《弦理论 史蒂芬*霍金---概述》

弦理论或超弦理论可定义为以下五个方面：它是现在最有希望将自然界的基本粒子和四种相互作用力统一起来的理论；它认为弦是物质组成的最基本单元，所有的基本粒子如电子、光子、中微子和夸克都是弦的不同振动激发态；它第一次将二十世纪的两大基础理论——广义相对论和量子力学结合到一个数学上自治的框架里；它有可能解决一些长期困扰物理学家的黑洞本质和宇宙起源等世纪难题；它的实验证实将从根本上改变人们对物质结构、空间和时间的认识。

第二篇：史蒂芬霍金英文版

评价Hawking is one of the globe's best-known scientists because of his best-selling works on the mysteries of black holes and the origins of the universe, and because of his increasing disability due to a degenerative nerve disease known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. He is almost completely paralyzed and can communicate only via facial gestures and a gesture-controlled computer system.

Stephen Hawking is the greatest physicist since Albert Einstein. He is famous and successful, but he is also disabled.

生平Stephen Hawking was born in 1942 in Oxford, England. His father was a specialist in tropical diseases. Stephen wanted to be a scientist too. He went to the University of Oxford and received a degree in physics. He went to the University of Cambridge to study for a Ph.D. During this time doctors discovered that he had ALS(肌萎缩性骨髓侧索硬化症),which is sometimes called Lou Gehrig's disease(卢伽雷病). This fatal disease weakens all of the body's muscles. Most people with ALS live for five years. The doctors thought Hawking would live only two and a half more years. When Hawking heard this, he became very depressed.

At about this time he met Jane Wilde,a language student at Cambridge. They fell in love and got married in 1965. Hawking has often said that his wife gave him the courage to continue to study and work. Although Hawking had become more severely paralyzed, he became a professor at Cambridge. Luckily, the work of a physicist only requires one thing: the mind. Hawking had a son and then a daughter. He had another son 12 years later when his disease had gotten much worse. His youngest son has never heard his father's real voice. He has only heard the voice from the computer.

Hawking does research about how the universe began. He sees connections and works out explanations that other people cannot. His research has influenced many other scientists. Some of his ideas are so advanced that other scientists cannot prove them yet.

As his disease got worse, money became a problem for Stephen Hawking. He had a lot of medical expenses. He needed special wheelchairs, nurses 24 hours a day, and machines to help him read and speak. To earn extra money, Hawking gave speeches and published articles. Then someone told him to write a book that explained the universe to ordinary people. Hawking agreed and wrote A Brief History of Time. The book sold over 8 million copies worldwide, and Hawking became a millionaire. Even though most people could not understand Hawking's ideas, he amazed them. Hawking became world famous. He met the Queen of England, he was on the covers of magazines, and he appeared on television shows.

In 1990, Hawking ended his 25-year marriage. This was shocking to many of his friends because his wife,Jane, was very devoted to him. She took care of his all of his needs. She fed him, bathedhim, dressedhim, and raised their children by herself. Hawking left her for a younger woman--his nurse! They were married in 1995.

Hawking's strong personality and spirit have helped him to live with ALS for 30 years. He has helped to make people aware of ALS and other disabilities. Hawking teaches us that even though a person is physically disabled, the mind has no limits.