.: The sun is bigger than the moon.
4、用在乐器名词前。
e.g.: She often plays the piano after school.
5、用在方位名词前。
e.g.: in the east\the west\the north\the south; on the left\the right
6、用在叙述词和形容词最高级前。
e.g.: Xiao Ming is the tallest boy in his class.
7、用在某些形容词前,表示一类人。
e.g.: the old; the poor; the sick; the blind
8、用在江河、海洋、山川、湖泊、群岛的名称前。
e.g.: the Great Wall; the West Lake
9、用在由普通名词和另外一些词构成的国家名称、机构团体等专有名词前。
e.g.: the United Nations; the United States
10、用在某些习惯用语中。
e.g.: in the sky; at the same time; all the time; at the weekend; by the way
不定冠词a\an的用法。
1、 表示类别,反之一类人或物。
e.g.: A horse is bigger than a rabbit.
2、 指某人或某物,但不具体指明是哪个人或物。
e.g.: A woman is waiting for you at the gate.
3、 表示数量 “一”,但数的概念不如one 强烈。
e.g.: I have a book.
4、 表示职业、身份和宗教。
e.g.: His father is a doctor.
5、 用在某些习惯用语中。
e.g.: a few; in a hurry; have a look.
不用冠词的情况。
1、 在专有名词(包括人名、地名、节日、月份、季节)前不用冠词。
e.g.: China; America
2、 物质名词和抽象名词前一般不加冠词。
e.g.: time; water; fruit
3、 表示一类人或事物的复数名词前不加冠词。
e.g.: They are nurses.
4、 人称、称呼语、头衔、职务等名词前一般不加冠词。
e.g.: Nancy; Alice; Mr. Wang
5、 三餐、球类、棋类、游戏名称前不用冠词。
e.g.: have lunch; play football
6、 在by +交通工具中不加冠词。
e.g.: by bus; by bike
7、 名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时不用冠词。
e.g.: My pen is on the desk.
1. 地点介词的用法; 5. 宾语从句;6. 省略句;7. 情态动词Can的用法 there be 句型。
二、动词的时态
1、 一般现在时:
(1) 表示事实,现状,性质或经常的、习惯性的动作。常与 often, usually, always, sometimes, today, every day, once a week,
every five minutes, on Sundays等时间状语连用。
e.g.: I go to school at seven every day.
(2) 表示普遍真理。
e.g.: The earth goes around the sun.
(3) 表示在现在时间里发生的动作。
e.g.: Here comes the bus.
(4) 在时间和条件状语从句中代表一般将来时。
e.g.: I will go shopping with my mother if she is free tomorrow.
2、现在进行时:
结构:am\is\are+动词-ing形式
用法:
(1) 表示目前发生(进行)的动作(不指状态),常用的时间状语有:now, at the moment,等,并常出现在祈使句中,与
look, listen连用。
e.g.:1. Are you writing a letter to your friend now?
2. Listen! She is singing in the next room.
(2) 表示目前阶段正在进行,而此刻不一定进行的动作。
e.g.: We are planting trees these days.
(3) 表示位置移动的动词的进行时表示动作将要发生。Come, go, leave, arrive, fly 等,并常与表示将来时的时间状语连
用。
e.g.: They are leaving for England tomorrow afternoon.
注:复习现在分词的变化规则,特殊变化特殊记!
3、一般过去时:
句型结构:
(1)
(2) be动词型 行为动词型 e.g.: I was ten years old last year.
e.g.: Tom went to Beijing last week.
用法:
(1) 主要用于过去的某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
e.g.: His friend was at work last night.
(2) 表示过去经常或反复发生的动作,常与often, always等表示频度的时间状语连用。
e.g.: We often went to work by bus last year.
(3) 和when等引导的时间状语从句连用。
e.g.:When he got home, he had a rest.
(4) 常与表示过去的时间状语连用。(ago, yesterday, last week, in the old days, in 1995.)
e.g.: We began our work three hours ago.
宾语从句
宾语从句是英语复合句中的其中非常重要的从句之一。它是用一个句子做另一个句子的宾语,将这个句子叫做宾语从句。宾语从句做介词或及物动词的宾语。现在从下列三个方面总结归纳如下:
一,引导词
1、由that 引导的陈述句性的宾语从句,在很多动词如say, think, wish , hope, see, believe, agree, expect, hear , feel等动词后。连词that只起连接作用,在从句中不做句子的成分,也无词汇意义,在口语中常被省略,但在大多数情况下还是以不省为好,特别是在笔语中。
例:I told him that he was wrong.
在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词引起的宾语从句中,有时谓语尽管是否定意义,却不用否定形式,而将think 等动词变为否定形式。
例:I don’t think you are right. (我认为你做的不对)
在许多带有复合宾语的句子中,that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子的后面,而用it做形式宾语。
例:We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone (我认为他向每一个人撒谎是错误的)
2、由连词if、 whether 引导的表示“是否?”的宾语从句。Whether, if 在从句中不做句子的成分,一般情况下,whether和if 可以替换。
例:I don’t know if/whether he will come tomorrow.
The teacher asked if/whether we had finished the experiment.
在介词后面的宾语从句中不用if引导
例:Everything depends on whether we have enough money。
宾语从句中有or not时不用if引导.
例:I don’t know whether the movie star will come or not.
和不定式连用作宾语时不用if引导.
例:Whether to go there or not has not been decided.
3、由wh-引导的宾语从句。连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which,和连接副词when, where, why, how 等连接的宾语从句,它们在句中即有连接从句的作用,又在句中充当句子的成分。
例:Do you know which film they are talking about? (which做定语)
I don’t know where he lives. (where 做地点状语)
二,宾语从句的语序,
宾语从句从句的语序必须是陈述语序,既连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分
例:I believe that they will come soon.
He asked me whether I was a teacher.
They wanted to know what they can do for us.
三,宾语从句的时态。
宾语从句的时态受主句的限制, 既:主句是一般现在时态,从句根据实际情况而定。
主句是一般过去时态,从句用相应的过去的时态。如果从句的动作发生在主句之前,则从句要用过去完成时态。 例:1)She says that she is a student.
She said that she was a student.
2) She says that she will fly to Japan in a week.
She said that she would fly to Japan in a week.
3) She says that she has finished her homework already.
She said that she had finished her homework already.
4) She says that she can sing a song in English.
She said that she could sing a song in English.
如果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时,这时宾语从句要用一般现在时态。
例:The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
He told me that Japan is an island country.
Could you tell me?是用来征询对方的意见,语气委婉,并不表示过去。
例:Could you tell me when we will visit the History Museum?
注意事项:
由陈述句变成宾语从句时,要注意人称的变化。
例:She said: “I have been to England before.”
She said that she had been to England before.
She asked me: “Do you like maths?”
She asked me if I liked maths.
宾语从句与简单句的交换。
由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句,如果宾语从句的主语和主句的主语是同一个人时,可以用“疑问词+不定式做宾语的简单句结构。
例:I don’t know what I should do next.
I don’t know what to do next.
He didn’t’t know where he would live.
He didn’t’t know where to live.
There be 句型
1 there be 结构中的be 是可以运用各种时态的。
例:There is going to be a meeting tonight.今晚有个会议。
There was a knock at the door.有人敲门。
There has been a girl waiting for you.有个女孩一直在等你。
There will be rain soon.不久天就要下雨了。
2动词be单复数形式要跟there be之后的真正的主语一致。并且要根据就近一致原则来变换be 的单复数形式。 如: There is a book on the desk.课桌上有一本书。
How many people are there in the city? 这个城市里有多少人口。
There is a pen and two books on the desk.课桌上有一个钢笔和两本书。
There are two books and a pen on the desk. 课桌上有两本书和一个钢笔。
There are some students and a teacher in the classroom. 在教室里有一些学生和一位老师。
There is a teacher and some students in the classroom. 在教室里有一位老师和一些学生。