殖民时期——美国梦的开始
? 爱德华
? 富兰克林《格言历书》
《自转》美国最早的传记文学作品,记录他致富过程。 浪漫主义——美国梦的全盛时期
? 欧文，第一个得到欧洲承认的国家,被称为美国文学之父,第一个发掘和表现美国历史和风土人情的作家.传世佳作见闻札记,反映了美国文学从表面上看18世纪的理性主义到本世纪末19世纪浪漫主义的转变,作者自述叙述了见闻札记的原委。大部分以英国为背景,《里普凡温克尔》和《睡谷的传说》以美国风物为背景。
? ,揭露开拓者向西过程中对印第安人的丑恶面目.
? 爱默生，超验主义者,
:反对怀古咏史,要求学者正视 和讴歌现实,吹起了美国文化独立的号角。
核心是美国人要从精神上独立于欧洲大陆，摆脱旧学说的束缚，自 助，自立，自爱。
? 坡，描写人的内心世界和精神状态,一方面对死亡,复仇,转生等题材描写起来肆恣意挥洒,充满了颓废情绪, 含恐怖因素。
《乌鸦》，心爱人的去世
《厄舍古屋的倒塌》
《莫格路上的暗杀》《被盗的信》
? 朗费罗，在文学上创作对欧洲和英国的文学传统亦步亦趋，写的多是关于家庭，儿女，爱情和自然方面的题材。
《人生礼赞》
? 梭罗《华尔腾，或林中生活》，表达一个浪漫主义者对现代文明的鄙弃。超验主义者。
? 析人的内心。
? 梅尔维尔 《白鲸——莫比? 迪克》人必须承认自己心中的恶， 人虽然可以观察世界，或对世界有一定的影响力，但是从根本来说，他不能左右或征服自然。人只要不冒失地自取灭亡，大自然便乐于让他平静的生活。揭示了捕鲸工人的辛勤劳动和智慧，揭示了资本主义的残酷剥削。
? 位和尊严。受爱默生的影响很大。
肉体美。
惨哀鸣。表现诗人在歌颂美国蓬勃发展的经济和年轻的民主社会 的同时，也指出它存在的弊端给人们带来了忧患和苦难。 《啊，船长，我的船长哟》悼念林肯。
? 狄金生，占据她思想的重要问题之一是死亡和永生。认为自然既慈祥又残忍。
《我从未失掉过这么多但有两次》对她2个教师的早逝表示哀悼。 《因为我不能等待死神》，人被死神的和蔼所感动，放弃工作和休 息，和永生经历学校，田野，夕阳西下，
《我死时听到了苍蝇的嗡嗡声》回顾死亡时的情景。
《显然不是冷不防地》，认为自然既慈祥又残忍。
《As Imperceptibly as Grief》诗人描写她异常喜爱的夏天在无声无
息中逝去，夏天的消逝（死的象征）在诗人看来是一种更高的生 活的庄严的开端。
《Mine-by the Right of the White Elcetion》爱情诗。
现实主义和自然主义——对美国梦的怀疑
? 豪威尔斯，美国现实主义文学的倡导者和奠基人之一。
《赛拉斯?拉帕姆的发迹》小说通过主人公在经济上的盛衰升降， 向读者展示出美国内战后资本累积时期的风貌。主人公的新住宅 具有明显的象征意义。它标志着他在事业上的成功，在道德上的 堕落。
? 马克?吐温，美国现实主义文学的倡导者和奠基人之一。提倡创作具有乡土气息的文学作品，主张作家从自己所熟悉的地区开始，描写人民的生活。
《镀金时代》，随着资本主义发展，两极分化日益严重。人们期望 的黄金时代化为泡影，出现的却是令人失望的镀金时代。它标志
着浪漫主义时期的终结，是美国现实主义文学的发端。作者通过 对这个人物的刻画，反映了内战后弥漫全国的投机风气和拜金主 义。
《哈克贝利?费恩历险记》哈克帮助吉姆获得自由。
《汤姆?索耶历险记》
? 詹姆斯，美国现实主义文学的倡导者和奠基人之一，开创了国际小说和国际题裁。他是心理分析小说的创始者之一。
《贵妇人的画像》
《使节》詹姆斯认为最完美的作品。
《苔瑟?密勒》
《美国》
《小说的艺术》
?
，对资本主义进入垄断阶段的社会丑恶进行了鞭 辟入里的揭露。
，求战心切，逃离战场，意识到可耻，再作战。 力图表明现代战争是一场毫无意义的屠杀。结尾表示对人还有一 定的信心，这一点是美国文学中的自然主义传统和法国自然主义 的区别所在。
? 诺里斯
《麦克提格》，描述一个身体强壮的牙医，在他平静而有秩序的生 活环境遭到破坏以后，思想和行为又很快返回到人的原始野蛮状
态去的故。小说在强调环境作用的同时还描写出遗使对人的影响 因此他被称为美国自然主义的宣言。
《章鱼》，指的是专横跋扈的铁路运输公司，小麦和铁路是两种社 会力量，无论什么人也无法操纵它们，描写种麦的农民同运麦的 铁路公司发生的冲突。
? 德莱塞，他早年受社会达尔文主义思想的影响作品有浓厚的自然主义倾向一方面接露了资本主义社会的残酷现实和各种矛盾也流露出消极的命定论和悲观主义的倾向。
《嘉莉妹妹》，嘉莉从乡下到大城市，和别人同居，给别人当情妇， 当演员。优质的物质生活并没有给她带来幸福，她依然感到孤寂 和空虚。
《珍妮姑娘》《金融家》《巨头》《天才》《美国的悲剧》
? 伦敦，他一方面接受了共 产 党宣言和马克思的影响成为社会主义者他描写人民的疾苦和资本改制度的残酷对资产阶级的腐朽和堕落进行揭露。
《马丁?伊登》刻画一个孜孜追求资产阶级上版会生活。到头来却 只得到绝望和自杀的艺术形象。
《野性的呼唤》，描写狗变成狼。
? 欧?亨瑞，短篇小说家
《麦琪的礼物》《The cop and the Anthem》
下册
现代主义——美国梦的破灭 Imagist poetry: imagism, direct treatment of the thing,use as few words as possible.直接描绘事物
? 埃兹拉?庞德
《在地铁站里》意象诗经典作品。
《诗章》The Cantos
? T.S 艾略特，
《J?阿尔弗雷德?普鲁弗洛克的情书》
《荒原》
? 华莱士?
? 威廉?卡洛斯?威廉斯
《春天及一切》
《红色手推车》，最著名的诗
《佩特森》
? 罗伯特?弗罗斯特，有“新英格兰诗人”之称。
《雪夜停在林边》
《补墙》
《The Road Not Taken》, 挚友爱德华?托马斯被卷入一战，生死未 卜，此刻，诗人深感择路的重要。叙事人在林中选择道路，象征 世人多数都会生活在十字路口做出选择。
《Design》, 诗人通过蜘蛛捕蛾这一细微的自然现象，表现对控制 世界的神秘力量的恐惧，具有一种命定论的意味。
《After Apple-Picking》
现代主义小说家：迷失的一代
? 弗?司各特?菲茨杰拉德，为了娶心怡的女孩，努力写作，最后以人间天堂出名。“迷惘一代”的发言人，“爵士乐时代“的代言人，意思是在战后美国经济繁荣时期。
（《大如里兹饭店的钻石》，把对金钱的迫切需要描述得淋漓尽致。 《轻佻这女郎与哲学家》，写的是以菲茨杰拉德夫妇的形象为代表的 战后爱国青年的摩登生活。
《漂亮冤家》则透露出这种生活颓朽的一面。
《最后的一个巨头》，揭露好莱坞电影腐败现象。）
《大人物盖茨比》，
《夜色温柔》，戏剧性地再现了他同妻子间的一些痛苦经历。
? 海明威，渔猎成为他文学创作的重要题材。“迷惘的一代”的代言人
《太阳照样升起》，它描写第一次世界大战后，一群英美青年流落 巴黎时的生活情形。他们沉湎于饮酒、谈情、以此掩盖内心的苦 闷和空虚，但终究不能医治战争给他们造成的心理创伤。
《富有与贫穷》《丧钟为谁而鸣》他已经从关心个人命运转到关心社 会前途。
《丧钟为准而鸣》主人公为帮政府作战，被派往敌人后方炸桥。负
伤后，在生命重危之际仍想着再多消灭一个敌人。最后献出了生命。 《流动的节》一部优秀的散文，在巴黎生活的回忆录。
《永别了，武器》描写战争中的爱情悲剧。主人公被诬谄，和心爱 女子逃跑，妻子在难产中死去。他憎恨战争。战争不堪忍受，已得 到的爱情和幸福也瞬息即逝。
? 福克纳，南方的兴衰荣枯成为他作品的主题。
《喧哗与骚动》标志他已成为美国现代主要作家。
《八月之光》揭示现代人对生活缺乏肯定态度的窘境。 《我弥留之际》他开始为自己的声名不振而担心。
《去吧，摩西》作者对白人和黑人两个种族之间充满痛苦和耻辱的 关系的探讨。
《押沙龙，押沙龙》兄弟阋墙、父子反目、兄妹乱伦。旨在表明， 人的堕落、人心目中的恨压倒爱，是使现代文明解体旳根本原因。 ? 舍伍德?
? 辛克莱?刘易斯，第一个美国诺贝尔文学奖获得者，有“社会问题小说家”之称。他的作品结束了以前的文学传统：即把乡村生活描绘的完美无缺，把中产阶级描写成慈祥善良的化身。
《大街》， 描绘的是一幅沉闷，单调，闭塞的小镇画面，表示小城 镇市民沾沾自喜，沉湎于对物质享受的单纯享受。
《阿罗史密斯》，以发生在医学界的事件为素材，着重反映美国社 会生活中的狭隘，尔虞我诈以及拜金主义的不良倾向。
《巴比特》是美国文学中第一部描写美国商业界“二道贩子”，既
趋附厂主，又取悦于顾客，固守陈规。这些人注重公共关系，忽 略人及感情。
? 威拉?凯瑟，她的主要思想是披露西部小城镇文化的落后和思想 的狭窄。
《我的安东尼娅》，安东尼娅是一个典型的西部乡村女人。她和生活 在城里的吉姆?伯登形成鲜明的对比，一个是朴素，率直，爱得真诚 活的实在。另一个是生活枯燥和不安。吉姆就像寻找失去的乐园一 样回西部去看她，在吉姆对往事的回忆中有一种动人的怀旧情感。 过去的生活已经一去不复返。
《邻居罗西基》，老罗西基曾在城市里工作和生活过，但后来深感城 市对人的窒息，终于回到了乡下。在那里结婚，生子。
? 约翰?多斯?帕索斯
《美国》USA
? 约翰?斯坦贝克
《鼠与人》，两个农民工人的遭遇。2个人想拥有一件房子，土地， 过自立，安定的生活。在他们的梦想即将实现的时候，列尼却成 了飞来横祸。农场主的儿子的媳妇有意勾引列尼，无意中列尼伤害 了她的性命。农场主的儿子到处搜捕列尼。乔治不得不枪杀处于绝 境的列尼。
《愤怒的葡萄》，被誉为美国文化中的一个里程碑。以美国流动农业 工人的生活遭遇以及他们为生存而进行的顽强斗争为题材。 《珍珠》
戏剧
尤金?奥尼尔
《东航加迪夫》美国的戏剧始于此
《毛猿》
《卖冰的人来了》
《进入黑夜的漫长旅程》，家庭悲剧。
二战后的美国——multi-facted
1950s垮掉的一代
艾伦?金斯堡：《嚎叫》
Jack Kerouac: 《on the road》
黑色幽默
约瑟夫?海勒：《第22条军规》
战后现实主义: 赛林杰：《麦田的守望者》
犹太文学 索尔?贝洛《赫尔索格》herzog
黑人文学
? 兰斯顿?休斯, 哈莱姆文艺复兴代表，为美国黑人现实主义文学的发展开辟了道路。
《黑人谈河》,当火车缓缓地通过密西西比河的一座大桥时 ，他 从车窗望着湍急的河水，思索着密西西比河对于黑人意味着什么。 《我长大的时候》，表达了诗人对未来的憧憬。
《房东小调》，政治讽刺诗。在美国波士顿一所黑人学校里，一个教 师因为在课堂上讲授这首诗而被教育当局开除。
? 理查德?
《黑孩子》描述了他14岁以前在南方的生活。父亲在他年幼时离家 出走，母亲带着他弟弟流浪，进孤儿院。小赖特饱尝艰难生活的辛 酸。
、标志美国黑人文学的成熟。黑人青年因无意中杀死白人 小姐最后被判处死刑。
《局外人》《野蛮的假日》
? 拉尔夫?
，主人公跳进一个检修口，在一个地下煤库里躲起来。 就这样，他始终没有找到自己的社会身分，也没得到社会的承认。 ? 托尼?
战后戏剧
田纳西?威廉斯：《玻璃动物园》《欲望号街车》
阿瑟?米勒《推销员之死》，获得最高美国文学奖。
The threatre of the aburd
George Slbee: Who is Afraid of Virginia Woolf?
第二篇：英国文学史复习资料 专八人文知识必备 英语考试必备 英国作家及其作品
英国文学史资料 British Writers and Works I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages <Beowulf>贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons Epic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated. e.g. Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey Artistic features: 1. Using alliteration Definition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵） Some examples on P5 2. Using metaphor and understatement Definition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideas Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里?乔叟 1340(?)~1400 (首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。) The father of English poetry. writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity. ① <The Canterbury Tales>坎特伯雷故事集： first time to use ‘heroic couplet’(双韵体) by middle English ②<Troilus and Criseyde>特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德 ③ <The House of Fame>声誉之宫 Medieval Ages’ popular Literary form: Romance(传奇故事) Famous three：King Arthur Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Beowulf II The Renaissance Period A period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance. Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world. Three historical events of the Renaissance – rebirth or revival: 1. new discoveries in geography and astrology 2. the religious reformation and economic expansion 3. rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture The most famous dramatists: Christopher Marlowe William Shakespeare Ben Johnson. 1. Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙?斯宾塞 1552~1599 （后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。 The poets’ poet. The first to be buried in the Poet’s corner of Westerminster Abbey ） ① <The Faerie Queene>仙后(for Queen Elizabeth) The theme is not “Arms and the man”, but something more romantic “Fierce wars and faithfull loves”. Artistic features: 1. Using Spenserian Stanza Definition of Spenserian Stanza:a stanza of nine lines ababbcbcc. Eight lines in iambic pentameter, and last line in iambic hexameter. ② <The Shepherds Calendar>牧人日历 The theme is to lament over the loss of Rosalind. ③ <Amoretti>爱情小唱? 2. Thomas? More 托马斯?莫尔 1478~1535 One of the greatest English humanists ①<Utopia>乌托邦? 3. Francis? Bacon 弗兰西斯?培根 1561~1626 （哲学家、散文家；在论述探究知识的著作中提出了知识就是力量这一著名论断；近代唯物主义哲学的奠基人和近代实验科学的先驱。 ）
Philosopher, scientist, lay the foundation for modern science. The first English essayist.? Writing style:brevity, compactness&powerfulness, well-arranging and enriching by Biblical allusions, metaphors and philosophy to man’s reason. ①<The Advancement of Learning>学术的推进 ②<Essays>随笔(famous quotas: <Of studies>)? The theme of Of Studies: uses and benefits of study and different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies. 4. Ben Jonson ①<Comedy of Humours> ②<Volpone, or the fox>狐狸 5. Christopher? Marlowe 柯里斯托弗?马洛 1564~1595 “University Wits”, the pioneer of English drama （完善了无韵体诗。 ） Blank verse: written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. ①<The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus>浮士德博士的悲剧（根据德国民间故事书写成） ②<Tamburlaine>帖木耳大帝? ③<The Jew of Malta>马耳他的犹太人 6. William Shakespeare 威廉?莎士比亚 1564~1616? ① Historical plays: Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; Henry V ；Richard II；Henry VIII ②Four Comedies: <As You Like It>皆大欢喜; <Twelfth Night>第十二夜; <A Midsummer Night’S Dream>仲夏夜之梦; <Merchant Of Venice>威尼斯商人 ③Four Tragedies: <Hamlet>哈姆莱特; <Othello>奥赛罗; <King Lear>李尔王; <Macbeth>麦克白 ④Shakespeare Sonnet :154 <The Sonnets> Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefgg A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme. III The 17th Century 1. John Milton 约翰?弥尔顿 1608~1674 （诗人、政论家;失明后写 《失乐园》《复乐园》《力士参孙》） 、 、 。 ①Epics: <Paradise Lost>失乐园? <Paradise? Regained>复乐园 ②Dramatic poem: < Samson Agonistes>力士参孙 ③ <Areopagitica>论出版自由? <The Defence of the English People>为英国人民声辩 ④ <On His Blindness>我的失明 This sonnet is written in iambic pentameter rhymed in abba abba cde cde, typical of Italian sonnet. Its theme is that people use their talent for God, and they serve him best sho can endure the suffering best. 2. John Bunyan 约翰?班扬 1628~1688 （代表作《天路历程》 ，宗教寓言，被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，是英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁的《神曲》 、奥古斯丁的《忏悔录》并列为世界三大宗教题材文学杰 作。 ） Puritan poet(清教徒派诗人) ①Religionary Allegory:<The Pilgrim’s Progress>天路历程? 3. John Donne the Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人). Metaphysical Poetry(玄学诗)： （用语）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual, (形式)the form is frequently an argument with the poet’s beloved, with god, or with himself.（主题：love, religious, thought） Artistic features: 1. conceits or imagery 奇思妙喻 2. syllogism 三段论 ① Meditations 沉思录 The Flea 虱子 ② Songs And Sonnets Holy Sonnets ③Valediction:
<Forbidding Mourning> IV The 18th Century A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) and accuracy The Age of Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18th century) 小说崛起：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel rised(realistic novel 现实主义小说) Gothic novel(哥特式小说)：mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century) 1. Alexander? Pope 亚历山大?蒲柏 1688~1744 （18 世纪英国最伟大的诗人，其诗多用“英雄双韵体”/ “ heroic couplets”。词句工整、精练、富有哲理性。 ） One of the first to introduce rationalism to England. ①<An Essay on Criticism>批评论? Artistic features: 1.Using “heroic couplets” ② <The Rape of the Lock>卷发遇劫记 ③ <Moral Essays>道德论 <Essay on Man>人论? <The Dunciad>愚人记 2. Samuel? Johnson 塞缪尔?约翰逊 1709~1784 ①Dictionary =<A Dictionary of English Language>英语大词典? 3. Jonathan Swift 乔纳森?斯威夫特 1667~1745 （十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家 a master satirist。 ） ① <Gulliver’s Travels>格列佛游记(fictional work) Four parts: Lilliput 小人国 Brobdingnag 大人国 Flying Island 飞岛 Houyhnhnm 马岛 <A Modest Proposal>一个小小的建议? ② <The Battle of Books>书战 ③ <A Tale of a Tub>木桶的故事? ④ <The Drapper’s Letters>一个麻布商的书信 4. Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔?笛福 1660~1731 （小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人。 ）? He is the first writer study of the lower-class people,hislanguage is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular, and he is the founder of realistic novel. ① <Robinson? Crusoe>鲁宾逊漂流记 It praise the fortitude of the human labor and the Puritan. Robinson grew from a naive and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England. ② <Moll Flanders> ③ <Colonel Jacque> ④ <Captain singleton> 5. Henry Fielding 亨利?菲尔丁 1707~1754 （英国小说家，戏剧家，被誉为“英国小说之父” 。 ） He is called “Father of English novel”. He was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose”(散文体史诗), and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style. ① novels: <The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling>弃婴汤姆?琼斯 <The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews>约瑟夫?安德鲁 <The Life of Mr Jonathan Wild, the Great>大诗人江奈生?威尔德 <Amelia>爱米利亚? ② plays: <The Historical Register for 173
6>一七三六年历史记事 <Don Quixote in England>堂吉柯德在英国? Oliver Goldsmith 奥利弗?格尔德斯密斯 1730~1774 ① poems: <The Traveller>旅游人 <The Deserted Village>荒村 ② novel: <The Vicar of Wakefield>威克菲尔德牧师传? Richard Brinsley Sheridan 理查德?布林斯利?施莱登 1751~1816 ① <The Rivals>情敌? ② <The School? for Scandal>造谣学校6.7.8. William Blake 威廉?布莱克 1757~1827 ① <Songs of Innocence>天真之歌 A happy and innocent world from children’s eye. ② <Songs of Experience>经验之歌 A word of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone from men eyes. Include: <The Chimney Sweeper> <London> <The Tyger> Lamb is a symbol of peace and purity Tyger is a symbol of dread and oiolence ③ <The Marriage of Heaven and Hell>天堂与地狱的婚姻? 9. Robert Burns 罗伯特?彭斯 1759~1796 The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century. Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect 主要用苏格兰方言写的诗 ① <John Anderson, My Jo>约翰?安德生，我的爱人 ② <A Red, Red Rose>一朵红红的玫瑰? ③ <Auld Long? Syne>往昔时光 ④ <A Man’s a Man for A’That>不管那一套? ⑤ <My Heart’s in the? Highlands>我的心在那高原上 ⑥ <Bruce At Bannockburn> ⑦ <The Tree Of Liberty> V The Romantic Period The romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s <Lyrical Ballads>, and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death. Romanticism:It emphasize the specialqualitie of each individual’s mind.(人应该是独立自由的个体) In it, emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace. Two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen (realistic) and Walter Scott (romantic). “The Lake Poets”湖畔诗人，who lived in the lake district. William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Robert Southey 1. William Wordsworth 威廉?华兹华斯 1770~1850 （与柯尔律治、骚塞同被称为“湖畔派”诗人。 The Lake Poets） ① <Lyrical Ballads>抒情歌谣集(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge) ② <I Wondered Lonely As A Cloud> Theme:1.Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that give him “strength and knowledge fullof peace” 2.It is bliss to recolled the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude. Comment:The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils(水仙) and poet’s philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts. ③ Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey ④ The Solitary Reaper 孤独的割麦女 ② <The Prelude>序曲 Samuel Taylor Coleridge 塞缪尔?泰勒?科尔律治 1772~1834 The Lake Poets ① <The Rime of
the Ancient Mariner>古舟子颂 ② <Christabel>柯里斯塔贝尔 ③ <Kubla Khan>忽必烈汗 Artistic features: mysticism, demonism with strong imagination, ④ <Frost at Night>半夜冰霜 ⑤ <Dejection, an Ode>忧郁颂 ⑥ <Lyrical Ballads>抒情歌谣集(with William Wordsworth)2.a strange territory3.4.George Gordon Byron 乔治?戈登?拜伦 1788~1824 （拜伦式英雄 Byronic heroes 孤傲、狂热、浪漫，却充满了反抗精神。内心充满了孤独与苦闷，却又蔑视群小。恰尔德·哈罗德是拜伦诗歌中第一个“拜伦式英雄”。 ）? “Byronic hero” is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles. ① <Don Juan>唐?璜 <Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage>恰尔德?哈罗德尔游记 <Cain>该隐 ② <When We Two Parted>当初我们俩分别 <She Walks In Beauty> Persy Bysshe Shelley 波西?比希?雪莱 1792~1822 ① Poetic Drama：<Prometheus Unbound>解放了的普罗米修斯 Theme: the drama celebraies man’s victory over tyranny and oppression ② <Queen Mab>麦布女王 <Revolt of Islam>伊斯兰的反叛 <The Cenci>钦契一家 <A Defence of Poetry>诗辩 <The Necessity of Atheism>无神论的必要性 ③ Lyrics: <Ode to the West Wind>西风颂 Theme: The author express his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. Compare the west wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the trees, and preserver of the new who scatter the seads shich sill come to life in the spring. This is a poem about renewal, about the wind blowing life back into dead things, implying not just an arc of life (which would end at death) but a cycle, which only starts again when something dies. Comment: Percy Bysshe Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind" is written in iambic pentameter. It contains five sonnet length stanzas, each with a closing couplet. The rhyming scheme form is aba bcb cdc ded ee. The tone is poignant. Many will agree that this poem is an invocation for an unseen force to take control and revive life. Artistic features: Using rerza rima(三行诗 aba bcb cdc ded efe …) <To a Skylark>致云雀5. John? Keats 约翰?济慈 1795~1821 (“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名诗句。) ① Four great odes: <Ode on a Grecian Urn>希腊古瓮颂 <Ode to a Nightingale>夜莺颂 <Ode to Psyche>心灵颂 <Ode On Melancholy> 忧郁颂 ② <To Autumn>秋颂? Theme: The theme of John Keats' poem, "To Autumn", is that change is both natural and beautiful. The poem praises the glories of the fall season by using almost every type of imagery to both charm and appeal to the reader. Comment: The speaker in the poem acknowledges that time passes by, but also asserts that this change usually yields something new and better than what came before. Each of the poem's three stanzas represents the evolving of two different types of change. One type of change shown in the poem is the change of periods in a d
ay. 6. Jane Austen 简?奥斯丁 1775~1817? She compared her works to a fine engraving upon a literary piece of ivory only inches squire. ① <Sense and Sensibility>理智与感情 <Pride and Prejudic> 傲慢与偏见(chapter I) 【Elizabeth Bennet & Darcy】in the end false pride is humbled and prejudice dissolved 【Collins & Charlotte Lucas】see the reality of marriage as a necessary step if a woman is to avoid the wretchedness of aging spinsterhood 【Lydia & Wickham】shown the dangers of feckless relationships unsupported by money. 【Mr.&Mrs. Bennet, Mr. Collins, Lady Catherine de Burgh】comic characters <Mansfield Park>曼斯菲尔德庄园 <Emma>爱玛 <Northanger Abbey>诺桑觉寺 <Persuasion>劝导7. Walter? Scott 沃尔特?斯科特 1771~1832 (历史小说之父”)Father of history novels ① <Rob Roy> ② <Ivanhoe> VI罗伯?罗伊 艾凡赫The Victorian Period Common sense and moral propreity, again became the predominant preoccupation. Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people and everyday events. 1. Charles Dickens 查尔斯?狄更斯 1812~1870 （批判现实主义小说家）critical realist writer ① <The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club>匹克威克外传 ② <Oliver Twist>奥利弗?特维斯特（雾都孤儿） ③ <The Old Curiosity Shop>老古玩店 ④ <A Christmas Carol>圣诞颂歌 ⑤ <Dombey and Son>董贝父子 ⑥ <David Copperfield>大卫?科波菲尔 ⑦ <Bleak House>荒凉山庄 <Hard Times>艰难时世 ⑧ <A Tale of Two Cities>双城记(London & Paris) ⑨ <Great Expectations>远大前程 ⑩ <Our Mutual Friend>我们共同的朋友 2. William Makepeace Thackeray 威廉?麦克匹斯?萨克雷 1811~1863 ①<Vanity Fair> or a Novel without a Hero 名利场(the name is an excerpt from <The Pilgrim’s Progress>by John Bunyan) ②<The Book Of Snobs>3. Charlotte Bronte 夏洛蒂?勃朗特 1816~1855 ① <Jane Eyre>简?爱 Jane Eyre, a plain little orphan, was sent to Lowood, a charity school. There she suffer a lot and 8 years later she left school and became a boverness at Thornfield Hall. There she falls in love with the master,Mr. Rochester. It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, e.g. charity institution such as Lowood School It is a successful introduction to the first governess heoine in the English novel, whom represents those middle-class working women struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being. ② <Shirley>雪莉 ③ <Professor>教师 4. Emily Bronte 艾米莉?勃朗特 1818~1854 ① < Wuthering? Heights>呼啸山庄 A story about two familie and an intruding stranger. 【TheEarnshaw Family】Mr. Earnshaw, his wife, the son Hindley, the daughter Catherine, Heathcliff 【The Linton Family】Mr.Linton, his wife, son Edgar, daughter Isabella ② < Old Stoic> George Eliot 乔治?艾略特 1819~1880? ① <The Mill on the Floss>弗洛斯河上的磨坊 ② < Adam? Bede>亚
当?比德 ③ < Silas? Marner>织工马南 ④ < Middlemarch>米德尔马契5.6. Alfred Tennyson 阿尔弗莱德?丁尼生 1809~1892 （维多利亚时代最具代表性的伟大诗人） Poet Laureate （桂冠诗人） ① < In Memoriam>悼念 To memorialize his friend ② < Break,? Break, Break>冲击、冲击、冲击 ③ < Idylls of the King>国王叙事诗 7. Robert? Browning 罗伯特?白朗宁 1812~1889 ① < My Last Dutchess>我已故的公爵夫人 ② < Home Thoughts From Abroad>海外乡思 Elizabeth Barrett Browing: ① <Sonnet from the Portuguese>葡萄牙十四行诗 8. Robert Louis Stevenson ① <Treasure Island>金银岛9. Thomas? Hardy 托马斯?哈代 1840~1928 （小说多以农村生活为背景；自然主义小说家。Wessex novels; novels of character and environment） ⑴ Novels ① < Tess Of The D’Urbervilles>德伯家的苔丝 Theme:experience is as to intensity, and not as to duration ② < Jude The Obscure>无名的裘德 ③ < Under The Greenwood Tree>绿荫下 ④ < Far From? The Madding Crowd>远离尘嚣 ⑤ < The Mayor Of Casterbridge>卡斯特桥市长 ⑥ < The Return of the Native>还乡 ⑵ Poems Wessex Poems And Other Verses Poems Of The Past And Present The Dynasts 列国 VII 1900~1950 The 20th Century Playwrights ① Oscar Wilde ② George Bernard Shaw 1. Oscar Wilde 奥斯卡?王尔德 1856~1900 （The Aesthetic Movement: Art for Art’s Sake） ① 4 Comedies: <The Importance Of Being Earnest>认真的重要 <Lady Windermere’s Fan>温德米尔夫人的扇子 <A Woman Of No Importance>一个无足轻重的女人 <An Ideal Husband>理想的丈夫 ② Novel: <The Picture Of Dorian Gray>多利安?格雷的画像 ③ Fairy Stories: <The Happy Prince And Other Tales>快乐王子故事集 2. George Bernard Shaw 乔治?伯纳?萧 1856~1950 (英国杰出的批判现实主义剧作家）critical realistic dramatist ⑴ Plays ① Plays Unpleasant <Mrs Warren’S Profession>华伦夫人的职业 <Widowers’ Houses>鳏夫的房产 ② Plays Pleasant <Arms And Man>武器与人 <The Man Of Destiny>左右命运的人 ③Plays <Man And Superman>人与超人 <Pygmalion>匹格玛利翁 <The Apple Cart>苹果车 <Saint? Joan>圣女贞德 Novelists (Realists) 1. Joseph Concrad ①<Lord Jim>吉姆爷 ②<Heart Of Darkness>黑暗的心 1.Why the book’s title is Heart of Darkness? The story happened in Congo, the heart of Africa, and the color of people’s skin in there is black. Most important point about the title is to the evil in humans’ heart. 2.What is the symbolism of black and white 【Black / dark- 】death, evil, ignorance, mystery, savagery, uncivilized Middle Ages, when science and knowledge was suppressed, as the Dark Ages. According to Christianity, in the beginning of time all was dark and God created light. According to Heart of Darkness, before the Romans came, England was dark. In the same way, Africa was considered to be in the “dark stage”. 【White / light
】life, goodness, enlightenment, civilized, religion. Yet, in Concrad, the usual pattern is reverse and darkness means truth(The truth within, therefore dark and obscure.), whiteness means falsehood. This contrast tells a political truth about colonialism in the Congo. The contrast also suggests a psychological truth about Marlow and the Europeans mind. White also suggests any number of unpleasant moral truths. The trade in ivory is white and dirty.Kurtz the white man is totally corrupt 3.Comment The book implies that civilizations are created by the laws and codes that encourage men to achieve higher standards. The law acts as a buffer to prevent men from reverting back to their darker tendencies. Civilization, however, must be learned. London itself, in the book a symbol of enlightenment, was once "one of the darker places of the earth" before the Romans forced civilization upon the Britons.But civilized society does not get rid of primeval savage tendencies which lurk in the background. This savagery is seen in Kurtz. Marlow meets Kurtz and he finds a man that has totally thrown off the restraint of civilization and has de-evolved into a primitive state. 4.Character 【Kurtz】 represents what every man will become if left to his own intrinsic desires without a protective, civilized environment. 【Marlow】 represents the civilized soul that has not been drawn back into savagery by a dark, alienating jungle. 5.Narrative Structure In Heart of Darkness, we have an outside narrator telling us a story he has heard from Marlow. The story Marlow tells centers around Kurtz.However, most of what Marlow knows about Kurtz, he has learned from others.They have good reason for not being truthful to Marlow. Therefore Marlow has to piece together much of Kurtz’s story. 2. William Somerset Maugham <Of Human Bondage>人性的枷锁 3. Edward Morgan Foster (E.M.Foster) <A Passage To India>印度之行 <Hawards End>霍华兹别墅 Modernists ⑴ 3 Novelists ① James Joyce ② David Herbert Lawrence ③ Virgirnia Woolf 1. David Herbert Lawrence 戴维?赫伯特?劳伦斯 1885~1930 ① <Sons And Lovers>儿子与情人(autobiographical) 【Mrs. Morel】, daughter of a middle-class family, is "a woman of character and refinement", a strong-willed, intelligent and ambitious woman who is fascinated by a warm, vigorous and sensuous coal miner, Walter Morel, and married beneath her own class.Then, she was desponded at her husband and put her love to her sons. She hopes that they will become outstanding 【Paul Morel】depends heavily on his mother’s love and help to make sense of the world around him. He struggle to free from his mother’s influence, but he failed. After his mother has died and he is left alone, in despair. Theme: Lawrence was one of the first novelists to introduce themes of psychology into his works. He believed that the healthy way of the individual’s psychological development lay in the primacy of the life implulse, or in another term
, the sexual impulse.huaman sexuality was, to Lawrence, a symbol of life force.by presenting the psychological experience of indivudual human life and of human relationships, Lawrence has opened up a wide new territory to the novel Oedipus Complex is a thematic feature of D. H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers ②<The Rainbow>虹? ③<Women In Love>恋爱中的女人 ④ <Lady Chatterley’s Lover>查特莱夫人的情人 2. James? Joyce 詹姆斯?乔伊斯 1882~1941 （爱尔兰小说家，意识流小说的代表人物）stream-of-consciousness <Ulysses>尤利西斯(S_O_C) <A Portrait Of The Artist As A Young Man>一个青年艺术家的肖像 <Finnegans Wake>芬尼根的苏醒 <Dubliners>都柏林 Virginia Woolf 弗吉尼娅?沃尔芙 1882~1941 （意识流小说的代表人物）stream-of-consciousness ① Novels <Mrs? Dalloway>达洛维夫人 <To The Lighthouse>到灯塔去 <The Waves>浪 <The Lighthouse> <Jacob’s Room> 雅各布的房间 <Orlando> 奥兰朵 <Between The Acts>幕间 ⑵ 2 Poets ① W. B. Yeats (William Butler Yeats ) ② T.S. Eliot ( Thomas Sterns Eliot ) 1.William Butler? Yeats 威廉?勃特勒?叶茨 1865~1939 （爱尔兰诗人，剧作家； The Irish nationalist movement 爱尔兰独立运动； The Irish Literary Revival 爱尔兰文艺复兴； The Irish Literary Theater, or the Abbey Theater 爱尔兰民族剧团） ⑴ collections ① <The Wind Among The Reeds> 苇风 <Responsibilities> 责任 ② <The Tower> 塔 <The Winding Stair> 旋转的楼梯 ⑵ Poems <Easter 1916>复活节，1916 <The Second Coming> 第二次来临/再世 <Sailing To Byzantium> 到拜占庭航行 2. Thomas Sterns Eliot（诗人，剧作家，批评家） ⑴ Poems ① <The Waste Land> ② <Four Quartets>四个四重奏 ③ <The Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock> ⑵ Plays ① <Murder In The Cathedral> 大教堂谋杀案 en·light·en·ment a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. It was heavily influenced by 17th-century philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Newton, and its prominent exponents include Kant, Goethe, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Adam Smith hu·man·ism Noun /? (h)yo om?niz? ? m/3.1.An outlook or system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters. Humanist beliefs stress the potential value and goodness of human beings, emphasize common human needs, and seek solely rational ways of solving human problems2.A Renaissance cultural movement that turned away from medieval scholasticism and revived interest in ancient Greek and Roman thought3.(among some contemporary writers) A system of thought criticized as being centered on the notion of the rational, autonomous self and ignoring the unintegrated and conditioned nature of the individualTo be, or not to be: that is the question: Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or
to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them. To die: to sleep; No more; and by a sleep to say we end The heart-ache, and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to, 'tis a consummation Devoutly to be wish'd. To die, to sleep; To sleep: perchance to dream: aye, there's the rub; For in that sleep of death what dreams may come, When we have shuffled off this mortal coil, Must give us pause: there's the respect That makes calamity of so long life; For who would bear the whips and scorns of time, The oppressor's wrong, the proud man's contumely, The pangs of despised love, the law's delay, The insolence of office, and the spurns That patient merit of the unworthy takes, When he himself might his quietus make With a bare bodkin? who would fardels bear, To grunt and sweat under a weary life, But that the dread of something after death, The undiscover'd country from whose bourn No traveler returns, puzzles the will, And makes us rather bear those ills we have Than fly to others that we know not of? Thus conscience does make cowards of us all, And thus the native hue of resolution Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought, And enterprises of great pitch and moment With this regard their currents turn awry And lose the name of action.读 William Blake，London I wander thro' each charter'd street, 我走过每条独占的街道徘徊 Near where the charter'd Thames does flow, 在独占的泰晤士河边 And mark in every face I meet 我看见每个过往的行人 Marks of weakness, marks of woe. 有一张衰弱、痛苦的脸。 In every cry of every Man, 每个人的每声呼喊 In every Infant's cry of fear, 每个婴孩害怕的号叫， In very voice, in every ban, 每句话，每条禁令， The mind-for'd manacles I hear. 都响着心灵铸成的镣拷 How the Chimney-sweeper's cry 多少扫烟囱孩子的喊叫 Every black'ning Church appalls; 震惊了一座座熏黑的教堂 And the hapless Soldier's sigh 不幸兵士的长叹 Runs in blood down Palace walls. 化成鲜血流下了宫墙。 But most thro' midnight streets I hear 最怕是深夜的街头 How the youthful Harlot's curse 又听年轻妓女的诅咒 Blasts the new born Infant's tear, 它骇住了初生儿的眼泪 And blights with plagues the Marriage hearse. ，又带来瘟疫，使婚车变厉灵柩 The Tiger Tiger! Tiger! burning bright 老虎！老虎！火一样辉煌， In the forests of the night, 烧穿了黑夜的森林和草莽， What immortal hand or eye 什么样非凡的手和眼睛 Could frame thy fearful symmetry? 能塑造你一身惊人的匀称？ In what distant deeps or skies 什么样遥远的海底、天边 Burnt the fire of thine eyes? 烧出了做你眼睛的火焰？ On what wings dare he aspire? 跨什么翅膀它胆敢去凌空？ What the hand dare seize the fire? 凭什么铁掌抓一把火种？ And what shoulder, and what art, 什么样功夫，什么样胳膊 Could twist the sinews of thy heart? 拗得成你五脏
六腑的筋络？ And when thy heart began to beat, 等到你的心一开始蹦跳， What dread hand and what dread feet? 什么样惊心动魄的手、脚？ What the hammer? What the chain? 什么样铁链？什么样铁锤？ In what furnace was thy brain? 什么样熔炉里炼你的脑髓？ What the anvil? What dread grasp 什么样铁砧？什么样猛劲 Dare its deadly terrors clasp? 一下子掐住了骇人的雷霆？ When the stars threw down their spears, 到临了，星星扔下了金枪， And water'd heaven with their tears, 千万滴银泪洒遍了苍穹， Did He smile His work to see? 完工了再看看，他可会笑笑？ Did He who made the Lamb make thee? 不就是造羊的把你也造了？ Tiger! Tiger! burning bright 老虎！老虎！火一样辉煌， In the forests of the night, 烧穿了黑夜的森林和草莽， What immortal hand or eyes 什么样非凡的手和眼睛 Dare frame thy fearful symmetry? A Red, Red Rose by Robert Burns 能塑造你一身惊人的匀称？O my luve's like a red, red rose. 呵，我的爱人像朵红红的玫瑰 That's newly sprung in June; 六月里迎风初开； O my luve's like a melodie 呵，我的爱人像支甜甜的曲子， That's sweetly play'd in tune. 奏得合拍又和谐 As fair art thou, my bonnie lass, 我的好姑娘，多么美丽的人儿！！，。 So deep in luve am I; 请看我，多么深挚的爱情 And I will love thee still, my Dear, 亲爱的，我永远爱你 Till a'the seas gang dry. 纵使大海干涸水流尽 Till a' the seas gang dry, my Dear, 纵使大海干涸水流尽，，， And the rocks melt wi' the sun: 太阳将岩石烧作灰尘 I will luve thee still, my Dear, 亲爱的，我永远爱你 While the sands o'life shall run. 只要我一息犹存 And fare thee weel my only Luve! 珍重吧，我唯一的爱人 And fare thee weel a while! 珍重吧，让我们暂时别离 And I will come again, my Luve, 但我定要回来 Tho' it were ten thousand mile 哪怕千里万里 My heart's in the highland 我的心呀在高原 My heart's in the highlands,my heart is not here; 我的心呀在高原， 这儿没有我的心， My heart's in the highlands a-chasing the deer; 我的心呀在高原，追赶着鹿群Chasing the wild deer,and following the roe, 追赶着野鹿，跟踪着小鹿My heart's in the highlands wherever i go. 我的心呀在高原，别处没有我的心！Farewell to the highlands, farewell to the North, 再会吧高原！再会，北方！The birth-place of valor, the country of worth; 你是品德的国家！壮士的故乡Wherever i wander,wherever i rove, 不管我在哪儿游荡，到哪儿流浪，！The hills of the highlands for ever i love 高原的群山我永不相忘Farewell to the mountains high cover'd with snow; 再会吧，皑皑的高山Farewell to the straths and green valleys below; 再会吧，绿色的山谷同河滩Farewell to the forests and wild-hanging woods;，，再会吧
， Farewell to the torrents and loud-pouring floods. 再会吧，高耸的大树， 汹涌的急流，无尽的林涛， 雷鸣的浪潮！My heart's in the highlands,my heart is not here; 我的心呀在高原， My heart's in the highlands a-chasing the deer; 我的心呀在高原，这儿没有我的心 追赶着鹿群，Chasing the wild deer,and following the roe, 追赶着野鹿，跟踪着小鹿My heart's in the highlands,wherever i go.我的心呀在高原，别处没有我的心！The Solitary Reaper 孤独的割麦女William Wordsworth Behold her, single in the field, Yon solitary Highland Lass! 你看！那高原上年轻的姑娘， 。独自一人正在田野上 Reaping and singing by herself; Stop here, or gently pass! 她一边收割一边在唱歌；你停下吧，或悄悄他往！ Alone she cuts and binds the grain 她独自在那里又割又捆，， ； And sings a melancholy strain; 她唱的音调好不凄凉 Oh listen! For the vale profound Is overflowing with the sound 你听！你听她的歌声. 在深邃的峡谷久久回荡 No nightingale did ever chaunt More welcome notes to weary bands Of travelers in some shady haunt, Among Arabian sands;， A voice so thrilling ne’er was heard In spring-time from the cuckoo-bird Breaking the silence of the seas Among the farthest Hebrides. 在荒凉的阿拉伯沙漠里 疲惫的旅人憩息在绿荫旁 夜莺在这时嘀呖婉转 也不如这歌声暖人心房； 在最遥远的赫伯利群岛， 杜鹃声声唤醒了春光， 啼破了海上辽阔的沉寂， 也不如这歌声动人心肠。 Will no one tell me what she sings? 谁能告诉我她在唱些什么？ Perhaps the plaintive numbers flow 也许她在为过去哀伤 For old, unhappy, far-off things,And battles long ago: 唱的是渺远的不幸的往事，和那很久以前的战场？ Or is it some more humble lay Familiar matter of to-day? 也许她唱的是普通的曲子，当今的生活习以为常？ 她唱生活中的忧伤和痛苦.从前发生过，今后也这样？ What’er the theme, the maiden sang 不论姑娘在唱些什么吧 As if her song could have no ending; 歌声好像永无尽头一样； ； I saw her singing at her work, And o’er the sickle bending; 我见她举着镰刀弯下腰去我见她边干活儿边歌唱 我凝神屏息地听着，听着，， ，。 And , as I mounted up the hill, 直到我登上高高的山岗 The music in my heart I bore, Long after it was heard no more.那乐声虽早已在耳边消失,却仍长久地留在我的心上The Isles of Greece 1788-1824 哀 希 腊THE isles of Greece! the isles of Greece 希腊群岛呵，美丽的希腊群岛！ Where burning Sappho loved and sung, 火热的萨弗在这里唱过恋歌 Where grew the arts of war and peace, 在这里，战争与和平的艺术并兴 Where Delos rose, and Phoebus sprung! 狄洛斯崛起，阿波罗跃出海面 Eternal summer gilds them yet, 永恒的夏天还把海岛镀成