一、《语文小知识总结归纳》 常见的名词作状语情况有三种： 其一，时间名词作状语。如：吾日三省吾身（日：时间名词作状语，在每天） 其二，方位名词作状语。如：下见小潭，水尤清冽。（方位名词作状语，向下） 其三，像??一样 如：其一犬坐于前。（犬：名词作状语，像狗一样） 二、“而”字的常见用法。

表示并列关系。一般不译，有时可译为“又”。如：

蟹六跪而二螯。（《劝学》）

（二）表示递进关系。可译为“并且”或“而且”。如：

君子博学而日参省乎己。（《劝学》）

（三）表示承接关系。可译为“就”“接着”，或不译。如：

乃记之而去。（《小石潭记》）

（四）表示转折关系。可译为“但是”“却”。 如：

学而不思则罔。（《论语》）

（五）表示假设关系。可译为“如果”“假如”。如：

诸君而有意，瞻予马首可也。（《冯婉贞》）

（六）表示修饰关系，即连接状语。可不译。如： 项王按剑而跽曰：“客何为者？”（《鸿门宴》） 吾恂恂而起。――唐·柳宗元《捕蛇者说》（恂恂：小心翼翼） （七）表示目的关系，可译为“目的是??”。如： 籍吏民，封府库，而待将军（《鸿门宴》） 表示因果关系

余亦悔其随之而不得极夫游之乐也（《游褒禅山记》） （九）用作代词。通“尔”，只用作第二人称，译为“你的，你”。如： 余知而无罪也。《左转》

（十）【而已】放在句末，相当于“罢了”。例如：

一人、一桌、一椅、一扇、一抚尺而已。（《口技》）

【而后】才，方才。

臣鞠躬尽瘁，死而后已。

【而况】即“何况”，用反问的语气表示更进一层的意思。

臣虽下愚，知其不可，而况于明哲乎（《谏太宗十思疏》）

【既而】不久，一会儿。

既而得其尸于井，因而化怒为悲，抢呼欲绝（《促织》）

三、“之”字的常见用法。 ⑴代词，他，她，它（们）。例： 以刀劈狼首，数刀毙之。（《狼》）（之：它，指狼。） 我见相如，必辱之。（之：他，指相如。）

⑵结构助词，可译为“的”。例: 近塞之人，死者十九。（《塞翁失马》）

⑶实词，前往，到......去。例： 吾欲之南海，何如？（《为学》） 辍耕之垄上（《陈涉世家》）

⑷指示代词，这，此。例： 有良田、美池、桑竹之属。（《桃花源记》） 公输盘为楚造云梯之械。（《公输》） ⑸作宾语前置的标志。例： 何陋之有？（《陋室铭》） 宋何罪之有？（《公输》） 句读之不知。（《师说》）

（6）音节助词，凑音节，无实义。例： 辍耕之垄上，怅恨久之。（本义项指后一个之。） 久之，目似瞑，意暇甚。（《狼》）

（7）用在主谓结构中，取消句子独立性，可不译。例： 倩女之面贵面（《满井游记》） 髻鬟之始掠也（《满井游记》）

（8）作定语后置的标志。例： 云之崔嵬。《楚辞·屈原·涉江》（应为崔巍之云）

第二篇：知识总结归纳

知识总结归纳：

短文改错的题是一篇意思连贯，但有九行文字中各有一个语法或用词错误的英语短文。它所涉及的知识面很广，能力要求较高。而且题中所设的错误常常是考生自己在写作中经常出的语法错误，是专门针对考生的弱点而设的。但它又从另一个角度考查了语法知识的运用。因此，做题时，应从以下几个方面着手解题：动词使用错误；名词使用错误；形容词，副词使用错误；连词使用错误；代词使用错误；冠词使用错误；介词使用错误，上下文逻辑错误等。

在研究每一行的句子时，首先把握句子的意思，然后划分句子的成分：主语；谓语部分；宾语；状语：地点，时间，方式等。如果句子是并列句或复合句，先分开各部分小的分句，根据各个分句之间的关系判断使用的连词是否正确。然后再研究各个分句的成分。

（一）名词使用错误：名词一般在句中做主语或宾语，名词的错误主要在于名词单，复数的错误使用。

1. They were eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of question.： question是可数名词根据本句的意思，前面有lots of修饰，应当改为复数形式。

2. We study quite a few subject, such as maths, Chinese, English and physics.：subject是可数名词根据本句的意思，前面有quite a few修饰，应当改为复数形式。

3. We practise three times every week and often watch football match on TV together.：根据本句的意思match在此应当改为复数形式。 4. Happy birthday, Peter, and many return of the day. ：return在此是名词，应当改为复数形式：many returns of the day是祝贺人们生日的固定用语：祝你健康长寿。 5. He said that she and my schoolmate all wishes me success.：all 在句中提示了除我以外schoolmate应当是复数形式。

6. On the way up I was taking picture since the scenery was so beautiful.：picture应当改成复数形式，因为作者一路上忙于照相，不止仅照一张像。

另外还要注意名词所有格形式上的错误使用。 That kind of lie, a little, does two things: it keeps your friend feeling from being hurt?.：根据句子意思：有时一个小小的谎言（善意的）可以使你的朋友的感情免遭伤害friend应当改为friend’s

（二）动词使用的错误：

<一> 作为谓语动词，注意谓语动词在时态，语态，与主语是否一致以及用词方面的问题。 1. My favourite sport is football. I was a member of our school team. ：全句的基本时态应当是现在时，was应改为am 2. Playing football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also give us a sense of fair play and team spirit.：主谓一致的错误。Give的主语是Playing football，动名词作主语是单数形式，应改为：gives 3. I use to play ping-pong a lot in my spare time, but now I am interested in football.：前半句是说过去的事情used to do ：过去常常做某事。use改为：used

4. ?the scenery was so beautiful. The time passes quickly. Evening came down.：时态错误。全句是过去时态，passes 改为passed

5. As we climbed the mountain, we fed monkeys, visiting temples and told stories.：动词形式的错误。句中有三个连续的动作做谓语。因此visit不是伴随状语，是第二个谓语动词，应该为visited.

6. The Internet is a computer network that use the telephone system to link millions of computers around the world.：句中定语从句中的谓语动词use 的主语是先行词a

computer network，是单数形式，所以按主谓一致的原则use改为：uses.

<二> 作为非谓语动词，现在分词，过去分词，动名词，不定式形式的使用错误，同时注意非谓语动词在平行结构中出现的错误。 1. Not far from the hotel, there was a shop with all kinds of clothes hang up.：hang up在此做定语修饰先行词clothes，应改为现在分词形式表示挂着各种衣服。 2. He had worked on farms and in shops where he spent his spare time studied by himself.：定语从句是说：他把业余时间花在学习上，按句型结构：spend some time doing something.所以studied应改为：studying.

<三> 形容词，副词使用错误：

注意：① 形容词和副词的比较级，原级，最高级使用方面的问题。② 修饰比较级的副词的错误使用。③ 以ing和以ed结尾的形容词的混用。④ 形容词和副词的混用。

1. I never knew a ride down a river could be so much exciting：much修饰比较级形式，在此没有比较级的意义，所以去掉much.

2. I’m sure we’ll have a wonderfully time together.：形容词与副词混用。Have a wonderful time：过得非常愉快。wonderfully 改为：wonderful

3. ?his mother was very poor that she had to send him to a rich family who had no child.：本句含有so?that 句型。very改为：so 4. People will work few hours than they do now. ：这是一个含比较级的句子。（句中有than），few 改为比较级形式fewer 5. Computers will be more smaller and useful?.：比较级smaller前面的修饰词应该是副词much。More与多音节形容词或副词原形构成比较级。more改为much

6. Last week, I went to a movie, which was very moved. 形容词moved指人受到感动。本句的定语从句的主语是movie。应当是moving.

<四> 连词使用错误：并列句连词and与but的误用是历年高考题中常考的内容。复合句如宾语从句，状语从句，定语从句中主，从句的连接词的误用根据主从句的关系可以发现。

1. My class will be over by then or I will pick you up there.：前后两句的关系是并列关系or应改为：and

2. My grandma was the best cook in the world but could make the most delicious dishes. 前后两句是并列关系不具有转折意义。but改为：and

3. It deosn’t matter that I would win or not. Matter后面的从句是whether?or not结构。That改为：whether 4. An Eskimo boy becomes a man since he kills his first polar bear.：根据句子意思：在Eskimo男孩杀死他的第一只北极熊之后，才真正成为一名男子汉。Since改为：after

5. The fine-furniture store ∧I work has been in business since the 1920s.：I work是定语从句修饰先行词The fine-furniture store，The fine-furniture store在从句中做地点状语，应加关系副词where.

解题思路：

首先要理解整个短文的含义，逻辑关系，篇章结构。再仔细研究每一句的意义。借助划分句子成分的方法判断每一部分是否有错误。读句子时一定以整句为单位。

【典型例题】

A（20xx全国卷I）

Dear Ralph

I’m a newcomer here of a small town. I would 1. from

describe myself as shy and quietly. Before my classmates, 2. quiet it seems always difficult for me to do things∧ well as 3. as them. I’m sure they will laugh to me and see me as 4. at a fool. So I feel unhappy every day. 5. √

Besides, I have few friends, I don’t know that they 6. why don’t like to talk with me. Sometimes, we talked to each other 7. talk very well in class, but after class we become stranger at 8. strangers once. I am trying to improve the situation since it dosen’t 9. but seem to work. Can you tell me about what I should do? 10. about去掉

分析：

1. 来自一个小镇的新生。强调“来自于”用介词：from

2. describe oneself as +形容词，所以quietly改为quiet

3. 缺少连词，这是同级比较结构as?as ，加上as

4. 介词错误：词组laugh at somebody：嘲笑某人。

6. 宾语从句连词的错误，that 本身没有意义可以省略，本句是说：我不知道他们为什么不喜欢我。

7. 时态错误，全篇用的是现在时。

8. 名词单复数的错误，主语是we，宾语与主语呼应，应该是复数形式。

9. 这是一个并列句，前后为转折关系。

10. 根据句子意思，about多余。

B全国卷III20xx

You can find all kinds ∧information in just 1. of a few minute on the Internet. It’s like going to a 2.minutes huge library without have to walk around to find 3. having your books. Recently even though, many people 4. 去掉even have been discussing the dangers of the Internet. 5. √ They have been reports in America about people 6. There trying to steal person information for bad purposes. 7. personal Finding information on the Net is easily. But not all 8. easy information are good to society. For example, you 9. is can find such information like how to kill people. 10. as The problem will become more serious in the future.

分析：

1. all kinds of是固定词组，of 不能缺少.

2. a few 后面的名词是复数形式。minute是可数名词

3. without是介词，后面跟动词ing形式。

4. even though：即使，此处表示“虽然”。应去掉even

6. 此处表示：在美国有报道说?..应当用表示“有?”的句型：there be?

7. 此处表示“个人的信息”，需要用形容词做定语。personal：个人的。

8. is后面是形容词形式。

9. information是不可数名词。后面的谓语动词用单数形式。

10. such?as是固定句型。

【模拟试题】（答题时间：45分钟）

A

You can find all kinds information in just 1._____

a few minute on the Internet. It’s like going to a 2._____ huge library without have to walk around to find 3._____ your books. Recently even though, many people 4. _____

have been discussing the dangers of the Internet 5. _____ They have been reports in America about people 6. _______ trying to steal person information for bad purposes. 7._______ Finding information on the Net is easily. But not all 8.________ information are good to society. For example, you 9.________ can find such information like how to kill people. 10.________ The problem will become more serious in the future.

B

This is a story told by my father: “When I was boy, 1._________ The most exciting thing was when to celebrate the Spring 2._________ Festival. My grandma was the best cooker in the world 3._________ but could make the most delicious dishes. One time, I just 4._________ couldn’t wait for the Spring Festival dinner. As I was 5. _________

about take a picture from a cooked duck, I saw Grandma in 6. _________

the kitchen looking at me. Shake her hand, she said, ‘It 7. _________

isn’t a good time to do that, dear.’ At once I apologize 8. _________

and controlled me at my best till the dinner started. You 9. _________

know, that was a dinner we had waited for several month.” 10. ________