高中数学教学心得

学习数学的学生主要原因可以分为两种，一种是厌学，一种是困学。在教学上对不同种类的学生要实行不同的教学策略。对于厌学者主要原因在于自身不能接受这种学习方式，对于困学者主要原因则侧重于学习上遇到的困难。如何实施有效的措施来试图改变这种厌学、困学现象呢？我谈谈自己的看法

学生的厌学心里并不是与生俱来的，很大程度上是客观原因造成的，学业成绩不佳，得不到老师和家长的理解，久而久之对学习产生了厌学情绪。作为老师要帮助学生走出一种困境，需要站在学生的角度出发，关注学生的学习生活，让学生认为你不是那么让他讨厌的人，消除学生与老师的距离感，使学生对老师产生信任，建立良好的师生关系，让学生更愿意接近你，接近你所教的学科。

困学产生的原因在于学生兴趣不高，意志力薄弱，自制力差。事实证明多一点鼓励和期待少一点批评和指责能启发学生积极的学习动机，多一点引导和启发少一点答案，能增加学生学习的投入，使学生建立学习的信心，自信则是意志力坚强的标志。

所有学生的改变在于教师的引导，这不仅需要教师有较强的专业知识水平，同样需要教师有较好的教学策略。

第二篇：之研究---以一位高中数学教师为例

91?A13???]¤W?A?^171~20-?

JOURAL OF NATIONAL TAITUNG TEACHERS COLLEGE?A

Vol.13-1,pp.171~200 (2002)

±???°??D??]?????¤?P±????H?????Y

¤§??¨s---?H¤@?ì°?¤¤????±??v?°¨?

?????§?

?K -n

????¨s???b±?¨s¤@?ì°?¤¤????±??v?b±???°??¨s?A-??????ú???O-??×±??v??-±????±???°??D¤????H???A?A±?°Q±???°??D?B?]?????¤?B?P±?????±??v???X?????C

????¨s?D-n±?¨????u?W?S??-??×???V?v?B?u?b???M±???¤¤?i???v?B?u?H°??P?[???B

±à???°?D-n?`?°?ê??¤è?k?v?B?u?H?k??¤??R?i???ê??¤??R?v???S?????è????¨s¤è???A

???à?`¤J????????±???±???¤¤?A¤F??°?¤¤????±??v?p?ó?]??¨???-±????±???°??D?C

??¨s???G?o?{?p¤U?G

?]¤@?^-??×±??v???D?J??±???°??D???u????-±?v?P?u±?§÷±??k-±?v¤G¤j???A??±?¨ú??

?]?????¤?H?]?k??¨M???u?i±??????v?P?u§????]-p?v?°?D?C

?]¤G?^-??×±??v?b?ê????±??????ù???u±????H???v?D-n?]?A?u·??ó?y?z·Q?z??±????H

???v?B?u·??ó?y?g???z??±????H???v?H¤??u·??ó?y-????z??±????H???v?C

?]¤T?^-??×±??v???D?J??±???°??D?A¨C¤@-??]????°?-I?á????¤??ù??°???±????H???C

?]?|?^-??×±??v????????±????H???A¤?°t???L??±?????°??C

?????ü?G±???°??D?B±????H??

-171-

??91?~6¤?

±???°??D??]?????¤?P±????H?????Y

¤§??¨s--?H¤@?ì°?¤¤????±??v?°¨?

????§?

?ü??ü?×

¤@?B??¨s°??÷?P????

???~¨??A?x?W±?¨|??§?-????é???p?¨??±?????¨??C-±???o¤@?i¤??_§ó·s?B?e?i??§?-????é?A?L?×?F?????ù?B???????é????·|¤??±?¨|¤§§?-???±H¤??`¤????????C?M???A???ó±?¨|§?-?¤è?×?A????±??v¨?°????C?????i¨??A±?¨|§?-???°?¤O?b±??v¨-¤W?A±?¨|?~¤]?b±??v?C±??v?O????¤¤±??????F??¤H???A?????????????v?T??????C?]???A?¨?\??±?¨|§?-??A???·?f??±??v?b±?¨|§?-??L?{??§ê????A??¨??e???h?b?ó?A??±??v??±?¨|???ù???H???A¨?±?¨s±??v?H?P??°?

¤§???p?C°ê??????±?¨|¨ó·|?]International Commitment of Mathematics

Education?^?b1976?~??¤T??°ê??????±?¨|·|??¤¤§Y???X±??v¨¤????-?-n

???A¨??{?°????±?¨|°??D??-??I¤w±q??????°??D?à??¨ì?v?ê°?¨|?P?A±?¨|

??°??D?A??±??v??±M·~¤??K?O????±????ò±o§???????¨M±??ó?]Bauersfeld &

Otte?A1976?^?CErnest?]1989?^?{?°?v?T????±??v±????ê°????D-n???]??¤§

¤@?°±??v???ó???????è?B????±????B???????????????[?I?CCooney?]1994?^

???ü?X?A?????????????¨?N??°?§C¨ü¨ì?\?h?]?????v?T?A±??v?O¨?¤¤??·í

-?-n???]??¤§¤@?CCochran?]1993?^?ü?X?G????????±??v±M·~??????¤??[?A

???]§t???ì?????B±????????B?????????z???????H¤???±?¨|???????????C?°ê?????q¤j??????±?¨|??¨s????¨s??

-172-

±???°??D?B?]?????¤?P±????H?????Y

¤§??¨s---?H¤@?ì°?¤¤????±??v?°¨?

Fenema & Franke?]1992?^?b????±??v±M·~??????¨s????¤¤?A§ó?ü?X?H???]belief?^???ó±??v¤§????±????????]Knowledge of mathematics teaching?^???o?i?~?ó?v?T???????Y?a?ì?CChin?]1995?^???x?W?a°???¤¤??????±??v¤§±M·~?H???B±????ê°??H¤??????????v?T??-??×??¨s¤¤?o?{?G-??×±??v??¨?????????±????????H?????ó-??×±??v??±???¤è??????·í-?¤j???v?T?CSchwartz & Riedesel?]1994?^???o?{°ê¤p±??v??°ê¤p???????H???P?A??·|?v?T¨?±????C?]??±??v??????±????????H?????ó????±??????v?T¤§¤j?O¤??i§_?{???]?à¤???§f???^?B·??@?i?A??90?^?C

????±??v?P±???????¨s?A????¤W¨ü¨ì???°?D?q??¨s??¨????v?T?A????°?-?±??????°??±?°Q?A???F??±??v?H??§@?`?h???z???A?]???L?k?`¤J?A??±??v?{?????ú?{¤?¨?§@???C???á?A?H???{??¤??z?????±???A??¨s?v??-???±??v¤??b?{???ú?{??±??????°???v?T?A?{?°±??v??±??????°?P±??v±????e?B¤¤?B?á???????????C?ó?O?A±??v?H???K?¨?°±?????¨s???`???J?I?]?L?M°]?A??79?F?L°?¤??A??85?F?]§????A??80?A??81?A??82?A??90?F??¤??P?A??82?F?????]?A??79?FClark & Peterson, 1986?FKagan, 1990?C?^Thompson

?]1992?^°w??????±??v?H??????????¨s¤??m?i??¤??R?á???X?A-Y-n?W?i????±????P?????????G?A?h???·-n°w??±??v???????H???B????±????H???B?????????H??¤T¤è-±§@§ó?`¤J??±?°Q?P??¨s?C

?b§?°ê???e¤¤????????±???????¤¤?A¤j?h????????±??v??·~?á?K¤??A¨ü???ó??±M·~°V?m???A?i-×?A?o¤@?s¤??A¨ü¨t??°V?m??±??v?b?{¤?¤é·s¤??§?B?h¤???????±???¤¤?A-I-t???u???~??¤H?v??±?¨|????-??á?A?b?o??¤?

????????¤¤?A?L-??b?ê??±????B§@¤W·|-±?{-?¨?°??D?O?H?L-?¤S?p?ó?H¨??H???]???o¨?±???°??D?O?H?o?????n?_?A§??¨????¨s???J?I???b?C

Nahavandi(2000)?ü?X·í????±????O?P??????¤??ü¤????A-?¤H???S?è???ó???F???B§@?K??????·í¤j???v?T¤O?C????¤????X????????±??v?b??¨M????±???¤§°??D?????u??¤v?v±j?P??¨??à???C????±?¨|¤u§@??????§??S?è?P?g????-??à?A??¨s???{?°Blumberg?]1989?^????§???¤????C?L?{?°?M¤ì?K???\?h???ü¤§?B?A·í¤ì?K??¨ì¤@????????????¤ì?Y???A?o???L-??O¤@¤j?????A¤ì?Y¤W??????·|?W?[?¨?~??§x???×?A????¨??L-??L?k§??¨§@?~?A¤ì?K-???-n?????ê?????g??¨?§P?_?A?H¨M?w?O-n?i±??????B§????]-p?B???O?á±ó¤ì?Y?C?]??Blumberg§ó?i¤@¨B???H?u¤ì?Y¤W???????v¨?¤??????J¨ì??°??D?A???o????????¤¤?i?H???X-±??°??D???]?????¤¤j-P??¤T??¤è???J¤@?O°w??°??D?i???B?z?A¤G?O?ú?×°??D?A§???-ì??¤§-p?e?A¤T?O??±ó-p?e?A????¤?°?¤F?C

-173-

??91?~6¤?

·í??¨s???b?\??¤??m???A?o?{-?¤H??±`-??à??§??S?è?P?g??¨??i??°?

?D?]?????é·|?á?A?}?l¤?????¤v???ê??±????g???A??¨s???o?{?G·í±?

?D?X?{???A??¨s??±`·|¨?????¤v¤?¤¤???u·Q?k?v¨?¨M?w?]??±??I?C¤??p?A

??¨s???b????¤¤?o?{?????b¤W??¤¤???O???A?o????¨s??¤j??·|??????¤§-?

??¨???¨M°??D?C?o???]????°????????O?]?°??¨s??¤@???{?°?u????¤¤?O?ù

????±????????P¤??ò?^?O???¨??±?????¤?¤G?k?ù??A?o??·Q?k????¨s???O?ùv

¨¤??¤W??¤????A??±o?H?M?????M???????B?C?o?????u¤??????u·Q?k?v?N?p

¤??z???L?o???A????¨s??????¨?°?§O·Q±?¨ü???A??°?¤?·Q-n???A??°?Harvey??

¨??°?u?H????v]¤???Bauch?A1984?^?C

?????i¨?±??v¤§±????H??¨???±j?P??-?§O¤??P????¤????S???A?]????

¨s??¨M?w????¨????u?W?S??-??×???V?v?B?u?b???M±???¤¤?i???v?B?u?H°??P?[

???B±à???°?D-n?`?°?ê??¤è?k?B??u?H?k??¤??R?i???ê??¤??R?v?vB???S?????è

????¨s?]§d?????B§??^?§???A??84?^?A?H?à?`¤J±j??-?¤H?S?è??????????±???±???¤¤?A¤F??°?¤¤????±??v?p?ó?]??¨???-±????±???°??D?A?????{??¤H-????u·Q?k?v?C?]??????¨s???D-n??¨s???????|?J

?]¤@?^¤F??°?¤¤????±??v??-±????±???°??D¤?¨???±?¨ú???]?????¤?C

?]¤G?^±?¨s°?¤¤????±??v??±????H???C

?]¤T?^±?°Q±???°??D?B?]?????¤?B?P±????H?????????Y?C

?]?|?^????????¨s???G??????±??v???X?????C

¤G?B?W?ü???q

?°¤F?à§ó?M·??A??????¨s?????y?A?÷±N????¨s???A¤???-?-n??p¤U?G

?¤@?±???°??D

?b????¨s¤¤±???°??D?O?ü¤@?ì°?¤¤????±??v?b?ê??±????B§@???????±??§x?Z?P???D?C?]?A¤G¤j-±?V?J

1.????-±°??D?J?O?ü°?¤¤????±??v?????±??????????¤¤???o????????¤?°????A????????¤@¨?§x?Z?P°??D?C

2.±?§÷±??k-±°??D?J?O?ü°?¤¤????±??v?????±?b???????{?ê?I???ú?{¤¤???J????°??D?C

?¤G??]?????¤

?b????¨s¤¤?u?]?????¤?v?O?ü°?¤¤????±??v?b?D?J±???°??D???A?°¤F

-174-

±???°??D?B?]?????¤?P±????H?????Y

¤§??¨s---?H¤@?ì°?¤¤????±??v?°¨?

Blumberg?]1989?^

?H?u¤ì?Y¤W???????v¨?¤????J¨ì??°??D??±?¨ú?????¤?A??¨s??±N¤§¤????°

¤T??¤è???J¤@?O°w??°??D?i???B?z?A§Y?°?u?i±???????F¤G?O?ú?×°??D?A§?v

??-ì??¤§-p?e?A§Y?°?u§????]-p??F¤T?O??±ó-p?e?A????¤?°?¤F?A§Y?°?u??v

????????·??C?v ??¨M°??D???O??¤???¤O?A??±?¨ú??¤???±??I?P??°??C????

1.?u?i±??????v

???×?u?i±??????v?O?ü°?¤¤????±??v?b?J¨ì±?????°??D???A·|?]?k±?

°?°??D¤§§x???B?A¨?¨?±??à??·?-ì????-p?e??§Q?i???C?o?????]?????¤?]?A?u·??q¨ó???v?B?u???????????á?A°?¨M?w?v?B?u??¨è¨?¤??v??¨??é???]????°??C

2.?u§????]-p?v

???×?u§????]-p?v?O?ü·í°?¤¤????±??v?D?J?L¤O??¨M??°??D???A·|?×

?}°??D?A§Q??¨?????¤è???A?H¨???¨??ó??§Q??§??¨?A?]?A?u?C¤@°?????¤@°????B?v?u??¤v·Q?ì?k?B?v?u??¤v°?¤?°??B?v?u?M§?¨??L¤????B?v?u??§????A??B??v

¨??é???]????°??C

3. ?u??????????·??v

???×?u??????????·??v?O?ü°?¤¤????±??v?b?B?z¤@¨?????¤¤??°??D???A???M???D?i?à?????M?I?A?????O±N¨????m?A?????á¨ì??·|?????C¨??é???]????°??°?u¤??z¤??B?v?C

?¤T?±????H??

Kagan?]1992?^?b±??v?H??????¨s¤¤?o?{?G±???±?????¤??T?w???P??

?k???A¨?±??v??-n????¤@?M?H??¨t???A?H?b?D?J°??D???A?à??????±±¨?±????C?b????¨s¤¤?u±????H???v?O?ü¤@?ì°?¤¤????±??v???ó??¤v±???¤u§@¤@

???`?H¤?????·Q?k?A?o??·Q?k?v?T¨??b±???¤W¤§?í?{?C

?L??z?×°ò???P¤??m±?°Q

????¨s¤D?b±?°Q¤@?ì°?¤¤????±??v?b±???°??D?B????Y¤§??¨s?A??¨s??±N¨??A¤?¤§????±????????H?????H§@?°????¨s???z?×°ò???P?ê?x¤??R¤§¨????C

-175-

??91?~6¤?

¤@?B?????H??

Sigel?]1985?^?ü?X?H???O??·|¤?°?¤¤?A???{?ê?P?g????¤@??¤??z???c?A¤H-???????¨??????P?D???@???[?H?????M±?¨ú??°??C??Kagan?]1992?^?b

±??v?H??????¨s¤¤?A§ó¨??é???o?{?A±???±?????¤??T?w???P???k???A¨?±??v??-n????¤@?M?H??¨t???A?H?b?D?J°??D???A?à??????±±¨?±????C?]???A??¨s??§?±??à?b???M±???¤¤?]?????^?????[???B±à??¤§¤è???`¤J¤F??°?¤¤????±??v?b-±??±???°??D???A¨???±?¨ú¤§?]????°??P¨??????H???O???I?????C

Schoenfeld?]1983?^??¨s?ü?X±??v±????????L?{°ò??¤W¨??à?ó±??v???H???H???A?S§O?O±??v???ó???????è?M·N?q??·§???A?H¤?±??v???ó????±??P????¤????????CSchoenfeld?]1985?^§ó?ü?X-?¤H???????H???i?H¨M?w-?¤H???ó?????p?ó±???°??D???L?{?B¨??????קK?ó?????D§??à?H¤??????D?????M°??D§x???×?????k?C

Ernest?]1989?^±N±??v???????H??¤??¨¤T???G°??D??¨M?[???????°°??A?B°??D???V?B?i??¤H??¤??_±?°Q?X¤j???????F?f?????[???????°¤@?R?A?B§????B??¤???¤??????s?????c?P¨??ê???¨???????F¤u¨??[???????°?????B¨S?????s??¨??ê?B?W?h?P§??????n???¨???????é¨t?C??¨s?o?{±??v???????H???P±??v??§ê?t??¨¤???B±???¤è??§????????s?]?à¤???§f???^?B·??@?i?A??90?^?C

Raymond(1997)?b±?°Q°ê¤p±??v?H???P±????ê°???¤@-P??¤¤?A±N±??v

?H??¤??°¤T???÷±?°Q?G?????H???B????±????H???P?????????H???C??¨s???G?o?{-??×±??v?????H??????§O?O?HErnest?]1989?^?????X??¤u¨??[?B?f

?????[?B°??D??¨M?[?°¨????A±N±??v???????H??·§¤??¨¤-¤j???C??¤@???O?????[?A¤??p?????O?T?w¤??????B?O???????C??¤G???O???V?????[?A¤??p????¤j??¤??°?T?w¤??????B?O???????C??¤T???O-?¨??????[?P?D?????[?A¤??p????-?¨?°??A?P?T?w?B?????P?????????è?C???|???O???V?D?????[?A¤??p????¤j??¤??O???????B?i?h?????C??¤-???O?D?????[?A¤??p?????O°??A???B???????C??¨s?o?{-??×±??v???????H???P????±????ê°?¨???¤@-P???C

Chin?]1995?^°w???x?W?a°?¤¤??????±??v¤§±M·~?H???P±????ê°??????Y?A?H¤?±??v?H???p?ó?v?T?????H???B?A?×?[?H¤??R??¨s?C??¨s???G?o?{

-??×±??v¤§?????H??¤??°¨????G¤@?°?????[?A¤@?°?i?ù?[?C?B????¨s?o?{-??×±??v??¨?????????±????????H?????ó-??×±??v??±???¤è??????·í-?-n???v?T?C

-176-

±???°??D?B?]?????¤?P±????H?????Y

¤§??¨s---?H¤@?ì°?¤¤????±??v?°¨?

Thompson(1984)????¨s???G?o?{-??×±??v????¤§?????ó???????è??

?H??????¤??P?C¨??p?G-??×±??vLynn?°¤u¨?¨ú?V?[?I?A?{?°?????O¤@?ù

???\?h¤??P???W?h¤??w?z?????¨???ì???AKay?h?°°??D??¨M¨ú?V?[?I?A?L

?{?°?????O¤@?ù?I???D???????ì???A¤??e?]§t?\?h????¨M??°??D?C??¨s??

?G???ü?X?A-??×±??v???????H???P±????ê°?¨???°??פ@-P???C

?C??§??]??85?^?H°????a°?¤???°ê??¤p??±??v?°???s?é?A?i??°?¨÷??

?d?C????¨s±N±??v?????H??¤??¨????¨ú?V?P?i¨B¨ú?V¨????C???×????¨ú?V¤D?ü?????????°?S?w¨??ê???????P???n?A???i¨B¨ú?V¤D?ü?????????°¤??T?w?B?i?????F??¨s???G???????e°ê¤p±??v???????H?????V?i¨B¨ú?V???[?I?C

???Q?^?]??87?^°w?????q?¤?B??°ê¤p±??v?i?????d?A??¨s???G?o?{??

¨?±??v???ó?????H???ù°??A¤§?[?I?A?{?°????????¤?¤@?w?O¤??????A??¨?±??v???????H???h?ù?R?A¤§?[?I?A?{?°?????O?u?z???H?x?C¨???¨s???G?o

?{???e°ê¤p±??v???????H?????V°??A?[?C

¤?-§???]??85?^°w???x?W?n°?253?W¤¤??????±??v?ê?I°?¨÷???d?A??

¨s???G?o?{???e¤¤???????ì±??v?h???{?°?????????O?Q?o?{???B????????

?O¤??????u?z?B?????N?O???????{?C

???X¤W?C??????-z?A??¨s???{?°?G???×?????H??·N??±??v??????±?¨|

??????¤è???H¤??á¤?·N?q??¤è???A±??v¨???¨???¨-¨??????????[?B???è?[?B

?g???[?B??·|?[???A??¨?????±????????????k?i???????A????¨?°?§O·Q±?

¨ü???A??°?¤?·Q-n???A§??¨??±???????°??D??°ò?????k?C

¤G?B????±????H??

±??v???ó????±??????H???A?D-n?O?ü±??v??????±?????¤u§@§Y±??v??????±????????w?P?{?P?C?????u¤u§@?????v·|?v?T¨?-?×?H¤?±???±M·~???°???í?{?]¤?-§???A??85?^?C

Thompson(1984)?b??¨s±????H?????A?o?{-??×±??v????¤§?????ó????

±????H??????¤??P?C¨??p?GJeanne?{?°????±?????-???±???¤??e??·N?q?M

???????è±??t???L?{?ALynn?{?°????±?????-????????W?h?M?L?{???????A

?? Kay?h?{?°????±?????-????????B?z?????????D?ú?{?C

Waxman?MZelman?]1987?^?H±à????¤è????15?ì°ê¤p????±??v????

??±????H???i????¨s?A¨?±N???G¤??°¨????G¤@???{?°????±??????·??¨???

??°??D??¨M???÷·|?B±??o?????????????c±????[?A?t¤@???h?{?°????±???

?O°V?m????¤????t???B???m-p???L?{??????±????[?C

-177-

??91?~6¤?

Raymond(1997)±N±??v??????±????H??·§¤??¨¤-???C??¤@???O?????[?A¨??p±??v?{?°??¤v??§ê?t??¨¤?????O??????±??????A±??v???·?W??±????????D?D?C??¤G???O???V?????[?A¨??p±??v±??????D-n????????±????A????¨???????--??°??D??¨M???÷·|?C??¤T???O-?¨??????[?P?D?????[?A¨??p-?-????????ó??±?¤??e??°O???P¤F???A±?????°?-?¨?¤p???X§@?P-?§O?????C???|???O???V?D?????[?A¨??p?H°??D??¨M??°?§@?°±?????°???-??I?A??--?×?a¨????????C??¤-???O?D?????[?A¨??p¤??????????D¨????X?D????°??D?A±?????°?§??°¤p???X§@?????A¤?????????¤W???]?à¤???§f???^?B·??@?i?A??90?^?C

?C??§??]??85?^±???°?¨÷???d?k?A?H°????a°?¤???°ê??¤p??±??v?°???s?é?A??°????a°?1045?ì¤p??±??v?i?????d??¨s?A??¨s?o?{°ê??¤p??±??v

??????±????H??¤j??¤????V?i¨B¨ú?V?A§Y±j???????O¤??T?w?B?i?????A???????{???P¨à?????????g??°t?X?A±??v?????ì¤??e?B±???¤è???P?????W?h??±M·~???D??¨M?w?v?A?B±??v???A????????-?§O?t?§??¤?°t¤??P??±????ê·??P????¤??P??±???¤è?k?C

???Q?^?]??87?^?????q?¤?B??°ê??¤p??±??v?i?????????è?H???B????±????H???P?????????H??¤§?{?p???d?C??¨s?o?{?G?ê?ù???c?????[??±??v?A?D±i±????O???????D°??h???c???????ú?{?A??¨D·§????¤F???P?L-???????·Q?k?F?M???ê?ù????±????[??±??v?A?h?D±i±????N?O?é?é???????????L?{?A±j??§??à???ò±o¤??¨?Z???í?{?C????¨s???G???????e°ê¤p±??v??????±????H?????V???c±????[?C

¤?-§???]??85?^???x?W?n°?°ê?B°?¤¤????±??v?ê?I°?¨÷???d?A?`?°?L-????ó????±?????????°??D?????k?C??¨s?o?{?G??¨?±??v?{?°-n?°§U?????????A??¨??h?{?°-n?°§U?????????????[???C???M???÷±??v?{?°????±????????°§U?????????A???c?????A???O¤j??¤?±??v??????±????H??¨ü¤??????V?v?T?A?y?¨????±??????°??-?¤??e·N?q?M?W?h???????C

???????B?P???±?]??88?^?????d???G?????A·í?e°ê¤p±??v??????±???

?H?????M°??V???c?×???[?I?A???B?V°??V???c±????[???A¨?????±???§G?D?V?}???A?V??????¤??P±????z????·N?@?A?P??¤]?V±`¨???¤p??°Q?פ????????????????C

¤??H¤??]??81?^??¨s?ü?X?G±??v????±?·N?@?i?k???°?|-??]???G?]¤@?^¤u§@·N?q?G?ü±??v??¨-??¤u§@¨???·N?q???A?]?A???w?????B±???¤u§@????]¤G?^F

¤u§@???è?G?ü±??v¤u§@?????w?w?B¤u§@???????????O??????]¤T?F^???ì?]???G?ü±??v??¨-??¤H???S?è?B???ì?B±M?????F?]?|?^?{?ê?]???G?p?L¤H??±??B¤?

-178-

±???°??D?B?]?????¤?P±????H?????Y

¤§??¨s---?H¤@?ì°?¤¤????±??v?°¨?

?O?B??·|?a?ì???C

??¤W¨?¤§?A????±????H???O?ü±??v??????±?????¤u§@?????w?P?{?P?C

?L?×?O??¨?????°??D??¨M?÷·|?B±??o?????????????c?[?A???O°V?m????¤?

???t???B???m-p???L?{???????[?A?o??·|?v?T±??v-?¤H??±????A?×?P±???

±M·~???°???í?{?C

°????¨s¤è?k?P?ú?{

????¨s???b±?°Q¤@?ì°?¤¤????±??v¨??b±???°??D?B??¤§???Y?A??¨s???b¤??m±?°Q?á?o?{¤j???÷????¨s?????±??v??±????????H???i??±?°Q?C?M???A??¨s??¨M?w????¨????u?W?S?×???V?v?B?u?b???M±???¤¤?i???v?B?u?H°??P?[???B±à???°??u?H?k??¤??R?i???ê??¤??R?v???S?????è????¨s¤è???A???à?`¤J???????±???±???¤¤?A¤F??°?¤¤????±??v?p?ó?]??¨???-±????±???°??D?A??¤H-????u·Q?k?v?C??¨s¤¤??¨s??????¤v?B??¨s°??P???B±????????H¤?°?P¤??R?i???????????ú?A¨?????¨s???o?{?P?????à??U¤???¨s-??z?A????¨s??¤H?W?B???W¤@??°??W?B?

¤@?B??¨s????¨-??-??R

Lecompte ???????]1993?^?ü?X??¨s??±a??·??ó¤?¤?-I???B±M·~°V?m?B

?????g???H¤?-?¤H?S?è???D???????z?×?i¤J??¨s?{???A·|?v?T??¨s???b??

¨s¤W??§@???????P¨M?w?A?°?U¤?????¨s???o?{?P?????à??¨??????H¤??A?H¤U????¨s????¨-?i??-??R?J

??¨s??±q¨?±?¨|¤u§@?h?~?A¤@???`?`?±±o?b?z?×?P?ê°?????¤@?D?L?k

?ó?V???E·??C??¨ì?i¤F??¨s???i-×?A±q??¨s¤¤?}?l??·|§?§P?P¤????A¤~?v

???é·|?z?×?P?ê°???°??A?G???L?{?C?]???b??¨s°??D??????¤W?????V?ó¤?

¨-??±?¨|°??D?A?p???e?á??°?¤¤????±??v¤@???A???}?l??¤?°?¤¤????±??v

??-±????????±???°??D?P?]??¤§???¤?P??°??A§?±?±q??¨s¤¤?à?k?????z?X

?z?×?A???à????¤v?????O??¨s°??P???b?ê°???¤u§@¤W????§U?q?P±????C??§?§P¨ú?V????¨s¨?¨S??¤@?M?ú?T????¨s¨B?J?A?]????¨s??¨??`?D?D?????è

????¨s?A???à?`¤J????????±???±???¤¤?A¤F??°?¤¤????±??v?p?ó?]??¨???

-±????±???°??D¤?¨?-I?á??????¤§?H???C

-179-

??91?~6¤?

¤G?B??¨s°??P?????y??

????¨s??°??P???°¤j¤j°?¤¤??????±M??±??v?X¤B???v?A??¨s???P¤B??

?v¤w?????h?~?A·í??¨s??§i??¤B???v????¨s¤§-p?e???A¤B???v?·?°?¤§???ì?A?ó?O¤@¤f?????@·N??¤O°t?X?C??¨s???L?{¤¤?L±?ó??°Q?×????¨s?A?????i¨?¨??n·????C

¤B???v?°?v?d¤j????·~?A±????~?ê¤-?~?A¤-?~¨????á?????v?A?°¤H??

¤??A±`?O?P¨?¨D§U?????H?A-???¤W?O???ó°??ê?B?`?ü?B?????H?C

¤T?B??¨s?y?{?P?ê???`?°

????¨s¤§?]-p-ì???u·Q?H±à????¤è??¨??`?°¤B???v?b±????D?J??°??D?A???b??¤@???P¤B???v??±à??¤¤??¨s???o?{?J¤B???v??°í?ù??¤@¨????ó?????????B±???±`?W?????k?A?`?`?v?T???L??????±??¤@?I???o?{????¨s???±±o?D±`???ì?A¨??B?é·|¨ì±à??¨??L?k?F¨ì???A?b¤B???v??????¤§¤U?A¨M?w?[¤J?{???[???C

??¨s???[??????±q??°ê¤E¤Q?~¤Q¤?¤Q¤-¤é°_???P?~¤Q¤?¤G¤Q¤?¤é?°

¤??A¨C?g?i¤J¤B???v??????±???????¤¤¤?-?¤p???A?[?????L?{?H?{???§°O

°O??¤B???v?B?z±???¤¤???????????L?{?A???O?P????¤?°???±?§??C

?b????¨s¤¤??±à???O?H?M¤B???v???á??¤è???i???A?D-n?O??¨s?????{

??¤H¨????????b?C???á¤@????±à???h?O§e?{??¨s????¤??R???G?A?P¤B???v

?i???????P°Q?×?C

?|?B?ê??¤??R?P?H?ê?×????

????¨s?b?i¤J¤B???v????±??????????L?{¤¤?A?N¤??_???i???ê?????`?°?B???z?P¤??R??¤u§@?C?M????¨s¤¤¤??R?ê????¤è?k?D-n°???]??84?^?????X??¤-??¤??R???¤?A¨?¤??e¨?§??°?G1.?????ê???]organizing

the data?^?F2.§??¨?d???]categories?^?B?D?D?]themes?^?B?????]patterns?^?F3.

????°??]???A¤????F4.?M¨D?????ê???????q???×?F5.???g??¨s??§i?C¨?§?

¤?-z?p¤U?G

1.?????ê???]qrgarizing the data?^

?b?u?????ê???v??¨B?J¤¤?A??¨s??±N?????[?????ò±o???ê???A?]?A??

¨s????¤v???{???§°O?B?P¤B???v±à?????ò±o¤§?ê?????A§@¤@§????????z?B?s?X?C

-180-

±???°??D?B?]?????¤?P±????H?????Y

¤§??¨s---?H¤@?ì°?¤¤????±??v?°¨?

2.§??¨?d???]categories?^?B?D?D?]themes?^?B?????]patterns?^

?b°w???U???ê???s?X?á?A???i¤@¨B§??¨¤@-?-????????D?D?B?D???A¨??`?°¨ì???ê?????ü???p?P????¤??à§ó?[??¤??C????¨s¤D±????u¤??R?k???k?v¨?§@?°?ê??¤§§??¨?d???]categories?^?B?D?D?]themes?^?B?????]patterns?^¤§

¨????G???×?u¤??R?k???k?v?O·j?°?M¤??R?ê????¤@-?¨ú?V?A?H¤??o?i?ú???z?×??¤@??¤è???A¨??i?????{§??O?]Robinson,1951?A?à¤??????p???A??87?G?^

(1)?b??¨s???ì???A?o?i?Y-??S?w¨??ê???{?H??·§?¤?w?q?M?????C

(2)±N?o¨??ì¨B?o?i???w?q?M????¤?¤J·j?°¨ì???ê??¤¤?C

(3)?b?ê??¤¤?J¨ì¤??A?X-ì¤w?¨?w?q?M??????·s¨?¨????A§Y-ק??w?q?M?????C

(4)?D°??M§??i?à¤??A?X¤w§??¨¤???¤§?w?q?M??????·s¨?¨??C

(5)§??M?M¨??L¤j?h???ê??¤?-±??¨?¨?(negative cases)?A¨?¤??R±??M¨C-?¤?

-±¨?¨???·N?q?A¤????a?w?q?{?H?M§??¨?????A??¨ì????¤@-????q?????Y?C?????a???A¤??R?k???k?O??????·??ê????§@?¨?k???A???D????-p

???Y-?¨??ê????????§??¨?q?×?C

3.????°??]???A¤???

?b??¨s???L?{¤¤?A§?-????·??????¤U¤§?w?q?????K¤§?????O§_?A¤??A?]??????¨s?B???u?í±`¤????k?v(constant comparison method)¤??u¤T¨¤?????k?v(triangulation)°??°?ê???s?X?B¤??R?á??????¤è???A?÷¤?§O???ú?p¤U?G

?]1?^???×?u?í±`¤????k?]?vGlaser?A1978?A?à¤??????p???A??87?^¨?????

?b?ó±q?ê??¤¤?k???a?o?i?M???c?z?×?A?D-n?]?A¤T-?¨B?J?G

?]?t?^¤????A???ó¨C-?·§??????§O?A¨?±N?A???ó?o??§O??¨C?ó?ê???[

?H?s?X?]coding?^?A¤w?s?X???ê??¤]?M???e?Q?s?X?¨???P?M¤??P

??§O???ê??¤???¤????A¤??????????b?ó?o?i¨C-???§O???z?×?S

???C

?]?u?^???X??§O?M??-????S???G·í??¨s??¤????i?à§t??·§????§O???ê

?????A-n?`·N¨ì??§O¤§????¤????A¨??}?l?}??¨ì?o¨???§O?O§_

???p¨ì¨?-?§ó¤j??¤??R?[?c?C·í?~?ò·j?°·s???ê??¨?¨????A?p

?G·s??¨?¨?¤??à§e?{¤w§??¨????§O???è?A?i?à?N??-n?o?i·s??

??§O?A????-n?A-×-q-ì??????§O?A?o-??L?{?à§e?{??§O¤§????

???Y??§??¨??????§O?????c???z?×?C

?]?v?^???w§e?{?X???z?×?G·í??¨s???i???s?X?B¤????M???{·§?????S

-181-

??91?~6¤?

???H¤?·§??¤§???????p?????A¤@-?°ò?????????[?c???z?×±N·|

§ó?????a§e?{?A§e?{???z?×?A?Q?ê?????ú???A???i?à?i¤@¨B?w

?q??-×-q-ì????·§????§O?M??-?¤§?????p?????Y?A¤@????¨s??

?o?{¤w§??¨????§O?à?B?z?ê??¤¤¤j???÷?????????g??¨?¨????A

?o¨???§O§Y¤w??????-??????????M°?¤O?C

?]2?^???×?u¤T¨¤?????k?v?b????¨s?è???ê????¤??R?????L?{¤¤?A?D-n?]?A

¤U?C¤T??§???(Patton,1990?F?à¤??????p???A??87)?G

?]?t?^¤è?k??¤T¨¤?????G?Y?ü±???¤??P?ê???`?°??¤è?k(?]?A?è??¤è?k

?p?[???B±à??)?A?H??????¨s?o?{??¤@-P???C

?]?u?^¨?·???¤T¨¤?????G?Y?ü?b?P¤@¤è?k¤¤????¤??P?ê??¨?·?(?]?A¤?

?P?????B¤??P¤è???p?[???M±à??)??¤@-P???C

?]?v?^¤??R????¤T¨¤?????G?Y?ü¨????h-?¤??R???]¨??p¤B???v?B??¨s

???^-?·s?f?d??¨s?o?{?C

4.?M¨D???q??????

???ó±q?ê??¤¤??±o???u???????v???d???P?????A??¨s??????±q?U??¤?

?P??¨¤?×?i??§?§P?A???ó?ê???????????q?????×?A??¨s??¤]?b¤w?????????~?A?t?~?M¨D¨??L?X?z???????A¨????ú¨??p?ó?¨?°???X?z???????C

5.???g??¨s??§i

???á?A??¨s???????????[???B±à???B¤??ó°O?????ê??¤??R§??????A??

?ó¤B???v??????±???°??D?B?]?????¤?P????±????H??¤§???Y?[?H?à???B¤??R¨??á¤?·N?q?A?b?à???P¤??R???L?{·í¤¤?A±`·|?]?°???X??¤??R???X?{¤@

¨?·s??·Q?k?A?P¨???¨s??¤@?A???????ê???B¤????P-×??°??]?A???á???X?o¨??ê???A???g?¨??¨s??§i?H§e?{??¨s????¤B???v??????±???°??D?B?]?????¤?P????±????H??¤§???Y??±?°Q¤§-ì???C

?v???¨s???G?P?o?{

¤@?B¤B???v???D?J??±???°??D¤??]?????¤

?b????¨s¤¤???u±???°??D?v?Y?ü¤B???v?b?ê????±???¤u§@¤W¨-·P¨ì§x?Z??°??D?C??¨s???b¤B???v???????[???á?A±N¤§¤??°?±?§÷±??k-±??¤G??°??D?C

?°¨D±????????à§?????§e?{?A?H¤U?H¤B???v?????±??????±???°??D?°

-182-

±???°??D?B?]?????¤?P±????H?????Y

¤§??¨s---?H¤@?ì°?¤¤????±??v?°¨? ?D?b?A¨????ú¨???±?¨ú???]?????¤?P???G?]?p?í¤@?C?^

?í¤@ ¤B???v?????±??±???°??D?B?]?????¤?P???G

??v?P°??P·P ?A°?¨M?w

?-ì?Y?s-? ?h ???P????°??D -± ???v °???

???v ±??????v???¤

°??v

¨?

?L?k?z????±±?

??¤??e

?¨

??¤v°?¤?°? ?? ?e ?\?h±?§÷±??k-±

-183-

??91?~6¤?

?¤@?????-±??°??D?P?]?????¤

???×????-±°??D?O?ü¤B???v?????±??????????¤¤???o????????¤?°????A????????¤@¨?§x?Z?P°??D?C?]?A?u????¤?°?§@·~?v?B?u????¨S???n?_¤??P°??P·P?B?v?u????¤W???á¤??B?Y?s-??B?v?u????¨S±a±?§÷?B?v?u????¤W???y???z???v?B?v?u????¤W???y?D?]?z???v?B?v?u???????y?S§O??°???v??°??D?C?L??±?z

?????]?????¤?°?u?i±??????B?v?u??????????·??v¤??u§????]-p??A??¨??é??v

??°??°?u·??q?B¨ó???v?B?u???????????á?A°?¨M?w?v?B?u??¨è¨?¤??v?B?u¤??z¤??B?v?B?u?C¤@°?????¤@°????v?P?u??§????A??C?÷¤?§O??-z?p¤U?Gv

1.-±???u????¤?°?§@·~?v??°??D?A±?¨ú?u·??q?B¨ó???v??¨??é??

°??]??

¤B???v?X?~¤U¨???±????g???é·|¨ì?G????¤?°?§@·~????¨?-I?á??-ì?]?A¤@???????v???O??¨??u¨S???g?v???h-±?A?o???¤¤F¨?-I?á?`????·N?q?C?u§?-????u???í-±?????O§_??°?§@·~?A???O?A?i?à?a???????p???L¨S?????h°?°??I?v?]90.10.16±à10:2-5?^?C?]???A¤B???v?{?°?u??¤???¤l???????÷

·|?A???L???÷·|?°??¤v???\??-t?d?A?L·|??¤O?L?????°§A?]???v?^?÷?R?v?]90.10.16±à10?G2-5?^?C?o???P??¤l·??q?B¨ó?????]??±??I?A?T?ê¤???¤F

¤@??????¤¤?e???y?¨????????§??A¨?±o??¤l¤??A¤f?A??§??¨¨???·í-t?d????·~?C

2.-±???u????¨S???n?_¤??P°??P·P?v??°??D?A±?¨ú?u???????????á?A°?¨M?w?v??¨??é??°??]??

±q??¨s???{?????[???o?{?G??¨?????¤W????±o·N???????A¨S??¤°?ò?n?_¤??A§ó?N?×???n·???°??P·P?C?u?b°?¤¤???q?A¤×¨??O??§?-??o???h?????????A???M???ó???????{¨S????¤j?????ì?90.10.19v?]±à14?G1-15?^?C?????ó

???A¤B???v?b??°ó¤¤????¤F?\?h??¤H???g???B?????A?H???@??¤l±M¤??????????ì?C?u?]?°§A-Y?O¨S????¨??{?b?~??¤H·P???ì?????D?A§A§l¤?¤??í??¤l??¤????I§A·|?Q?L-??{?°?O?yLKK??z]??¤@?ú?^???]?v90.10.19±à14?G1-15?C?^

¤B???v?????????o?????{???A?]???K?H???????????????¤?A¨?±??ó??¤è??¤~?à¤?°_????¤§?n?_¤??P°??P·P?A?u?o????§@?k?A§??]¤B???v?^???H?h¤????i?H§???¤@¨?±?§?§a?v?]90.10.19±à14?G1-15?^?I

3.-±???u????¤W???á¤??B?Y?s-??v??°??D?A±?¨ú?u??¨è¨?¤??v??¨??é??°??]??

?b¤@????????¤¤?]90.10.17?^?A??¨s???[???o?{?G¤B???v?b??¤@?D?D¨?

?????D?????A?y±??z?b???O?]??¤??X¨??^?C?????A??¨????????M?Y°_?s-??B

-184-

±???°??D?B?]?????¤?P±????H?????Y

¤§??¨s---?H¤@?ì°?¤¤????±??v?°¨?

?}?l?á¤??C·í¤B???v?o?{??±?§????A?K?p·í?Y??

?°?A????·?y?n¤g?`±??|?z]?x?y?A·N???O?????[?F?]?v?^??????¨è¨?¤??A?]????¨è?פ??????á¤??B?Y?s-?¤§???°??u?]?°§A-Y¤?±j????¨?¤?????¤W?????|¤???C90.10.17±à8?G53-57?C?^

?u±?¨ú?o?????]????°??A¨??ê?í-±¤W?O???ù???v?b????¤¤???v¤O?A?M?????`?h??·N?q???O?????????D?O?D??°?§O?90.10.17v?]±à8?G53-57?^?C??¨s??

±q?????Q???d¤§?á??¤????o?{?G????¨S???]????¤B???v????¤?·P?A??¤????o?ò±o¨??L?P?????{?P?C?u§??]?????^?±±o???v?]¤B???v?^??§@?k???n?ü?I

??¨?¨??P?????D¤??z?v?]90.10.17±à8?G51-53?^?C

4.-±???u????¨S±a±?§÷?v??°??D?A±?¨ú?u¤??z¤??B?v??¨??é??°??]??

?b??¨s???[?????o?q?????A?o?{?????b¤W??????¨?¨S??±a¤W??¤§±?§÷?A¤B???v??±?¨ú?u¤??z¤??B?v???]??¨??é??°??C¤B???v?í???u-Y§?¨C?`

?????h???z?????L???ò-n??°??D?A¨????{?N?L?k?b?w?w????¤?¤W§?]90.10.19±à17?G5-35?^?C?u????¤W??¤¤¨S??±?§÷?A?L????¤O¤]??¤j?A¤U??

?N¤?·|§?°O¤F?v?]90.10.19±à17?G5-35?^?C???O??????¨s?????[???A?????{

?H?b¤B???v??????¤¤?h?X¤??a?A?b??¨s???P¤B???v????°Q?×?á?A¤B???v?{?°?u???\§??]¤B???v?^????????????¨????B?z¤è???v?]90.10.19±à17?G5-35?C?^

5.-±???u????¤W???y???z?]?}?±???^???v?v??°??D?A±?¨ú?u?C¤@

°?????¤@°????v??¨??é??°??]??

¤B???v?b????¤¤???O?~?????°?~???????v?A?M?????~??¤W???t?Z¤]??¤p?A?]???A???????D?a±N?L???°¤j-??C?u§??±±o§?-??]?????^???v?]¤B???v?^?~???M§?-??????B?n·??q?A???H?M?L?????90.10.19]±à10?G50-55??v?^C?o??

?????k?i?H±q?????R?u??·í???v???L±o¨ì?????C?]???A?b????¤¤??¨s???o

?{?G?u???v§A¤?±?¤?¤??n?á?v?]90.10.18?{???§°O8?G12?B?^u???v§A¤?¤??y???z

???á?v?]90.10.23?{???§°O9?G2?^…???p?????A????·|°????y????z]?}?±???^

¤B???v?A??¤B???v·|?A???[?H????¤@?????^???A?o???]?????¤?u?N???|¨??·¤d¤?¤@???A§A?]???v?^¤??à???????±±o?L?ì?A¤]¤??à§????B?ó?Q?y???z??±????]?v90.10.23±à9?G51-10?G5??^C¤B???v?{?°?u?~???O¨C?ì???v????¤@

?????u?ì±??ó?A?A???M????±?????±???¤]?O¤@???°§U?90.10.23v?]±à9?G

51-10?G5??^C?]??-±???o??±?§??u§??q±`??±??y?C¤@°?????¤@°????z??¨??é

??°??]???v?C?]90.10.23±à9?G51-10?G5?^?C

6.-±???u????¤W???u?D?]?v???v?v??°??D?A±?¨ú?u¤??z¤??B?v??

¨??é??°??]??

?b¤@????????¤¤?]90.10.17?^?A??¨s???[???o?{?G¤B???v?b??¤@?D?D¨?

-185-

??91?~6¤?

?u???v§A

??¤????ü?v?]90.10.17?{???§°O8?G23?^?????????y?C?u§A-Y?M?L?E?G°_¨?

?????d?L?A?u·|?W?[??????????±????v?]90.10.17±à8?G53-57?^?A?]???A¤B

???v±?¨ú?u¤??z¤??B?v???]?????¤?A?u?L¨S???ò±o?^???N·|?L?ì?a±}±}?]?w

?R?^¤F?]?v90.10.17±à8?G53-57?^?C ?????D?????A?y±??z?b???O?]??¤??X¨???C?????A??¨??????K???X^

7.-±???u???????u?S§O??°??v?v??°??D?A±?¨ú?u??§????A?v??¨?

?é??°??]??

?o?O¤@-??S§O??¤é¤l?A±???????¤á?M?ù???O?????????A?C·í??¨s???M

¤B???v?i¤J????¤§???A±???¤¤???M?u???n?F???v?T°_?A?u??¤é§????v???¨?T???}¤F¤??á????¤@?`???C-ì¨??????-¤w?°???v???u??¤é?v-p?e¤F?y??????°??C-±???o???p¨?¨???±?§??A¤B???v?{?°?u??????¤@?f-W¤??A?????L?@·N?M§A?P???A?L?M§A?O?y¤@°ê?z???90.10.22v?]±à14?G3-15?C?^?u???o??±?§??A

§A?u?n-W¤¤§@????§????A¤F?C·Q?M???????¨¤@¤ù?N?u?n???y?~???z¤F?v?]90.10.22±à14?G3-15??^C?b??°?¤§?á?A??¨s???o?{?????b?o?`??¤W±o?S§O

??¤O?A????¤¤?????^¤]§e?{?M???????H?C

?¤G?±?§÷±??k-±??°??D?P?]?????¤

???×±?§÷±??k-±°??D?O?ü¤B???v?????±???????b·??????{???ê??±??????A????????¤@¨????????{¤è-±??§x?Z?P°??D?C?]?A?u?????????¨?Z¤?¨??v?B?u±?§÷¤??`?A?????L?k?z????±?±???¤??e?v?B?u±?§÷¤??h?L?k§??¨?v?B?u?y¤?

???z???B?z?v??°??D?C?L??±??????]?????¤?°?u?i±??????v?B?u§????]-p?v?A??

¨??é????°??°?u·??q¨ó???B?v?u??¤v·Q?ì?k?B?v?u??¤v°?¤?°???C?÷¤?§O??-z?p¤U?Gv

1.-±???u?????????¨?Z¤?¨??v??°??D?A±?¨ú?u·??q¨ó???v??¨??é

??°??]??

???ó???{?w±??????Y?A¤B???v¨C?g?w±?¤@??§??¨?????q?A?M???b??¨s???[?????o?q?????A¤B???v?o?{???????????¨?Z¤?¨??C?u?-??§????s?s????

?D?A??????¤????v???F50~60%?A???o???~?M?u??40%¤?¨ì?v?]90.10.19±à

14?G1-15??^C?]???A?u§?¨M?w?M¨?¨????t???????n?n?????v?]90.10.19±à14?G

1-15??^C¤B???v?o??¤???¨?·????M????·??q?B¨ó???????????D?u???v§?±?§?

-??]?????^?¨?Z?n¤]?O?°§?-??n?ü?]?v90.10.19±à17?G13-21?^?C?u§?-??^?h

·|?n?n???????A§K±o?P?O???v??¨?-W?v?]90.10.19±à17?G13-21??^C¤B???v?M

??????????¤?°????°?A¨??????????{?P?L??±????A¤]?????????¨?Z?í?{¨}

?n?C?o?i?H±q?q?????¨?Z?o?{???Z???-§??F??????¤@?W±o¨ì?????C

2.-±???u±?§÷¤??`?A?????L?k?z????±?±???¤??e?v??°??D?A±?¨ú

-186-

±???°??D?B?]?????¤?P±????H?????Y

¤§??¨s---?H¤@?ì°?¤¤????±??v?°¨?

?b??¨s???[?????o?q?????A¤B???v?????{?ê?n?b??¤@?U??¤G???]?n¤@????^A¤B???v?í???u?b????¤¤??¨?¤??????ó§?-???????????¨????A?N??±o?????v?]90.10.15±à8?G51-9?G10?^?C?u¤??p??¨????u¤???????¨?±×?v??-??n?°?u??¤v·Q?ì?k?B?M§?¨??L¤????v??¨??é??°??]??

-1?A?o?????ú??????¨???¤????B¤??L?ó?????A§??]¤B???v?^-è-è???B?z¤è

???N?O???????ê???????u¤è?{???A???L?ù±q?B??¤¤·P?±???????W?????v?]90.10.15±à8?G51-9?G10?^?C?A???A?u???H?e§??]¤B???v?^?b¤W?ê?@?±?u????-??A-???¤°?ò?ê?é?A§??N§Q??????????¤@¨??ê?y?y???????ר????????[?`?L?H?O?v?]90.10.15±à8?G51-9?G10??^C?????i¨??A·í¤B???v?b±?§÷±??k¤W?J¨ì§x?????A?L?????????]?????¤?K?O??¤v·Q?ì?k?ò?M§?¨??L¤????C?u???v

?o????????¤è????§?-??]?????^???e???z???A¤????????Z???O??-I???v?]90.10.15±à12?G1-8?^?C???????ó±?§÷??¤??e¤]§ó?[?`¤J?C

3.-±???u±?§÷¤??h?L?k§??¨?v??°??D?A±?¨ú?u??¤v·Q?ì?k?v??¨??é??°??]??

¤B???v?v¤j??·~?á???b°ê¤¤?A°?¨??~?A???ó°ê¤¤?????{±?§÷?P°?¤¤??

???{±?§÷?????`???é?{??Cu±q?e?b°ê¤¤????-??i?????i?H???P?a?°¤W???????i?×?A??°?¤¤?????{?i?×?N?°±o?y???z???]90.10.18±à17?G?v13-25??C?]???A^

?u?u?n??¤v?]¤B???v?^?b?g¤??[???°¤W?i?פF?]?v90.10.18±à17?G13-25?^

?]?ù?G¤j¤j°?¤¤?W?w?????P¤??·¨ì????-×??C???M¤B???v???à?b???á???Y§?^

?¨?i?×?????{?A???O?A?b??¨s???M¤B???v?????á?A¤B???v?{?°???{???????O???????v?????d?A?]???A¤B???v?±±o?u§??]¤B???v?^·|-×????¤v?x?¤?i?×???\¤O?v?]90.10.18±à17?G13-25?^?C

4.-±???u?y¤????z???B?z?v??°??D?A±?¨ú?u??¤v·Q?ì?k?B??¤v°?¤?°??v??¨??é??°??]??

?b??¨s???[?????o?q?????A¤B???v?????{?ê?n?b??¤@?U??¤G???]?n¤@????^A¤B???v?í???u?o-????`?????]?n¤@???^?X?{¤F???h?????????u¤è?{???A¤??p?I?Z???B?I±×???B¨??I??……?????A§??N¤?¤????P?o??¨??D??°t¤??????B?z¤è???A§?·|·Q?ì?k????????¤@???[???e???????D???90.10.15v?]±à

8?G51-9?G10?^?C-±???o???u¤????v???B?z°??D?A¤B???v±?????¤v·Q?ì?k???]??±??I?A?u§?-??]?????^?T?ê??¤U?\?h-I¤??????????A¤]¤???°O¤°?ò?D??

?M¤°?ò¤????]?v90.10.19±à17?G13-21?^?C

±q?H¤W¤B???v?????±??±???°??D¤??]?????¤¤??R¤¤?A??¨s?????X?I?o?{?G

??¤@?B¤B???v?b????-±??°??D°???¤??H??·??A?×?]???~?A¤j?h?H?n

-187-

??91?~6¤?

·???¤è???B?z

Blumberge?]1989?^?H?u¤ì?Y¤W???????v¨?¤????J¨ì°??D??±?¨ú?????¤

¤¤?A???u§????]-p?B?v?u?i±??????v?B?u?á±?¤ì?Y?v??¤T??-±??°??D???]????

?¤?C?M???A?b¤B???v???B?z?u?á±?¤ì?Y?v??±???°??D¤¤?A????¤G-?°??D?O?H?u??????????·??v?????¤?C?o???????G???{???ó????¤¤???X?{???u±`?W°??D??vA¤B???v?{?°?L?L?k§????á±ó¤?-n?o?ì?]?s?^?????A???M??¨??H???°??·???¤è??¨??]???C??¤j??¤???°??D¤B???v???O?H?n·???¤è??¨??]???C

??¤G?B¤B???v-±??±???°??D¤j?h?O?H?u§????]-p?B?i±??????v¨??]??

?b¤B???v??¨????u§????]-p?v?B?u?i±??????v?B?u??????????·??v?o¤T-?

?]?????¤¤¤?A?u§????]-p?v?P?u?i±??????v¨??????W?v¤??u??????????·??v?h¤F???h?C?o???{?X¤B???v?b-±??±???°??D??¤j???M§???¨M??¤è?×?H¨?±?????§Q?i???A?????i¨?¤B???v???ó????±???°??D???B?z?O???°?n·????C

??¤T?B¤B???v?H??¤v???z??¨?¤??ù??¤v?B?z±???¤W??°??D

¤B???v?b??¤v???L?k?w???x?¤?????p¤??p?u????¨S±a±?§÷?v?B?u????¤W???y???z???v?v?B?u????¤W???y?D?]?z???v?v??°??D¤W?A?H?u?C¤@°?????¤@°????v?B?u¤??z¤??B?v????·??????¤¨????I?C???O·í??¤v???D±±?v???A§Y¨??O?L?L?k??¨M??°??D¤??p?u±?§÷¤??e¤?????A?L¤?·|?n·???·Q?ì?k?h??¨M?Av

¤??ù?L·|???p????°????A?h?O?L±`±??b?L?????u±????z??? vC?

???H¤W??¨s?????k???X?????G???ù?z?S?X?G¤B???v¤?¤¤???u?z???B??u·Qv

?k?v???L?b?ê??±???°??D¤W???B?z§????O¤@??°?¤O?A???o???o?{???O??¨s??·Q±?¨s¤B???v?b????±???°??D?B?]?????¤?P????±????H??¤T?????Y¤§-ì?]?C

¤G?B¤B???v??±????H??

Bauch(1982)?{?°?H???O-??é??¤??z???V?A¨?-??é¨???¤@-P??¤è?????±

?P?ò??¤H¨????A?i?????P?D??¨??E¤?¨??ó°??X¤????CGoodwin¤]?{?°?H??

?O-??é??°??e???s????·Q?k?B?ù-??B?????B?P°??]?A?O¨M?w-??é???°??°ò???]?à¤??????··??A??84??^C?]???H?????ó-??é?????°????¨M?w????¨¤???C°?±j???]??81?^§ó?ú?T???í???H???O¤@????¨??????R?D?`?H¤?????§???±?????¤??z???V?C???H¤W??¤B???v?????±??????±???°??D¤??R¤¤?o?{?A¤B???v??¤?¤¤???T?ê?s??¤@???u?H???v?v?T???L?ê???B?z????±?????°??D?A?]??????¨s????±????H?????w?q?O?ü?J¤B???v???ó??¤v±???¤u§@¤@???`?H¤?????·Q?k?A?o??·Q?k¨???¤?°t?P¨M?w¤B???v?B?z°??D???S???C??¨s???H?o

?????w?q±q±à???P?[?????ê??¤¤¨?±?¨s¤B???v??¨?????????±????H???C

-188-

±???°??D?B?]?????¤?P±????H?????Y

¤§??¨s---?H¤@?ì°?¤¤????±??v?°¨?

?b??¨s??±N±à???P?[???ê?????k???X¨???????±????H???P¤B???v?T

?{?P?R°??á?A??¨s??????¤B???v??¤v??¤????A±N¨?????±????H??¨?¨??u¨?

·??v¤??¨·??ó?u?z·Q?B?v?u?g???B?vu-????v??¤T???A¨??H¤B???v?????????M

?ê??????°??i????¤e¤????A?H?T?{?L??????±????H???C

?¤@?·??ó??z·Q???±????H??

1. ¤?-n??·??????????ì?A???q??¤??????¨?\???÷·|

¤B???v?b?-??¨C°ó¤W???????e??·|°?¤@?D???-???ú???A?H§@?°???????-???¨?Z?C-Y????????±o¤??z·Q?A?L??·|°??????§A-n?A¨??D????Gu??H?w??

§A?H??¨??ì¤????I]90.10.16?{???§°O?v?^?C¨??á°?¤B???v?A?L???J?u?]?°

?????^?a¨S???R¤???·????A???H?L°???·|??±??A?i?O?]?°§?-???°ó???ú??

?u?O¤@-??y??????zA?????L????°á???A???H§?§?±??à???o?????÷·|?A?o?N?O

§????z???C???y?????A?N?O?u-n§A??°á???A§Y¨?±?¤@?I?A¨???¤°?ò???Y?O?H§????????F¨ì¤F°??I…..???O¤@???N§P?w?L???????A?N§?????·??L?H?á?????????ì°??C§A???A?O¤??O?????????÷·|°??]?v90.10.16±à10:2-5?^?C?u?P????

?D?z?A?????^?a¤?°?§@·~?A§A-Y?O??¨è???L-??y¤j?n?J??zA§A±o¤?¨ì§A-n???????A??¤????L·|·U¨?·U°Q???????A±?¨?·U?h??§A?I?v?]90.10.16±à10:2-5?C?^

2. ??¤????????????ì?O±??v??????¤§?V?×

?u?b°?¤¤???q?A¤×¨??O??§?-??o???h?????????A???M???ó???????{¨S

????¤j?????ì?v?C?]???A?u???@?????????????ì?O¨-?°±??v???d????]90.10.19±à14?G1-15??^C¤B???v§ó?ü?X?{?b??????¤W?????ì???F?A???v??

?M???{?°?O??????°??D?A???O?u§A-Y?O¨S????¨??{?b?~??¤H·P???ì?????D?A§A§l¤?¤??í??¤l??¤????I§A·|?Q?L-??{?°LKK?O??z?y]??¤@?ú?^???v

?]90.10.19±à14?G1-15?^?C???????A?v???????N·??K?]???????C

3. ±?§÷¤????m?O±??v????§?¤?????°??D

¤B???v?{?°?G¨-?°±??v???b???{?ê?I?e?????Z±?§÷?C-Y?O????¤¤?o??

???v±??b???O¤W??±?§??A??????§K·|?????v?????h???B¤??H???C?]???u§A-Y?M?L?E?G°_¨??????d?L?A?u·|?W?[??????????±????90.10.17v?]±à8?G

53-57?^?A?o???????G¨?¤??à?W?[??¤l???????¨???A?]???A·???±?§÷?B??±x

±?§÷?K?O???v???h?[?`·N???C?o??¨????A?i?H±q¤B???v§Q?????l???????ó

????±o¨ì?????C

4.?????¨?Z¤?¨??O±??v????§?¤?????°??D

¤B???v?í???G?????T?M-n?°¨??¨?Z???í?{-t?d?A???O?A?p?G?h??????

-189-

??91?~6¤?

?????í?{±o¤????z·Q???A?h¨-?°????±??v°?¤F?M????·??q?~?A?K±o??§?¤?

???u§???±??k??????¤????v?H?o?O¤@??±??v¤??@·N???{??¨??ê?C?o-??×?I?A

?i?H±q????¤¤¤B???v¤??_??°??????u?i?H±?¨ü???v???X?C

?¤G?·??ó??g?????±????H??

1.?u±????v???M???O?v???@?P???d???A¤j?a¤????u???v¤@¤U?L§??F?????X??¤?¤???¤@????¤?¤?-n?h??·???

¤B???v?L?h???g??§i?D?L?G±??v?M????????¤?°????Y?A·|?v?T?????????????ì?C?]???A¤B???v?{?°?u?~???O¨C?ì???v????¤@?????u?ì±??ó?A?A???M????±?????±???¤]?O¤@???°§U?90.10.23]?v±à9?G51-10?G5??^C???ó????

?b????¤¤°??????}?±?????°?A???O?X??¤?¤??????h?A?u-n?b?X?z???d?ò¤U?O?L§????C?o????±?§??A?b??¨s???[?????L?{¤¤??¨?¤??A?C

2.??¤v?u?O¤@?줤??±??v?A?L?k§?????-?±?§÷???s±??A?u?n??¤v

?h·Q?ì?k??¨M

?b??¨s???[?????o?q?????A¤B???v?í???u?b????¤¤??¨?¤??????ó§?-???????????¨????A?N??±o?????90.10.15v?]±à8?G51-9?G10??^C???O?A?{????

±??ì???O¨????{??±??????????]-p?A¨-?°°ò?h¤§±??v¨??L?k§???¨???§??C?]???A¤B???v?K±o¨????g???]-p¤@?M?????à°÷?é·|±?¨ü??????¤è???H??¨M¨????D?J??°??D?C

?¤T?·??ó?-??????????±????H??

1.±??v¤?¤¤?u±`?W?v??¤?¤??à?]????????¤??P

??¨s??±q??¨s???[???????o?{?G¤B???v?O¤@-???¤??????v?A???ó¤??z?D±`??-????C?]???A¤B???v?{?°?u±??v?O±???¤¤¤??v¤O??°??????90.10.17v?]

±à8?G53-57?^?A±???¤¤??±`?W¤??à?]¤H?B¨??B????¤??P??????°?§O?C?N?p?P??·|¤¤???q?k?v¤@???A-n¤????B¤??-?C?A???A¤B???v±j???u±?¨ú?o?????]????°??A¨??ê?í-±¤W?O???ù???v?b????¤¤???v¤O?A?M?????`?h??·N?q???O?????????D?O?D??°?§O?9v?]0.10.17±à8?G53-57?^?C?]???A??¨s???o?{?G

¤B???v¤?¤¤??¨?§??u¤??v¨??ê?O?D±`?Y?????C?g?L??¨s???M¤B???v?A???T?{?á?A¤B???v¤]?P·N??¨s????·Q?k?C

2.?u?????v??¨?±??B?z¤?§??N¤?-n????

±q??¨s???M¤B???v??±à???L?{¤¤?A??¨s???o?{¤B???v¤?¤¤??¤@?e?H???b?u±????v?P?u±`?W?v???°??-±???ú???A?????ó????¤¤???o?????L???ò-n

-190-

±???°??D?B?]?????¤?P±????H?????Y

¤§??¨s---?H¤@?ì°?¤¤????±??v?°¨?

??°??D?h???°??·??B?z?C?]?°?A?u-Y§?¨C?`?????h???z?????L???ò-n??°?

90.10.19±à17?G5-35?^?C

???H¤W¤§¤??R?i?H?o?{?G¤B???v??????±????H?????L?ê????±???????

¤j???v?T?C·??ó?u?z·Q?v??????±????H??????¤j????¤??M±?¨|?H???????s?C

?????????????÷·|?A¨??????a??§?¤????A?H¨D±????à??§Q???i???C·??ó?u?g

???v??????±????H???O¤B???v??????¤v??±????g???H???I???á?????p?A¨?

§@?k±N?]¤H???§?C·??ó ?u-????v??????±???`?H?????{¤B???v?n·???-????A

¨??L-±??¨?±?????±o?L???C ?D?A¨????{?N?L?k?b?w?w????¤?¤W§??]?v

¤T?B±???°??D?B?]?????¤?P±????H?????Y¤§¤??R

?°±?¨s¤B???v±???°??D?B?]?????¤?P±????H?????????Y?A????±N?H¤W±???°??D?B?]?????¤?P???G¤??R?X¨??L?b??¤W?A?A±N±???°??D?P±???¤??]????°???????-?·s±?-z¤@???A¨C????§?¤?L?A-?-?±????H???O?D-n???v?T¨?·??A???L?g¤U¨??C?????A?¤U¤§?????í?]?p?í¤G? ^?C

-191-

??91?~6¤?

?í¤G ¤B???v??±????H???P±???°??D?B?]?????¤???G????¤@???í

¨?·?

???ì?A???q??¤? ??¤??????????¤??P°??P·P ?A°?¨M?w ?ì?O±??v??????¤§?V?× ¤??B?Y?s-? ??¤?¤??à?]????o???u?????????¨?±??B?z¤?§?N?¤ ??¤?-n???? -± ?u±????v????????v °??? ?O?v???@?P??d???A¤j?a¤??? ±?§÷¤????m?O±??]?v???v ?v????§?¤??·Q? ??????X??¤?¤???¤@????¤?¤?n?h??°??v ??·??? ±???°??D ?]?????¤ ±????H??

?????¨?Z¤?¨?O±??v????§?¤????°??D ±???¤v?u?O¤@??줤§÷2.±?§÷¤??`?±???±??v?A?Lk§? ±????L?k?z???±???¤??e ????-?±?§÷??s?k±??A?u?n??¤v?h?k-± 3.±?§÷¤??h?·Q?ì?k??¨M §??¨ 4.?u¤????v??B?z ??¤v°?¤?°?

????¤W?í?????{?????G?A??¨s???i¤@¨B¤§¤??R?G

?¤@?¨C¤@-??]????°?-I?á????¤??ù??°???±????H?? 1.??????????Z¤?¨?

???H¤W¤??R¤¤?o?{?G????±????H???O¤B???v??¨??B?z????¤¤????±???°??D?P???l·???

???{??¤@??-?-n??¤u¨??A-±?????ó??±???±???¤B???v??¤?¤¤????¤@§?

-192-

±???°??D?B?]?????¤?P±????H?????Y

¤§??¨s---?H¤@?ì°?¤¤????±??v?°¨?

¤?¨????q???????¤?C?b?o????????¤¤?A±????H??¤]???ù?¨?°?????]?????¤

??¨????C-±???u????-±?v??±???°??D???A?ù???u¤?-n??·??????????ì?A??

?q??¤??????¨?\???÷·|?v??±????H???A??±?¨ú?u?i±??????v?????¤?F?ù??

?u??¤????????????ì?O±??v??????¤§?V?×?v??±????H???A??±?¨ú?u?i±???

???v?????¤?F?ù???u±??v¤?¤¤?u±`?W?v??¤?¤??à?]????????¤??P?v??±???

?H???A??±?¨ú?u?i±??????v?????¤?F?ù????uy?????z??¨?±??B?z¤?§??N¤?-n

?????v??±????H???A??±?¨ú?u??????????·??v?????¤?F?ù????uy±????z???M

???O?v???@?P???d???A¤j?a¤????y???z¤@¤U?L§??v??±????H???A??±?¨ú?u§?

???]-p?v?????¤?F?ù???u±?§÷¤????m?O±??v????§?¤?????°??D?v??±????H

???A??±?¨ú?u??????????·??v?????¤?F?ù???u?????X??¤?¤???¤@????¤?¤?

-n?h??·????v??±????H???A??±?¨ú?u§????]-p?v?????¤?C?b?u±?§÷±??k-±?v

??±???°??D???A?ù???u?????¨?Z¤?¨??O±??v????§?¤?????°??D

???A??±?¨ú?u?i±??????v?????¤?F?ù???u

????-?±?§÷???s±??A?u?n??¤v?h·Q?ì?k??¨M

?]-p?v?????¤?C

?¤G?±????H????¨?·??v?T¨???±???¤§?]?????¤?v??±????H??¤v?u?O¤@?줤??±??v?A?L?k§??v??±????H???A??±?¨ú?u§???

???H¤W¤??R¤¤?o?{?G¤B???v·??ó?u?z·Q?v??±????H???A?P¨??L?H?u?i±??????v???n·??]?????¤?h-±??¨????J¨ì??±???°??D?F·??ó?u?g???v??±????H???A?P¨??L?H?u§????]-p?v???n·??]?????¤??¨M¨???-±????±???°??D?F??·??ó?u-????v??±????H???A?P¨??L?H?u?i±??????v¤§?n·??]?????¤???u?á±?¤ì?Y?v???°??·?¤§?]?????¤??¨M¨???-±????±???°??D?C?????i¨??A¤B???v?b?v?ê°?°V?m???L?{¤¤??°??i???O?n·??????V???A?M?]-?¤H-ì???¨????-???¨??M?A????·|?X?{??·??B?z±???°??D??±?§??A????¨??á?ò??¨s?i?[?H?????G?b?v?ê°?¨|???L?{¤¤???[±j±????H??¤§?????C

?¤T?±????H??????n·???P???·??±N?v?T±???°??D????¨M¤è??

???H¤W¤??R¤¤?o?{?G¤B???v??-??????ó???°?u?n·??v?B?u???H?v?A???????A¨?±????H??¤]??±o???°?u???V??C?{¤???????????¤¤?A?h????±??v??¨?v

??¤??P??????±???¤è???A°??i?u?n·??B?i¨ú?v??-???±N?à§????u??·??v-±???????B±?§÷¤§?~???C

??????×?P????

????¨s?D-n±?°Q¤@?ì°?¤¤????±??v?b±???°??D?B?

-193-

??91?~6¤?

???????Y?C?°?F¨ì????¨s¤§?????A-???±?¨s?????z?פ??m?C¨????i¤J¤B??

?v¤§????¤¤?[??±????L?{¤§±????????A¨??o±?±???°??D?H¤??]?????¤?C?A

?h?H±à??¤§¤è??±?¨s±???°??D?B?]?????¤?P±????H????¤T???????Y?C?÷±N

?D-n?o?{?k???¨???×?A¨?¨?????¨s???G???X?????C

¤@?B???×

?¤@?¤B???v???D?J??±???°??D???????-±??P?±?§÷±??k-±?¤G¤j?????±?¨ú???]?????¤?H?]?k??¨M????i±???????P?§????]-p??°?D

¤B???v??-±???u????-±?v??°??D?]?A?u????¤?°?§@·~?v?B?u????¨S???n?_¤??P°??P·P?v?B?u????¤W???á¤??B?Y?s-??v?B?u????¨S±a±?§÷?v?B?u????¤W???y???z???v?B?v?u????¤W???y?D?]?z???v?B?v?u???????y?S§O??°??z?v??°??D?C?L±????u?i±??????B?v?u??????????·??v¤??u§????]-p?v?????¤?]???C???u±?§÷±??k-±?v??°??D?]?A?u?????????¨?Z¤?¨??v?B?u±?§÷¤??`?A?????L?k?z????±?±???¤??e?B?v?u±?§÷¤??h?L?k§??¨?B?vuy¤????z???B?z?v??°??D?C?L±????

?u?i±??????v?B?u§????]-p?v?????¤?]???C

?¤G?¤B???v?b?ê????±??????ù???????±????H????D-n?]?A?·??ó??z·Q???±????H?????·??ó??g?????±????H????H¤??·??ó?-??????±????H???

?u·??ó?y?z·Q?z??±????H???v?]§t?u¤?-n??·??????????ì?A???q??¤?

?????¨?\???÷·|?vB?u??¤????????????ì?O±??v??????¤§?V?×?v?B?u±?§÷¤????m?O±??v????§?¤?????°??D?v¤??u?????¨?Z¤?¨??O±??v????§?¤?????°??DCv??u·??ó?y?g???z??????±????H???v?]§t?u?y±????z???M???O?v???@?P??

?d???A¤j?a¤????y???z¤@¤U?L§??F?????X??¤?¤???¤@????¤?¤?-n?h??·????v¤??u??¤v?u?O¤@?줤??±??v?A?L?k§?????-?±?§÷???s±??A?u?n??¤v?h·Q?ì

?k??¨M?vC?u·??ó?y-????z??????±????H???v?]§t?u±??v¤?¤¤?u±`?W?v??¤?¤??à?]????????¤??P?v?P?u?y?????z??¨?±??B?z¤?§??N¤?-n????? vC?

?¤T?¤B???v???D?J??±???°??D?¨C¤@-??]????°?-I?á????¤??ù??°???±????H??

¤B???v?b-±???u????-±?v??±???°??D???A?ù???u¤?-n??·??????????ì?A

???q??¤??????¨?\???÷·|?v??±????H???A??±?¨ú?u?i±??????v?????¤?F?ù???u??¤????????????ì?O±??v??????¤§?V?×?v??±????H???A??±?¨ú?u?i±??????v?????¤?F?ù???u±??v¤?¤¤?u±`?W?v??¤?¤??à?]????????¤??P?v??±?

-194-

±???°??D?B?]?????¤?P±????H?????Y

¤§??¨s---?H¤@?ì°?¤¤????±??v?°¨?

???H???A??±?¨ú?u?i±??????v?????¤?F?ù???y?u?????z??¨?±??B?z¤?§??N¤?

-n?????v??±????H???A??±?¨ú?u??????????·??v?????¤?F?ù????uy±????z??

?M???O?v???@?P???d???A¤j?a¤????y???z¤@¤U?L§??v??±????H???A??±?¨ú

?u§????]-p?v?????¤?F?ù???u±?§÷¤????m?O±??v????§?¤?????°??D?v??±?

???H???A??±?¨ú?u??????????·??v?????¤?F?ù???u?????X??¤?¤??????c??

¤?¤?-n?h??·????v??±????H???A??±?¨ú?u§????]-p?v?????¤?C?b?u±?§÷±?

?k-±?v??±???°??D???A?ù???u?????¨?Z¤?¨??O±??v????§?¤?????°??D

±????H???A??±?¨ú?u?i±??????v?????¤?F?ù???u

?L?k§?????-?±?§÷???s±??A?u?n??¤v?h·Q?ì?k??¨M

?u§????]-p?v?????¤?C?v????¤v?u?O¤@?줤??±??v?A?v??±????H???A??±?¨ú

??|?¤B???v????????±????H???¤?°t???L??±?????°?

?b????¨s¤¤?o?{?G?g??¨s???P¤B???v?b±????H????±?°Q¤U?A?L?×?O·??ó?u?z·Q?B?v?u?g???v???O?u-?????vA???ó¨???-±????±???°??D?A???à????¤@?w???]?????¤?A¨??u±???°??D?v?B?u?]?????¤?v?P?u±????H???v¤T???c?¨¤@?`??°é?C±????H???N?_¨???¤B???v??·N??§??A?A?ù§?¤B???v?B?z±???°??D????°??C

¤G?B????

?H¤U?A??¨s??¨?????¨s??±o¤§?o?{?P???×?A???X¤@¨??????¨???????¨s¤§°????C

?¤@???????±??v??????

1.???±??¤v??±????H???A¤????P§?§P??¤v?B?z±?????°??D

?b????¨s¤¤?o?{?G????±??v?H·??ó?u?z·Q?v?B?u?g???v?M?u-????v??§??¨??±????H??§@?°??¨M°??D???]?????¤?C?]??±??v?????????±??¤v??±????H???A?i??§?§P?P¤?????¤v?B?z±???°??D?????°?C?M???A±????H???????O???b??·í¨?¤H???H???±???C?]???A??¨s??????±??v?i?H°O????¤v?B?z±???°??D???L?{?P·Q?k?A?`·N????¤¤±`?X?{??¤??q¤è??¤??y?????r?A?H°??i¤@¨B???`???J?u§??°?ó?o?ò°??O?H?v?B?u?o????·Q?k?v?T§???°??k?H?v?B?u????¨?????¤è?k?H?v?A?????H????¤?????¤v??±????H???C

2.?i?????????z?H?P?i?P¨???°??D??¨M¤§?ê°?????¤?¨?

??????¨s¤¤?o?{?G-Y????±??v?b-×??§?±?¨|???{?á§Y¤??A?R?q?????A?h???e????¤J?H??¤v??????±????H????¨M????±???°??D?A?H??????¤§?y?u

-195-

??91?~6¤?

?h?L?k?ò¤W???N¤§??°??C?]???A??¨s???{?°?G?u???????z?v?O¤????????ì±?

?v?o?i???V????±????H?????~?|¤§¤@?C???×???????z?O?ü?z?L?ê°T???z?M

89?^?C?p?G?????????ì±??v?à

°÷?z?L???????z??¤è???A±N??¨M°??D???ê°??g??¤§?????i??¨t???a°O???A¨??i???P¨???????¤§???y¨??i??????????¤??A±N±??v-?¤H¤???¤§????±????g?????????~???A¨???????????±????g????????±o?H?M?L¤H¤?¨??A?????±??????±o?H?M·????{?A????±q?~????¤?°??v?T¤?????·Q?k?A????±????H?????????A±N?P?i????±?????°???§????C ????????¨?§??i????????¤§???]¤??p-??A??

?¤G????v?ê°?¨|????????

1.±j¤?·?±??v¤§±????H???H?n·??B?z±???¤§°??D

??????¨s¤§???G?o?{?G¤B???v?b????±????H????¤???¤U?A?L?×?O·??ó?u?z·Q?B?v?u?g???v???O?u-?????A???ó¨???-±????????±???°??D?A???à????v

¤@?w???]?????¤?A¨?±o?u±???°??D?v?B?u?]?????¤?v?P?u±????H???v¤T???c?¨¤@?`??°é?C?????i¨??A±????H?????ó±??v??±???????¤j???v?T¤O?A???V??±????H???i?H??¨M±???¤§°??D?A??-t?V??·???±????H???h·|¤??o·s??±???°??D?C?]???A??¨s???????G?b?v?ê°?¨|???ú?{¤¤·í?P?i·?±??v???V??±????H???A¤~?à????§ù???L?h±??v??·?¤§?[???A¨???¨?¤§????§e?{???????n·?¤§???H?C

2.?[±j?{??±??v¤§?^?y±?¨|?H?P?i±M·~¤§?¨??

?H?????N?é?y¤§?t???A????¤§?ù-??[±N?v?~??§????A???????A????¤¤???X?{¤§°??D????¨??\¤§?t?§?C±?¨|?÷????¨?·?±M·~¤§??-p?`???N¤§??°??w???ì?z???????U???z?×?P?ê°????{¤§?????A?H?[±j?U???????{??±??v¤§?^?y±?¨|?A¤@¨????X??¨?±?¨|¤§??¨D?A¤G¨??i?]¨??????V?n·?¤§±????H???H?B?z????¤¤??·s°??D?C

?¤T????i¤@¨B??¨s??????

????¨s±????è????¨s¤è???A?H¤@?ì°?¤¤????±??v?°??¨s???H?A?k???X

±???°??D?B?]?????¤?B¤?±????H?????????Y?A???ó??¨??i¤@¨B????¨s?A??¨s??±q??¨s?????B¤è?k?A???X?H¤U?????G

1.??¨s????¤è-±?G

????¨s?u????¤@????¨s???H?A???i¤J?{????????¤]?u???u?u???b-?¤??A?]??????±N????¨s?b????±???°??D?B?]?????¤?B¤?????±????H??¤T???????o?{?????Y???°?u???????v??°??]?A?????i¤@¨B???????C?i?H?~?ò§V

-196-

±???°??D?B?]?????¤?P±????H?????Y

¤§??¨s---?H¤@?ì°?¤¤????±??v?°¨?

¤O??¤è?V?O?X¤j??¨s????¨??i??¤?????¤§¤??R?C

2.??¨s¤è?k¤è-±?G

????¨s?p?G?H¨??????????ì±??v§@?°??¨s???H?A???O?H???d??¨s??¤è???A?H°?¨÷?i??¤j???????????A±N¨?±o???G§ó?°???[?C

°???¤??m

¤@?B¤¤¤???¤?

¤??p-??]??89?^?C???????z???z?×?P?????C?x?_?J¤-?n?C ¤?-§???]??85?^?C?x?W?n°?¤¤???????ì±??v?H??¤§??¨s?C°ê??°????

??????¨t??¤h?Z??¤h?פ??C

§f???^?B·??@?i?]??90??^C°ê¤p?B°ê¤¤?P°?¤¤±??v??????±????????H??¤§

±?°Q?C°ê???x?_?v?d??°|?????A14?A459~490?C

???ü°??]??84?^?C?u?è????¨s?v???D¨D?P?]-p?C±?¨|??¨s?A4?A1-33?C

?L?M°]?]??79?^?C§?°ê°ê??¤p??±??v±?¨|?H??¤§??????¨s?C°ê???F?v¤j??

±?¨|??¨s????¤h?פ??]???X???C?^

?L°?¤??]??85?^?C°ê??¤¤??±??v¤??z???H??¤?¨??b±?¨|¤W???[?q?C°ê???F

?v¤j??±?¨|??¨s????¤h?פ??]???X???^?C

???p???]??87?^?C±q±?????¨s?ê§@¤¤????±???---?H?????ì???e±??v?°¨??C

°ê???ü¤??v?d¤j???ì??±?¨|??¨s????¤h?פ??C

???Q?^?]??87?^?C°ê¤p±??v?????H??¤§??¨s?C°ê?????q?v?d??°|°ê??±?¨|

??¨s????¤h?פ??C

°?±j???]??81?^?C±??v?H????¨s¤?¨??b????±?¨|-?·s¤W??·N?q?C°ê???x?W

?v?d¤j??±?¨|??¨s???°?Z?A34???A-?85-113?C

?]§????]??80?^?C°ê??¤p??±??v??§????à¤?¨??????]??¤§??¨s?C°ê???F?v

¤j??±?¨|??¨s????¤h?פ??]???X???C?^

?]§????]??81?^?C±??v??????¨s¤§±?°Q?C±?¨|??¨s?A27?A24-29?C

?]§????]??82??C±??v??§????à??°ò??·§??¤?¨???¨s¨ú?V?C?{?N±?¨|?A^7?]1?A?^

103-113?C

?]§????]??90?^?C±??v??§????à?P±??????°?????Y—?ê?x¨ú?V??¤??R?C°ê

???x?_?v?d??°|?????A14?A109~140?C

??¤??P?]??82?^?C°ê??¤p??±??v±????H???P±??????°???Y¤§??¨s?C°ê???x

?W?v?d¤j??±?¨|??¨s????¤h?פ??]???X???C?^

-197-

??91?~6¤?

·¨?`§|?]??

?????]?]77?^?C·N??§??A§?§P?P±?¨|????¨s?C?ü?ó??§B???s?A·N??§??A 423-449C?^??P±?¨|?]9-64??^C?x?_?J?v¤j??-b?C

?x?_?G?v¤j??-b?C

?C??§??]??

???··??]??1990?C±?????¨s???????C?ü?ó???ú???D?s?A±???-ì?z?]^?85?^?C°ê??¤p??±??v±????H???B±??v???à?P±??????°¤§?????? 84?^?C§?°ê°ê??¤¤??°ê¤?±??v±????H??¤?§??¨?]??¤§??¨s?C?x

¨s?C°ê?????F?v?d??°|°ê??±?¨|??¨s????¤h?פ??C?W?v?d¤j??±?¨|??¨s????¤h?פ??C

¤G?B-^¤???¤?

Bauersfeld, H. ?]1976?^. Research related to the mathematical learning process.

ICME3.Abstracts of the Survey Reports. Karlsrule, W. Germany.

Bauch, P. A. (1984). The impact of teachers’ instructional beliefs on their

teaching?JImplication for research and practice. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.252954).

Blumberg, A. (1989) . School administration as a craft?JFoundation of

practice. Boston, MA?JAllyn and Bacon.

Cchran et al.?]1993?^. Pedagogical content knowledge?GAn Integrative model

for teacher preparation. Teacher Education. Vol.44,No.4,263-272.

Chin, C. (1995). Mathematics teachers’ beliefs, their classroom practices and

influences on student learning: four case studies. A thesis submitted for degree of doctor of philosophy at the University of Cambridge.

Clark, C. M. & Peterson P. L.?]1986?^. Teachers' thought processes. In M. C.

Wittrock (Ed.). Handbook of research on teaching (pp.255-296). New York: Macmillan.

Cooney, T. (1994). Research and teacher education: In Search of Common

Ground. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education 1994, Vo l.25, No.6, 608-636.

Ernest, P. (1989). The knowledge, belief and attitudes of the mathematics

teacher: a model. Journal of Education for Teaching, 15(1), 13-33.

Fennema, E. & Franke, M. U.?]1992?^. Teachers’ knowledge and its impact. Un

D.A. Grouws?]Ed.?^, Handbook of research on mathematics teaching and learning?]p.147-164?^.New York?GMacmillan Publishing Company.

-198-

±???°??D?B?]?????¤?P±????H?????Y

¤§??¨s---?H¤@?ì°?¤¤????±??v?°¨? Kagan, D. M. (1990). Ways of evaluating teacher cognition: Inferences

concerning the Goldilocks Principle. Review of Educational Research, 60, 419-469.

Kagan, D. M. (1992). Implication of research on teacher belief. Educational

Psychologist, 27(1), 65-90.

Nahavandi, A. (2000). The art and science of leadership (2nd ed.). NJ?J

Prentice-Hall.

Raymond, M.A. (1997). Inconsistency Between a Beginning Elementary

School Teacher’s Mathematics. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 1997, Vo l.28, No. 5, 577-601.

Schoenfeld, A.?]1983?^.Beyond the purely cognitive?Gbelief systems, social

cognitions, and metacongitions as driving forces in intellectural performance. Cognitive Science.7,329-363.

Schoenfeld, A.?]1985?^.Mathematical problem solving. San Diego, CA

Academic Press.Inc.

Schwartz, J.E. & Riedesel, C.A. (1994). The relationship between teachers’

knowledge and beliefs and the teaching of elementary mathematics. (ERIC Ed 366585)

Sigel, I. E. (1985). A conceptual analysis of beliefs. In I. E. Sigel.(ed.).

Parental belief system?JThe psychological consequences for children.(pp.345-371). Hillsdale, NJ?JErlbaum.

Thompson, A. G. (1984). The relationship of teachers’ conceptions of

mathematics and mathematics teaching to instruction practice. Education Studies in Mathematics, 15, 105-127.

Thompson, A.G. (1992). Teacher's Beliefs and Conceptions: A Synthesis of

Research. In Grouws, D.A. (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Mathematics Teaching and Learning (pp.127-146). New York: Macmillan.

Waxman, B. and Zelman, S. (1987). Children’s and Teachers’ Mathematical

Thinking: Helping Make the Connections. Proceeding of PME XI, Vol. II, 142-148, Montreal.

-199-

??91?~6¤?

Research on the Relationship AmongProblems Strategies and Beliefs in Teaching—Taking a

Senior High School Math Teacher for

Instance

Chen Yien Ting

Abstract

The research aims to discover the relationship among problems, strategies and beliefs of a senior high school math teacher in mathematics teaching. To begin with, the problems that the subject is confronted with in math teaching and the strategies that he adopts are expounded. Next, his beliefs in teaching math are stated. Furthermore, the relationship among the subject’s problems, strategies and beliefs is fully explored. Finally, suggestions based on the results of the research are advanced for mathematics teachers.

The research is conducted in the qualitative approach, which is characterized as “uniquely case-oriented,” “conducted in natural situations,” “gathering data mainly in the ways of observing and interviewing,” and “analyzing data in the inductive approach,” so as to realize how senior high school math teachers deal with the teaching problems they are confronted with in the authentic situation of math teaching in schools.

The results are as follows:

1.The problems that the subject is confronted with consist of two categories: the aspect of classroom and the aspect of teaching materials and methodology, and the strategies adopted are primarily to manage to solve the problems by “rubbing the knots off the wood” and “adjusting course design.”

2.The beliefs that the subject holds when teaching math primarily originate from ideals, experiences, and personalities.

3.Behind every strategy the subject adopts to solve the problems that he is confronted with lie his beliefs in math teaching to support it.

4.The subject’s beliefs in teaching math are his subconscious ideology that dominates his teaching activities.

Keywords: Problems in Teaching, Beliefs in Teaching

-200-

±???°??D?B?]?????¤?P±????H?????Y

¤§??¨s---?H¤@?ì°?¤¤????±??v?°¨?

-201-