Preface:
1, the basic meaning of the economy: the economy is to point to in certain ownership on the basis of production data activities such as production, distribution, exchange and consumption, as well as during these activities between the interpersonal relationship.
2, learn the meaning of economic common sense:
(1) understand the situation of our social economy, clear the task and direction of socialist modern construction;
(2) to improve the ability to participate in economic activities, has economic mind.
(3) strengthen the rule of law and morality, consciously regulate their behavior in the economic life;
The first class goods and commodity economy
A, goods:
1, the emergence and development of the goods:
(1) the commodity is used for the exchange of labor products;
(2) the sum of commodity production and Commodity Exchange, is the commodity economy;
(3) the existence condition of the economy, there are two: one is the social division of labor; Second, production materials and products belong to different owners;
(4) the commodity economy, commodity economy capitalist commodity economy and the socialist commodity economy three types;
2, the basic attributes of the goods:
(1) goods can meet the needs of the people some of properties, is the use of commodity value;
(2) setting the undifferentiated human labor in the goods is the value of the goods;
(3) the exchange value is the value of the expression form, the value is the basis of the exchange value;
(4) use value and value are two basic attributes of goods, also known as the goods of two factors; 3, the value of the goods:
(1) the commodity value refers to the size of the commodity value;
(2) the commodity value is not consumed by each commodity producer of individual labor time, but is decided by social necessary labor time. Social necessary labor time is under normal production conditions of the existing society, proficiency in average of labor in society and the intensity of labor under the labor time needed to build a certain use value;
(3) labor productivity is the employee productivity;
(4) the commodity value is inversely proportional to the social labor productivity;
Second, the money:
1, the produce and the essence of the currency:
(1) general equivalents is separated from the goods, can be directly and all other commodities exchange and all other goods value of the goods;
(2) separated from the commodity currency, fixed to serve as a universal equivalent of commodity. The nature of money is the universal equivalent;
2, currency functions:
(1) the monetary value scale, circulating medium, storage method, payment method, and the world monetary five functions;
(2) the price is the value of the currency performance, value is the basis of the price;
(3) the currency as the medium of exchange, is called the circulation of commodities;
(4) the function of currency ACTS as a medium of exchange, is called a circulating medium means (to buy);
(5) the currency in the economic relationship between countries and has the following functions: first, as a general means of purchase, used to buy foreign goods; Second, as a general means of payment, which is used to balance the balance of payments; Third, as the representative of the social wealth by one country to another country, such as the international loan, transfer property, war reparations, and so on;
3, the emergence and development of the bill:
(1) the paper is issued by the state, mandating the use of currency symbol;
(2) the paper money circulation circulation of more than what we need in quantity, causing banknotes depreciation, price increases, called inflation;
Three, law of value:
1, the basic content of law of value and form:
(1) the commodity value is decided by social necessary labor time for products, goods based on the value, the equivalent exchange;
(2) prices fluctuating around the value is the expression of law of value;
2, the role of law of value:
First: (1) the law regulation of production and labor value in the distribution of each production department.
The second: the law of value to stimulate commodity producers to improve technology, improve management, improve labor productivity;
Third: value law prompted commodity producers in the competition evolution;
The second class of the primary stage of socialism economic system and the socialist market economy
A, the primary stage of socialism economic system:
1, the public ownership is the basis of the socialist economy:
(1) public ownerships of the means of production is the essence of the socialist economic characteristics, is the basis of the socialist economic system;
(2) the state-owned economy, which is also called economy under ownership by the whole people, is owned by the production data (in the form of state) of a public sector of the economy. It is fit in with socialized production;
(3) state-owned economy plays a dominant position in the national economy, the leading role is mainly embodies in control;
(4) collective economy, the working people collective economy, is part of production to the laborer all together one kind of the public sector of the economy. It is an important part of the public sector of the economy;
(5) of rural collective economy in China on the basis of household contract management, the two-tier management system that combines unification;
(6), the mixed ownership economy is by all sorts of different sector of the economy, according to certain principle, the implementation of joint ownership form of production or business operations;
2, with public ownership as the main body, a variety of ownership economy common development
(1) the individual economy is occupied by laborer individual or family production, engaged in individual labor and management form of ownership;
(2) the dominant position of public ownership, mainly reflected in: first, in terms of national, public assets to predominate in the social total output. Public ownership advantage, should not only have the advantage of quantity, and should pay attention to quality. Second, the state-owned economic control of the national economy, plays a leading role to economic development;
(3) the public ownership as the main body, a variety of ownership economy common development of the establishment of the basic economic system, fundamentally speaking, is the objective law of production relations must adapt to the development of productivity. In particular, is made up of our country at the primary stage of socialist nature and of the actual situation of the;
3, to distribution according to work as the main body, and variety of modes of distribution coexist
(1) within the scope of the socialist public ownership, the laborer to provide social work, social labor as the scale, distribution of personal consumption to laborer, implement the work more, less less;
(2) distribution according to work is the socialist system under the basic principle of distribution of personal consumer goods;
(3) in the primary stage of socialism in our country, to distribution according to work as the main body, the system of the variety of modes of distribution coexist, combine distribution according to work and by allocation of factor of production, has the inevitable objectivity;
Second, the basic features of socialist market economy:
1, the general characteristics of the market economy:
(1) refers to the narrow market place for Commodity Exchange, the tangible market;
(2) the general market is the sum of Commodity Exchange relationship;
(3) is the socialization of the commodity economy, market economy is market economy plays a fundamental role in the allocation of resources;
(4) as the socialization of the commodity economy, market economy is equal, open and competitive, FaZhiXing general characteristics;
(5) of the market economy is an effective form of optimized resource allocation;
2, national macroeconomic regulation and control:
(1) the national macroeconomic regulation and control refers to a country use various means to control and regulation of the national economy.
(2) the national macroeconomic regulation and control means includes economic means, legal means and necessary administrative means;
3, the basic features of socialist market economy:
(1) the capitalist market economy on the basis of capitalist private ownership of means of production;
(2) capitalism market economy to capitalist surplus value for production purpose;
(3) the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics of the economy, is the development
under the condition of socialism market economy, the liberation and development of the productive forces unceasingly;
(4) of the socialist market economy is combined with the basic system of socialism, is under the condition of socialist market economy, but also has its own characteristics: first, adhere to the dominant position of public ownership is the basic symbol of the socialist market economy; Second, realize common prosperity of the socialist market economy has as fundamental aim; Third, under the condition of socialist market economy, countries can implement strong macro-control;
The third class enterprise and operators
A, enterprise is the main body of the market:
1, the enterprise and its classification:
(1) organizations and individuals engaging in activities of trading on the market, the market main body; Among them, the enterprise is the main market main body;
(2) enterprise is engaged in the production and business operation activities for its earnings for the purpose, to provide goods or services to the society of economic organizations;
(3) established according to law, it is necessary to the property, and has its own name, organization and location, can independently bear civil liability of economic organization, is the enterprise as a legal person;
(4) according to the enterprise the management contents and industry attributes, can be divided into industrial enterprises and agricultural enterprises, commercial enterprises, transportation, construction and installation enterprise, post and telecommunications, finance, science and technology enterprises, etc.;
(5) according to the ownership of the enterprise and the relevant laws and regulations, enterprises can be divided into state-owned enterprises, collective enterprises, private (individual), mixed ownership enterprises and wholly foreign-owned enterprises, etc.;
(6) according to the scale of the enterprise, the enterprise can be divided into large enterprises, medium-sized and small enterprises;
(7) according to the organization form of enterprise, the enterprise can also be divided into ChanChang enterprises, factory, associated enterprises and enterprise groups;
2, the company is an important form of enterprise:
(1) company is established in accordance with the law, a legal amount of shareholders, for-profit enterprise as a legal person;
(2) in accordance with the related laws and regulations of our country, our country's legal company co., LTD. And have a limited liability company;
(3) stock co., LTD., is issued to the shareholders in proof, is one of the shareholders in dividends securities;
3, improve enterprise economic benefits:
(1) for enterprise's economic benefit, is the enterprise of product with the ratio between the cost of production relations;
Second, the enterprise operator:
1, state-owned enterprise operator's position:
(1) the leading system of state-owned enterprises in China is: give full play to party's political role as the core, insist on perfecting the responsibility system of the factory director (manager), rely on the working class heart and soul;
(2) the central position of the business operators for enterprises, only to properly handle the relationship between the countries, enterprises and workers, rely on the working class wholeheartedly, and to make the reform of state-owned enterprises and the development of more successful;
2, the quality of the enterprise operator:
(1) the business operators should not only have good ideological and moral, and to have professional knowledge, talent and ability;
(2) the good reputation and corporate image, to enterprise's survival competition, have a vital role;
(3) the enterprise reputation and image of the concentrated expression on the quality of products and services, to ensure the high quality product and service can make the enterprise impregnable;
Lesson four industries and workers
One, three major industries:
1, the agriculture is the national economy foundation:
(1) in the history of human production order and the nature of the various industries, they can be summed up in three major industries: agriculture is the primary industry, secondary industry is the industry and construction industry, the third industry is the first and second industry all the floorboard of the industry;
(2) the agriculture is the foundation of the national economy, food is the basis of the foundation;
(3) we should attach great importance to agricultural production, in any stage of economic development, the basic status of agriculture can weaken, and can only be strengthened;
(4) in the face of the serious situation of the agricultural development of our country, to completely change the current situation of our country agriculture as the foundation is weak, must walk the path of the development of high-yield, high-quality and high-efficiency agriculture.
(5) the rapid growth of township and village enterprises in promoting the rural economy plays an important role, has become an important pillar of our rural economy;
2, the industry is the dominant national economy:
(1) industry is the dominant of the national economy. Industry leading role mainly for them: is too close economic departments of technical renovation of the material basis;
(2) a country's level of industrial development, directly decides the technical level and economic development level of the country. To realize our country's socialist modernization, we must vigorously develop industry;
3, actively develop the third industry:
(1) of the third industry to flourish is an important feature of the modern economy;
(2) in our country, the development of the third industry is of great significance: first, to speed up the development of the third industry, can effectively promote the industrialization and modernization of our country; Second, speed up the development of the tertiary industry, employment and employment, to ensure social stability; Third, to speed up the development of the
third industry, can significantly improve people's living standards, improve the quality of life, can promote the construction of socialist spiritual civilization;
Second, the rights and obligations of workers:
1, the main rights and obligations of laborer;
(1) the host status of laborer is one of the basic rights of laborers and workers of the basic duty, is manifested by laborers to realize rights and obligations;
(2) under the socialist system, the worker rights and obligations of each other, not separation, is unified. Only insist on the unity of the rights and obligations, can fully reflect the character of the laborer;
(3) improve the professional skill is laborer must fulfill the obligations;
(4) the skills of a country level represents the technical strength of the country and even the level of productivity;
(5) in order to adapt to the future society, the workers must constantly improve the professional skills.
(6) the obligations should abide by the professional ethics and laborer;
(7) professional ethics refers to the people in their specific career in certain norms and standards of labor. Professional ethics in our country, it is thought to serve the people as the core of socialist morality in the occupational activities. Its basic requirements are: wuxi, honest and trustworthy, fair, contributing to society and serve the masses;
2, the labor contract system:
(1) takes place between a labor contract is laborer and unit of choose and employ persons labor relations and establishing the rights and obligations of both sides of the agreement;
3, China's social security system:
(1) the social security system is based on certain laws and regulations by the state, to ensure the basic living of social members rights and a system of aid and subsidies;
(2) of our country social security system includes social insurance, social relief, social welfare and social materials such as content;
(3) establish a suitable for the socialist market economy requirements of the social security system, we must stick to the two basic principles: first, should not only be helpful for production, and to guarantee the basic life; Second, full and compulsory unity;
Lesson five fiscal tax and taxpayers
A, the distribution of national income and finance:
1, the distribution of national income:
(1) a country in a certain period of time (usually one year), by each department workers from all walks of life to the sum of the products produced, known as social total product;
(2) using money to represent the total social product, is the social output value;
(3) in the output of society, the consumption of deducting the production data, the remaining portion of the net products, expressed in currency is the net output, known as the national income;
(4) the distribution of national income through a complex process, according to its end use, can be divided into two parts: one part is used to accumulate, part for consumption;
(5) in the distribution of national income, must correctly handle the relationship between accumulation and consumption;
2, fiscal revenue and expenditure:
(1) the national fiscal revenue and expenditure and
(2) the budget is the nation's basic financial planning; Budget including fiscal revenue and expenditure;
(3) the financial balance of payments refers to the national finance income is equal to the expenditure, or income is more than spending, somewhat balance. The fiscal deficit, refers to the fiscal income less than spending, the balance of economic phenomenon;
3, finance the huge role;
(1) through finance can effectively adjust the allocation of resources;
(2) the country through the finance can promote the development of the economy;
(3) finance can effectively promote the development of science, education, culture, health.
(4) finance is helpful to promote the improvement of people's living standards;
(5) finance is to consolidate the state power material guarantee;
Second, tax and taxpayers
1, taxation and its basic characteristics:
(1) the tax revenue is a country to achieve its functions, with political rights, the basic form of wuchang district in accordance with the law of finance income;
(2) are mandatory, free sex, regular tax three basic characteristics;
2, the nature and function of tax in our country:
(1) the socialist countries tax is, by new taxes, the people;
(2) the effect of tax: first, the tax is the basic form of organization financial revenue; Second, the tax is an important lever regulating economic; Third, the tax is the important means to achieve economic supervision;
3, shall pay taxes according to law is the basic duty of citizens of;
(1) on the taxpayer's tax law provisions of the units and individuals shall have the obligation to pay tax directly;
(2) in our country, value added tax, business tax, consumption tax, enterprise income tax, individual income tax, customs and so on are the main categories of taxes;
(3) shall pay taxes according to law is the basic duty of citizens of;
Lesson 6 Banks and savers
A, the Banks in China:
1, the bank's generation:
(1) capital accommodation agencies, as financial institutions;
(2) the bank is the product of the commodity money economy development to a certain stage. Bank was established in accordance with the law of money and credit business, financial institutions;
2, the classification of the bank and its functions:
(1) according to the nature and functions of the bank, the bank at the present stage in China is divided into the central bank and commercial Banks and policy Banks three categories;
(2) of the people's bank of China can be called "the bank", is the leadership of the financial system in China. It has extremely important functions: first, formulate and implement monetary policy, the supervision and management on the financial sector, is the national macroeconomic regulation and control important tool, Second, the issuance of RMB, manage its circulation; Third, the Treasury management;
3, bank business and function:
(1) although the specific function of commercial Banks, absorb deposits and issue loans, to handle the settlement is the bank's three big business;
(2) in economic exchanges frequently used in the settlement of credit instruments is transfer checks, drafts, and credit card;
(3) in our country, the bank has a big role on the development of the national economy: first, the bank raise and allocate funds for China's economic construction, is the reproduction of bond; Second, Banks can grasp and reflect the social economic activities of information, and make the right economic decision for the enterprise to provide the necessary basis; Third, the bank to the national economy departments and enterprises to supervise and control the production and business operation activities, to optimize the industrial structure, improve the economic benefit; Second, the citizens' savings:
1, the savings account reasonably:
(1) the generalized savings including deposit savings, bonds and commercial insurance, as well as cash, etc.;
(2) the deposit savings by citizens in our country, the "voluntary deposit and free withdrawal, paying interest to depositors and keeping secret for depositors" principle;
Lesson 7 commodity service market
A, goods and services market:
1, the content and characteristics of goods and services market:
(1) goods and services market, are the sites of goods, services, trade;
(2) goods and services market is made up of consumer goods, means of production market and service market;
(3) the characteristics of the consumer goods market: first, the largest number of buyers, each individual can make buyers of consumer goods market. This makes the broad consumer market, facilities, extensive; Second, product variety, design and color is diversiform, complete specifications, and have a certain degree of difference; Third, commodity trading "frequent, in addition to the wholesale business, general quantity and amount for each transaction is small; Fourth, the supply and demand is complicated, the purchasing power of liquidity. Fifth, the purchaser easily influenced by advertising and promotional activities;
(4) the means of production market, are the sites of production materials circulation, is to provide the means of production to meet production needs of the market;
(5) the characteristics of the service market: first, the service trade of goods on the market are intangible service activities; Second, service the goods on the market, its production and consumption in the practice, and site is usually consistent, production process and consumption at
the same time; Third, the services provided by the service market, various, functional diversity, is closely related to the improvement of people's life quality, are inseparable. As a result, goods and services market in a market economy occupies an extremely important position;
2, the principle of market transactions:
(1) the market principles mainly include voluntary, equality, fairness, honesty and credit; Second, the household consumption and the legitimate rights and interests of consumers: 1, the content of household consumption:
(1) household consumption is also called consumer or cost of living, is people to the survival and development, through the dinner dress, culture, entertainment and other activities, the consumption of information and services;
(2) the household consumption according to the content of the consumption, can be divided into material life, spiritual and cultural life, consumption and labor consumption;
(3) the factors influencing residents' consumption activities: first, the income level; Second, the price level; The third; Population;
2, set up the correct consumption view:
(1) family life consumption must be compatible with national conditions and family income, advocate moderate consumption, oppose extravagance and waste;
(2) the material consumption and spirit consumption should be coordinated development;
(3) change the backward living habits, improve the scientific of consumption;
3, in accordance with law, protect the legitimate rights and interests of consumers:
(1) consumers in the market for goods and services in accordance with law, enjoy the rights of: security rights, right to know, to choose and fair trading right, claims, personal dignity and national customs and habits respected rights and access to consumer knowledge, for goods and services level of protecting the rights of consumers' rights and interests work to supervise, etc.;
Lesson 8 In the modern world market and the foreign trade of our country
In the modern world market:
1, the formation and development of the world market:
(1) the world market is also called the international market, is refers to the various countries and the area between the commodity circulation as the main content of the sum total of economic exchange activities;
(2) the characteristics of the contemporary world market: first, the diversity of international trade; Second, commodity structure complexity; Third, reinforce regional collectivization trend; Fourth, the rapid development of multinational company; Fifth, the market competition is intense; 2, international trade and finance organizations:
(1) the world trade organization, the international monetary fund and world bank, is one of the most important international trade and financial organizations;
(2) the world trade organization (the English abbreviation for WTO) was established on January 1, 1995. It is called "economic United Nations", is a specialized coordination country international economic organization of the trade relationship. On December 11, 2001 in our country to join the group;
(3) of the international monetary fund (IMF) abbreviations and the World Bank (World Bank) was founded after the second World war global important international financial organizations;
(4) the role of the imf and world bank: first, to guide the members out of balance of payments difficulties; Second, to some extent, promoted the economic foundation of developing countries; 2, the world market price:
(1) the world market JieGe refers to the Commodity Exchange in the world market price;
(2) although national and international value is labor created, but it has a significant difference between the two. Country commodity value is the only basis for the world market of Commodity Exchange and the national value of the goods must be reduced into international value, exchange in the world market;
(3) the use of foreign exchange of foreign currency for international payment settlement;
(4) foreign exchange is also called the exchange rate, is the exchange rate between two currencies;
(5) foreign exchange reserves is an important part of a country's economic strength, is a country used to balance international payments, stable exchange rate, foreign debt accumulation of foreign exchange for repayment;
(6) China's foreign exchange reserves, including with foreign currency, foreign government bonds and corporate bonds, stocks, foreign;
3, the socialist market economy of our country must face the world:
(1) with the formation and development of the world market, adopted a policy of opening to the outside world has become an irreversible global trend;
(2) China's opening to the outside world, the development of foreign economic relations, it is the objective requirement of the socialization of production, especially economic globalization, is the inherent requirement of the development of market economy, is the essential condition of the socialist modernization construction;
(3) the globalization of the world economy's main aspects: first, the internationalization of production; Second, the internationalization of market; Third, the internationalization of capital; Fourth, the internationalization of the development and application of science and technology; Fifth, internationalization of information dissemination;
Second, China's foreign trade:
1, the basic meaning of foreign trade and the main content:
(1) foreign trade refers to a country or region with other countries or regions between the exchange of goods, services and technical activities;
(2) the international goods trade refers to a with other goods as the main content of the exchange activities;
(3) by the foreign trade import and export trade of two parts;
(4) in the foreign trade and exports is greater than the total imports called surplus, also called surplus; Total imports is greater than the total exports, known as the deficit, also called surpluses. If equal to the total import and export, is called the trade balance;
(5) duties refers to the customs by the state authorities in accordance with the law to allow activities of the goods and articles to impose a tax. Activities through the territory of the customs is the national regulatory authorities;
2, our country foreign trade way:
(1) in our country, the main means of foreign trade are equivalent trade, promote, processing trade, compensation trade, etc.;
3, the basic principle of China's foreign trade:
(1) the development of foreign economic relations, we must always adhere to the independent, self-reliant, the principle of equality and mutual benefit;
