《英美概况》复习资料
Chapter 1
1．The UK is made up of four parts; they are and 2．Off the continental Europe lie two islands known as the British Isles. The largest of them is The next largest consists of the Republic of Ireland and which belongs to the UK. (Chapter1, p3)
3．in the central Pacific Ocean. (Chapter1, p2-3)
4. Alaska is the largest state in the USA, it was purchased by the USA from Russia in 1867 for $7,200,000. (Chapter1, p9)
5．which is the seat of the Federal Government. (Chapter1, p3) 7.The major mountains in the UK are (Chapter 1, p7)
8． 9．10．is very beautiful and quiet. Many English poets, such as Wordsworth and S. Coleridge wrote poems about the district. (Chapter1, p4)
11．(纳湖)is a lake of 396 square kilometers in area, the largest lake in Northern Ireland, and in the British Isles as well. (Chapter1, p10)
12．oldest national park in the world and contains the largest wildlife preserve in the US. (Chapter1, p6)
13．The Colorado Plateau is threaded my many deep valleys or canyons, among which the 14．in the whole of North America. (Chapter1, p6)
15．16．尼亚加拉瀑布) is located on the US-Canadian
boundary between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. (Chapter1, p8)
17.The five Great Lakes lying between the boundary of Canada and the USA are : Lake Michigan（密歇根或密执安湖）, Lake Superior（苏必利湖）, Lake Ontario（安大略湖）, Lake Huron（休伦湖） and Lake Erie（伊利湖）(Chapter1, p8)
18．UK：the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland(Chapter 1, p1)
19．USA: The United States of America (Chapter 1, p1)
20．EU：The European Union (Chapter 1, p9)
21．The Grampians: It lie in the highlands of Scotland. It is the largest mountain range in the UK in which there are four high mountains, all of which are more than 1000 meters high and two of which are the highest in the UK. (Chapter 1, p4)
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22．The Yellowstone National Park：It is the oldest national park in the world and contains the
largest wildlife preserve in the USA. It was established in 1872 and got its name from the yellow rocks lining the Yellowstone River. (Chapter 1, p6)
23．Where are the UK and the USA respectively located?
(1)The UK situates in Northwestern Europe, lying to the north of France and the west of the
Netherlands, Denmark and Norway. (2)The USA situates in the central part of North America with its two youngest states—Alaska in the northwestern part of North America and Hawaii in the central Pacific Ocean. (Chapter 1, p1, p2-3)
24．What are the major rivers and mountains in the UK and the USA?
(1)The major rivers in the UK are the River Severn and the Thames, etc; the major rivers in the
USA are the Mississippi Rivers, etc. (2)The major mountains in the UK are the Pennines, the Cambrians and Grampians; the major mountains in the USA are the Appalachian Mountains, the Rocky Mountains and the Great Cordillera Mountain Range, etc. (Chapter 1, p7, p8-9)
Chapter 2
1．The beginnings of the history of the UK can be traced back to about 750 B.C. when the 2．,
from the Solway to the Tyne, and to this day people can still see the remains. (Chapter2, p13)
3. 410-871, the tribes came to England, the latter are: and 4．
5. The explorer who first discovered and identified the new continents is 6.After the discovery of the New World, the three European powers sent many explorers to 7． The explorer was the first to come to the North and South America.
(Chapter2, p20)
8.In the autumn of 73 men and 29 women started for America in a ship named the
9． to express settlers’ thanks to God for the good harvest. (Chapter2, p21)
10． Opposed to what was perceived as British oppression, colonial leaders held 宾夕法尼亚). (Chapter2, p22)
11．July 4, 1776. (Chapter2, p22)
12．13.As a result of the War beginning in 1846, half of the entire territory of
Mexican was thus lost. (Chapter2, p23)
which fell under US control in 1889, are situated in the Pacific Ocean and
became the fiftieth state of the USA in 1959. (Chapter2, p23)
15．16．The Heptarchy：It means the period between the 6th century and the 9th century in the
history of England in which one or other of the seven kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon origin was dominant. Finally in 829 the king of Wessex defeated the other kings and unified England. 2
(Chapter 2, p24)
17．What consequences did the Norman Conquest cause?
(1) It increased the process of feudalism that had begun during Anglo-Saxon times. (2)It established a strong monarchy in England. (3)Anglo-Saxon freemen had been mostly degraded into the status of serfs. (4)It also brought about changes in the church. (5)The English language was greatly enriched by the Norman Conquest. (Chapter 2, p17)
18．Why was it important to discover America?
(1)Not only did it widen people’s horizon, but it also opened up fresh ground for the rising bourgeoisie. (2)It promoted the development of commerce, sea navigation and industry, and provided the way for the rapid development of early capitalism. (Chapter2, p19)
Chapter 3
1． 2． . (Chapter 3, p28)
3．Magna Carta (《大宪章》，法语词汇4．Shakespeare’s dramap30)
5．continuation of the supply of cheap labour. (Chapter3, p33)
started during the last part of the18th century, it promoted development of production and laid a good foundation for the world. (Chapter3, p33)
7its height in 1839-1848 during which three petitions were presented to Parliament. An earlier petition, , was drawn up in 1837. (Chapter3, p34)
8．th, 9．In 1852, a novel discontent for slavery. (Chapter3, p42)
10．An economic crisis emerged at the end of the prosperous 1920’s, which shook the USA 11．The People’s Charter: It drawn up by William Lovett and Francis in 1838, was prompted mainly by the acute social distress of the time. Its basic point is universal suffrage as Marx has pointed out. (Chapter 3, p34)
12．The East India Company: It is a British trade company which was chartered in 1600 by the British Parliament for the monopoly of trade with the eastern hemisphere. It developed in India and made a huge profit there in the 18th century, but it was dissolved in 1874. (Chapter 3, p54)
13.What is the significance of the War American Independence? (Chapter3, p38)
14．Why could the Industrial Revolution first take place in the UK?
The Industrial Revolutions first take place in the UK because it had several special conditions which no other country could match: (1) Britain’s population grew rapidly after 1780 and the people were skilled in many different crafts and trades. This helped account for the increased labour supply and consumer demand. (2)Britain had built a large empire which had a powerful navy and a huge merchant fleet. It had created a worldwide market for its goods and its colonies supplied raw materials for her. (3)The British slave traders also got a lot of money in their 3
“triangle” trade. (4)The Parliament passed 3800 Enclosure Acts. They built capitalist farms there. (Chapter 3, p33)
15．What’s the significance of the Industrial Revolution?
The Industrial Revolution exerted a great influence on both British society and the world: (1) It promoted the development of production. Within a short period the Industrial Revolution took over all over industries in Britain and replaced other system of production. (2) The Industrial Revolution laid a good foundation for the “world”. Britain began to produce a large quantity of low-priced goods in a more efficient manner. The British goods almost achieved a monopoly position in the world market. (3)A factory system was established. Workers were employed and managemers became capitalist. The conflicting classes were born. (Chapter 3, p34)
16．What’s the significance of the American Civil War?
The American Civil War was an epoch-making event in the history of the United States of America, because: (1) It was a bourgeois revolution in nature, a continuation and expansion of the War of Independence. It was a struggle of life and death between two social systems, between the one that could push history forward and the one that would drag history to the old times. (2)It was the broad masses who secured the victory with life and blood. They played a very important role in influencing the progress and the outcome of the war. (3)The abolition of slavery and the emancipation of the Negroes enabled the country to develop more rapidly in every field. It took America only three decades after the war to assume the lead as industrial country in the world.
(4)Most Americans were glad to see that their country was no longer associated with slavery and the Union was held together. (Chapter 3, p45)
Chapter 4
1．was the first female Prime Minister in the nation’s history and her
reputation as “the iron lady”. She belongs to the years from 1979 to 1990. (Chapter4, p58\59)
2．硅谷)is the term used to indicate the place where silicons or transistors or
computers are produced. (Chapter4, p68)
3．The Truman Doctrine: It is the doctrine formulated by Truman, the 33rd US President in 1947. The doctrine aimed to give economic aids to resist the spread of communism, followed by the Marshall Plan. (Chapter 4, p67)
4．Marshall Plan：It refers to the US program initiated by Marshall in a speech at Harvard in June 1947. It is mainly about the US financial aid to Europe which set up at the Second World War, totaling, officially known as the European Recovery Programme. (Chapter 4, p69)
5．Why does the USA remain an economic power in the world?
(1) It has the largest gross national product. (2) The US dollars are still circulating in the world as a basic currency. (3) The US is still the largest international market. (Chapter 4, p62)
Chapter 5
1．London, on the north bank of the , is one of the world’s leading banking and
financial centers. (Chapter5, p75)
2． The capital city of Scotland is
3.The capital city of Wales is 4.The capital city of Northern Ireland is 4
5．6． the USA . (Chapter5, p77)
7．producing center. (Chapter5, p79)
8．(Chapter5, p79)
9． is located on the central part of the California shoreline. It has been one of the principal gateways to the East. (Chapter5, p79)
10.Hardvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology locates in aera. (Chapter5, p79)
11．The Commonwealth (of Nations): It a free association of Britain and certain sovereign independent states that used to be the colonies of the British Empire and their dependencies. The British crown is acknowledged by all the members as the symbol of the association. (Chapter 5, p80)
12．Manhattan: It is an island lying between the Hudson River and forming a borough of the city of New York. It is 20 kilometers long and 4kilometers wide. (Chapter 5, p80)
13．What is the composition of the population in the UK and in the USA respectively?
(1)The population in the UK consists of the English (80%), the Welsh, the Scottish and the Irish. (2)Most of inhabitants in the USA are of European origin, holding about 80% of the total. There are also many black people, Mexicans, Indians, Puerto Ricans, Chinese, Japanese and Philippines, etc. (Chapter 5, p71, p73)
14．How is the population in the UK and in the USA distributed?
(1)About eighty per cent of the population in the UK lives in cities or town, whereas twenty per cent lives in the vast countryside. (2)There is rather uneven distribution of the population in the USA. There are four densely-populated areas in the country and their number of people amounts to almost half the total population in the country. They are the area along the Atlantic Seaboard, the aera around the five Great Lakes, the area along the Pacific coast and the area along the Gulf of Mexico. (Chapter 5, p72, p74)
Chapter 6
1．The legislative body(立法机关议会), while that of the USA 国会). (Chapter6, p85)
2． The supreme judicial body(司法机关) in the UK is (Chapter6, p93) 4． The currency of the UK is 英国货币或英镑) .
5．What role does the Prime Minister in the UK play?
(1)The Prime Minister in the UK is the head of the central government. He or she has the duty to report the government work to the King or Queen, has the right to direct all the departments, solves the issues between them and approves the decisions of departments which do not need to be discussed in the Cabinet. He or she has the last word in deciding the government policy. (2)The Prime Minister not only has the power of appointment but also has the right to reorganize the 5
government. (Chapter 6, p90)
6．Why it is said that the president is the most important figure in the federal administration in the USA?
(1) The president performs many of the functions of both the British prime minister and the monarch. (2) He or she is the head of the administration and chief of state. (3) With the concurrence of the Senate, he or she negotiates foreign treaties and appoints government officials, including ambassadors, judges and department heads. (4)He or she commands the armed forces and sends and receives diplomatic officials. (5)As the head of the executive body he or she sees to it that laws enacted by the legislative are carried out. (6)Administrative decrees issued by the president have the same effect as law. (Chapter6, p92)
Chapter 7
1． 保守党), （工党）社会与自由民主党). (Chapter7, p101) 3．右翼) because they are opposed to great changes in society and have a believe in private enterprise and freedom from state control. (Chapter7, p102)
4． In 1874, the famous American artist Thomas Nast drew a picture of two animals representing the Democratic Party and the Republican Party in the US. They are respectively 5． a general election is held in the UK. The electoral system is largely dominated by the two major parties: and (Chapter7, p106)
6．What are the serious disadvantages in the British general election?
(1)One is the exclusion of the majority of workers as candidates because Labour election committees often choose middle-class rather working class candidates for they believe these candidates will appeal to a wider spectrum of voters and will therefore be more likely to win, so the door the House of Commons is shut before the majority of workers. (2)The other is discouragement of individual opinions and initiatives because a person has to vote for the candidate chosen by the party. (3)The third unfairness is that the other parties have little chance to win and form the new cabinet. (Chapter 7, p107)
7．What are the disadvantages of primary election in the USA?
(1)One is the great sum of money that a primary campaign costs. (2)The other is the time that the primary system takes. Candidates have to begin as early as a year before the great election. (Chapter 7, p108)
Chapter 8
1．奶酪2．American financial markets today are numerous and diverse. The most famous and largest is the 纽约股票市场), which handles trades in stocks and bonds(债券\证券). (Chapter8, p124)
3．The art and science of growing flowers, fruits and vegetables is known as 6
园艺\园艺学). In the UK, much land is devoted it and vegetables account for three quarters of the produce because of the mild climate and light fertile soil.
4．the central bank of the UK, which was founded by Act of Parliament in 1694 and nationalized in 1946. (Chapter8, p122)
5．which was founded in 1913 to regulate the country’s credit and monetary affairs. (Chapter8, p126)
6．GNP（国民生产总值）: The gross national product (Chapter 8, p115)
7．What features does the British economy have?
(1) The British economy was the first to have been fully industrialized. (2)The British agriculture does not produce enough food to meet the country’s basic needs, and therefore part of all vital foodstuffs has to be imported. (3) The British industry is operated by many different types of firms. (4) The British labour force is remarkably homogeneous. (Chapter 8, p114)
8．What features does the American economy have?
(1) First of all the American economy is a free enterprise system. (2) The bulk of America’s wealth is produced by private industries and businesses. (3)The US government plays an important role in the US economy. (4) The US farmers are very efficient in the production of grain.
(5)The last is the sale of armed weapons to the other countries in the world. (Chapter 8, p115)
Chapter 9
1．NASA（全国航空航天局）: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Chapter 9, p134)
Chapter 10
1． In the UK, there is a complete system of state primary(初等的、小学的)and secondary（中等的）education—primary up to the age of eleven, and secondary from eleven to sixteen or 2． Most public schools, especially the most eminent ones, are called by the name of the town or village in which they are located; some are called “college “ and some are called “school”. The four most famous schools of all are 伊顿公学), Harrow School, Winchester 3．from high school at the age of 4. The term “old universities” refers to Oxford and Cambridge. The oldest university established in 1167 in the UK is was established in
5．is one of the systems in the running of the universities in the UK, especially Oxford and Cambridge. It is a system of sessions of personal instruction with a college tutor. (Chapter10, p141)
6．There are three academic degrees in Britain: t(学士学位), t硕士学位)and the Doctor’s degree. (Chapter10, p142)
7． is an autonomous, independent, degree-awarding English university opened in 1971. (Chapter10, p142\146)
8．Oxford University: It is the oldest university and a world famous one in Oxford, England, which was established in 1167. It exercises the tutorial system and the lecture system in the 7
running of the university. (Chapter 10, p145)
9．Tutorial system: It one of the system in the running of the universities in the UK, especially Oxford and Cambridge. It is a system of sessions of personal instruction with a college tutor. (Chapter 10, p146)
10．Harvard University: It is the oldest university of the USA at Cambridge, Massachusett which was founded in 1636 after its first benefactor, John Harvard. It consists of Hardvard College for men, graduate schools and research institutes. (Chapter 10, p146)
Chapter 11
1．Jesus Christ (耶酥基督)is the founder of 2． Church of England is a denomination of p149)
3．The Church of England today is all-inclusive(包括一切的), having the ability to be both Protestant and 4． In the UK, the most important denomination is the 英国圣公会或安立甘宗). (Chapter11, p149)
5．The American people have religious fervency(炽热\热情). Among the American people, thers are over religious denominations (教派\宗派) and 36% are 24% are (Chapter11, p152)
6．What are the main features of the British worship?
(1) The first is unity among the churches. (2) The second is social responsibility. (3) The third is the keeping-up with the time. (4) The fourth is no “Christian” political party. (5) The last is a widespread interest in religion. (Chapter 11, p151-152)
Chapter 12
1．AP（美联社）: The Associated Press (Chapter 12, p162)
2．BBC（英国广播公司）: The British Broadcasting Corporation (Chapter 12, p163)
3．CNN（（美国）有线广播电视网）: Cable News Networks (Chapter 12, p165)
4．NBC（全国广播公司）：National Broadcasting Corporation/Networks (Chapter 12, p167)
Chapter 13
1．English people have three “Don’ts”. What are they?
(1) Never jump up the queue when they go into the bus, get on the train or buy something. (2) Don’t ask a woman her age. (3) Don't try to bargain in the UK when you do shopping. (Chapter 13, p170)
Chapter 16
1．2．
Chapter 17-18
1．EEC（欧洲经济联合体）：The European Economic Community (Chapter 17, p213)
2．NATO（北大西洋公约组织，或北约）: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (Chapter 8
17, p220)
3、NHS（国家卫生服务体系）：The National Health Service(Chapter18, p226)
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