as和which的用法

关系代词as 与which引导非限制性定语从句可以用整个主句作为其先行词，指代上面或下文所说的一件事。但何时用as，何时用which， 初学者在实际运用时常出现差错。现就as 与which在引导这种定语从句时所出现的不同词义和句法特点进行对比、分析如下。

一、as引导的从句表示说话人对话语的看法、态度、解释或评论。

一般有以下特点：

1、此时的as仍具有“正如、象、由……而知、与……一致”等某些作连词时的语义。翻译时有时可不必译出。如：

Shakespeare is a famous writer, as we all know. 莎士比亚是著名的作家， 这众人皆知。

She is very patient, as is shown in her work. 她很耐心，正如她工作中所表现出来的一样。

2、在句法上，as常用作一些实意动词(如see, know, hear, watch, remember, say, tell, show, expect, guess等)的宾语，这类动词与as几乎成了一种固定搭配。如：

Einstein, as we know(=as is well known), is a famous scientist. 众所周知，爱因斯坦是一位著名的科学家。

There was a net bar around here, as I remember. 我记得这儿附近有一家网吧。

3、当从句的谓语动词是否定形式或从句谓语动词带的是一个复合宾语结构时，一般用which而不宜用as。如：

You pretended not to know me, which I didn’t understand. 他假装不认识我，我真不明白。

He admires everyone in the class, which I find quite strange. 他羡慕班里的每个学生，我认为太奇怪了。

4、as 从句可以前置（而which从句则不可）。如：

As can be seen, oceans cover more than 70% of the earth. 很容易看出大洋占了地球的70%还多。

二、which引导的此类从句对主句所叙述的事情进行补充说明，表明事物的状态或结果。

一般有下列特点：

1、which此时就指前面主句所提到的这件事，常译为“这一点、这件事”等。主句与从句通常要用逗号隔开，只能位于被修饰句子的后面。如：

The child had a fever every night, which worried his parents very much. 这孩子每晚发烧，这使他父母非常焦急。

2、which

第二篇：as 和which的区别

which与as引导非限制性定语从句的异同

which与as一样，都可以引导非限制性定语从句，它们既有相同之处，也有差别。因此在实际运用中容易混淆。它们的某些用法在高考中也会考查。

一．相同点。

两者引导非限制性定语从句时，可指代主句中的部分或整个句子的内容，在从句中做主语，宾语或表语，位于主句之后有时可互换。

The meeting was put off, as /which was exactly what we wanted. He was a doctor, as/which I knew from his manner. 二．不同点

1. as可指其前后主句提到的事实或情况，因此引导的非限制性从句位置比较灵活，which可以放在主句前后，也可插入主句之中；而which引导的非限制性从句只能位于主句之后。 As is known to all, fish can’t live without water. Air, as we know, is gas.

2.在非限制性从句中，which后的be动词不可省；as而后的be动词可以省略。 She told me she won the match , which was a lie. The material is elastic, as (was) shown in the figure.

3. which在非限制性定语从句做主语时可用各类动词做谓语；而在非限制性定语从句做主语时，谓语常用连系动词，如be, seem, become等，一般不用其他行为动词。 He saw the girl, which delighted him.

He didn’t say anything at the meeting , as/which seemed very strange. 4. 如果主句中叙述的事情与从句所涉及的意向一致，多用as，用以对主句的意义进行补充；如果不一致，就用which

She has married again, as was expected.

He broke the rules again, which was unexpected. 5.如表示“如同。。。那样，按照，正如”含义，常用as，这里as主要起与上下文联系的作用，表达说话人的看法，并指出内容，出处和根据等，常用的结构有as we know（众所周知）as often happens（正如常发生的那样）as is often the case（情况常常如此）as we all can see（正如我们看到的）be+announced/expected/known/imagined/mentioned/said/shown/reported（正如所。。。）等。这些结构常放句首，偶尔也可以放句中或句末

As is known to all, China is a developing country. Kate was late for school , as often happened.

6.在非限制性定语从句中关系代词指代主句中某一个单词时，常用which My brother enjoyed playing basketball , which he really plays well. Beijing , which he was born in, is our capital.

7.在非限制性定语从句中“介词+关系代词（介宾代物）”中关系代词只能用which

The Travel Agency, with which our company has been dealing for several years, has opened for new branches Air is a mixture of gases, of which oxgen forms 21 percent.

8.有时用case, point, time, situation或reason等抽象名词来总结主句的内容，可用“介词+ which +抽象名词”构成从句

Ten years of hard work changed her greatly , for which reason he could hardly recognise her at first sight.

The machine may be out of order , in which case it will be repaired at once.

9.在非限制性定语从句关系代词用以代表主句中谓语的整个概念，从句中的谓语动词是否定形式时，常用which

He can write a letter in English, which I can not.

Metal will bear beating with a hammer, which a stone willl not

10.在非限制性定语从句关系代词代表前面主句中的宾语从句时，常用which He said he had passed the exam , which was untrue.

1.The owner of the cinema needed to make a lot of improvements and employ more people to keep it running ,____meant spending tens of thousands of pounds. A.who B.that C.as D.which

2.Jim passed the driving test,____surprised everybody in the office. A.which B.that C.this D.it

3.The road conditions there turned out be very good,____was more than we could expect. A.it B.what C.which .that

4.Mark was a student at this university from 1999 to 20xx,____he studied very hard was made Chairman of the Students’ Union.

A.during which time B.for which time .during whose time D.by that time

5.The Science Museum ,______we visited during a recent trip to Britain , is one of London’s tourist attractions. A.which B.what C.tha tD.where

6.The Beatles,_____many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool. A.what B.that C.how D.as

7.______I expained on the phone , your request will be considered at the next meeting. A.When B.After C.Wha tD.Since

8.___is often the case, we have worked out the production plan. A.Which B.When C.What D.As

9. ____has been announced , we shall have our final exams next month. A.That B.As C.It D.What

10. ____is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress. A.It B.As C.That D.What DACAA DCDBB

第三篇：with用法小结

1． 具有；带有 having;carrying

Soon he came to a river with a wooden bridge over it. 不久，他来到了架有木头桥的河边。

China is a country with a long history. 中国是一个历史悠久的国家。

The girl with long hair is my sister.那个留长发的姑娘是我妹妹

注意：with ,about ,和in均可表示特征和属性.

With表示属于人和物的显著特点;about表示附属于人或物不可捉摸的的特点;

In表示附属与人或物的内部固有特点.

His uncle is an old man with a red nose.它的叔叔是位红鼻子老人。

There is a certain charm about that man.那个人有某种魅力。

There is something strange in him.他身上有点奇怪的地方。

2． 用；使用（工具、手段等） word that shows what you are using

He was writing with a pencil. 他在用铅笔写字。

The streets are paved with stone. 街道铺了石子。

He was killed with a knife =Someone killed him with a knife.有人用刀杀了他. He was killed by a falling rock.=A falling rock killed him.他被落石砸死了. The tops of the mountains are covered with snow. 山顶上覆盖着白雪。 注意：(1). “With+东西”表示行为的主体通常是人把该物体当作工具来使用

“by+东西” 表示并非 “人”而是该“东西”才是行为的主体

He was killed with a knife =Someone killed him with a knife.有人用刀杀了他. He was killed by a falling rock.=A falling rock killed him.他被落石砸死了.

(2).with跟使用的工具；In跟使用的材料。同时使用工具和材料使用with.

May I write with a pencil我可以用铅笔写吗

He gave his card,with a few words in pencil.他把它的名便给我,上面有几个铅笔字. It must be written with pen and blue ink.这必须用铅笔和蓝墨水书写. （同时使用）

3． 与…一道；跟…一起 word that shows things or people are together Robert is playing with his friend. 罗伯特跟他的朋友在一起玩。

I shall go there with my students. 我将和同学们一起去那里。 I'm going to finish the job with my friends. 我要和朋友们一起把活干完。

4． 在…一边；与…一致；拥护 on the same side; agreeing

I agree with you. 我同意你的意见。

Are you with us or against us 你是拥护我们还是反对我们？

5． …对…；与…对垒 against

She was angry with me. 她生我的气。

Don't fight with your brother. 别和你弟弟打架。

6． 由于；因为 because of (这种语义的with多半与表示情绪的词连用

She was red with anger .她愤怒的张红了脸

The baby was crying with hunger. 婴儿在哭，因为他饿了。

She was dying with hunger. 她饿得要命。

Don't become dizzy with success. 别因为胜利而冲昏了头脑。

7． （表示行为、方式）以…；带着 word that shows how something happens,how you do something,etc.

He spoke with anger. 他生气地说。

We run our school with advanced thought. 我们用先进的思想管理学校。

He came with a new dictionary. 他是带着一本新词典来的。

8． 随着 in the same way as;at the same time as

A tree's shadow moves with the sun. 树荫随太阳而移动。

A man grows wiser with age. 随着年令的增长，人变得更聪明。

The shadow moves with the sun. 影子随着太阳而动。

9.其他常用句型

So it is with +宾格代词…某人的情况也如此.

——He is clever and likes English

——So it is with his brother.

As is often the case (with sb..)对某人来说是常事.

AS is often the case with him,he is late again ,

As with…正如…的情形一样

As with young birds ,the time comes for young people to leave their famile It is the same with…某人的情况也如此。

——He likes football but doesn‘t like basketball.

——It is the same with his brother.

区别：The boy in a red T-shirt is Robert Jenkins.穿一件红色T裇的男孩是罗伯特.杰肯斯

The boy with a red T-shirt is Robert Jenkins.拿一件红色T裇的男孩是罗伯特.杰肯斯

With复合结构的用法

with结构是许多英语复合结构中最常用的一种。学好它对学好复合宾语结构、不定式复合

结构、动名词复合结构和独立主格结构均能起很重要的作用。本文就此的构成、特点及用法等作一较全面阐述，以帮助同学们掌握这一重要的语法知识。

一、 with结构的构成

它是由介词with或without+复合结构构成，复合结构作介词with或without的复合宾语，复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词或代词充当，第二

部分补足语由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当，分词可以是现在分词，也可以是过去分词。With结构构成方式如下：

1. with或without-名词/代词+形容词；

2. with或without-名词/代词+副词；

3. with或without-名词/代词+介词短语；

4. with或without-名词/代词 +动词不定式；

5. with或without-名词/代词 +分词。

下面分别举例：

1、 She came into the room，with her nose red because of cold.（with+名词+形容词，作伴随状语）

2、 With the meal over ， we all went home.（with+名词+副词，作时间状语）

3、The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。（with+名词+介词短语，作伴随状语。） The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand.

4、He lay in the dark empty house，with not a man ，woman or child to say he was kind to me.（with+名词+不定式，作伴随状语） He could not finish it without me to help him.（without+代词 +不定式，作条件状语）

5、She fell asleep with the light burning.（with+名词+现在分词 ，作伴随状语） Without anything left in the cupboard， shewent out to get something to eat.（without+代词+过去分词，作为原因状语）

二、with结构的用法

在句子中with结构多数充当状语，表示行为方式，伴随情况、时间、原因或条件（详见上述例句）。

With结构在句中也可以作定语。例如：

1.I like eating the mooncakes with eggs.

2.From space the earth looks like a huge water-covered globe with a few patches of land sticking out above the water.

3.A little boy with two of his front teeth missing ran into the house.

三、 with结构的特点

1. with结构由介词with或without+复合结构构成。复合结构中第一部分与第二部分语法上是宾语和宾语补足语关系，而在逻辑上，却具有主谓关系，也就是说，可以用第一部分作主语，第二部分作谓语，构成一个句子。例如： With him taken care of，we felt quite relieved.（欣慰）→（He was taken good care of.） She fell asleep with the light burning. →（The light was burning.） With her hair gone，there could be no use for them. →（Her hair was gone.）

2. 在with结构中，第一部分为人称代词时，则该用宾格代词。例如： He could not finish it without me to help him.

四、 几点说明：

1. with结构在句子中的位置： with 结构在句中作状语，表示时间、条件、原因时一般放

在句子前面，并用逗号与句子分开；表示方式和伴随状况时一般放在句子后面，不用逗号分开。若with结构作定语，则放在所修饰的名词之后，一般不用逗号隔开。

2. with结构作状语时，不定式、现在分词 、和过去分词的区别： 在with结构中，不定式、现在分词作宾补，表示主动，但是不定式表示将要发生的动作，而现在分词表示正在发生或发生了的动作；过去分词表示被动或完成。

例如： With the boy leading the way，we found he house easily.（小男孩已领过路）

With the boy to lead the way，we will find the house easily tomorrow.（小男孩明天将领路）

He lay on the bed with the bedroom door shut.（寝室被关着）

3. with结构与一般的with短语的区别： with结构具有上述功能和特点，而\"介词with+名词或代词（组）\"组成的一般的with短语在句子中可以作定语和状语。作状语时，它能表示动作的方式、原因，但不能表示时间、伴随和条件。在一般的with短语中，with后面所跟的不是复合结构，也根本没有逻辑上的主谓关系。

4. with结构与独立主格结构的关系： with结构属于独立主格结构，但在结构上，with结构由介词with或without引导，名词前有冠词、形容词、所有格代词或其它词类所修饰，结构较松散；而独立主格结构没有with或without引导，结构严密，名词前可用可不用修饰语。在句法功能上，with结构可以作定语，独立主格结构则不能；独立主格结构通常在句中作状语，但也可以作主语，而with结构则不能。

独立主格在口语中不常用，往往由一个从句代替，而with结构较口语化，较常用。例如： There were rows of white houses with trees in front of them.（\"with+复合宾语\"结构，在句中作定语）

A strong man working a whole day could not jump this high.（名词+现在分词构成的独立主格结构，作主语）

The boy said，turning to the man，his eyes opened wide and his hand raised.（独立主格结构，表示伴随状况或行为方式，作状语）

Then last night，I followed him here，and climbed in，sword in hand.（名词+介词短语构成的独立主格结构，作状语，表示伴随情况） board， she went out to get something to eat.（without+代词+过去分词，作为原因状语）