句子成分
什么叫句子成分呢？句子的组成成分叫句子成分。在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial) 和补语（complement）。
英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。
英语五种基本句型列式如下： 一： Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓）
二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表） 三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）
四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾） 五： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
基本句型 一：Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓）
主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy），主格代词（如you），动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！
谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：We come.
此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
Ｓ │ Ｖ （不及物动词）
1. The sun │was shining. 太阳在照耀着。 2. The moon │rose. 月亮升起了。 3. The universe │remains. 宇宙长存。
4. We all │breathe, eat, and drink. 我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。 5. Who │cares? 管它呢？
6. What he said │does not matter. 他所讲的没有什么关系。 7. They │talked for half an hour. 他们谈了半个小时。 8. The pen │writes smoothly 这支笔书写流利。
基本句型 二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）
此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：be, look, keep, seem等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, turn等属另一类，表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。感官动词多可用作联系动词：look well/面色好,sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好，smell bad/难闻 Ｓ │Ｖ（是系动词）│ Ｐ
1. This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。 2. The dinner │smells │good. 午餐的气味很好。 3. He │fell │in love. 他堕入了情网。 4. Everything │looks │different. 一切看来都不同了。 5. He │is growing │tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮
6. The trouble│is │that they are short of money. 麻烦的是他们缺少钱。
7. Our well │has gone │dry. 我们井干枯了。 8. His face │turned │red. 他的脸红了。
There be 结构： There be 表示‘存在有’。这里的there没有实际意义，不可与副词‘there那里’混淆。 此结构后跟名词，表示‘（存在）有某事物’
试比较：There is a boy there.（那儿有一个男孩。）/前一个there无实意，后一个there为副词‘那里’。
基本句型 三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）
此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。宾语位于及物动词之后，一般同主语构成一样，不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’，如：me，him，them等
Ｓ │Ｖ（及物动词）│ Ｏ
1. Who │knows │the answer? 谁知道答案？ 2. She │smiled │her thanks. 她微笑表示感谢。
3. He │has refused │to help them. 他拒绝帮他们。 4. He │enjoys │reading. 他喜欢看书。
5. They │ate │what was left over. 他们吃了剩饭。 6. He │said │"Good morning." 他说："早上好！" 7. I │want │to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。
8. He │admits │that he was mistaken. 他承认犯了错误。
基本句型 四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。 一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。如：Give me a cup of tea, please.
强调间接宾语顺序为：动词 + 直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如： Show this house to Mr. Smith.
若直接宾语为人称代词：动词+ 代词直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如：Bring it to me, please.
Ｓ │Ｖ（及物）│ ｏ（多指人） │ Ｏ（多指物）
1. She │ordered │herself │a new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳。 2. She │cooked │her husband │a delicious meal. 她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。
3. He │brought │you │a dictionary. 他给你带来了一本字典。 4. He │denies │her │nothing. 他对她什么都不拒绝。 5. I │showed │him │my pictures. 我给他看我的照片 6. I │gave │my car │a wash. 我洗了我的汽车。
7. I │told │him │that the bus was late. 我告诉他汽车晚点了。 8. He │showed │me │how to run the machine. 他教我开机器。
基本句型 五： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。
宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。
名词/代词宾格 + 名词
The war made him a soldier./战争使他成为一名战士. 名词/代词宾格 + 形容词
New methods make the job easy./新方法使这项工作变得轻松. 名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语
I often find him at work./我经常发现他在工作. 名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式
The teacher ask the students to close the windows./老师让学生们关上窗户.
名词/代词宾格 + 分词
I saw a cat running across the road./我看见一只猫跑过了马路. Ｓ │Ｖ（及物）│ Ｏ（宾语） │ Ｃ（宾补）
1. They │appointed │him │manager. 他们任命他当经理。 2. They │painted │the door │green. 他们把门漆成绿色 3. This │set │them │thinking. 这使得他们要细想一想。
4. They │found │the house │deserted. 他们发现那房子无人居住。 5. What │makes │him │think so? 他怎么会这样想？ 6. We │saw │him │out. 我们送他出去
7. He │asked │me │to come back soon. 他要我早点回来。
8. I │saw │them │getting on the bus. 我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。
但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语（modifier）而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（主要是形容词、副词和数词），也可以是各种类型的短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。我们称之为：定语、状语
一、 定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some, any, every, no构成的复合不定代词时，（如：something、nothing）；或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时，则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。 形容词作定语：
The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修饰名词boy；blue修饰名词pen.）/小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔。
Tom is a handsome boy./Tom是个英俊的男孩。 There is a good boy./有个乖男孩。 数词作定语相当于形容词：
Two boys need two pens./两个男孩需要两支钢笔。 The two boys are students./这两个男孩是学生。
There are two boys in the room./房间里有两个男孩。 代词或名词所有格作定语：
His boy needs Tom\'s pen./他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。 His name is Tom./他的名字是汤姆。
There are two boys of Toms there./那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。 介词短语作定语：
The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours./教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。
The boy in blue is Tom./穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。 There are two boys of 9,and three of 10./有两个9岁的，三个10岁的男孩。 名词作定语：
The boy needs a ball pen./男孩需要一支圆珠笔。 It is a ball pen./这是一支圆珠笔。
There is only one ball pen in the pencil box./这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。 副词作定语：
The boy there needs a pen./那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。 The best boy here is Tom./这里最棒的男孩是Tom。 不定式作定语：
The boy to write this letter needs a pen./写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。 The boy to write this letter is Tom./将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。 There is nothing to do today./今天无事要做。 分词（短语）作定语：
The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother./那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。
The pen bought by her is made in China./她买的笔是中国产的。 There are five boys left./有五个留下的男孩。 定语从句：
The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday./那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。
The boy you will know is Tom./你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。
There are five boys who will play the game./参加游戏的男孩有五个。 二、状语：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。
状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般须在时间状语之前；一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。
有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义，应注意，如：The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成‘男孩喊教室里的女孩‘（此时in the classroom为girl的定语），也可以理解为‘男孩在教室里喊女孩’（此时in the classroom为地点状语），最好写作‘In the classroom, the boy calls the girl.\'
副词（短语）作状语：
The boy needs a pen very much./男孩非常需要一支钢笔。（程度状语） The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother./男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。（宾语较长则状语前置）
The boy really needs a pen./男孩真的需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）
The boy needs a pen now./Now, the boy needs a pen./The boy, now, needs a pen./男孩现在需要一支钢笔。（时间状语）
介词短语作状语：In the classroom, the boy needs a pen./在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。（地点状语）
Before his mother, Tom is always a boy./在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语)
On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom./星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语)
分词（短语）作状语：
He sits there, asking for a pen./他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态） Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen./因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。（原因状语）
Frightened, he sits there soundlessly./（因为）受了惊吓，他无声地坐在那儿。（原因状语） 不定式作状语：
The boy needs a pen to do his homework./男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。（目的状语）
To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business./为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣. 名词作状语：
Come this way!/走这条路！（方向状语） 状语从句：
时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句
三、同位语：同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：
We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批‘学生’）
We all are students. / (all是we的同位语，都指同样的‘我们’）
四、独立成分：有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分(注意：区别于分词独立结构)。 感叹词：oh, hello, aha, ah,等。 肯定词yes 否定词no
称呼语：称呼人的用语。
插入语：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。
如: The story, I think, has never come to the end./我相信,这个故事还远没结束.
情态词,表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语）:perhaps也许,maybe大概,actually实际上,certainly当然，等。
五、分词独立结构：分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致! 否则应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词独立结构。 例：
错句：Studying hard, your score will go up.
正确：(1) Studying hard, you can make your score go up. 或 (2)If you study hard, your score will go up.
解析：错句中分词studying没有自带逻辑主语，则其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，既your score . 显然做study的应是人，不应是your score（分数）. 正确句(1)更正了句子的主语,使其与分词逻辑主语一致( 同为you );正确句(2)则使用条件分句带出study的主语,(不过已经不是分词结构了). 分词独立结构常省略being, having been.不过‘There being...’的场合不能省略. 如：
Game (being) over, he went home.
He stands there, book (being) in hand. 独立结构还可用with、without引导，作状语或定语。这种结构不但可以用分词，还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。 如：
With nothing to do, he fell asleep soon./无事可做，他很快就睡着了。 The teacher came in, with glasses on his nose./老师进来了，戴着一付眼镜。（注意，此句on his nose不可省略！）
句子成分练习题( 一 )
(一). 指出下列句中主语的中心词（4分， 4分钟）
① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. ② There is an old man coming here.
③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.
④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult. (二) 选出句中谓语的中心词（10分， 10分钟） ① I don't like the picture on the wall.
A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall ② The days get longer and longer when summer comes.
A. get B. longer C. days D. summer ③ Do you usually go to school by bus?
A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus ④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.
A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon ⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?
A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast
⑥ Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.
A. Tom B. didn't C. do D. his homework ⑦ What I want to tell you is this.
A. want B. to tell C. you D. is ⑧ We had better send for a doctor.
A. We B. had C. send D. doctor ⑨ He is interested in music.
A. is B. interested C. in D. music ⑩ Whom did you give my book to?
A. give B. did C. whom D. book (三) 挑出下列句中的宾语（10分，10分钟） ① My brother hasn't done his homework. ② People all over the world speak English.
③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. ④ How many new words did you learn last class?
⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?⑥ The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. ⑦ They made him monitor of the class.
⑧ Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left. ⑨ You will find it useful after you leave school.
⑩ They didn't know who "Father Christmas" really is. (四) 挑出下列句中的表语（5分， 5分钟） ① The old man was feeling very tired. ② Why is he worried about Jim? ③ The leaves have turned yellow.
④ Soon They all became interested in the subject. ⑤ She was the first to learn about it.
(五) 挑出下列句中的定语（6分，6分钟） ① They use Mr. and Mrs. with the family name. ② What is your given name?
③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.
④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. ⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep. ⑥ I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!
(六) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语（6分， 6分钟）
① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
② He asked her to take the boy out of school. ③ She found it difficult to do the work. ④ They call me Lily sometimes. ⑤ I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.
⑥ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now? (七) 挑出下列句中的状语（8分， 8分钟） ① There was a big smile on her face.
② Every night he heard the noise upstairs.
③ He began to learn English when he was eleven. ④ The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.
⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. ⑥ She loves the library because she loves books.
⑦ I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it.
⑧ The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine. (八) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语（5分， 5分钟） ① Please tell us a story.
② My father bought a new bike for me last week. ③ Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. ④ Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. ⑤ Did he leave any message for me?
句子成分练习题( 二 )
指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分： depend on the weather .
2. People’s standards of living 5.I’ll return the book 8.There are many film
11. I won’t stop you from doing it . 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. It’s strange 23. 24. 25. 句子成分练习题( 三 ) A
1、 ___ six years since I began to study English.
A. It is B. I have been C. There are D. It was 2 、___ in the room at that time.
A. Nobody was B. Someone were C. Who is D. He are 3 、IT'S very noisy outside. ___ is going on?
A. Who B. What C. Which D. Where 4、 ___ in English in class every day is important.
A. Speak B. Talking C. Saying D. To tell 5 、There must be____ near the factory.
A. a book store B. book store C. books store D. books stores 6 、Although it's raining hard, ___ are still working in the fields.
A. but they B. and they C. they D. since they B
1、 The doctor as well as the nurses ___ great concern for the patients.
A. show B. shows C. have shown D. are showing 2、 Your son must be a clever boy, ___ he?
A. is B. isn't C. must D. mustn't
3、 The computer center, ___ last year, is very popular among students in
this school.
A. open B. opening C. opened D. being opened
4 、I ___ go to the shop today, for there is a lot of food at home.
A. mustn't B. had to C. can't D. needn't 5 、Don't ___ excited.
A. get B. is C. seem D. look 6 This room ___ every morning.
A. is cleaning B. is cleaned C. cleans D. cleaning C
1、 Glad to meet you! ___ is your full name?
A. What B. Where C. How D. Who 2、 He is ___ to lift the heavy box.
A. too weak B. weak too C. enough weak D. weak enough 3、 The days are ___ warmer and warmer in spring.
A. getting B. looking C. seeming D. going 4 、His job is____ English.
A. teach B. to teach C. taught D. teaches 5 、Two balls are___.
A. under the desk B. in the wall C. to here D. at desks D
1 、We should get ready___ others.
A. helping B. to help C. help D. help with 2、 ___interesting work we are doing?
A. What a B. How C. What D. What an 3、 I want___ a teacher when I grow up.
A. to be B. to C. be D. being
4、 -Would you like to go on a picnic with me today?
-I don't think so. To be honest, I really don't feel like ___on a picnic. A. going B. to go C. go D. went 5 Do you know___?
A. where does he live B. where he lives C. where he live D. if where he lives
6 Let ____ do it again.
A. I B. me C. he D. she 7 I don't know___.
A. how to do B. what to do C. where to do D. when to do E
1、 I saw him ___ basketball with Jack an hour ago.
A. plays B. to play C. played D. play 2、 Sorry, we've kept you___ for a long time.
A. waited B. sing C. stand D. waiting 3 、The teacher told us ____ late again.
A. aren't be B. don't be C. not to be D. not be 4 、We find the room very___.
A. warm B. warmly C. terribly D. hardly F
1 、I found ___ difficult to work together with him.
A. it B. its C. that D. those
2 、We all know ___ our duty to clean our classroom after school every
day.
A. that B. this C. which D. it
3、 He found ___ very interesting to play with the little dog.
A. what B. it C. / D. that G
( ) 1 Tom said he ___ a good dream yesterday evening.
A. dream B. dreamed C. have D. has ( ) 2 Children ___ a happy life in China.
A. lead B. living C. has D. leading H
( ) 1 America, Japan and Canada are___ countries.
A. developing B. developed C. less developed D. develop ( ) 2 -___ skirt is that on the chair?
-Let me see. Oh, no, it's not mine.
A. Whose B. What C. Who's D. Which ( ) 3 Do you have anything ___?
A. saying B. to say C. said D. say
( ) 4 Look, there is an ___tree by the wall.
A. apple B. apple's C. apples' D. apples ( ) 5 Where is ____seat?
A. yours B. your C. you D. yourselves I
( ) 1 The box is ___ heavy for her ___ carry.
A. very; to B. too; not to C. too; to D. very too; to 2 -___ did you buy the new bag?
-Last Monday.
A. Where B. How C. When D. Who
3 You can see these signs in a hospital. ___ can you see them?
A. Where else B. Where place else C. Where else place D. Else where 4 They went out ___ their old friends.
A. visit B. visiting C. to visit D. visited 5 There is a wide river____ our village.
A. outside B. over C. from D. below J
1 The young man, ___ works in the office.
A. me brother B. my brother C. my brothers D. me 2 Our English teacher, ___ often helps us with study.
A. Mrs. Wang B. Mrs. Wang C. Mrs. Wang's . D. of him 3 ___, some railway workers are busy repairing the train.
A. Them B. He C. They D. Theirs