全方位理解 what 在名词性从句中的用法
1.确定含义。what 引导名词性从句有两种含义:
(1)什么 (2)……的人/事/物。例如:
1. I don't know what I should do with the problems. 我不知道该如何处理这些问题。(什么)
2. What you will do next is none of my business. 你下一步做什么不关我的事。(什么)
3. The teacher told us he wanted to take back what he had said. 老师告诉我们他想收回他说过的话。(……的话)
4. She is no longer what she used to be. 她不是过去的她了。(……的人)
2. 确定成分。what 作“什么”讲,在名词性从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语;作“……的人/事/物”讲,在名词性从句中作主语、宾语或表语。例如:
5. They don't know what happened.他们不知道发生了什么。(what 在从句中作主语,含义是“什么
6. What he says is not important.他所说的并不重要。(what 在从句中作主语,含义是“……的话
7. Do what you please.你爱干什么就干什么。(what 在从句中作宾语,含义是“……的事“)
8. Please tell me what you are doing here on earth! 请告诉我你究竟在这里干什么!(what 在从句中作宾语,含义是“什么”)
9. He is not what he was ten years ago.他不再是十年前的他了。( what 在从句中作表语,含义是“……人”)
10. It is the ability to do the job, not what she is , that matters. 重要的是(她)做这项工作的能力,而不是她是什么(人)。(what 在从句中作表语,含义是“什么”)
11. Are you sure what books he likes reading? 你知道他喜欢读什么书吗?(what 在从句中作定语,含义是“什么”)
注:what 作“……的人/事/物”讲时一般不作定语。
3.引导从句的性质。what 可以引导主语从句(例句 2 和例句 6)、宾语从句(例句 1 和例句 3)、表语从句(例句 4 和例句 9)、同位语从句。再如:
The question what makes the matter worse has been puzzling me. 是什么使情况更糟了?这个问题一直在困惑着我。(what 引导的是同位语从句)
注:除了上述主要用法外,what 还有两种其它用法。
a. 关系形容词用法:作定语,意为:所……的,任何……的 (= as much/many as;the... that;any... that)。例如:
I gave him what books (=any books that/the books that) I had. 我把我所有的书全给他了。
I will give you what help (=any help that/as much help as)I can. 我愿尽力帮助你。
Lend me what money (= as much money as)you can. 你能借多少钱就借给我多少。
b. 感叹词用法:作定语,意为:多么 (多用于简单句中的感叹句中)
What a fool you are! 你多傻!
What a good idea! 多妙的主意啊!
What happy boys! 多幸福的孩子啊!
What a pity! 真遗憾!
实际上,what 在简单句中的用法和复合句中的用法是相通的,在这里就不一一赘述。
第二篇:which 在定语从句中的用法
which 在定语从句中的用法
江苏 朱姝
关系代词 which 一般指物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语或定语,既可引导限制性定语从句,又可引导非限制性定语从句。下面就进行归纳总结:
1. 引导限制性定语从句
A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best.
商店应存有最畅销的货物。
This is the family which is planning to move to the party.
这是要搬进城里的一家。
2. 引导非限制性定语从句。
( 1 )用来指代一个句子。
Internet is so interesting, which makes all possible happen.
因特网是如此有趣,它使任何事都有可能发生。
( 2 )用来指代句子的一部分。
When deep in thought, which he often was, he would forget all around him.
他常常陷入沉思,这时他就会忘掉周围的一切。
( 3 )如果要引导两个非限制性定语从句,第二个 which 前要加 and.
He bought a book, which was written by LuXun, and which he decided to give to his friend.
他买了本鲁迅写的书,他决定送给朋友。
3. 名词+ of + which (= of which +名词= whose + 名词)通常放在先行词的后面。
I'd like a room the window of which looks out over the sea. / I'd like a room of which the window looks out over the sea. / I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea.
我要一间窗户面临大海的房间。
4. 介词+ which 的替代作用。
( 1 )作时间状语替代 when 。
There used to be a time at which / during which ( = when ) the Chinese people struggled for freedom.
中国人曾有一段为自由而斗争的日子。
( 2 )作地点状语替代 where 。
This is the office in which ( = where ) I used to work.
这是我过去工作过的办公室。
( 3 )作原因状语替代 why 。
I'd like you to explain the reason for which (= why ) you were absent.
我想让你解释一下缺席的原因。
( 4 )作方式状语替代 that 或省略。
There are many ways in which (= that / 省略) we can solve the problem.
解决这个问题有很多方法。
5. which, when, where 关系词的选择。
关系副词 when 与 where 用于引导定语从句时,往往修饰句中表示地点或时间的名词。但是,有时候在表示时间或地点的名词后面却不能用 when 或 where ,而该用 which 或 that 。
Is this the factory which / that produces all kinds of washing machines? ( which / that 在定语从句中作主语,指代前面的 the factory )这就是生产各种洗衣机的那家工厂吗?
I often think of the days which / that we spent together on the seaside. ( which / that 在定语从句中作宾语,指代 the days ,此时可省略。)我经常想起我们一起在海滩度过的日子。
The river where I used to swim is now seriously polluted.
( where 在定语从句中作状语, where = in which = in the river )我过去常去游泳的那条河现在已被严重地污染了。
I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.
( when 在定语从句中作状语, when = on which = on the day )我仍然记得我第一次来北京的日子。
总结:在表示时间或地点的名词后面,选择何种关系词,应看它们在从句中的作用,即在从句中充当什么成份。如果在定语从句中充当时间或地点状语,就该用 when 或 where ;如果在定语从句中充当主语或宾语等,则应用 which / that 。
6. 引导非限制性定语从句关系代词 which, as 的选择。
关系代词 as 与 which 引导非限制性定语从句时可以用整个句子作为先行词,指代上文或下文所说的一件事。
He said he'd been working in the office for an hour, which / as was true.
他说他一直在办公室工作了一个小时,这是真的。
总结:
( 1 ) Which 指前面主句所提到的这件事,常译为“这件事,这一点”等; as 具有“正如、像、由……而知、与……一致”的意思。
He was elected mayor of the city, which made us happy.
他被选为这个市的市长,这使我们很高兴。
As we expected, he didn't appear at the party.
正如我们所预料,他没有在聚会上出现。
( 2 ) Which 在句法上一般用作实义动词的主语,这时它所引导的从句与主句之间常含有并列、因果关系;句法上, as 常作一些实义动词(如 see, know, report, watch, remember, say, tell, show, expert, guess 等)的宾语。
I bought my sister a big toy, which ( = and that ) delighted her greatly.
我给妹妹买了一个大玩具,这使她非常高兴。
As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
众所周知,月球每个月环绕地球运行一次。
( 3 ) which 引导的非限定性定语从句位置比较固定,通常位于句末,不可移至句首;而 as 所引导的非限定性定语从句的位置比较灵活,可以位于句末,也可以位于句首或句中。
Taiwan is a beautiful island, as (= which ) we know.
正如我们所知,台湾是一个美丽的岛屿。
As (不用 Which ) he realized, I was very useful to him.
他意识到我对他很有用。
Mary, as we had expected, passed the exam.
正如我们所预料, Mary 通过了考试。
( 4 )当从句的谓语动词是否定形式或从句谓语动词接了一个复合宾语结构时,一般用 which 而不用 as 。
He pretended not to know me, which I didn't understand.
他假装不认识我,我真不明白为什么。
He admires everyone in the class, which I find quite strange.
他羡慕班里的每个学生,我觉得很奇怪。
( 5 )不能省去非限定性定语从句中的 be 动词时,用 which (反之则用 as )。
Jane told me she won the match, which was a lie.
简告诉我她赢得了比赛,这是谎话。( was 不可省略)
As (was)planned, we met at the airport.
正如计划那样,我们在飞机场见面了。( was 可省略)