Inception是我近3年看的最给力的电影，构思之精巧令人拍案。我凭着职业本能想到了GRE写作当中最困扰中国考生的一个部分那就是Issue（立论文）和Inception之间的关系。现在和大家分享和切磋一下：

1. GRE issue 评分标准无非一个字概括complexity.

托福作文是二逼作文，四六级那个不是作文是翻译。之所以说托福作文的是二逼，我们举一个例子：

TOEFL作文：学生到底受老师影响多还是受同学影响多？

首先，一般托福作文要有一边倒的倾向立场，然后稍微做让步，这样能把重点凸显出来。第二，论证过程极为简单粗暴：In my opinion, teachers have more influence on students, because it is teachers who have the knowledge, which plays an important part in personal development of students. For example, Socrates uses questioning and his dialectic way of thinking to inspire his students to think independently. It is hard to imagine the

achievement of Plato would be like if Socrates were a mere snob who braggers about the abundant knowledge he possesses rather than enlighten Plato’s critical thinking aptitude. On the other hand, the classmates of the same age cannot offer better understanding of the world to one and another, and therefore, it is impossible to replace teachers’ function in the pass-on of knowledge.

以上文字，本人窃以为，托福作文拿一个满分略少不是什么大问题。但是仔细一看，论证思路极其简单，老师知道知识，知识对于个人发展很重要, 同学之间知识储备差不多，所以，同学影响和老师影响相比，老师更牛逼。为了证明这个简单粗暴的理论，作者还给出了漂亮的论据，搬出了古希腊先贤苏格拉底和柏拉图作为佐证。文字迤逦，字字珠玑。给一般的托福写作老师看，还真挑不出什么毛病。

这个就好比是《暮光之城》。同样是好莱坞的大片，但相比Inception便是彻底的烂片。为什么？故事情节极其简单粗暴。首先，一看Belle出场，那双苦逼的双眼，就知道她要纠结，最是那一低头的娇羞，一看就知道是雄性动物都躲不过她那双苦逼的双眼。你开头，我就猜结尾，爱情至上，执子之手，与子偕老。主题句有了，就是太俗。之后，男人都挺着D罩杯的胸肌，一个开X60沃尔沃，青面却不獠牙，一个起着摩托说：I am hotter. 然后视觉动画也有了，苦逼爱情也有了，经典的爱情桥段也有了，凝视，侧脸吻，一切的一切，都能够为主题服务，但是不得不讲，看这个电影，口味重的女生是为了看肌肉给力男，口味轻最近又感情挫败的女生是为了弥补心灵创伤，男人多半陪女人看。但不管多么不一样，我们都是知道故事结局的，口水要流，眼泪也有，趁机递上纸巾，唯独不动的是脑子。

Inception不一样！给大家展现一下，什么叫做GRE的complexity。

同样的题目，我们用GRE的写法来看。To begin with, students, if willing to accept the positive influence from their teachers, will benefit a lot from the teaching. Judging from the unanimously agreed professional requirement of a teacher, not only academically must he or she excel but also virtuously so that the treasure of human civilization can last and prosper. Yet, if this major premise is undermined--that is--some teachers are not academically or virtuously excellent, students should recognize the teacher’s

contamination of knowledge and morality and spare no effort to defend the intellectual territory of rationality and integrity. One of the most famous disparity of philosophy is the confrontation between Plato, the teacher, and Aristotle, the student, marked by the saying, “I love not Plato less but Truth more.” Aristotle challenged Plato’s idealistic theory of the essence of the Universe by stating that individual and earthly existence are prior to the concept in mind. Let us leave the right-or-wrong judgement between Plato and Aristotle to the snobbish philosophers, and focus on Aristotle’s inheritance of critical thinking and his steadfastness of his own realm of knowledge.

各位允许你们羡慕一下我，就像我羡慕诺兰的新作一样。有没有发现Inception最大的特点是解构现实，重建虚无，模糊真理和虚无的边界。真实不一定存在，虚无并不是不能感知。到底什么是对的，其实没有答案，答案是什么？是那个陀螺仪，如果它倒了，请你按照理性常态的角度去看待发生的一切，如果它一直旋转，剩下的只有无尽的种种可能。

GRE和诺兰要的是一样的，没有真理永远存在于相对之中，关键是对于场域的划定。所以任何一个GRE的argumentation要保证去验证概念，和讨论概念与概念之间的种种可能存在的关系。比如，我写的段落，首先用if开始。if本身就是一个上下浮动的跷跷板。如果老师优秀，学生乐于接受这样的教诲，受到的影响必然是积极的。

你注意，我引入了三个概念，老师，学生，影响。然后我首先对于老师这个概念开始解构，老师有好坏，对于好老师，不言而喻，但对于二逼老师，我们要学会反抗。在解构这个概念的同时，学生作为连带概念（虽然在这个概念群里是被动的）开始被唤起主观性，学生需要辨识和反抗。而反抗作为新的概念又会被检视，反抗的前提是，对于某些知识的继承。 有没有感觉像inception多层梦的重叠，第一层，大家先去绑架了Fischer，然后再入一层梦，引入新概念，让Fischer知道他在梦中，开始第二步的解构，这次解构是去解构Fischer的梦里的他叔叔的概念。哇，刺激的不得了，越解构发现对于问题的探讨越复杂，但是往往也就越深刻。GRE虽然是对statement同意反对的考察，但是随着我们对于概念的解构分析，同意反对也变得是在场域中才能成立的命题。

一言蔽之，GRE考的是思想。思想是概念和逻辑的关系。概念应该解构，逻辑应该研究关系，这样，思维就不在是二维平面的对错，也不是三维平面的对错对，而是n维平面，各成一体的自我存在。就像梦一样，总是有道理，其实换了更高的维度看，反而不清不楚了。 当然，inception的给力之处还是有好莱坞的其他常态，比如枪战，追车，裸露等等。就好比我写的东西也注意句式，用词还有例子。这个是卖座电影的必备要素，毕竟很多二逼去看电影是因为莱昂纳多那张帅帅的脸庞，从一个正太说you jump, I jump,变成了一个蜀黍，说you jump and I watch. （我是穿越帝，暑假这个语录就出来了。各位明鉴！）

给大家留两个作业去思考：

1. 把暮光之城的脚本给我改成一个有解构特色的小说。（改好的发日志，然后圈我喔，我来欣赏）

2. 那一道GRE的题目来爽一爽，你顿时能理解，一个导演专业，为什么也要考GRE的原因。

第二篇：GRE写作-Issue提纲

1、"We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own; disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning."

Although we can learn knowledge from people whose views we share, the knowledge is limited, since the sphere of knowledge of the people who share the same opinion are confined to same level of cognition with us.

It will be quite different if we communicate with people whose views contradict to ours.

Admitted that, it is little harder or even bitter to accept opposite views for us due to our self-assertion is impaired caused by other?s challenge.

2、"Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to society."

Through competing, the one who is most eligible is put on the right place, and then will produce much more values than those who are not competent as he or she.

While, on the other hand, if a competition is fraught with adulteration and illegality, it will bring deterioration to the society rather than progress. A case in point is related to market economics.

3."It is more important to allocate money for immediate, existing social problems than to spend it on long-term research that might help future generations."

When we enjoy the fruits of industrialization and democracy, we are, on the other side, confronted with social problems brought by as another consequence of this process.

Firstly, immediate, existing social problems that baffled us deeply need to be resolved as quickly as possible so to restore a sound society and conduce its healthy development.

However, many present social problems cannot be resolved immediately as we hoped.

Furthermore, neglecting long-term researches that may help future generations, overemphasizing to focus on the present problems, may result in incomplete resolution to these social problems, which can merely be an expedience rather than a resolution.

4."No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study."

I agree with the assertion that significant advances in knowledge require expertise form various fields.

A. No area of intellectual inquiry operates in a vacuum, that is, sciences in various fields are inextricably related.

B. Scientific breakthrough in one certain area may be great contribute to advancement in another or several other fields.

C. New scientific fields often emerge in the interaction among different disciplines.

D. Sciences of other areas are indispensable for a certain creation in a field to be viable and perfect.

Related example: 1) Radioactivity is the starting point for cancer treatment, for the dating techniques used on ancient objects, rocks and the universe, and for molecular biology and modem genetics; it is also the source of nuclear energy and the atomic bomb.

2) In invention of telescope initiated in the magnifying tube, a great advancement in optics. Thus began the age of telescopic astronomy 3) Computer-nearly all the scientific areas

5."A nation should require all its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college rather than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer."

Firstly, with the same national curriculum, it is convenient for educationist of different parts of the nation to scientifically arrange and prepare the classes of the curriculum.

Secondly, thinking of the possible differences, it is unwise to allow schools rather than a nation to choose the courses for the students.

A nation rather than the schools in different parts of the nation determine the national curriculum for the students, however, it does mean that the local schools have no freedom to choose any course for local students.

6."The most effective way to understand contemporary culture is to analyze the trends of its youth."

We always regard youth as the future of the society. Although they are young, fresh and immature, they are also shrewd, full of passion and vitality.

Actually, studying the trends of a country's youth, may help to understand its contemporary culture, since that youth is the pioneer of a country, in this sense, they mirrors the development of the country.

Since youth is only a fraction of the society, studying them and their culture just provide us one perspective of the whole culture.

In my view, compare with the youth, those conventions and traditions constitute the foundation of the contemporary culture.

7."The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records."

Our life has gone through great changes since the video camera came into being, which provides a totally new and different way of recording life to the traditional written methods.

Compared with written records, video documentation is much less influenced by the one who took record and the one who interpret it.

Another conspicuous advantage of video records is its integrity.

Yet it?s rash to say that video camera has already won over traditional written documents and become the new domination of documentation field since video record is limited in several aspects.

We cannot say whether video camera or the written document is more important than the other in that each one has its irreplaceable merits and values. Video camera offers the accurate and convincing method of recording which can revive life in before, while traditional written document can provide a more detailed and rational record in lower cost.

1

8."It is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold information from the public."

Firstly, political leaders, in a democracy regime, will harm the proper right of people as they withhold information from the public.

Secondly, withholding information from the public will result in corruption in the government, and therefore bring detriment to society.

Admittedly, sometimes it is necessary for political leaders to keep the public from know something, such as country?s top secrete, which is indispensable and helpful for a country in defending aggression and keeping safety.

9"Academic disciplines have become so specialized in recent years that scholars' ideas reach only a narrow audience. Until scholars can reach a wider audience, their ideas will have little use."

As a matter of fact, the more specialized the ideas, the less accessible to them.

However, specialization does not have any impact on the value of scholars? ideas.

Actually, it is not necessary for the public to understand all abstruse ideas scholars hold. For example, most people do not know how the CPU is running in the personal computer, but this does not hamper them to using computers.

10"Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive, because it is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are preserved and generated."

It is always true that big cities of a country boom not only in economy but also in culture.

Actually, not all the major cities of a country are bound to the responsibility of preserving a nation?s culture traditions.

Indeed, in some major cities, where have less culture traditions, it creates a better environment for development than in those cities where long culture traditions are preserved. Nevertheless, admitted that, there are also some major cities that are characterized by their long culture traditions,

Similarly, either small cities, or villages and towns, in spite of not being major cities, are the places where culture traditions generated and handed down be generations.

11"All nations should help support the development of a global university designed to engage students in the process of solving the world's most persistent social problems."

Though each social problem appears to be different in different nations, as theft in affluent nations may be conducted more for psychological reasons rather than for the value of the issue with regard to its counterpart in poor nations, there is always a radical key lying beneath.

On the other hand, though nearly all the social problems are persisting in every nation, some may be disasters in one nation while slight flaw in another. Such a global university asks for the support from all nations of the world.

12"People's attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings than by any internal characteristic."

We are living in the society. We have families, friends and colleagues. We communicate each other, and have influence on or being influenced by others.

Immediate situation or surroundings play enormous influence on shaping our attitudes and moods toward exterior.

However, what people express in responding to their situation and surroundings is based on their internal characteristic, which develop on the combination of intellectual and morals.

As a matter of fact, people?s attitudes are determined by the compound effect of situation and internal characteristic.

13"Many of the world's lesser-known languages are being lost as fewer and fewer people speak them. The governments of countries in which these languages are spoken should act to prevent such languages from becoming extinct."

With the development of globalization, increasing cooperation within countries brings each country both prosperities especially in science and technology, and impact on culture.

When retrospecting development of recent history, we may find many languages of the world are becoming extinct.

While, with the disappearing of native language, at the same time, native culture constructed on the language is perishing.

14"It is necessary for everyone to read poetry, novels, mythology and other types of imaginative literature." We have been brought up with fairy tales, mythologies and science fictions.

Imaginative literature is characterized by fancy and illusion, which can inspire our imagination as well as intelligence. However, when we immerse in the fantasy contrived by imaginative work, we should also notice its dark side.

15"The stability of a society depends on how it responds to the extremes of human behavior."

Though it seems impossible that there will be a society as serene as paradise without any kind of horrible extremes of human behavior, it should never be an excuse for the failure of keeping the happening of extremes under effective control.

But the stability of a society asks for much more than just agile responds and firm punishment to the extremes of human behavior.

The stability of a society even requires its adequate conduction to some seemingly ordinary human behaviors in specific situations. A stable and healthy society is cherished by everyone.

16"Although many people think that the luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life are entirely harmless, in fact, they actually prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals."

Without modern facilities, we could hardly do anything.

While, without such modern facilities, can we become truly strong and independent individuals?

2

It is important us for to realize the limitation of modern facilities and that potential danger which will be aroused if we lost our domination over modern facilities and too rely on them.

17"There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws."

Laws and regulations are set up along with the entrenchment of a government serving as a means to control the country. Since laws are built up under the power of government, which represents the public interest whereas run by a few individuals, it is quite possible that laws are constituted in the name of representing the majority while on the contrary in a few individuals favor.

Facing unjust laws, every individual has the very responsibility to resist them.

No matter that whether every individual could reach an agreement on unjust or not, one point is important that we should put forward our opinions toward unjust laws.

18"Only by being forced to defend an idea against the doubts and contrasting views of others does one really discover the value of that idea."

Think of those ideas which we have long been used to, maybe since we are young.

When the idea held is challenged, however, we are motivated to defend it against doubts and disagreements.

Anyway, one should never be a bigot, who sticks to his own point of view and never budge even if lethal errors are rooted in.

19"If a society is to thrive, it must put its own overall success before the well-being of its individual citizens." The achievement of social entire success owes much to ceaseless and assiduous hard work of every citizen.

If a country overemphasizes the priority of its overall success in the process of thriving, it risks to obtaining the achievement at the expense of individual?s interest.

However, not every individual?s interest accords with that of society.

Tim: A society is a community comprised by the members. It exists because its members exist. In my opinion, its overall success entirely depends on the welfare of its individual citizens. Such welfare should be prioritized.

Prior to our analysis, we need to agree upon the definition of "overall success". Hypothetically, if we eliminate the elderly, the weak, the mentally and physically handicapped, and the unfit, then clearly our society consists of only healthy and intelligent members. It will likely become productive, and thus make considerable advancement.

Does this considerable advancement mean overall success? If it does, then we should indeed adopt a policy of master race, such as the one advocated by Nazis. We should place our emphasis on the society's success ahead of the welfare of individual members.

My definition of overall success, however, is different. Rather, happiness of its members is the main criterion. If members are stressful throughout their life, this society is not deemed successful even if it enables its members to land on Mars.

Again, hypothetically, let us say that our world population is reduced from 6.2 billion to 100 million. All the unfit have been annihilated. These 100 million people are good looking, tall, smart, young, and healthy. Their earth is filled with bountiful food and is equipped with advanced technology. Now, let us examine the likelihood that they will be happy.

First, this master race still cannot defy aging and death. The members will age and die. But according to their own regulations, people at the age of, say, 50 must be phased out. So, what do you think that those reaching ages of 35, 40, or 45 will feel?

Second, other than aging, the members do not dare to show any sign of weakness. If they are sick, they'd better pretend to be well. If they do not understand something, they will pretend that they are bright. If they are unable to accomplish some tasks, they will appear to be competent. So they constantly live in pretense and anxiety.

Finally, how will these cut-off limits of unfitness be defined? It is law of nature that nobody on earth is perfect. Nobody can possibly possess every nice attribute in him. If he is bright, but physically weak, will he be eliminated? The society will become chaotic, as there will be constant debates over the definition of unfitness.

In summary, based on three reasons stated above, members of this society will not likely live happy lives. If they will not, the society, deemed by me, is not successful. If I am allowed to uphold my own definition, then clearly we should accept every member, weak and strong alike, as he is, and prioritize his well being. The society does not necessarily have to make progress.

20"National governments should devote more of their social programs and services to children than to adults."

Adults, who make up the major work force of our society, are where the fortune and power of the nation lying, thus the premise of the social stability.

Faraway from the superficial impression that national government has set enough social programs and services to help adults, the fact is that, such help still can not meet the request and even worse is that some of them are not adequately conducted to bear the assumed outcomings.

As we have to keep sufficient notice on adult affairs, we shall absolutely never fail to provide children a safe, clean and nice environment for them to grow happily and robustly.

21"Reform is seldom brought about by people who are concerned with their own reputation and social standing. Those who are really in earnest about reforming a government, an educational system, or any other institution must be willing to be viewed with disdain by the rest of the world."

Though no explicit static data, it?s not difficult to find that the earnest in seeking personal reputation is always bound with eagerness to involve in social affairs such as reforming.

Then there seems to be a paradox, since earnest in social affairs always goes with ardor for personal reputation, how one manages to sacrifice the latter for the former?

Yet it?s unfair to ignore the contribution to any beneficial reforming of common people who may not show so much care for 3

earning reputation or standing.

22"Many people believe that a few individuals or small groups (family, friends, teachers, celebrities, for example) have caused them to think and behave in the way they do. Yet it is always society as a whole that defines us and our attitudes, not a few individuals."

Society as a whole defines us and our attitudes.

In daily life, we are more often affected by those persons, who are around us

each individual is under dual impact both of society as a whole and small groups as a part

23"Contemporary technology makes available many small pieces of factual information. As a result, people have become so preoccupied with bits of fragmented information that they pay too little attention to the larger issues and overall perspectives."

2.1Access to great deal of information help people to get a wider view of an issue, thus help them prevent being limited in thoughts.

2.2 in order to discriminate between important information and trifle ones, people improve themselves in the ability to understand, analyze, compare and rationalize, which is very useful for them to get a better command of large issues ( need profound understanding and capability to deal with complicated cases)

2.3 to prevent preoccupation by fragmented information, people should hold right view on information, not to assimilate all, but to percolate relevant ones from those needing only a glance.

24"People in positions of power are most effective when they exercise caution and restraint in the use of that power."

2.1 people without caution and restraint tent to abuse the power they are granted

2.2 caution and restraint assist people to have better understand and make better use of the power

2.3 caution and restraint do not mean tying oneself up

25"Anyone can make things bigger and more complex. What requires real effort and courage is to move in the opposite direction-in other words, to make things as simple as possible."

2.1 to make things simple means to have profound understanding of the whole matter, to discriminate between essence and peripherals, and ultimately to refine the big and complex body of knowledge into principles

2.2 it?s relatively easier to pick out the facial differences between things than to dug out the underlying similarities

2.3 moving in the opposite direction calls for courage not only because one should face the dazzling amount of ideas, phenomenon, information, data and presumptions, but also because he/she is always in risk of total lose since any new discovery that contracts their theory will nullify most of their efforts

Tim: Mainstream people tend to complicate things or matters, so that the outsiders may not be able to understand what they are doing. Consequently, they can safely protect their own job securities or professional prestige. Examples abound. Once I was asking a composer why he used a certain bass accompaniment in one of his compositions. He appeared to be insulted by my questions. His response was like: who are you to ask me such a stupid question? The composition is such a complicated and difficult task. It took me so many years to learn it. And you, an amateur, expect me to explain it in a few minutes? In truth, it is my belief that, if my friend is willing, and if he is a good composer himself, he should be able to answer my question in a very simple manner.

我们所选择处理的方式太复杂,所以小事也浪费了不少时间.如果少走弯路,就会节约时间,创造更多的财富.

26"Most people would agree that buildings represent a valuable record of any society's past, but controversy arises when old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes. In such situations, modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings so that contemporary needs can be served."

i. Historic buildings are irrecoverable resources we should preserve not only for ourselves but for our descendants

ii. Historic buildings are valuable records of a society?s past, and they serve more as travel attractions, city emblems.

iii. Some old buildings which are of less value and in bad state can be removed for contemporary needs for ground. But modern planners should avoid destroying historic buildings for modern purposes. Better approachments should be work out for the dilemma.

27"No one can possibly achieve success in the world by conforming to conventional practices and conventional ways of thinking."

How do we evaluate whether we are success? Maybe we should discuss it from two aspects individually and socially. On the one hand, success is based on the individual?s self-perception of the outcome.

On the other hand, in a strict definition, success means important achievement, which contributes greatly to society, obtains acknowledge by the others and gains brilliant fame.

When we retrospect the development of the history, any important progress was pulled by successful innovation, which acquired by the genius who do not confirm the conventional practices and thoughts.

28"Students should memorize facts only after they have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts. Students who have learned only facts have learned very little."

In the process of studying, no matter in whatever discipline, we are required to memorize facts that are indispensable for us to master the knowledge.

To have a better understand of an affair, we need not only to kwon the fact, but also the ideas, trends and concepts that help to explain the fact.

4

29"Public figures such as actors, politicians, and athletes should expect people to be interested in their private lives. When they seek a public role, they should expect that they will lose at least some of their privacy."

Though they are taking the public appearance most for job, public figures such as actors, politicians and athletes can hardly count on people to separate clearly their public role from private lives, as is even impossible to themselves.

Ironically, though some public figures do feel uneasy with the buzzing paparazzi, or loathe the unsatisfiable interest into their personal lives, most of them have to concede that they cannot live without these troubles

Anyway, a public figure is all the same to everyone of us physically and mentally, no matter how significant a role he/she plays in public life.

30"The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people's efficiency so that everyone has more leisure time."

First of all, as we have witnessed, achievement in technology has immensely improved people?s efficiency, such as assembly-line, robots. Computer, etc.

Besides, when people enjoy relative more leisure time brought by improved efficiency, on the same time, society has encountered other problems, such as the problem of employment.

As a matter of fact, increasing efficiency is merely a byproduct of the advance of technology.

31"Money spent on research is almost always a good investment, even when the results of that research are controversial."

A. Research is the exploration of the unknown for true answers to our questions, and for lasting solutions to our enduring problems.

B. Research is also the chief means by which we humans attempt to satisfy our insatiable appetite for knowledge, and our craving to understand ourselves and the world around us.

C. Many researches may be controversial and the results of them may bring to people some harm, after all they are of greater benefit in the short or long term.

Related Examples: 1) Research of atomic energy,

2) Research of radioactivity: the starting point for cancer treatment, for the dating techniques used on ancient objects, rocks and the universe, and for molecular biology and modem genetics.

3) Comenius?s heliocentric theory; Galileo's research in astronomy. 4) Technique of cloning

32"A school or college should pay its teachers at the same rate in all disciplines, regardless of differences in salaries for related fields in the world outside of school. For example, entry-level teachers in mathematics and in the arts should receive the same pay, even if outside of school, math specialists earn a much higher salary on average than do specialists in the arts."

It?s absurd to for a school or college to pay its teachers merely according to the salaries for related fields in the world outside of school.

Yet absolutely same rate of salary to teachers of all disciplines is unfair, too.

Another latent problem in same salary rate for all disciplines is that it will undermine teachers of their work enthusiasm.

33"Creating an appealing image has become more important in contemporary society than is the reality or truth behind that image."

Not like in movies, where actors and actresses can shift freely from a role of betrayer to a hero in one day, an individual may show an attractive image before the public, but this contrived mask cannot sustain long.

Once some once-brilliant images collapse, the overall trust in paradigms of the public will break down as well.

Though our society calls for appealing images, who can dominate the view of value of the public, give them power and confidence when difficulties occur, and inspire them to work hard and win, there is not any need to create them by hinding the reality and truth behind.

34"Instead of requiring students to take courses in a variety of disciplines-that is, courses ranging from the arts and the humanities to the physical and biological sciences-colleges and universities should allow students to enroll only in those courses that will help prepare them for jobs in their chosen fields. Such concentration is necessary in today's increasingly work-oriented society."

1. Studying various disciplines keeps one balanced in the society. Those who concentrate in only job related courses will inevitable find themselves limited in everyday life.

2. Inter-disciplines study is necessary both in the improvement of either disciplines and in the innovation of new knowledge

3. Basic courses of a wide range of disciplines should be compulsory, but sufficient freedom should be granted to students in their choosing further study of non-work-oriented courses.

35"No matter what the situation, it is more harmful to compromise one's beliefs than to adhere to them."

Belief, as for every one, is like the beacon which lights up the way of progressing, and sustain us in adversity.

When we retrospect history, we may find out that honorable laurels are always credit to those who adhere to their believes resolutely rather than to comprise to others. Bruno may be the extremely archetype, who would rather to be burned than to yield to the inquisition to give up his theory. Others, like Galileo, Curie, Nobel and so on, all persist in their believes which eventually lead them to the success and engrave their names on history.

However, we should adhere to our believes no matter what circumstance rests on the prerequisite that our believes are sound and conductive to the development of individual as well as the overall society. Adolf Hitler is also an archetype of pursuing one?s belief,

5

36"The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries." The greatness of individuals cannot be appreciated by their contemporaries in large part is due to their outstanding talent and their transcendental intelligence which surpass the common cognition of general public and their peers.

Besides, to test the validity of theories, works and ideas of the great individuals need a long time even centuries.

In a democratic society, individuals have full free to express their ideas and show their unique talents and characters.

37"In most societies, competition generally has more of a negative than a positive effect."

In order to be more specific, I would like to cite the example of the competing situation in the battlefield of business, which is obviously quite familiar with many people.

When two adjacent shopping-centers resolve to take the price-cutting maneuver to gain the game, a predictable scathe for the two merchants is definitely waiting ahead.

38"In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books."

Though each has its advantages, television and books are not capable to win over each other.

Reading books is an active process, where we can make choice of what, when and to which extent we want to learn. With regard to the appealing traits and easygoing nature, television can help a lot in study.

39"The intellectual benefits of attending a university or college are vastly overrated: most people could learn more by studying and reading on their own for four years than by pursuing a university or college degree."

Bill Gates, who quitted from university and did not complete his degree while establish his business of Microsoft which ranks in the top of Fortune, may serve as a good example that people could learn more by studying and reading on their own rather than pursuing a university or college degree.

As for people who have strong ability of self-management and definite purpose of learning, they may obtain more knowledge from self-studying than attending university or college.

While, many people still would like to learning by attending university or college, because the formal education system not only provide students a perfect studying atmosphere but also instruct students study more efficiently and effectively.

In addition, studying in university or college other than studying on their own, conduce to shape a sound personality

40"Scholars and researchers should not be concerned with whether their work makes a contribution to the larger society. It is more important that they pursue their individual interests, however unusual or idiosyncratic those interests may seem."

Not for Edison?s sustained work, we wouldn?t have benefited so much from his marvelous inventions.

Research work is, in one sense, not well purposed action, but rather some exploration of unknown world around us.

Sometimes, scholars and researchers are similar to poets, actively involved in their enshrined tasks with great concentration and enthusiasm.

Yet the freedom we should grant scholars and researchers is not boundless.

41"Such non-mainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits play a vital role in society by satisfying human needs that are not addressed by mainstream science."

We may find out that, people who resort to fortune-telling, astrology and such non-mainstream area of inquiry unusually are ill educated and underclass of the society.

Indeed, the main reason that why non-mainstream area of inquiry is favored by a few people is that it comforts people who worry about their destiny.

Besides, non-mainstream area of inquiry also plays an important role to satisfy peoples? curiosity about the unknown world.

42"Because learning is not a solitary activity but one that requires collaboration among people, students of all ages will benefit academically if they work frequently in groups."

Firstly, the rapid changes in our modern time, especially in science and technology, challenge the traditional ways of learning and working.

Secondly, learning and working frequently with groups, students will be more efficient and then make much more progress than that if they study solitarily.

However, admitted that it should be laudable to encourage students to learn cooperatively, one should not use this as the excuse of relying on other members and do not think independently themselves.

43"To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards."

To be an effective leader, as we known, one should possess wisdom, competence, enlightenment, tolerance, shrewdness, prowess, resolution and so on.

An official without high ethnical and moral standards is doomed to fail to lead the public effectively, in the worse case, to spell disaster on the public.

Besides mentioned above, if public acquiesce public officials without higher moral standards, this will harm the morality of the entire society.

44"Government should not fund any scientific research whose consequences, either medical or ethical, are unclear." Any scientific research starts with hypotheses and assumptions, because the purpose of scientific research is to explore the untapped frontier of the world.

Besides, the process of research is one of ceaseless and gradual accumulation of knowledge.

Admitted that, there exit dangers when the result of a scientific research is unclear in medical or ethnical, since it may rouse 6

unexpected confusion even chaos in society.

45"Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly carrying out the will of the people whom they serve."

It is always hard to get consensus over a controversial issue.

Ironically but true, sometimes government officials can do quicker and better decisions on their own judgment rather than following the will of the people absolutely.

Anyway, by insisting the government officials making decision on their own judgments we never dismiss the importance of the will of people.

46"While some leaders in government, sports, industry, and other areas attribute their success to a well-developed sense of competition, a society can better prepare its young people for leadership by instilling in them a sense of cooperation."

Through competition, one makes himself/herself become eminent, so do the leaders entrench their successful position. The sense of competition is indispensable for a leader no matter what areas he/her belongs to.

More specifically, cooperation is a kind of responsibility bestowed to one who wants to be a leader.

47"Society does not place enough emphasis on the intellect-that is, on reasoning and other cognitive skills”. In a sense, intellectual skills and non-intellectual skills are somewhat like skeleton and flesh of a body.

A society cannot advance without cognitive skills, yet it cannot keep well-being without non-cognitive ones.

Both crucial to individual and society, intellectual and non-intellectual skills, however, receive unfair attention at present..

48"The study of history places too much emphasis on individuals. The most significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famous few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten." In most historical documents, those significant figures were described as the only decision makers.

It is natural, however, for historians to do so, or from another aspect, they have to. Lacking of sufficient materials is another problem. When we conduct analyses on the revolution early in the 20th century in China, Chairman Mao will naturally be the focus. When we study Psychology, the image of Dr. S. Freud puffing his cigar pipe will emerge

Today's newspapers will become the history 100 years from today. If we take a look at them, we will notice that 99% of the news focuses on important people. Often we will find articles reporting or discussing about trivia, such as Clinton's dog or Laura Bush's evening gowns.

Why do TV stations broadcast soccer games? Obviously, there are plenty of soccer fans who will watch the games. Similarly, why do newspapers report these trivia? Obviously we, as readers, are interested in reading them. We are less interested in knowing about a middle-aged woman, with 3 kids, visiting orphanages to bring joy to those orphans. We all flock to the powerful and the beautiful. Tim Shih would rush to read the news about Miss America's crowning scandal, but would ignore the news regarding a group of volunteers picking up garbage on the pavement of freeways.

So, possibly, it is we ourselves, the common people, who have shaped the history, such that it concentrates on important individuals.

49"Imaginative works such as novels, plays, films, fairy tales, and legends present a more accurate and meaningful picture of human experience than do factual accounts. Because the creators of fiction shape and focus reality rather than report on it literally, their creations have a more lasting significance."

1. imaginative works not only shape and focus reality, but concentrate on reverie and vision as well, which reduce fiction of their accuracy. Their significance may also decay with time goes by.

2. factual accounts literally document reality and facts using more scientific language and rational analysis, therefore enhancing their accuracy and meaningfulness.

3. both the two are valuable presentation of human experience, with each dealing with different aspects.

50"In order to improve the quality of instruction at the college and university level, all faculty should be required to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach."

1. to faculty members of some academic area, working outside the academic world will do little help to their academic ability while distracting them from the research and instruction work they should concentrate on

2. compulsory working in professions outside academic world may cause the college and university to lose their outstanding faculty member

3. to some academic area such as engineering, faculty members should be encouraged to work outside for some time in order to better orient instruction to students for future career

51"Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student."

1. the efficiency of education lies in its generalization ( teacher, student )

2. over-specified education will narrow down students? ken and capability of acclimation to future career

3. in order to cater individual needs and to enhance interests of students, schools can offer some specifically designed programs to students

52"Education encourages students to question and criticize, and therefore does little to promote social harmony." We should discriminate between social harmony and categorical obeying. The latter was employed by monopolies to keep their people doing whatever they ordered without any right to raise doubt, let alone rejection.

7

The purpose of questioning and criticizing is not just providing a vent for dissatisfaction.

With regard to the immature of young students, what education should do besides encouraging them to question and criticize is to avoid them of self-righteousness.

53"College and university education should be free for all students, fully financed by the government."

It is true that government subsidy is a large part of the school?s income.

While, fully financing college and university may exceed the capacity of the government, although this will is valuable.

Up to now, it is still impossible for government to afford all the expenditure for college and university, but alternative methods are produced to alleviate the burden of students from poor families. Instead of fully waiving the tuition, college and university have established the scholarship, fellowship, loans as well as part-time jobs.

54"History teaches us only one thing: knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today."

History is a part of our development, and provides relevant information of present problems.

History also serves as a source of precedent and predication, which guide us to avoid or less making false decisions when in face of hard task in present.

Admittedly, there are entirely new problems that we have to cope with on our own without any precedents in history to refer to, but this does not prevent us from making right choices, since learning history has taught us to perceive and analyze the problems with historic perspective.

55"Competition for high grades seriously limits the quality of learning at all levels of education."

Competing for grades serves as an effective stimulant to urge and conduce to arouse students? ambition in the process of study. Since under current education system, tests and examination are still mainly method to check the outcome of study, and score is the most important criteria to evaluate the performance of students.

Usually, high score means better academic performance. Who rank at the top will obtain acknowledge of their intellect and competence both from teachers and peers, this point also be illustrated by the fact that scholarship will be given to those who have high grades in most of their courses. In such education system, students may be motivated to study hard and assiduously in order to achieving acknowledge of others and the hortation of better performance, and in turn, they have a better master of what they have learnt. In this respect, competition for high grades does promote students learning better. While, such competition increasingly expose its negative effects on the quality of learning.

What is more, heating competition for high grades may arouse extremely mental and psychological stress for students, which will seriously undermine the interest and ability of studying.

56"Governments should focus more on solving the immediate problems of today rather than trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future."

Undoubtedly, immediate problems that agonize and afflict people mostly, such as crimes, wars, drag abuse, unemployment and so on, actually need to be addressed by government as soon as possible since their existence extremely danger the normal living of public.

However, it is misconception that governments can ignore the anticipated problems of the future in favor of the immediate ones, even though the latter may be more urgent.

Furthermore, narrowly concentrating on solving the immediate problems rather than trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future, is an expression of irresponsible for the future generations.

57"The depth of knowledge to be gained from books is much richer and broader than what can be learned from direct experience."

Books serve as the means of imparting knowledge and adopted as textbooks in schools from elementary school to university. However, direct experience is also an effective way of learning knowledge and makes complement to that learned from books. Besides, direct experience plays important role in testing the knowledge that formulated in the books.

58"The increasingly rapid pace of life today causes more problems than it solves."

It is true that efficiency is the most benefit produced by the increasing pace of life, however, our physical condition does not receive the merited improvement due to the improved efficiency.

In addition, an even worse situation is that people have become more or less nervous and stressful.

Unfortunately, modern people seem to addict to the fast pace of life, and in turn push the society march on more rapidly.

59"Too much emphasis is placed on role models. Instead of copying others, people should learn to think and act independently and thus make the choices that are best for them."

We have been brought up with the tales and legends of kinds of heroes and heroines, no matter whether these characters are real persons or fictional ones, these stories serve as our primary enlightened materials that instill us virtues and values the society cherishes commonly in which we are living.

Merely imitating role models may result in laziness and dependence since one does not suffer himself/herself of thinking and analyzing.

Learning to think and act independently does not naturally conflict with learning form role models.

60"The media-and society in general-mistakenly expect an individual to speak for a particular group, whether or not that individual truly represents the views of the entire group."

It is reasonable that news reporters or program moderators will resort to the method of choosing individuals to express their regards, evaluations and feelings about certain event, and hope to acquire an overall views of groups or the public that 8

interviewees represent for.

However, different from conducing a precise and strict quantitative survey, which usually can calculate sampling error, significant level that may circumscribe the accuracy of the representative of the sample, most survey are conducted in qualitative method which lacks the ability to deduce specific outcome from a few individuals to an entire group.

This reminds us to keep discreet and qualified attitude toward the speech of individuals when they speak on behalf of certain groups.

61"High-profile awards such as the Nobel Prize are actually damaging to society because they suggest that only a few people deserve such recognition."

Most of these children farewell these dreams when they grow up for their capability, personal interests and other factors. The remained few, however, by persistently pursuing their original aim, attain it in the end.

Admittedly not every one has the opportunity to get any high-profile award. There are many realistical limitations such as capability, intellecture, aggression and, of course, opportunity.

Actually any adult is well aware that those few deserve the great awards they win since they have done great contribution in their area, which are often relatively not well profitable.

62.”The widespread idea that people should make self-improvement a primary goal in their lives is problematic because it assumes that people are intrinsically deficient."

We often hear that to err is human. to admit that we are intrinsically deficient is a positive attitude.

Realizing that we are not perfect will help us have an objective and rational evaluation about ourselves, and then instruct us to reshape the personality, correct the error, and reset the goal for our life.

On the contrary, blindly refusing self-improvement can only result in ignorance and smugness, which imprison people in the illusion that they are perfect enough and virtually trap them into stagnancy. ( It is a well known tale that a prodigy eventually grows into a mediocre narcissist after years of overrated praises. )

Tim: In my judgment, the author may have missed the central idea of the issue, which is presented as follows.

Everybody on earth is born with certain abilities and talents. Most of us have vowed to ourselves that, in the future, we plan to do this and that, and to do something grandiose. Vows of such nature may not be necessary. In reality we end up chasing after an illusion throughout our life. But down in our hearts we know that, being self-centered, we are trying so hard to attain attention, praise, and fame. All the fast paced ness, anxiety, stress, and pressure in our life stem from our desires for self-improvement.

On the other hand, human beings, unlike animals, seem to inherently harbor burning and non-stoppable desires to improve themselves, and to seek new adventures. So even though we are aware that a pit of anxiety or pressure is before us, we cannot help but jumping into it.

This dilemma may be the central idea of the topic assigned above is.

63."To truly understand your own culture-no matter how you define it-requires personal knowledge of at least one other culture, one that is distinctly different from your own."

Just think of a well-trained parrot which can echo human-language fluently and clearly. It does not follow that the creature understands what that means in that it is rather a reflection than intentionally reaction.

Knowledge of other cultures also makes it possible for one to understand his/her culture from an abstract view rather than the original substantial one, or in other words, to build up a systematical perspective of the dissolute congruents of the culture. In fact, all kinds of culture, in a sense, are similar.

One of the key factors that differentiate human beings from other animals is the processing of culture.

Tim: I would emphasize on the fact that COMPARISONS help us to understand, but minimize the comments on the fact that there are merits and shortcomings in every culture.

Nearly every adjective in a language bears no meaning in the absolute sense. It is usually relative. Take for example the adjective, "ugly". A female ape is ugly, when she is compared with a young woman (by us human beings). But to Tarzan, who was brought up in the jungle by an ape and had never seen any other beings, his motherly ape was neither beautiful nor ugly. Had I lived in Chinatown in San Francisco throughout my life, I would not have understood the meanings of "dirty, rowdy, and messy". If, by "understanding", we mean that we have acquired a sense of relative-ness for a collection of adjectives, such as good, bad, fair, rich, etc., then only via comparisons, are we able to acquire such a sense.

64"Many people know how to attain success, but few know how to make the best use of it."

许多人知道如何获得成功，但很少人懂得充分利用成功；it指“success" 强调成功后如何利用

1. The conception of "success", relatively, is one of narrow sense, not wide-sense.

2. Limited personal ability result in failing to make best use of the success further.

3. Further success is related to how to make the use of other concerning resource.

许多人知道如何获得成功，但很少人懂得充分利用“如何获得成功”it指how to attain success（成功过程方法）

1.Many people know how to attain success; But those who are successfully should have learned to make the best use of all kinds of factors. Main factor result in success are listed as followed:

2. The ability of personal, first: intelligence, special knowledge in the concerning field; Second, emotion and other social ability, how to make all the factors into a system group.

3. Dificiency of resource.

65"People have been so encouraged by society to focus on apparent differences that they fail to see meaningful similarities among ideas, individuals, and groups."

1.不同的社会性质会有不同的侧重点：一个高度发展的开放的社会会鼓励人们多注意一些不同点，因为这样可以加快社会发展的速度；而一个注重社会稳定的传统社会只会将人们的注意力转移到那些相同点上。

9

The society property determines its people's focus: a highly developed society of openness probably do encourage people to put more emphasis on the very differences among those ideas, individuals and groups; but a traditional society that regards stabilization as its aim, compared with the above, may has an opposite result.

2.一个注重稳定的传统社会也不应该忽视寻找不同点；相反的，一个开放的社会也不应该忽视寻找相同点。

what we should also concern is that a traditional society ought to find some ways to unearth the apparent differences among those ideas, etc.; on the other hand, an exoteric society might not ignore the similarities among them.

3.In short, overemphasis on any aspect of the argument is not a seemly choice.

66"As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate."

1.科技使人们从繁重的体力劳动和模式化的脑力劳动中解脱出来，但并不能代替人类的一些“高等思想”。

Technology had extricated human-being out of heavy physical work and modified mental work, but it can't be a substitute for whole human thought.

2.发达的科技缩短了人们解决一般问题的时间，从而给了人们更多的时间去思考。

Solving problems become easier by the highly developed technology, so we can put more energy on self-thought.

3.随着科技不断的发展，人类触摸到了以前从未试探过的领域，也随之带来了更多的问题让我们思考。Technology has been making our knowledge's frontiers longer than ever, however, there are more questions coming to us.

4.甚至我们有一些深层次的思考是必须借助这种发达的科技。比如了解我们所在的这个神秘的宇宙，比如借助基因技术来深入了解我们的生命等等。 Furthermore, some profound thought owes to the technology. Such as the research on our cosmos using X-ray telescope with earth-size recently.

67"Colleges should require students to engage in public-service activities in order to assure that each student receives a balanced, well-rounded education."

1.the ultimate aim of education is to propel the pace of society and make it more convenient, comfortable, adaptable and untenable. It is through the environment of society, which is consists of rudimentary services as insurance, politics, and business, that members of society, including graduates, erudites and illiterates, emit their wisdom, pay their labor, and construct the extant civilization. So it is essential for gradates to have the familiarity with the public-service activities.

2.what the society need is not a stock of freaks who have the amazingly resplendent mind in special subjects, but a stock of well-rounded literate individual, capable of communicating.

3.to success nowadays requires the cooperation of people, thus engagement in the public-service activities facilitates one?s future communication with people and eventually better cooperation with groups which is vital for the individual?s success.

4.nonetheless, we should be aware of the over emphasize of the engagement. After all, colleges are to mean to brought up mainly the intellectuals not those solely equipped with knowledge of the public-service activities.

68"People make the mistake of treating experts with suspicion and mistrust, no matter how valuable their contributions might be."

A. Generally speaking, experts? opinions are more trustworthy than ordinary people?s when it comes to solving problems that require special expertise.

B. The reality of our society is that people tend to take for granted whatever experts say.

C. It is possible that sometimes experts do make mistakes, which ordinary people can correct.

69"Government should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific research and development"

(1) what?s the main function of the government is to restrict the society and stand for it, while the science is to probe the truth of the mystery and by doing this make advantage of it to ameliorate the human currence. So it is the government's responsibility to bridle the science research and development.

(2)To great existence, the government has refrained the science too much in some fields that lead to choke its development. examples.

(3)On the other hand, without the rein of the government, the science will drift. While every augment of our capability on realizing our desire, therefore the augment of our capability for evil, if the desire is not wise. example. so need restrict.

(4) in summary the science need the appropriate bridle, to levee its advance.

70."In any profession-business, politics, education, government-those in power should step down after five years. The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership."

Position: Limiting the term of leadership is an effective way to prevent corruption and lack of initiatives.

A. When leaders have no fear of losing their power, they tend to abuse their power.

B. A new leadership usually has greater initiative and would bring in new ideas.

C. However, in private areas such as business it might not be so necessary to limit the term of leadership.

Absolute power leads to absolute corruption. ------Sir. Acton

71."Spending time alone makes one a better companion to others"

It is true that we can learn a lot in group. We listen to others, chat with others, represent our own ideas to support or reject others?. And more importantly, in this procedure, we learn how to communicate with each other and make compromise for the interest of the majority when necessary.

Spending time alone also gives us the opportunity to think independently.

Anyway, a balance should be kept between the time spent with others and alone.

72."One can best understand the most important characteristics of a society by studying its major cities."

10

1.Major cities always are the central of politics, economics and culture of one society, from them; people can know them the past and the future.

2. Major cities are always full of all kinds of people, and it seems reasonable to call a major city as a small society according the whole society.

3. Despite that major cities can be the main factor when considering, but it can't be the solo factor. Because of the different development level in different place of the society resulting in different culture, education, living standard, and so, on. So more further detailed information should be considered when someone want really understand the whole society.

4. major cities would be a best way for one to understand one society, especially when the spirits or fund be limited for the process of understanding, but, more details should be present when to understand the whole society.

73."In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than knowledge."

1 In each fields, like science, knowledge is the base, imagination will be the superstructure.

2 Use the knowledge, many present problems may be solved, but to create, to develop, imagination play most important role. 3 The best condition we can get are have a fast base of knowledge and also use your imagination to create new technology and better tools to develop the society.

74"The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people is through the use of images, not language."

1. it is much easier for people to understand an idea by vision than by abstract language ( deep impression, straight presentation, etc. )

2. when large groups of people are addressed, language cannot achieve relatively even effect to all, while images can be effective to average, or even those not quick at understanding

3. when it comes to some abstract ideological ideas or values, or to the necessity to attain further understanding, language is indispensable

警句：Words have a magical power. They can bring either the greatest happiness or deepest despair; can transfer knowledge from teacher to students words enable the orator to sway his audience and dictate its decisions .Words are capable of arousing the strongest emotions and prompting all man's actions , Do not ridicule the use of words in psychotherapy. Sigmund Freud, German Psychiatrist

75.”The people who make important contributions to society are generally not those who develop their own new ideas, but those who are most gifted at perceiving and coordinating the talents and skills of others."

1. 新的发明或创造不可能给社会带来进步,除非有相应的人或机构使社会认识并接受;(伯乐千里马的典故)

2.协调或管理机构对科学发明或创造的引导和管理避免了对社会有危害的此类东东的应用,从而保证社会良性的发展;

3.通过引导和协调,能够调动有这样天赋(研究)的人集中力量发展社会最需要的东西;从而促进社会的快速有序发展;

4.另外,引导和协调能够使发明创造在更大范围的为人类服务(搞研究的往往缺乏推广发明应用的能力);

5.总而言之,没有引导和协调的人物来运做，发明和创造的能力不可能被很好的应用,也不可能对社会有任何促进.

1.new ideas never be useful or helpful to a society unless they can be perceived and applied by those who are most gifted at perceiving and coordinating talent and skills of others;( one of famous adages in China says, There are not enough Boles to perceive Swift horse)

2. the ability of coordinating and perceiving to the new ideas would avoid them to be harmful to a society and then it can keep the society keep well being,

3.those who own these abilities in coordinating and perceiving the talent could be able to guide those who are good at developing new ideas concentrate the instance necessary that the society needs

4.in addition, abilities of coordination and perceiving the talent and skills of others make it possible to extend the new ideas to be applied more broadly and deeply.

5.in summary, without those who own the abilities of coordinating and perceiving the talent and skills of others, the talents and skills could be recognized and benefit to a society well.

Tim: Microsoft software has dominated the PC community and the world. At the time of its invention early in 1980s, there were a few rival products that were equally innovative, if not more. Bill Gates, however, steadfastly believed in his package, possessed the vision, and promoted Microsoft all the way to ultimate success. Furthermore, his co-founder, Paul Allen, was actually the technical brain who discovered the idea of utilizing the microchip called the 8008. Today, we know much less about Allen and his contribution primarily because it was Gates who did most of the marketing work.

76"Truly profound thinkers and highly creative artists are always out of step with their time and their society."

1. truly pound thought and high art admittedly would be out of the time, one of Einstein's great theories, principle of relativity, was accepted by few of contemporaries, celebrated oil ,"heliotrope ", one of painting created by Van Gogh, was recognized its achievement until 100 hundred years after his death;

2.unless jumping out of the barrier of the time, the profound thinker and great artist could study and seek the future direction of human being by developing and macrocosmic sight as well as

analyze and understand society's development at a higher extent than common people.

3 moreover, profound and high work surely are also based on modern society which act the foundation of them and they never be separated completely from modern society. because profound thinker place the aim on finally development of human being as a whole and enhance modern society,

4.in conclusion, the truly great thinker and artist need to be out of time at which they are living to make them exceed our society and then direct human being evolve in thought and art.

77"People today are too individualistic. Instead of pursuing self-centered, separate goals, people need to understand 11

that satisfaction comes from working for the greater good of the family, the community, or society as a whole."

A. Some people may claim that the greater good of the family, the community or society lies in the good of the individual, which justifies the pursuit of self-interests.

B. The problem daunting contemporary society is that egoism has run wild.

C. Today there is every need for the society to encourage individuals to work for the interests of others.

1. people will find pleasure in the process of working for the greater good of larger groups.

2. As a part of some larger groups, a person should get something as well as give something so that the interest of both himself and the larger groups will reach a balance.

3. however, only when interest of every member in a larger group are insured can the well-being of this group be insured. So it's not wise to excessively prevent people from pursuing their individualism, and key lies in balance.

78"Schools should be required to teach the essential interconnectedness of all human beings and thus help eliminate wars, cultural clashes, and other forms of conflict."

1.School, to some extent, can be a place to teach the essential interconnectedness of all human being and help eliminate war, cultural clashes and other form of conflict. But the main tasks the schools are burdening present the student of knowledge.

2.in some sense, the education of school would make all people on the world communicate well, but not main task.

3.Strenthing the interconnectedness and eliminating conflict is a big engineering for human being.

4.Strenthing the interconnectedness and eliminating conflict is a task of whole society. list some considered policies to improve them.

79"Major policy decisions should always be left to politicians and other government experts, who are more informed and thus have better judgment and perspective than do members of the general public."

1. The experienced politicians and experts would make a more reasonable judgment than the general members.

2. Be a politician or expert, they are always outstanding in their society.

3. They have the ability to master the general information wholly because of years of experience of professions.

4. But the public intelligence for major policy decision can't be neglected, especially in a democratic society.

80"All students should be required to take courses in the sciences, even if they have no interest in science."

1.Science as an important comment of modern education, all the student should be required to study it at some suitable level.

2. The skill of science would be a stepping-stone to other subject.

3. The interest of science need to be raised and inspired, different way would be encouraged to be used in the education.

81"Patriotic reverence for the history of a nation often does more to impede than to encourage progress."

Negative with some concession:

1.studying history can help us face new challenges by showing us inspirational example of success and failure.

2. History would be a mirror, guiding us to avoid some repeating mistakes.

3. History would make us appreciate our present challenges with understanding the historical antecedents.

History would be sunlight, helping us face all kinds of challenges.

82"Government should never censor the artistic works or historical displays that a museum wishes to exhibit."

(2)as soon as the historical display is concerned, it reappears the past, beside the garbled, no matter what it is only it is representative the fact no reason for the government to put a hand on this affair. The population should have the right to perceive the true.

(3)on the other hand, when comes to the artistic, involving with the popular ethic and value what beyond the pure artistic, the government should interfere it appropriate timely. just play a role in leading not intervene arbitrary.

(4)so there should be a disinterested and crucial criterion to measure whether the display both in history and artistic to conform to a certain cord that make advantage to the whole society.

83"Government should preserve publicly owned wilderness areas in their natural state, even though these areas are often extremely remote and thus accessible to only a few people."

1)to the environment's sake, it is necessary to do so . leaving some pristine not polluted surrounding to the posterity, and remain the last resident to the prosecuted and protected animals.

(2)for the economics? sake, reserving the wildness can conserve some of the race that it may perhaps porfitive in the use beyond nowadays our research's ability for the future.

(3)in order to preserve the wilderness not to dig out to be a place of interest, there is no need to be convenient to access. On the other hand, the more remote and inaccessible it is, the more significance effect it can attain.

(4)so the government should keep an eye on the protection on the wildness

84"In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significant contribution without first being strongly influenced by past achievements within that field."

1. in most time, significant contribution are strongly being influenced by past achievements.

(example: mathematic is developed step by step, almost all the mathematician based their achievements on that of the forerunner )

2. but it is not always the case, sometime people can make great achievement without being influence by previous thoughts. (example: Einstein?s relative theory, which exploit the new epoch of physics, is not influenced by the previous theories.)

85"Government funding of the arts threatens the integrity of the arts."

1.artists, producers of the arts, are mundane beings who can only use objective things as brushes, canvas and museums to 12

foster and propaganda their products. All of those things need money.

2.the integrity of the arts requires the populace?s understanding of them, without propaganda the proclaimed integrity merely a hollow husk. It also need money to achieve the aim.

3.another fundamental essence of the integrity of arts is its sustenance. If had deprived of a series of successive artists, how could, not only the integrity of the arts, but the existence of it, be possible?

86"Young people should be encouraged to pursue long-term, realistic goals rather than seek immediate fame and recognition."

A. Personally, seeking immediate fame and recognition would turn out to be counterproductive.

B. Unfortunately, today?s education and society seem to attach more importance to immediate success.

C. In the long run, pursuing long-term goals not only benefit young people themselves but also the whole society.

87."In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important discoveries."

A. Beginners have intense curiosity about the unknown and great courage to try new things, while experienced experts tend to be more conservative.

B. Furthermore, beginners are highly motivated and enthusiastic people who are eager to establish their career and fame.

88"Technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs and ethics."

A. Technologies have radically changed the way we spend holidays.

B. The new way of communication brought about by electronic technology have transformed the way we associate with each other in our daily lives.

C. However, we should not let technology to determine our ethics.

89"Leaders are created primarily by the demands that are placed upon them."

A. The demands placed upon a person could challenge him or her to become a leader.

B. However, the statement seems to suggest that anybody can become a leader if demands are placed on him or her, which is unwarranted.

C. Besides opportunities, one must possess certain qualities to make a leader.

90"College students should be encouraged to pursue subjects that interest them rather than seek programs that promise entry into the job market."

(1)the purpose of the education is prepared student for the future entry into the society, while entry into the job mark is the first step of which.

(2)interest is the best mentor for a student the rapt in delve in. when you grasp a certain skill, you will easily to engage in the job mark.

(3)in the sophisticated society some program promising to entry into the job mark that such as the communication is necessary, or even outweigh the purely special knowledge.

91"Most people think that their deeply held values are the result of rational choice, but reason often has little to do with the way people form values."

我认为两个都应该作为“理智，理性“来理解，这样意思是：“很多人都以为他们的决定是理智的，但是实际上理智经常和人们做出的价值评判无关“ 比较难写阿，空洞。除了例子，似乎找不到分析说理的句子。。

Different people forms different value according to varies consideration, not merely reason but also his/her custom and life view. for example, some people think seafood is terrible and have a horror to have it, in this case, custom rather than reason forms value, though them might be quite aware of that the seafood is rich in nutrition, still they do not take it, why?- no reason. Values also change under different situations even with the same persons. During a life and death battle, soldiers should kill as many enemies as possible even the mildest soldier kills without hesitance in order to survive. Killing is considered brave and heroic under that situation, however, in peace times, such killing is nothing but cold-blooded behavior. Do these soldiers have no mercy and have fun in doing that ? of course not, they are all man with reason and know these are called brutal, but since a fighter's passion is the key to beat his/her enemies, they take the latter to form their values.

However, reason still acts as an important factor to help us form our values and always proved to be correct ones since rational choices are always under discreet thought. Some times these choice might contradict our emotion and habit thus make it hard to decide which one to choose, then experience should be good references.

From what has been discussed above, the reason is not the only element affects the way people forms values,there are always some other essential factors.whether or not which element help people to form their values is not important, the more important thing is: these values are suitable for them under certain situations.

92. "In any academic area or professional field, it is just as important to recognize the limits of our knowledge and understanding as it is to acquire new facts and information."

A. New facts and information add to our knowledge, constantly deepening and broadening our understanding of the unknown.

B. The solution of one problem may lead to the appearance of more problems in the world of knowledge, which invites further exploration and more progress as a result.

C. However, overemphasizing the limits of our knowledge and understanding may hinder our effort to ceaselessly pursue new frontiers of knowledge.

93. "The concept of 'individual responsibility' is a necessary fiction. Although societies must hold individuals accountable for their own actions, people's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making."

A. Organizational management rests on the basic resumption that individuals should and can take their respective 13

responsibility in accordance with their specific roles in the organizational structure.

B. Many political, social as well as family problems result from the lack of a sense of individual responsibility.

C. Admittedly, the fact that individuals, as social animals, are molded by the social environment in which they grow up, should draw our attention to the government?s responsibility in construction and maintaining a social environment contributive to the healthy growing of individuals.

94. "Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study because acquiring knowledge of various academic disciplines is the best way to become truly educated."

A. By exploring subjects outside their own major, students may find new academic fields where lie their real interest and potential gift.

B. Since various disciplines were interrelated, the study of courses outside the students? own field may benefit the study of their own major.

95. "People work more productively in teams than individually. Teamwork requires cooperation, which motivates people much more than individual competition does."

A. In a team, members offer different perspectives, leading to innovation and creativity.

B. In a team, members share their unique spiritual, intellectual and material resources, which is imperative for the completion of any significant task.

C. Competition among individuals works most constructively when it is guided by teamwork.

96"Although, critics who write about the arts tend to deny the existence of any objective standards for evaluating works of art, they have a responsibility to establish standards by which works of art can be judged."

1． Arts are productions of one social culture and civilization, which can be evaluated by all the people in the society. But critics are only one group of people. What assessment they made on arts cannot delegate all people?s ideas.

2． The task of critics is only to criticize everything they are interested in. It is not necessary for them to establish objective standards for evaluating works of arts.

3． The evaluation of arts can be changed with the development of society. To establish so-called objective standards for evaluating caprice arts is not sage.

97"It is unfortunate but true that political decisions and activities affect all aspects of people's lives."

A. It is true that political decisions and activities take great influence on people?s lives.

1. Under different social system, people have different life model.

2. Though in one kind, change of political decisions and activities can greatly change people?s lives.

B. But political decisions and activities cannot affect all aspects of people?s lives.

Karl Max?s one famous and influential economy theory tells us: the foundation of one society is its economy level, which determines all the superstructures. Politics cannot transcend the stage of economic level. That is to say, how sage and great the politics are, they cannot turn self-sufficient form of economy to commodity form of it. Politics can influence the “detail” in people?s lives such as the price of products, the pattern of education, the population of one nation?s and so on, but it cannot alter the direction of the development of the society.

C. And what?s more, the effects of people?s lives on political decisions and actions should not be absolutely called unfortunate things. Sometimes people benefit from it.

98. "Colleges and universities should offer more courses on popular music, film, advertising, and television because contemporary culture has much greater relevance for students than do arts and literature of the past."

A. Admittedly, course work in popular culture is legitimate and valuable.

B. Emphasizing the study of popular culture at the expense of studying classical art and literature can carry harmful consequences for students, as well as for society. Only by studying the classics can an individual develop fair standards for judging popular works.

C. Many popular culture emerges from the mediocrity, yet the classical works have been subjected enduring test.

D. Emphasizing on the formal study of popular culture is unnecessary It is readily available outside the classroom.

99. "In any realm of life-whether academic, social, business, or political-the only way to succeed is to take a practical, rather than an idealistic, point of view. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival, whereas idealistic views tend to be superceded by simpler, more immediate options."

A. From a philosophical point of view, living is experiencing, which is an everlasting interaction between man? and reality.

B. Any human undertaking irrespective of the hard facts and laws of reality is destined to failure.

C. However, ideals give us hope and enthusiasm, lifting us to new heights and helping us to overcome self-imposed limitations.

100"The pressure to achieve high grades in school seriously limits the quality of learning. An educational environment without grades would promote more genuine intellectual development.”

1 Grade in some extent may limit the students' quality of learning. However, we should have a standard to measure the students' abilities to acquire knowledge and to digest knowledge.

2. Without grade, there is no pressure on students and there is no competition, which may not promote more intellect genius. For example. MIT doesn't provide grades system for freshman. Nevertheless, students will still be measured based on their grades in their sophomore, junior and senior year.

101"Governments should provide funding for artists so that the arts can flourish and be available to all people." 14

(1)to a great many existence, some of the real great artists remain obscure and living in a poverty before they become fame, so they indeed need some assist from the out world, while the government is the best donor.

(2)but when refer with the fund from government, then the crucial criterion on which one should be fund is naturally arise. the selection of the subsidy will cast a influence on the integrity of the arts.

(3)but most important, beside funding there should be other approach to support the artists, which may be more affected and less harmful to outcome of the artist.

102" For better or worse, education is a process that involves revising the ideas, beliefs, and values people held in the past."

No one can deny that world is changing, from primate tribe to modern society, from boring life which struggling for living to vivid life today.

The ultimate goal of education is to provide society with knowledgeable and well-rounded people.

It is quite possible that we will be viewed as quaint by our decedents some day because the ideas and believes we held today will seem to be out of date for them.

103."The study of history has value only to the extent that it is relevant to our daily lives."

First of all, to study history is to look at a road map of human behavior that has led us to where we are today in the world. For example, the lessons learned during all of the past wars can make for more effective wartime leadership by avoiding mistakes made by past commanders. From the ancient Chinese author Sun Tzu's book "The Art of War", today's military commanders and even business leaders gather valuable information that allows them to operate more efficiently and effectively. Another example is that by studying history, parents can help to improve the lives of their children in the future.

Additionally, the study of medical advances made throughout history can be the foundation to build upon to make the medical advances of today and tomorrow to make people live longer and healthier lives.

A further example of the value of the study of history beyond its effect on daily life is the treatment of the environment and the earth as a whole

104."It is primarily through formal education had a culture tries to perpetuate the ideas it favors and discredit the ideas it fears."

A. I agree with the speaker with respect to the stages before higher education. In these stages of education, the students are generally indoctrinated with the values, ideas, and principles of mainstream society..

B. The mission of our colleges and universities is to afford students cultural perspective and a capacity for understanding opposing viewpoint, and to encourage and nurture the skills of critical analysis and skepticism-not to indoctrinate students with certain ideas while quashing others.

C. The speaker's assertion ignores two significant other means by which our culture perpetuates ideas it favors and discredits ideas it fears. 1) The first means is law. 2) Second such means is the mainstream media.

105"The true strength of a country is best demonstrated by the willingness of its government to tolerate challenges from it's own citizens."

In this era of rapid social and technological change leading to increasing complexity of national affairs and international relationship, issues on how to make a influential and powerful country are always enthusiastically debated, abstracting from the success of US and some European countries, more and more people realized the true strength of a country is best demonstrated by the willingness of its government to tolerate challenges from citizens.

A thriving society is always based on democratic spirits that emphasize the right of all citizens. On one hand, the general public has the capability to make major policies, as what Thomas Jefferson once said: “The people may safely be trusted to hear everything true and false, and to form a correct judgment, Were it fall to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers of newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter. " these words cogently expressed power and wisdom of the citizens of a nation in making decisions and strongly suggest people's right in politics. On the other hand, government are not always on the right side. The Vietnam War is a good example, after losing a lot of soldiers and money but gaining nothing in the nightmare, US government made a terrible mistake.

Since the function of a government is to serve their citizens rather than to rule them, the government should always encourage the challenges from it's own citizens without which the government becomes either autarchic or unimpassioned. For the former, as what always said" absolute power corrupts absolutely", when there is no challenges to a government only two possibility exists: the first is that the government did really well thus no opposed voices. the second is that citizens are fear to do so because of the coercion. Though we're glad to see the former, unfortunately it not possibly occurs since every society has its problem. for the latter, a government without passion will surely make no progress.

Moreover, as a matter of fact, the history of development of the human society is a history of limiting the power of government and allowing more and more citizens participating in polity, government are experiencing more and more challenge from it's citizens: in old times, major policy decisions were only made by individuals with supremacy such as kings, queens and sovereigns who are almost unchallengable, with the advance of the civilization, congress shares the power and help to make the policy, today in a developed country, each civilian is enfranchised for some most important events such as voting for a new president of the nation, even a normal individual could question the president of the whole nation.

Some people might question the opinion by cite the trouble-making reactionaries in a nation, they are always dispersing rumors and agitating the public to oppose their government, however, in a flourishing nation, these people are repulsed by the majority of citizens and will collapse of itself; when it really occurs in a nation, there must be something wrong in the society, in order to handle these reactionaries, the government should resolve corresponding social problems first, from this point of view, their challenge acts as indirect stimulation for the government to improve itself.

106"All students should be required to take at least one course in ethics, even if taking the course means a 15

decreased emphasis on academic subjects."

A education without ethics would be failing one. Ethics would teach student how to learn efficiently and serve the people and society properly.

Education of ethics doesn't mean a decreased emphasis on academic subject. In the system of education, they function mutually function each other.

But it should be mentioned out that ethics have many channel which can influence the people efficiently.

107"Instant communication systems encourage people to form hasty opinions and give quick replies rather than take the time to develop thoughtful, well-reasoned points of view."

The development of instant communication systems suggests that there is a strong need for that kind of systems. As a matter of fact, not only communication systems, but almost all of our social activities are accelerating as time goes by and the process of the world. Therefore we can contain that the emergence of instant communication systems is just a result of fast development of the world, and so it must be of more value and advantages than that of traditional systems. In fact, Instant communication systems tend to encourage thoughtful and well-reasoned points of view

1. Instant systems make the most of valuable time by eliminating some unnecessary time needed in transportation or something else which was indispensable in traditional communication systems.

2. With the help of instant systems, people can focus on those central problems in tasks, after all, communication system is just a consular tool to solving problems.

108."In many countries it is now possible to turn on the television and view government at work. Watching these proceedings can help people understand the issues that affect their lives. The more kinds of government proceedings - trials, debates, meetings, etc. - that are televised, the more society will benefit."

One example of the possible negative effects of televising all governmental proceedings was the trial in the United States of accused murderer and former National Football League superstar O.J. Simpson.

On the other hand, television of the day-to-day workings of government in action provides direct insight into how a government actually works.

One of the problems with stating that the more governmental proceedings that are televised, the better of a society is, is that people might come to believe that they are seeing everything when in fact, a television camera can only see part of what is happening no matter how many cameras there are.

Another problem with the statement that the more televised governmental proceedings, the better, is that it assumes that people actually watch the proceedings when they are broadcast.

109."The purpose of many advertisements is to make consumers want to buy a product so that they will 'be like' the person in the ad. This practice is effective because it not only sells products but also helps people feel better about themselves."

Marketing departments have long known that using attractive models and celebrity endorsers can help to persuade consumers to buy a product. Some customers may actually believe that buying and using the product will make them "be like" the people featured in the ad.

Proof of this marketing axiom can be found by simply looking at advertisements from around the world.

Some individuals with a low sense of self-esteem, especially younger people, may purchase products in an attempt to make themselves be like the person featured in the advertisement.

There are others that may derive a certain sense of satisfaction over the fact that they wear the same underwear as some beautiful models or that they drink the same soft drink as Britney Spears.

110."When we concern ourselves with the study of history, we become storytellers. Because we can never know the past directly but must construct it by interpreting evidence, exploring history is more of a creative enterprise than it is an objective pursuit. All historians are storytellers."

From the perspective of the historian, most historians do not have the benefit of having lived through the period of history that they are writing about.

Historians that are documenting events as they happen today have much less of an opportunity to fall into the "storyteller" category as they are present as witnesses to these events as they are happening.

Another example showcasing the idea that all historians are storytellers is that of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy.

Particularly when it concerns ancient history, all historians must be storytellers to a certain degree. "Connecting the dots" of surviving evidence from the time period or event being examined requires a certain amount of personal intuition and supposition.

111."The worldwide distribution of television programs and advertisements is seriously diminishing the differences among cultures."

(1) The different process the different species have undergone throughout their history initials the differences among cultures. Such different would have been assimilated and diminished if there were more connection with each other, in this point, the issue in to some sense.

(2) The high-advanced telecommunication technology, make the worldwide distribution of television programs and ad is possible. As a media that just as a vessel carrying on the cargo from one port to another, within the programs and ad, there is more or less some kind of the culture or ethic on the manufacture. So with they are broadcasting broad, there is a opportunity for different ethic and culture to be realized and got touch with.

(3) On the other hand, the culture is ingrate in the society, so it is inevitable hard to change. And we must leery on that some of taboo will be infringed as the distribution, which will harshly aggravate the confliction on the culture. Especially in the Moslem 16

country.

(4) As the worldwide distribution of the TV programs and ad, we should leery on a danger phenomenon-the culture aggression. By the introduction of the ad and TV programs the populace specially the adolescence will be corrupted by osmosis as the time gone by.

112. "Some educational systems emphasize the development of student's capacity for reasoning and logical thinking, but students would benefit more from an education that also taught them to explore their own emotions."

The ability to survive and thrive in a society is based on the assumption that human beings act according to reason and logic. As a result, the basic framework of most forms of human society requires that a person must act according to the demands of reason and logic.

One of the main problems with emphasizing to students the importance of exploring one's own emotions is that it creates a "me first" attitude towards their studies.

A certain amount of self-introspection into one's emotions is probably helpful to the development of a student as an overall person.emotion exploring 应该是现代西方流行的“情感教育” 指的是教育过程中的一个部分，即对学生的态度、感受、信念和情绪等方面的关注，以及对学生的自尊、个人发展和社会发展的关注。换句话说，情感教育的一个重要方面是关注学生个体与他人关系的有效性，在这个意义上说，人际关系和社会技巧就被视为"情感教育"的核心。与这种教育理念有关的还有两个基本要点：一是对学生提供支持和指导（特别关注学生的态度、感受、信念、和情绪）；二是把情感与认知发展联系起来，即学生们作为学习者的感受以及他们对学习科目的感受，至少可以和他们的实际能力一样有影响。 不过理解为情商写出来的文章应该是差不多的。

explore:1 a : to investigate, study, or analyze : look into. b : to become familiar with by testing or experimenting *explore new cuisines*

2 : to travel over (new territory) for adventure or discovery 3 : to examine minutely especially for diagnostic purposes

113. "It is primarily through identification through social groups that we define ourselves."

Self-definition can either be honest or dishonest.

On the other hand, there are individuals that very clearly demonstrate who they are by their identification with certain social groups.

Joining other types of groups may or may not indicate a person's self-identification.

114."Humanity has made little real progress over the past century or so. Technological innovations have taken place, but the overall condition of humanity is no better. War, violence and poverty are still with us. Technology cannot change the condition of humanity."

First of all, the phrase "little real progress" from the first sentence must be defined.

Secondly, the phrases "the overall condition of humanity" and "the condition of humanity" must be defined.

If one takes a very narrow definition of "progress" and "the condition of humanity", it could be fairly stated that mankind has made little in the way of advancement over the past century.

115."It is through the use of logic and of precise, careful measurement that we become aware of our progress. Without such tools, we have no reference points to indicate how far we have advanced or retreated."

I agree that in certain endeavors quantitative measurements and logical analysis of data are essential for this purpose. However, in other realms objective data provides little guidance for determining progress. My view applies to individuals as well as society as a whole.

As for monitoring individual progress, the extent to which careful measurement and logical analysis of data are required depends on the specific fields.

On a social level, as on a personal level, the extent to which careful measurement and logic are needed to determine progress depends on the endeavor.

In contrast, social-political progress is less susceptible to objective measurement. For instance, progress in social welfare might be measured by the number of homeless people, incidence of domestic violence, or juvenile crime rate.

116."With the growth of global networks in such areas as economics and communication, there is no doubt that every aspect of society-including education, politics, the arts, and the sciences-will benefit greatly from international influences."

A. In the realm of education and the sciences, cross-cultural communication and international cooperation have brought in an unprecedented prosperous era in human society.

B. In the realm of politics, globalization has opened up new vistas for individual governments to learn from each other in running their own countries and for the international community to take concerted action against global problems.

C. However, in the realm of arts, diversity and originality are being threatened by the blurring of national boundaries and cultural identification in the face of the accelerating speed of transportation, and the homogenizing effect of mass communications and multinational corporations.

Globalization also has helped countries and governments to communicate and collaborate. Formation of NATO, meetings on global warming and AIDS, and alliances against terrorism are typical examples.

117"The depth of knowledge to be gained from books is richer and broader than what can be learned from direct experience."

1. Knowledge from books is systematic and methodical. Knowledge everyone learns from such media is abundant and contains achievements in various subjects. However this knowledge is abstruse and even a little bitter to understand.

2. Knowledge from direct experience is vivid and we can understand it in direct manner and we can experience the whole 17

process that a new phenomenon is found or a formation of a new theory, etc. Getting knowledge from books requires us to have a variety of knowledge that are not limited in only one or two specialties. For example if our specialty is focused on science, should we neglect the cultivation of arts. Arts and science are different from their subjects but we may take similar methods to study both of them. Learning from direct experience, however, may have less request for us. We can obtain whatever we do from our work, these learning are sometimes partial and even erroneous. We should write down this knowledge and experience and impart them to our latter generations for modification.

3. Knowledge from books is the legacy of our predecessors who have studied in some field many years before. As for this knowledge we should criticize it, test the validity of it and perfect it with the new knowledge and ken we obtain from our own direct experience.

4. Although the depth of knowledge gained from books, I think, is richer and broader than what can be learned from our direct experience, we should combine these two ways for our learning, To get a more complete result or a more convincing conclusion we shouldn?t emphasize only one method and ignore the other. Using both of the learning methods is the best way for further knowledge.

118"In any field of endeavor-the sciences, the humanities, the social sciences, industry, etc.-it is not the attainment of a goal that matters, but rather the ideas and discoveries that are encountered on the way to the goal."

任何领域的努力, 比如自然科学,人文科学, 社会科学,工业领域, 都不是在乎目标的成就, 而是那些在通往目标的路上所遇到的方法和发现.

1.Every endeavor should have a goal, or related thing would be nonsense.

2. A goal for any endeavor show much significance. On the one hand, Orienting the direction. The other hand, making all the jobs more efficient.

3. The ideas and discoveries encountered on the way to goal are also making great sense. But we should realize how to make them more useful in our job now and future.

119."When research priorities are being set for science, education, or any other area, the most important question to consider is: How many people's lives will be improved if the results are successful?"

Admittedly, scientific research whose societal benefits are immediate, predicable, and profound should continue to be a high priority. For example, biotechnology research is proven to help cure and prevent diseases; advances in medical technology allow for safer, less invasive diagnosis and treatment; advances in genetics help prevent birth defects; advances in engineering and chemistry improve the structural integrity of our buildings, roads, bridges, and vehicles; information technology enables education; and communication technology facilitates global peace and participation in the democratic process.

First of all, if we strictly follow the speaker's suggestion, who would decide which areas of research are more worthwhile than others?

Secondly, to compel all researchers to focus only on certain areas would be to force many to waste their true talents.

120."So much is new and complex today that looking back for an understanding of the past provides little guidance for living in the present."

A. Understanding the past can show us inspirational examples of success.

B. Studying history can also help us avoid repeating mistakes

C. The study of past is important because the relevant historical antecedents can help us fully appreciate our present challenges.

121. At various times in the geological past, many species have become extinct as a result of natural, rather than human, processes. Thus, there is no justification for society to make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species."

A. Natural processes did eliminate some species through natural selection; however, it did not break the balance of the ecosystem.

B. Due to human processes, including pollution and exterminatory exploitation of natural resources, our natural environment is being threatened, and the extinction of rare species has been accelerated.

C. Since the diversity of species is beneficial for human beings, measures must be adopted to protect endangered species.

122"We owe almost all our knowledge not to people who have agreed, but to people who have disagreed."

123"It is possible to identify a person's politics within a very short time of meeting him or her. Everything about people-their clothes, their friends, the way they talk, what they eat-reflects their political beliefs."

A. What one wears and eats indicates the way of life he or she advocates.

B. We can also identify a person?s ideas, qualities and values from the type of friends he or she associates with.

C. Of course, it is necessary to watch a person?s deeds if we want to know for sure what he or she truly believes in.

124"Instant foods, instant communication, faster transportation-all of these recent developments are designed to save time. Ironically, though, instead of making more leisure time available, these developments have contributed to a pace of human affairs that is more rushed and more frantic than ever before."

A. Theoretically speaking, such recent inventions as instant foods, instant communication, and fast transportation have made it possible for us to set aside more time for repose and relaxation.

B. Actually we are living a more hurried life today than our ancestors centuries ago.

C. What makes us hurry today is our values that give too much stress to competition and efficiency.

18

125"The past is no predictor of the future."

A. No one knows for sure what will happen in the future.

B. However, knowledge of the past tells us what might be happen in the future.

C. Personally or socially, the wisdom of the past provides necessary resources to help us confront the old or new problems of the future.

126"Society's external rewards are no measure of true success. True success can be measured only in relation to the goals one sets for oneself."

A. Society?s external rewards can be regarded as society?s recognition of one?s contribution to society.

B. For an individual person, a correct attitude is to gauge success in relation to the goals one sets for oneself.

C. Overemphasizing the social criterion of success tends to belittle the worth of an individual.

127."Facts are stubborn things. They cannot be altered by our wishes, our inclinations, or the dictates of our passions."

A. On an individual level, we all engage in futile attempts to alter facts-by pretending that certain things are not the way they are because they are inconsistent with our wishes or personal interests.

B. Nor can we alter facts by virtue of our inclinations or passions when it comes to history.

C. Similarly, when it comes to science our wishes and desires ultimately yield to the stubbornness of facts-by which I mean empirical scientific evidence and the laws and principles of the physical world.

128."It is often asserted that the purpose of education is to free the mind and the spirit. In reality, however, formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free."

A. Formal education emphasizes the learning of basic skills, methodologies and knowledge, which might be mechanical and dull.

B. However, this basic training is a necessary foundation, based on which we can freely imagine and create.

C. Admittedly, there exist many aspects in formal education that need reforming.

129"Technology is a necessary but not always a positive force in modern life."

A. Undoubtedly, technology is a necessary force, without which contemporary society could not survive for even one day.

B. It is true that new technologies are often used for negative or even evil purposes.

C. However, it is humans rather than technologies that should be responsible for the negative effects seemingly brought about by technologies.

130."How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society. Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society."

A. Consider first the speaker's assertion that society's destiny depends on how children are socialized. Socialization is only one factor influencing the extent to which an individual will ultimately contribute to a better society. And it is not the most important one.

B. Consider next the speaker's claim that we have not yet learned how to raise children who can better society.

131."The arts (painting, music, literature, etc.) reveal me otherwise hidden ideas and impulses of a society."

A. The art aim at depicting the feelings and attitudes of individuals in a society.

B. Paintings and music mist vividly embody the spirits and character of a society.

C. By reading literature, we get to know not only the experience of a society, but also the hidden ideas and impulses of the society.

132"The university community consists of three different worlds-the sciences, the humanities, and the social sciences. Because each world operates on its own assumptions and has its own special habits of thinking, rarely is there meaningful interaction among the sciences, the humanities, and the social sciences."

1. the base of three is the same 2. the contents are overlapped interact among each other

133"The problems of modern society have led many people to complain: 'We live in terrible times.' Yet, given the choice, no one today would prefer to live in any other time."

A. In the first place, our living conditions today are superior to those of any past generations.

B. In the second place, technologies have made it possible for men to work under much more comfortable working conditions today than before.

C. The problems confronting us should not blind us from seeing the problem that once troubled former generations.

134"Students should be encouraged to realize that mental agility and rhetorical skill must be accompanied by sincerity and the true conviction of their own beliefs."

A. Today?s education gives too much stress to academic skills.

B. No man can afford to express, through words or acts, that which is not in harmony with his own beliefs, and if he does so, he must pay by the loss of his ability to influence others.

C. Our beliefs about what we are and what we can precisely determine what we will be.

135"While most of the environmental problems we face result from the use of technology, society must depend upon technology to find solutions to these problems."

A. The use of technology should be largely responsible for the environmental problems.

19

B. It is true that technology will help us solve many environmental problems.

C. However, if human beings change no their attitude toward nature, technology alone will not be able to save us.

136."The absence of choice is a circumstance that is very, very rare."

A. Our life experience is that we make choices and decisions every day -on a continual basis. Common sense tells us that humans have free will, and therefore the true absence of choice is very rare. The only possible exceptions -solitary imprisonment or a severe mental or physical deficiency.

B. Besides, the reverse claim-that we do not have free choice-serves to undermine the notions of moral accountability and human equality, which prerequisite the survival of any democratic society.

C. People often claim that life's circumstances leave them with "no choice." One might feel trapped in a job or marriage. However, in reality they may have a lot of choices, it is just because they are only considering those choices that are not viable or attractive.

D. People may take the unappealing, even self-defeating as no choice.

137"What we call progress is a matter of exchanging one problem for another."

A. Industrialization, a great progress is human history, has brought about environmental problems.

B. Urbanization, another breakthrough in human history, has witnessed a dramatic rise in crime rates and the disintegration of communities.

C. However, there is no need to be pessimistic about progress.

138"Only through mistakes can there be discovery or progress."

A. Mistakes help us find out what is unworkable and hence we can approach the right solution.

B. Fearing making mistakes prevents us from trying new things and taking risks.

C. The right attitude toward mistakes is not to avoid them, but to learn from them.

139"Every new generation needs to redefine 'right' and 'wrong' in its own terms and according to the conditions of its own time."

The concept of "right" and "wrong" are requiring little necessity with the combination of different behavior and the deterioration of selecting system. More unfortunately, the changing criteria have providing us with the dilemma whether we should prepare our children for future challenges by imbuing them with modern value system or simply stick to former principles. Admittedly, this is a difficult choice for even the most discriminating parents. However, to educate our children, we still need to instill them with the fixed system as the mainstream while properly taking temporary ones as additives.

Modern ages seem to cause chaos in its accommodating nature to different value systems, most of them regarded as deviation in the past.

of course ,to place our children in a favorable in social competition and avoid unfair competition. We should gradually familiarize them with prevalent value systems based on the fact that this will not shake the predominant role of those already accepted value systems. This should not be equaled with the evil intention to destruct social order

Despite all of our efforts to perfect our children, the eventual masters are themselves. Some susceptible to alluring from wried value systems will find themselves driven to a wrong way; and to others ,it may be useless to try to dominate their minds with education and even parent authority.

140."What society has thought to be its greatest social, political, and individual achievements have often resulted in the greatest discontent."

A. Different values and interests in a society are somehow irreconcilable.

B. The widening income gap between the wealthy few and the poor majority has been a target of blame in every individual society.

C. The stability of a society depends on the compromise of various interests and values.

141."Most people recognize the benefits of individuality, but the fact is that ' personal economic success requires conformity."

A. Regarding the sort of economic success that results from investing one's wealth, the principles of investing dictate that those who seek risky investments in areas that are out of favor with the majority of investors ultimately reap higher returns than those who follow the crowd.

B. In consumer-driven industries, where innovation, product differentiation and creativity arc crucial to lasting success, non-conformists who take unique approaches tend to recognize emerging trends and to rise above their peers.

C. However, in traditional service industries-such as finance, accounting, insurance, legal services, and health care-personal economic success comes not to non-conformists but rather to those who can work most effectively within the constraints of established practices, policies and regulation.

142."The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority."

A. Challenging political authority forces politicians and the government to be more democratic, efficient, responsible and honest.

B. Challenging academic authority promotes academic progress.

C. However, a society in which individuals show no respect at all to any form of authority faces the danger of disintegration.

143"Artists should pay little attention to their critics.* Criticism tends to undermine and constrain the artist's creativity." *those who evaluate works of art, such as novels, films, music, paintings, etc.。

A. Theoretically speaking, critics, with their profound knowledge of aesthetics and a taste in art, could offer valuable advice to 20

artists.

B. Interestingly, few artists ever showed any gratitude to their critics.

C. Still, I believe artists could benefit from critics? work.

144."It is the artist, not the critic,* who gives society something of lasting value." a person who evaluates works of art, such as novels, films, music, paintings, etc.

A. critics can help us understand and interpret art; a critic who is familiar with a particular artist and his or her works might have certain insights about those works that the layperson would not.

B. A critic's evaluation of an artwork serves as a filter, which helps us determine which art is worth our time and attention.

C. A critic can provide feedback for artists; and constructive criticism, if taken to heart, can result in better work.

145"A crucial test of character is whether one is able to adapt to changing social conventions without sacrificing one's principles."

A. In the history of the United States, F. D. Franklin, the president who led the country out of the Great Depression in the 1930s-40s, was a man who managed to adapt to the changing economic climate without sacrificing his principles regarding capitalism.

B. In China, Deng Xiaoping could be counted as one who succeeded in maintaining his socialist principles when he introduced market economy into his country.

C. However, an even more praiseworthy character is one who is willing to change his principles to adapt to the changing situations when those principles are out of date.

146 "People who are the most deeply committed to an idea or policy are the most critical of it."

对同样一件事情,不同的人会有不同的见解,一旦他认为自己对该观点非常执着,一旦有某些反对意见;他很有可能会为之辩护.其实,在辩护的过程中,他也在尝试说服自己,因为,一旦这种反对意见被提出,自己所坚持的观点的正确性受到了威胁,他自己也在开始对其进行置疑,并尝试寻找理由说服自己.

One possible explanation for the paradox is that individuals most firmly committed to an idea or policy are often the same people who arc most knowledgeable on the subject, and therefore are in the best position to understand and appreciate the problems with the idea or policy.

Another possible explanation is that those who are committed to an idea or policy would be more concerned and loyal to it, so they tend to be critical of it with the earnest inclination to improving it.

There are many relevant examples that can lend credence to this explanation for the paradox nature of the speaker's claim. For instance, Edward Teller, the so-called "father of the atom bomb", was firmly committed to America's policy of gaining military superiority over the Japanese and the Germans; yet at the same time he attempted fervently to dissuade the US military from employing his technology for destruction, while becoming the most visible advocate for various peaceful and productive applications of atomic energy. Another example is George Washington, who was quoted as saying that all the world's denizens should abhor war whenever they may find it. Yet it was the same general who played a key role in the Revolutionary War between Britain and USA. A third example was Einstein, who while committed to' the mathematical soundness of his theories about relativity could not reconcile them with the equally compelling quantum theory which emerged later in Einstein's life. In fact, Einstein spent the last twenty years of his life criticizing his own theories and struggling to determine how to reconcile them with newer theories.

147."Tradition and modernization are incompatible. One must choose between them."

A. Tradition refers to the beliefs, values, customs, way of life, crafts, etc., that are handed down from generation to generation in a society.

B. Modernization refers to the process of urbanization, industrialization and democratization, or in a large sense, westernization.

C. Many traditional wisdoms are still relevant and can inspire us to search for solutions to present problems.

D. The correct way to modernize a culture is to transform or reform its tradition rather than to uproot its tradition.

148"Many people admire idealism, but it usually leads to disappointment or trouble."

A. An idealist is one who, on noticing that a rose smells better that a cabbage, concludes that it will also make better soup.

B. Political idealism such as communism brought catastrophes to former socialist countries.

C. Individually, idealism, if it were not balanced by pragmatism, would lead to personal failure.

D. However, idealism, guided by practical plans, gives people hope and enthusiasm.

149"The most practical and effective way to protect wilderness areas is to attract more tourists to these areas through environmentally sensitive projects."

A. Tourists swarming to visit the environmentally sensitive projects may pose a serious threat to the wildness areas.

B. The most practical and effective way to protect wildness areas is to leave those places to take care of themselves.

150."Because of television and worldwide computer connections, people can now become familiar with a great many places that they have never visited. As a result, tourism will soon become obsolete."

A. As for the claim that television will render tourism obsolete, we already have sufficient empirical evidence that this will simply not happen.

B. On the contrary television may have actually served to spark people's interest in visiting other places.

C. The speaker unfairly assumes that the purpose of tourism is simply to obtain information about other people or places and the scenes on the internet can replace traveling to the real places.

D. Moreover, in my view tourism will continue to thrive for the same reason that people still go out for dinner or to the movies: 21

we all need to get away from our routines and surroundings from time to time. Computer cannot alter this basic human needs. E. Admittedly, travel for purposes other than tourism might eventually decline, as the business world becomes increasingly dependent on the Internet.

151."High-speed electronic communications media, such as electronic mail and television, tend to prevent meaningful and thoughtful communication."

A. High-speed electronic communications media can perform most functions that traditional media have provided.

B. High-speed electronic communications media have obvious advantages over traditional communications; high speed, vividness and economy.

C. However, high-speed electronic communications media tend to create passive, isolated and indifferent communicators, preventing people from effective face-to-face interaction.

152 "The only responsibility of corporate executives, provided they stay within the law, is to make as much money as possible for their companies."

A. Admittedly, corporate executives should make every effort to increase the profits of their companies.

B. Besides making as much money as possible, corporate executives should be aware of businesses? social responsibilities.

C. Taking some social responsibilities will benefit companies in the long run.

153."Students should bring a certain skepticism to whatever they study. They should question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively."

A. Skepticism, or critical thinking, helps us uncover bias and prejudice and distinguish between opinion and fact.

B. Skepticism is the starting point for creation.

C. College campus is a place where teachers and students get involved in a common pursuit for knowledge and truth.

154."Both parents and communities must be involved in the local schools. Education is too important to leave solely to a group of professional educators."

A. parents hold the ultimately legal authority to make key decisions about what and how their own children learn-including choice of curriculum and text books, pace and schedule for learning, and the extent to which their child should learn alongside other children.

B. Only a parent can truly know the unique needs of a child-including what educational choices are best suited for the child.

C. Parents are more motivated-by pride and ego-than any other person to take whatever measures are needed to ensure their children receive the best possible education.

D. With the communities' participation, local schools wilt do better in instructing the children, especially in the respect of moral instruction. SX-h I disagree with the speaker's assertion. A compelling argument can be made that, except for major decisions such as choice of school, a child's education is best left to professional educators.

a) In a perfect world, parents would always make their children's education one of their highest priorities. Yet, in fact many parents do not.

b) Parents are not necessarily best equipped to know what is best for their children when it comes to education.

c) Parents are too subjective to always know what is truly best for their children. They may try to overcome their own shortcomings and failed self-expectations through their children's accomplishments and other decision detrimental to children's development.

d) too many parties become involved in making decision about day-to-day instruction, the school education would be interfered and intervened.

155"Contemporary society offers so many ways of learning that reading books is no longer very important." At first, books, unlike other means such as TV and radio, provide the active way of learning,

Second, books are usually the base of other media in that what the other media including programs and films provide are based on books.

Third, books are probably the simplest and most economical way in learning compared with other learning methods.

156"Choice is an illusion. In reality, our lives are controlled by the society in which we live."

It is true that we, as members of the society, are sometime subdued to the society, but meanwhile, unlike other animals, we can actively participate in and even change or control the society by having a good choice that is to conquer the outside by our efforts.

the world is affluent of choice and the right in choice, dealing with the society actively or inactively is in our hands

by choosing we can control the world well

157."There is no such thing as purely objective observation. All observation is subjective; it is always guided by the observer's expectations or desires."

A. Everyday experience inform us that different people have different opinion when they observe the same object.

B. However, these sorts of subjective "observations " are actually subjective "interpretations" of what we observe.

C. As the speaker's assertion, there is no such thing as truth and we cannot truly know anything. It runs against the grain of all scientific discovery and knowledge gained in the human history.

D. According to the psychological discipline, given the same spatial perspective and sensory acuity and awareness, just as the video camera does, our observations would all be essentially in accord-that is, observation can be objective.

158The arts (music, dance, visual arts, etc.) are vitally important to students' education and should therefore receive as much emphasis as mathematics, science, reading and other mainstream subjects."

22

Life should be colorful, which necessities the arts as well as the science such as mathematics

Makes more knowledgeable and understandable of the world

The knowledge is dependent, especially in the modern society.

159."The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds."

A. In terms of memory and computing as well as other technical operations, computers can do much better than human beings.

B. In terms of creation, machines can never surpass human intelligence, for it is illogical that ?stupid? human minds can create ?clever? artificial intelligence.

C. However, human beings should guard against the abuse of advanced technology and see to it that machines are created to serve human welfare.

160."The most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to remain consistently committed to particular principles and objectives. Any leader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish little."

A. In the business realm, effective leadership is generally defined as that which achieves the goal of profit maximization in the long term by taking reasonable steps to minimize the social and environmental harm their businesses caused. Thus the two definitions merge, and the statement at issue is ultimately correct.

B. In the political realm the issue is no less complex, (strong but keep pace with the social development)

Example: two British prime ministers Neville Chamberlain and Churchill

In 1938, British Prime Minister Chamberlain signed the Munich Pact with Adolph Hitler, an agreement that gave Czechoslovakia away to Nazi conquest while bringing, as Chamberlain promised, "peace in our time."

C. Consider social-spiritual leadership. Few would disagree that through their ability to inspire others and lift the human spirit Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King were eminently effective in leading others to effect social change through civil disobedience. This brand of leadership, in order to be effective, inherently requires that the leader remain steadfastly committed to principle.

161."'In this age of intensive media coverage, it is no longer possible for a society to regard any woman or man as a hero. The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished."

A. Media viewers, readers and listeners find information about the misfortunes and misdeeds of others, especially heroic public figures, far more compelling than information about their virtues and accomplishments.

B. Mass media generally consist of profit-seeking entities, whose chief objective is to maximize profits. Catering to the audience's needs, media tend to focus on the sensational issue.

C. Intense media scrutiny raises a presumption, at least in the public's collective mind, that their hero is guilty of some sort of character flaw or misdeed.

D. Demographic studies show that the vast majority of people relying on mainstream media for their information, lack the sort of critical thinking skills and objectivity to see beyond what the media feeds them and to make a fair and informed judgment about a public figure-heroic or not.

E. Even the media made a mistake and the victims can have any chance to vindicate themselves and even get damage awards, a damage award is no indication that the public has expunged from its collective memory a perception that the fallen hero is guilty of the alleged flaws.

162"One often hears about the need for individuals to take responsibility for their own lives. However, the conditions in which people find themselves have been largely established long before people become aware of them. Thus, the concept of personal responsibility is much more complicated and unrealistic than is often assumed.”

1. benefits to success of the individual

2. ensures the secure and balance of the society

3. is the landmark of the civilization of the society

163."The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished."

The above statement is much too broad, however. "Anyone" covers all people all over the world.

Another problem with such a broad statement is that it does not define the particular level of media scrutiny.

Without a doubt, there are many examples of individual's whose reputations have been diminished by media scrutiny. The media's uncovering of former U.S. President Bill Clinton's affair with Monica Lewinsky will most likely overshadow the entire eight years of his administration.

164."Sometimes imagination is a more valuable asset than experience. People who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible and thus can approach a task without constraints of established habits and attitudes."

A. Experience with no imagination is like a bird that has no wings because imagination helps life experience to a higher plateau.

B. Imagination with no experience is like water without a source or a tree without roots because experience is raw materials needed to actualize imagination.

165."In any given field, the leading voices come from people who are motivated not by conviction but by the desire to present opinions and ideas that differ from those held by the majority."

A. Examples abound in all areas of human endeavor-including politics, the arts that strong support the claim that those iconoclasts take a lead in their respective field.

B. As for the science, innovation and progress can only result from challenging conventional theories, that is the status quo.

C. Nevertheless, what motivates these iconoclasts is a mere desire to be different. On the contrary, they are driven primarily 23

by their personal convictions.

166"Over the past century, the most significant contribution of technology has been to make people's lives more comfortable."

1. greatly improve the quality of people?s life

2. propels the society to go ahead, in which the social culture and civilization are also enhanced immensely

admittedly, the advance of technology sometime even brings troubles and harms to people

167."It is impossible for an effective political leader to tell the truth all the time. Complete honesty is not a useful virtue for a politician."

A. It will be impossible for an effective political leader to maintain his or her good figure while be complete honest to the public. Public scrutiny always has a tendency to diminish one?s reputation..

B. However, as to some cardinal politics, the political leader should always be complete honest to the public even doing so may cause detriment to himself.

168."Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comes from someone who is an expert in that field."

A. Ordinary customers or users often know better the defects of a product than the expert who designed it.

B. In the realm of politics, the right to judge belongs to ordinary people instead of political experts of any sort.

C. Any group actions without the intellectual as well as physical participation of ordinary members are liable to fail.

169."Those who treat politics and morality as though they were separate realms fail to understand either the one or the other."

A. It is wrong to equate moral behavior in politics with the simple notions of honesty and putting the other fellow's needs ahead of one's own. We must understand that the political rhetoric is necessary and does not harm the society, as long as it does not escalate to outright lying.

B. In order to gain the opportunity for moral leadership politicians must engage in certain compromises along the way. Some degree of pandering to the electorate is necessary to maintain that position.

C. Effective politicians need concern themselves with morality. Successful political leadership .requires a certain measure of public morality, serving the society with its best interests as the leader's overriding concern.

D. In the short term amoral or immoral public behavior might serve a political leader's interest in preserving power, yet in the long term such behavior invariably results in that leader's downfall.

170."The surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but the general welfare of all its people."

First, it fails to define "general welfare." Second, it assumes that the sorts of achievements that the speaker cites have nothing to do with a nation's general welfare.

A. It is our scientists, artists, and political leaders-or so-called rulers-who by way of their achievements bring the aim of people's welfare into fruition. When we speak of "promoting the general welfare," we refer to the following index: public health and safety, security against military invasion, individual autonomy and freedom, cultural richness, and a high standard of living.

B. Scientific achievements serve to enhance a nation's general welfare.

a) Advances in the health science have enhanced our physical well-being, comfort, and life span.

b) Advances in technology have enabled us to travel to more places, communicate with more people from different walks of life, and learn more about the world much more effectively.

c) Advances in physics and engineering make our buildings safer, and enable us to travel to more places, more distant places, with greater safety and speed.

C. Artistic achievement is also needed to make a nation a better place for humans overall.

D. The military and diplomatic accomplishments of a nation's leaders provide an integral contribution to the general welfare of any nation's populace.

171."People who pursue their own intellectual interests for purely personal reasons are more likely to benefit the rest of the world than are people who try to act for the public good."

A. By human nature, we are motivated to pursue activities in which we excel. To compel people to focus their intellectual interests on certain assigned areas would be to force many to waste their true talents.

B. There are a lot of scientific researches that are of fundamental significance to human beings but does not immediately addressing society's pressing social problems. Yet in the longer term it might be necessary to ensure the survival of the human race.

C. It is dangerous to afford ultimate decision-making power about what intellectual pursuits are worthwhile to a handful of regulators, legislators in the name of public good. History informs us well of the danger inherent in setting official research priorities. Example: the Soviet government's attempts during the 1920s to not only control the direction and the goals of its scientists' research but also to distort the outcome of that research-ostensibly for the good of the greatest number of people. In the 1920s the Soviet government quashed areas of scientific inquiry, destroyed entire research facilities and libraries, and caused the sudden disappearance of many scientists who were viewed as threats to the state's authority. Not surprisingly, during this time period no significant scientific advances occurred.

172"Important truths begin as outrageous, or at least uncomfortable, attacks upon the accepted wisdom of the time."

A. Copernicus?s heliocentric theory in the 16th century was a direct attack upon the accepted wisdom of the time, the geocentric view of the universe postulated by Aristotle and Ptolemy.

24

B. When Darwin first declared that the wide variety of animal species was due to a process of development over many millennia, he challenged the traditional Christian belief and outraged the religious fundamentalists.

C. In former socialist countries, it took a long and painful time for people to give up the old idea of state-owned economy and to accept the idea of market economy.

173."Originality does not mean thinking something that was never thought before; it means putting old ideas together in new ways."

A. Originality is especially expressed in the ability to make connections, to make associations, to turn things around and express them in new ways.

B. Originality also emerges out of personal commitment to raise new questions, explore new possibilities and be willing to implement ideas that may not in tune with the conventional way of doing things.

Originality is a very important factor affecting the success of science, art, technology, and education. Interpretation of this attribute varies for different people. In my opinion, originality means both (1) thinking something that was never thought before, and (2) putting old ideas together in new ways.

174."Laws should not be stationary and fixed. Instead, they should be flexible enough to take account of various circumstances, times, and places."

A. Laws should be flexible to be effective in various circumstances, times, and places. The situations in different part of a nation may be vast different; as the development of the society, people may find urgent demand to modify laws for the society function.

B. Rigid laws can result in fairness if applied inflexibly in all places at all times.

C. Without flexible laws, the society can survive but cannot thrive.

D. However, a certain measure of consistency, stability and predictability in our laws is required in order for us to understand our legal obligations and rights as we go about our day-to-day business as a society.

175."It is always an individual who is the impetus for innovation; the details may ' be worked out by a team, but true innovation results from the enterprise and unique perception of an individual."

A. With respect to business innovation, I agree that it is the vision and commitment of key individuals-such as a firm's founder or chief executive-from which businesses burgeon and innovative products, services, and marketing and management strategies emerge.

B. Teamwork and individual enterprise can operate synergistically to bring about innovation. Teamwork and individual enterprise are not necessary inconsistent, as the speaker assumes. If directed toward the firm's goals, the traits can motivate other team members, thereby facilitating innovation.

C. In today's world, scientific innovation requires not only individuals of intense enterprise and unique perception but also extensive teams of researchers.

176."The function of science is to reassure; the purpose of art is to upset. Therein lies the value of each."

A. The final objective of science, in my view, is to discover truths about our world, our universe, and ourselves. Sometimes these discoveries serve to reassure, other times they serve to upset. On the one hand, many scientific discoveries serve to reassure. For example, many would consider reassuring the various laws and principles of physics which provide unifying explanations for what we observe in the physical world. These principles provide a reassuring sense of order, even simplicity, to an otherwise mysterious and perplexing world.

B. On the other hand, many scientific discoveries have clearly "upset" conventional notions of people.

C. In many cases artists set about to reassure, not to upset.

D. However, in other cases, artists set about to upset.

科学和艺术两者都着眼于更新，科学是在前人的理论基础上不断修正，提出新的理论，而艺术是对前人的创作的基础上创新，创造出不同于前人，超越前人的思想，如“印象派”以画光线著称，在这之前，其他画派的画的背景都是无光的，可是科学确实如牛顿所说“我是站在巨人的肩膀上”，不能在推翻一个理论体系后，马上建立，必须逐步修正

177."The study of an academic discipline alters the way we perceive the world. After studying the discipline, we see the same world as before, but with different eyes."

A. Academic discipline provides us with various new methodologies to interpret our world, which reshapes our understanding of the reality.

B. With the change in our perception of the world, the way we interact with our world will also be changed correspondingly.

178"It is possible to pass laws that control or place limits on people's behavior, but legislation cannot reform human nature. Laws cannot change what is in people's hearts and minds."

indeed ,in the hearts of all people ,there exist the most instinctive desire to free themselves from the limitation of these stark rules.

accustomed to all of these laws ,people have learned to disguise all of their ambition by pretending to be conforming to these laws. But in their hearts where all real affections are nurtured, never has there been a minute that their individual desire overcomes the limits of laws. As the soaring begins to pervade the whole system of rational choices, more severe and crucial laws are required to keep the stability.

to keep the society really safe and convenient, people should try their best to conform to laws while shunning their ambition only in their dreams.

179"What most human beings really want to attain is not knowledge, but certainty. Gaining real knowledge requires taking risks and keeping the mind open-but most people prefer to be reassured rather than to learn the complex and 25

often unsettling truth about anything."

Position: It is necessary to realize the limits of laws when we hail “rule by law”.

A. Common sense tells us that without laws, society would fails into a state of chaos.

B. However, legislation cannot reform human nature.

C. Society should depend on education to cultivate people?s hearts and minds.

180."Many problems of modem society cannot be solved by laws and the legal system because moral behavior cannot be legislated."

A. The legal system is intended to force people to abide by certain social rules and to commit no crimes, which is the precondition of any stable and orderly society.

B. Morality encourages people to do good or at least motivates them to consciously act in accordance with law.

C. A harmonious society necessitates the joint efforts of legal restraint and moral admonition.

181. "The way students and scholars interpret the materials they work with in their academic fields is more a matter of personality than of training. Different interpretations come about when people with different personalities look at exactly the same objects, facts, data, or events and see different things."

Admittedly, whether an individual tends to be an optimist or a pessimist might have some bearing on interpretation. For instance, an archeology student with a optimistic outlook toward life might respond to a lengthy yet unsuccessful search for certain artifacts a discovery and progress

In sharp contrast, one's educational background and training can serve as a strong influence on how one interprets historical events involving human affairs, statistical data, and especially art. .

Finally, when it comes to how students and scholars interpret art, training and educational background play an especially significant role.

182"It is dangerous to trust only intelligence."

A. In scientific studies regarding the physical world, we should depend only on intelligence for discovering and testing truths.

B. However, in the realm of human affairs, we have to use both our intelligence and our hearts for solving problems.

183."As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and more mysterious."

A. The world in the eyes of primitive tribes was much simpler and thus more ?comprehensible? in a sense and certainly more backward.

B. If we compare the known part of the world to the space within a circle, the unknown part of the world around the circle grows as the circle of our knowledge expands.

C. There is no need to feel frustrated about the increasingly more complex and more mysterious world that confront because our knowledge in total keeps growing and correspondingly we are becoming better equipped to cope with the problems that emerge.

184."It is a grave mistake to theorize before one has data."

A. A theory conjured up without the benefit of data amounts to little more than the theorist's hope surmise and desire-what he or she want to be true or suppose to be true.

B. The theorist will tend to seek out evidence that supports the theory, and overlook or ignore the evidence that refute it-C. By theorizing before collecting data the theorist also runs the risk of interpreting that data in a manner which makes it appear to lend more credence to the theory than it actually does.

185."Scandals-whether in politics, academia, or other areas-can be useful. They focus our attention on problems in ways that DO speaker or reformer ever could."

A. On the one hand, scandals can sometimes serve to call our attention to pervasive social or political problems that we would otherwise neglect. The paradigmatic modem example is the Watergate scandal. No public speaker or reformer could have called the nation's attention to the problem of presidential misconduct unless the scandal had surfaced.

B. On the other hand, scandals can sometimes serve chiefly to distract us from more pressing community or societal problems.

186."Practicality is now our great idol, which all powers and talents must serve. Anything that is not obviously practical has little value in today's world."

A. In this practical age, practicality has indeed become a great idol in every field of our life.

B. After the Cold War, world countries have lost enthusiasm in great ideals, which is not necessarily a negative effect.

C. Meanwhile, there has been a puzzling growth of interest among many people in unpractical things such as religion, adventure, traveling, arts, etc., which implies a growing concern about the spiritual life in a technological civilization.

187. "It is easy to welcome innovation and accept new ideas. What most people find difficult, however, is accepting the way these new ideas are put into practice."

A. In the areas of politics and social issues, new ideas and imagination are often appealing and welcome but what is most difficult is to put them into practice when the vested interests are broken.

B. In the areas of natural science and technology. Biological science and cloning tech is constructive and welcome, so is the internet technology. However, when it comes to the practical use of cloning human being or taking advantage the IT for intention of crime, they are controversial or guarded.

很多科学理论都不能应用于实践，还有很多科学发现在很多年之后才知道可以用来作什么，就象一种新的化学元素的发现，理解它的性质并不难，难的是想出它到底可以作什么用，有什么实际价值。

26

国人为例,大家都知道改革势在必行,但是这个过程很痛苦，很多人下岗的都会骂

举个简单例子，人工授精早就可以实现了，但是么把人工授精的科学成果应用到生活的方式大家不一定接受的了。因为精子来源，社会舆论都是问题。

188."Success, whether academic or professional, involves an ability to survive in a new environment and-, eventually, -to change it."

A. People can succeed both by surviving and changing a new environment, and by excelling in an old environment.

B. Another way of understanding success is to see it as failure with the dirt brushed off.

C. I would rather define success as doing one?s best to become the best that one is capable of becoming.

189"If people disregard the great works of the past, it is because these works no longer answer the needs of the present."

A. One reason why people disregard the great works of the past is that some of these works are largely irrelevant to the present.

B. Another reason is that today?s education does not attach much importance to the literary classics of the past.

C. However, it is na?ve to say that all great works of the past no longer answer our needs of the present.

190."As long as people in a society are hungry or out of work or lack the basic skills needed to survive, the use of public resources to support the arts is inappropriate-and, perhaps, even cruel-when one considers all the potential uses of such money."

A. The first reason that I disagree with the assertion is that to postpone pubic arts funding until we completely eliminate unemployment and hunger would be to postpone arts funding forever.

B. The second arguments that public support for the arts is desirable is that by allocating public resources to me arts we actually help to solve these social problem.

C. Last but not least argument has to do with the function and ultimate objectives of arts. Arts contribute to a more charitable society-more willing to give help to those who are in need in the ways that the speaker is concerned.

191"Education should be equally devoted to enriching the personal lives of students and to training students to be productive workers."

A. The first purpose of education is to cultivate students? minds, helping them to grow up to become good citizens and happy persons.

B. For this purpose, schools should stress the teaching of humanities.

C. Another purpose of education is to train students to be productive workers.

D. For this purpose, schools should also include occupational training courses in the curriculum.

192"Success in any realm of life comes more often from taking chances or risks than from careful and cautious planning."

A. Whatever goal we intend to accomplish, the first thing to do is planning.

B. Chance favors only the prepared minds.

C. Taking risks without any planning is nothing but rashness.

193"It is not the headline-making political events but the seldom-reported social transformations that have the most lasting significance."

A. The headline-making political events are often superficial and short-lived.

B. The commercial interests of the mass media determine their preoccupation with the news value of events rather than the social value of events.

C. Social transformations usually take place slowly, and are hard to notice at their beginnings.

194"The best preparation for life or a career is not learning to be competitive, but learning to be cooperative."

A. Cooperative benefits every member of the team.

B. Every field of life requires people who are ready to cooperate with others.

C. Only through cooperation can we accomplish great tasks.

D. What is most needed today might be learning to compete in the spirit of cooperation

195"The goal of politics should not be the pursuit of an ideal, but rather the search for common ground and reasonable consensus."

A. Reasonable consensus and a political ideal need not be mutually exclusive.

Example: peace among nations. In order to gain the opportunity to pursue their ideals politicians must build some measure of consensus along the way.

B. The assertion flies in face of the history.

C. Idealists are better able to steer clear of short-term thinking, near-sighted goals, and self-serving maneuverings. Lacking idealism a political leader will tend to seek compromise and unprincipled consensus for its own sake. Most politicians seem driven today by their interest in being elected and reelected-that is, in short-term survival-rather than by any sense of mission, or even obligation to their people and country.

196."Technology creates more problems than it solves, and may threaten or damage the quality of life."

A. Technology has greatly increased human beings? power to harness natural force for human purpose.

B. Technology has dramatically improved the living conditions of human beings.

27

C. Admittedly, technology is a double-edged sword, which, if misused, might undermine the quality of our life and even threaten our existence.

197. "The material progress and well-being of one country are necessarily connected to the material progress and well-being of all other countries."

A. the economic pursuits of any nation today are not only connected to but actually interwoven with those of other nations.

B. Nations have also become interconnected in the pursuit of scientific and technological progress. It may be either detrimental or beneficial effects: global computer connectivity has served to heighten national-security concerns of all connected nations. Nuclear weapon etc.

C. The world's nations have become especially interconnected in terms of their public health. The environmental problem links the world together. Greenhouse effect, Depletion of ozone, sandstorm etc. It is evident that so-called industrial "progress' has carried deleterious environmental consequences worldwide. The depletion of atmospheric ozone, which has warmed the earth to the point that it threatens the very survival of the human beings. The deforestation caused the more frequent sandstorms have more and more endanger the people.

198"Instead of encouraging conformity, society should show greater appreciation of individual differences."

A. Conformity leads to the death of creativity.

B. A society that encourages individual differences will benefit from the creations and vitality of its people.

C. “Whatever crushes individuality is despotism, by whatever name it may be called.” (John Stuart Mill)

199"Truly innovative ideas do not arise from groups of people, but from individuals. When groups try to be creative, the members force each other to compromise and, as a result, creative ideas tend to be weakened and made more conventional. Most original ideas arise from individuals working alone."

A. It is true that individual thinkers or scientists working alone formulated many original ideas in history.

B. However, one should see that those great individuals actually benefited a lot from the work either of his contemporaries or of the people before their time.

C. While members of a group might force each other to compromise, it is also true that they may inspire and enlighten each other.

200"The most elusive knowledge is self-knowledge, and it is usually acquired through solitude, rather than through interaction with others."

A. To lead a happy life, the first thing is to know ourselves. (“An unexamined life is not worth living.”)

B. One way to know ourselves is to examine ourselves alone.

C. However, interaction with others can also help us to see more clearly who we are

201."The purpose of education should be to provide students with a value system, a standard, a set of ideas- not to prepare them for a specific job."

A. The most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of individuals and the significance of their life to themselves and to others.

B. When education aims only at job preparation, it deteriorated into training.

C. There is the need and the possibility to combine life preparation and job preparation.

202"Unlike great thinkers and great artists, the most effective political leaders must often yield to public opinion and abandon principle for the sake of compromise."

Leaders, endowed with their distinguished insight, often present advanced policies that best put forward the group. Unfortunately, this excellence often deserves little resonance from the ordinary mass whose main priority still wanders on the level of immediate profit or prosper to gain both material comfort and mental sham inevitably

here comes from the best chance for the power of social skills. Ostensible compromise often acts the role of gaining more time and chances to instill the workers with the essence of policies, which, once caught, will certainly push the project .so it is unwise to equal the these two kinds of compromise.

in some cases ,despite the disgust from all of the workers ,effective leaders often appears in the monopoly form to carry out his plans ,most of which often prove their success in later stages

of course ,in this I do not doubt certain cases where compromise often acts a successful role, especially when forces from various sources denies the smooth operation of the project.

203. "The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its heroines."

A. A society chooses certain people as it heroes not because they mirror the society but rather because the society's members appreciate, wish they could emulate those traits of character.

B. Consider the sports hero, whom society chooses not merely by virtue of athletic strength. Some accomplished athletes we consider heroes because they have overcome significant obstacles to achieve their goals.

C. Consider the military heroes, who gain heroic stature by way of courage in battle, or by otherwise facing certain defeat.

D. Consider the social political heroes, the champion of social causes who inspire and incites society to meaningful political and social change. People appreciate and adore them for the great contribution to the society and their personality charm.

204"We learn through direct experience; to accept a theory without experiencing it is to learn nothing at all."

A. It should be confessed that the best way to learn a theory is to put it into practice.

B. By putting a theory into practice, we can either improve it or prove its truth.

28

C. However, there is no need for us to experience every theory before accepting and benefiting from it

205"As societies all over the world have more and more access to new information, the effects on life-long learning can only be positive."

A. There is no doubt that the electronic media such as the Internet can make great contributions to life-long learning by providing people with on-line education throughout their lives.

B. However, we should not equate information with education.

C. There are still many problems to be solved before people everywhere in the world can use the Internet for life-long learning.

206"People are too quick to take action; instead they should stop to think of the possible consequences of what they might do."

A. More haste, less speed.

B. It might be too difficult to persuade people to consider the possible impacts of their actions on themselves.

C. People should also think of the impacts of their actions on other people.

207."Rituals and ceremonies help define a culture. Without them, societies or groups of people have a diminished sense of who they are."

A. I agree with the speaker insofar as one purpose of ritual and ceremony in today's world is to preserve cultural identity.

B. Preserving cultural identity cannot be the mere purpose of ritual and ceremony. In fact, isolated cultures that do not need to distinguish themselves to preserve their identity nevertheless engage in their own distinct rituals and ceremonies. The initial purpose of ritual and ceremony is rooted not in cultural identity but rather superstition and spiritual belief.

C. Ritual and ceremony are not the only means of preserving cultural identity.

208."The way people look, dress, and act reveals their attitudes and interests. You can tell much about a society's ideas and values by observing the appearance and behavior of its people."

A. People of different countries dress differently: the French dress romantically; the Americans dress colorfully; the Japanese dress formally.

B. Changing in people?s dressing styles coincide with value changes and of a society.

C. The phenomenon that blue jeans or some other fashions have become international indicates the trend towards world culture homogeneity.

209."Progress is best made through discussion among people who have contrasting points of view."

A. The examples of progress through debates abound in the history of natural science. Our scientific method is essentially a call for progress through opposition. Any new theory must withstand rigorous scientific scrutiny. Moreover, the history of theoretical science is essentially a history of opposing theories.

B. In government and politics, progress in human rights comes typically through dissention from and challenge to the status quo; in fact, without disagreement among factions with opposing viewpoints, political oppression and tyranny would go unchecked.

C. History informs us of the chilling effect suppression of free discourse and debate can have on progress. Example of the Soviet in 1920s.

210."Most people choose a career on the basis of such pragmatic considerations as the needs of the economy, the relative ease of finding a job, and the salary they can expect to make. Hardly anyone is free to choose a career based on his or her natural talents or interest in a particular kind of work."

A. In an over-populated world, the job market is always the buyer?s market, which makes it almost impossible for job seekers to choose their career at will.

B. However, to be successful means to know what you are doing, to like what you are doing and to believe what you are doing.

211"Any decision-whether made by government, by a corporation, or by an individual person-must take into account future conditions more than present conditions."

A. Any decision that does not take into account future conditions will become obsolete as time passes by.

B. And we should remember that we can never be one hundred percent certain about what might occur in the future.

C. Meanwhile, if we ignore the present conditions, our decision will not work at all.

212. "If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it is justifiable."

B. However, in order to restore peace and social order, individual states or the international community has repeatedly used force in history.

C. We should be alert to the possibility that individuals, organizations or governments tend to plead a worthy goal in excuse of their contemptible means and private interests.

213"Too much emphasis has been placed on the need for students to challenge the assertions of others. In fact, the ability to compromise and work with others-that is, the ability to achieve social harmony-should be a major goal in every school."

A. Critical thinking is key to students both academically and politically.

B. It is necessary for students to criticize the views of each other in their studies, which does not necessarily lead to conflicts among them.

C. Compromising is harmful in academic pursuits.

29

214."Society should identify those children who have special talents and abilities and begin training them at an early age so that they can eventually excel in their areas of ability. Otherwise. these talents arc likely to remain undeveloped."

A. Unless certain innate talents are nurtured and cultivated in the right period of development, that is during early childhood the potential talent can be no longer meaningful. Theory of Developmental psychology. After all, how can a child who is musically gifted ever see those gifts come to fruition without access to a musical instrument?

B. If offered no chance for the talent to show, gifted children with special talents may live and learn in the same situation as the other common children, the special talent can be unnoticed and become dormant forever. That is great loss for the children and for the society.

C. Regarding to educational effectiveness, it is more fair and effective for all the children when they some children with special talents are identified .selected and received distinctive education.

215"The bombardment of visual images in contemporary society has the effect of making people less able to focus clearly and extensively on a single issue over a long period of time."

A. Unless certain innate talents are nurtured and cultivated in the right period of development, that is during early childhood the potential talent can be no longer meaningful. Theory of Developmental psychology. After all, how can a child who is musically gifted ever see those gifts come to fruition without access to a musical instrument?

B. If offered no chance for the talent to show, gifted children with special talents may live and learn in the same situation as the other common children, the special talent can be unnoticed and become dormant forever. That is great loss for the children and for the society.

C. Regarding to educational effectiveness, it is more fair and effective for all the children when they some children with special talents are identified .selected and received distinctive education.

216. 'Most important discoveries or creations are accidental: it is usually while seeking the answer to one question that we come across the answer to another."

Admittedly, discoveries often occurs when we unexpectedly happen upon something in our quest for something else-such as an answer to unrelated question or a solution to an unrelated problem.

However, much more important discoveries are anticipated and sought out purposefully. For instance, in their efforts to find new celestial bodies astronomers using increasingly powerful telescopes do indeed find them. Biochemists often discover important new vaccines and other biological and chemical agents for the curing, preventing, and treating diseases not by stumbling upon them in search of something else but rather through methodical search for these discoveries.

217"In order to produce successful original work, scholars and scientists must first study the successful work of others to learn what contributions remain to be made."

A. No one can produce any original work without first assimilating the contributions of former generations in his or her field.

B. The defects of the work of other scholars and scientists are where we can possibly make our contributions.

C. In a large sense, what is called “original” work is usually but an improvement on the work done by previous scholars and scientists.

218."In order for any work of art- whether film, literature, sculpture, or a song-to have merit, it must be understandable to most people."

A. In a society where most people are poorly educated or even uneducated, art is a luxury that most people either have no access to or simply cannot appreciate.

B. Popular arts that have the largest audience do not necessarily have the highest artistic value.

C. Both popular arts and high-brow arts should have the right to develop and thrive.

219"Now that computer technology has made possible the rapid accessing of large amounts of factual information, people are less likely than ever to think deeply or originally. They feel unable to compete with-much less contribute to-the quantity of information that is now available electronically."

A. No one would doubt that computer technology has led us into an age of information, putting us on an unprecedented advantageous position to access and use the boundless sea of information.

B. And there is no denying the possibility that we suffer from a new problem-information overload.

C. However, we should be clear that the task of human beings today is not to compete with computer technology in terms of the quantity of information we can produce.

D. We should and we can make full use of the large amounts of information available electronically for research purposes and make original contributions.

220"The increase in knowledge is forcing people to specialize. As a result, the distance between fields of specialization has become so vast that specialists in different areas are rarely able to influence each other."

A. The dramatic increase in knowledge today has made it impossible for any one to keep pace with the latest development in all academic fields.

B. As a result, specialists in different areas tend to focus only on their own area of study.

C. Schools should aim at cultivating not only specialists but also generalists.

221."The chief benefit of the study of history is to break down the illusion that people in one period of time are significantly different from people who lived at any other time in history."

A. On the one hand, we learn that basic human nature-our desires and motives, as well as our fears and other basic characteristics-has remained constant over recorded time. Through this realization, we can benefit as a society in dealing 30

more effectively with our enduring social problems.

B. It is equally beneficial to understand and appreciate significant differences between peoples of different time periods- in terms of cultural mores, customs, values, and ideals.

a) the ways in which societies have treated women, ethnic minorities, animals, and the environment have continually evolved over the course of human history.

b) Society's attitudes toward artistic expression, literature, and scientific and intellectual inquiry are also in continual state of evolution.

C. Another problem with this statement is that it undervalue other, equally important

benefits of studying history.

222.”Learning for learning's sake is an outdated concept. Today, education must serve an ulterior purpose and be directed toward clear goals."

A. The primary purpose of education is to cultivate qualified citizens and builders of a democratic society.

B. Another purpose of education is to train creative workers who can fill in all the occupations of society.

C. The idea of “learning for learning?s sake” does not necessarily conflict with education?s pursuit of the above purposes.

223"Education is primarily a personal matter; it has little to do with school or college."

A. It is difficult to understand that education directly benefits the individual receivers of education.

B. Furthermore, the education of an individual concerns the interests of the whole society.

C. With the dramatic increase in knowledge today, it is impossible to educate oneself without the involvement of school or college.

224"Censorship is rarely, if ever, justified."

There are varieties of other definitions but all have in common the concept of withholding information and/or resources from those who seek it. Hence censorship is essential in society to eliminate discrimination on basis of race and sex, protect children, maintain stability and restore what censor sees as lost moral values.

Censorship wasn?t imposed properly or there weren?t strict regulations before. In the article “Hate Radio” by Patricia J. Williams, the writer says that radio was a powerful source of media. It had influenced a lot of people. The power of media can change the course of history. The host on the radio such as Rush Limbaugh and Howard Stern were also influencing a lot of people. The theme was not merely the specific intolerance on hot topics as race and gender, but a much more general contempt for the world, a verbal stoning of anything different.

The Rap and Rock music has influenced a lot of youths and being subjected to these types of songs, children and teenagers are committing crimes, drinking alcohol, using drugs and forming racist or sexist opinions. Rap music is a powerful source for young people. These people are expressing the reality of their lives and their culture, which includes drug use, sexual activity and violence. Generally foul language has rapidly increased with modern popular song lyrics.

The censorship of pornography has a positive effect on United States of America. Pornography leads to crime and sex discrimination and it has no positive effect on the society. Psychologist Edward Donnerstein (University of Wisconsin) found that brief exposure to violent forms of pornography can lead to anti-social attitudes and behavior. Censorship of pornography does not censor thoughts and ideas, it means that by censoring material published in the media form will bring protection to the society.

Censorship should also be imposed on the work of art if it is related to any sexually expressive materials because it shows the women as a sexual object, which will lead to gender discrimination. In the article “Perils of Porno phobia” the writer Nadine Strossen does not feel the need of censorship on the work of art. In the third paragraph she finds nothing wrong with a nude picture on the classroom wall. However, the picture will surely distract the students. The teacher and the female students feel uncomfortable.

Hence censorship is essential in order to maintain peace and stability in the society. It will decrease the crime rates. Children can be exposed to sexual matters in school in a different manner as education. Excessive amount of sexual explicit material would surely be harmful. Censorship does not have a downside and it will be a better society

225. Most people often look for similarities, even between very different things, and even when it is unhelpful or harmful to do so. Instead, a thing should be considered on its own terms; we should avoid the tendency to compare it to something else. "

A. On the one hand, insisting on finding similarities between things can often result in unfair, and sometimes harmful comparisons.

1) by focusing on similarities among all big cities, we overlook the distinctive character, architecture, ethical diversity, and culture of each one.

2) Without evaluating an individual company on its own merits and performance before buying stock of the company, only because this company is in a prosperous industry, the investor risk of choosing a poor performer

3) Education ;

4) Racial discrimination: each individual should be evaluated on the basis of his or her own merits.

B. On the other hand, looking for similarities between things is the only way that humans can truly learn something and communicate with one another- Developmental psychologists agree that we come to understand each new thing we encounter by comparing it to something with which we are already familiar. For example, if a child encounters a blue ball, the child recognizes as blue only by way of its similarity to the sky. Furthermore, without this association and a label for the concept of blue the child cannot possibly convey the concept to another person. Thus looking for similarities between things is how we make sense of our world, as well as communicate with one another.

C. To sum up, I agree that finding false similarities and drawing false analogies can be harmful. Nevertheless, human must look for similarities between things in order to learn and to communicate.

31

226. "People are mistaken when they assume that the problems they confront arc more complex and challenging than the problems faced by their predecessors. This illusion is eventually dispelled with increased knowledge and experience."

A. On the one hand, the speaker overlooks certain societal problems unique to today's world, which are complex and challenging in ways unlike any problems that earlier societies ever faced. The increasing interdependence-political, military, economic and environmental makes problems far more complex than analogous problems for individual nations.

B. On the other hand, human face certain universal and timeless problems, which are neither more nor less complex and challenging for any generation than for preceding ones. Most of these problems are the ones that spring from the tailings of human nature.

227"To remain vigorous, any academic field needs to be led by truly independent thinkers who are willing to ignore established boundaries and challenge long-standing assumptions."

A. There is no doubt that academic leaders should be independent thinkers.

B. However, an academic leader in any field is supposed to represent an established paradigm in that field.

C. What might also be important is the academic leader?s ability to organize the scholars of his/her field to promote academic development.

228. "The best way to teach-whether as an educator, employer, or parent-is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones."

A. People may not be as good as you tell them they are, but they will try harder thereafter.

B. Sharp, insulting and open criticism usually arouses animosity and confrontation, which will eventually block the communication process.

C. Admittedly, unconditionally ignoring people?s negative actions is a sign of irresponsibility, which will turn out counterproductive.

229"The best way to learn a new subject or skill is to study small segments or details in great depth rather than to start by trying to develop a sense of the whole."

A. A sense of the whole subject enables us to identify the specific areas where we can make original contributions.

B. A sense of the whole subject provides necessary background knowledge for any in-depth exploration into particular areas of that subject.

C. Studying small segments or details in great depth would in turn contribute to our understanding of the whole subject.

230"College students-and people in general-prefer to follow directions rather than make their own decisions. Therefore, colleges should eliminate as many choices as possible in order to offer students clear direction."

A. Even if college students prefer to follow directions, it is educators? duty to help them become independent thinkers.

B. To become independent thinkers, students need to learn to make choices.

C. Offering students clear direction does not necessarily conflict with providing them with many choices.

231. " Moderation in all things is ill-considered advice. Rather, one should say, "Moderation in most things, since many areas of human concern require or at least profit from intense focus."

A. Lack of moderation leads to a life out of balance. Psychologists and medical practitioners have known all along: we are at out best as humans only when we strike a proper balance between the mind, body, and spirit. The call for a balanced life is essentially a call for moderation in all things. Example: Stress associated with a high-pressure job increased one's vulnerability to heart disease and other disorders, thereby jeopardizing one's job and career.

B. However, under some circumstances, and for some people, abandoning moderation might be well justified. Creative work necessarily involves a large measure of intense focus- a single-minded, obsessive pursuit of perfection.

1\ Moderation is attitude or rule of life that most conservative or practical people hold. I doubt if one listens to the suggestion to be moderate in all things, one could ever gain extraordinary exacting feelings or magnitude success.

2\ Admittedly people could be moderate when moderate is understood as condescension, the opposite of self-righteous or sumptuous.

3\Though our life time is very limited and short for us to carry out every of our goals, it is important for us to do things with all our heart and energy and give intense focus during the process when we make our goals come true, even we may not make money from it, we surely make profit from it, and thus make our life worthy.

word might be used in writing articles

巨大 greatness hugeness immensity largeness magnitude massiness vastness

非常 very extraordinary greatly highly in the extreme special super

谦虚 condescension humility 自以为是的 self-righteous smug stuffy

激进 radicalness 保守的 conservative backward-looking old-fashioned Biedermeier

232"The purpose of education should be to create an academic environment that is separate from the outside world. This kind of environment is ideal because it allows students to focus on important ideas without being held back by practical concerns."

1\ The ultimate purpose of education is eliciting what is inside people's mind and rather than merely inserting knowledge into people's brain. The environment which can help to realize such an purpose is needed.

2\ the debate over which kind of environment is helpful should take fully consideration over the following factors. a) the level of the education. b) the field of the education.

3\ Actually practical needs play a very important role in setting up the direction of research or higher-level education and also a 32

momentum for such education. Pure studying of theory, which has no connection with practical use, is futile.

233. "Although innovations such as video, computers, and the Internet seem to offer schools improved methods for instructing students, these technologies all too often distract from real learning."

A. Technological innovations offer more advanced teaching equipment, which can make teaching more efficient and more effective.

B. New technology can make the learning experience more interesting and more fruitful.

C. The possibility of students being distracted from learning by new teaching equipment should not be used as an excuse to prevent teachers and students from benefiting from technological progress.

234. "Most people prefer restrictions and regulations to absolute freedom of choice, even though they might deny such a preference."

A. Freedom is precondition of any democratic society, and the desire for freedom spring from our fundamental nature as human beings. History informs us that any attempt to quell basic individual freedom- of expression, of opinion and belief, and to come and go as we please- invariably fails.

B. Reasonable constraints on freedom are needed to protect and preserve that freedom. Some self-imposed rules and regulations are needed to keep the freedom.

C. Without constraints and rules, we could not keep the democratic way of living, we would live in continual fear for our physical safety, the security of our property, and our personal reputation and dignity.

235. "Most people are taught that loyalty is a virtue. But loyalty-whether to one's friends, to one's school or place of employment, or to any institution-is all too often a destructive rather than a positive force."

A. Relationship between spouses and other exclusive pairs require some degree of trust in order to endure. Loyalty is part-and-parcel of that trust.

B. Employment relationships depend on some measure of mutual loyalty, without which job attrition would run so rampant that society's economic productivity would virtually come to a halt.

C. With some mutual loyalty between a sovereign state and its citizenry there can be no security or safety from either revolt or invasion. The society would quickly devolve into anarchy or into a despotic state ordered by brute force.

D. Admittedly, misguided or overextended loyalty can amount to a divisive and even

destructive force.

236"Encouraging young people to believe that they can accomplish great things if they try hard enough is both misleading and potentially harmful."

A. No one knows how much he or she can achieve before trying.

B. Encouraging young people to believe that they can accomplish great things gives them confidence, which helps to bring out their potential.

C. Some of them may finally get frustrated because not every one can accomplish great things; however, every one will make progress through doing their best.

237"Computers and video technology can make facsimiles of original works such as paintings and historical documents available to everyone. The great advantage of this new technology is that it will enable anyone-not just scholars-to conduct in-depth research without having access to the original works."

A. Undoubtedly, the new technology can make paintings and historical documents available to more people, thus contributing to academic research.

B. However, not anyone can conduct in-depth research once research sources are available.

C. Besides, the facsimile made by the new technology-no matter how accurate they are-can never replace the original works.

238. "Conformity almost always leads to a deadening of individual creativity and energy."

A society where conformity is the norm must be lacking in creativity and vitality.

A. Conformity tends to stifle curiosity and experiment, blocking the way to discovery and invention.

B. Rebellion against established practices and authorities is the secret of success in academic as well as professional fields.

C. However, it is necessary to conform to just laws and the long-tested moral codes, without which a society might become a plate of sands or a jungle.

239. "Much of the information that people assume is 'factual' actually turns out to be inaccurate. Thus, any piece of information referred to as a 'fact' should be mistrusted since it may well be proven false in the future."

A. In the areas of natural science, the very notion of scientific progress is predicated on such scrutiny. Indeed the history of science is in large measure a history of challenges to so-called "scientific facts"-challenges which have paved the way for scientific progress.

Examples: Copernicus paved the way for the corroborating observations of Galileo a century ago, and ultimately for Newton's principles of gravity upon which all modem science depends.

B. When it comes to the social sciences we should always be skeptical about what is presented to us as historical fact. Examples: Textbooks can paint distorted pictures of historic events, and of their causes and consequences,

C. Admittedly, undue skepticism can be counterproductive, and even harmful.

240"Although it is easy to respond positively to the work of another person or group, it is far more worthwhile to give negative feedback."

A. People may not be as good as we tell them they are, but they will try harder thereafter.

33

B. Encouragement makes people happy.

C. Admittedly, honest negative feedback may help people see their weaknesses.

241"An individual's greatness cannot be judged objectively by his or her contemporaries; the most objective evaluators of a person's greatness are people who belong to a later time."

A. An individual?s contemporaries may be emotionally connected with him or her.

B. It takes time for the significance of an individual?s deed to reveal itself.

242"Societies should try to save every plant and animal species, regardless of the expense to humans in effort, time, and financial well-being."

A. The history of natural evolution has witnessed the disappearance of some plants and animal species, which did not result in any harm to the environment.

B. Of course, if scientists can more or less prove that the extinction of a certain plant or species will cause some disastrous chain effects, we should make every effort to save it.

C. The primary responsibility of humans is to try to maintain the environment at its natural state, and then let nature do the rest job.

243. "The true value of a civilization is reflected in its artistic creations rather than in its scientific accomplishments."

A. The first problem with the claim is that the comparative value of art and science lies largely in individual's priority. A person who is more emotional, or who has heightened aesthetic sensibilities, will tend to agree with the speaker. On the other hand, a person who is more analytical or cognitive by nature might tend to disagree.

B. If the value of civilization is determined by the civilization itself, then the speaker's claim begs the question. If a civilization chooses to concern itself primarily with science, scientific accomplishments must be of greater value to the civilization than artistic creations.

C. If value of civilization means the extent to which artist or scientific accomplishments contribute to the quality of humans' lives, the claim flies in the face of history. It is undeniable that better living is achieved primarily through science.

244"Most societies do not take their greatest thinkers seriously, even when they claim to

admire them."

A. Confucius is regarded as a great thinker in China, but today few people including scholars pay much attention to what he actually said.

B. John Dewey was one of the greatest thinkers in American history, but few Americans including scholars know much about him.

C. In ancient Greece, the great thinker Socrates was sentenced to death.

34