新东方考研英语作文笔记（个人整理精华版）
第一部分 考研写作中的各类问题
一、写作中的十大困境
1、滔滔不绝意识流
意识流创作有两种表现：
(1) 自由分段
(2) 语言杂乱
注意：要控制语言；语句控制(第一段写三到四句；第二段写七到八句；第三段写五到六句) 原则：紧扣提纲、紧扣要求
2、无话可说真难受
值得考虑的话题：
(1) 大型宏观话题 如：城乡差异、代沟、友谊、爱心、健康、实干精神、
生态平衡、文化等
(2) 小型微观话题 如：WTO、中国足球、克隆现象、安乐死、海归派、考研热等 训练方法：
(1) 例证法 如：沉溺于上网(web addiction)、青少年犯罪、TV ads (win-win deal 双赢)、 It pays to be honest等
(2) 平时的思维拓展练习
长文章的五要素：利与弊、不同的观点、寻找原因及后果、解决措施、未来趋势
3、真情流露没必要
写作的三个角度：语言第一位；结构第二位；内容第三位
要求：结构简单，而语言卓越，但在内容上只要相关即可
4、思维跳跃断层多
英语中启、承、转、合的设置
启：启动观点，开篇点题 Nowadays, there is growing concern over …;
When it comes to …, people hold different opinions.
It is generally believed that …
承：涉及文章第二段（拓展段），原因一、二、三，方面一、二、三要有层次感 In the first place…; above all; To begin with; For one thing; On the one hand;
In the second place…; In addition; Further more; More over; What’s more;
For another ; On the other hand;
Last but not least; More importantly; Even worse;
转：表示转折的方法如下：
However; On the contrary; Conversely; Whereas; Instead; Nevertheless;
合：表示合并总结：
As a result; As a consequence; consequently; Accordingly; Therefore; Thus; Hence;
In conclusion; To sum up; In brief; In sort; On the whole; By and large; Generally
speaking; As somebody put(puts) it; As the saying goes;
句与句之间要衔接，段与段之间要过渡
5、英语表达憋得慌
解决的方法：要靠日常的积累，大量的积累。积累优秀的写作语言，积累各类主题相关词。
Non-government-run school 民办私立学校；entry 加入（中国加入世贸）；
protect intellectual property rights 保护知识产权；pirated software 盗版软件；
pirated video products/materials 盗版音像制品；advance with times与时俱进；
sustainable developments 可持续发展；to get online 上网；forward an email发邮件 to get offline 下网；mobile phone 手机；bring sth. into full play 充分发挥；
6、盲目动笔凑字数
考研写作要求字数大约200字左右，评分有五个档次：
1、17~20分：思维丰富，语言非常漂亮，运用了相当多得好词语等；
2、13~16分：语言比较通畅，有些闪光点，但也有一些小错误等；
3、9~12分 ：没什么闪光点，语言简单乏味，数字够了；
4、5~8分 ：语言错误太明显，且比较多；
5、0~4分 ：跑题，不符合题目的要求，语言太差；
在考试中不要盲目动笔凑字数，而是要集中火力写好前三句，写好第一段和第二段。
7、低级错误常出现
要去检查自己的作文，语言方面可以从以下七个角度去检查：
1、主谓一致 2、检查时态 （议论文的事态尽量统一成现在时。包括一般现在时、现在进 行时、现在完成时、一般将来时、现在完成进行时等等。）3、检查冠词的用法（原则是： 特指的名词加the，泛指的单词不加the） 4、名词的单复数 5、检查介词搭配 6、检查拼 写错误 7、检查中文思维
a. 用词不当 acquire /gain knowledge; eliminate illiteracy 扫除文盲;
be entitled to/have access to free medical care享受公费医疗;
b. 句法差异 according to sb. It is impossible..
c. 冗赘现象
d. 逻辑错误
e. 常见的语法错误
8、处于被动危害大
9、语言单调没变化
写作要求40分钟写200字的文章
一、表明indicate; reveal; reflect; demonstrate; convey; suggest; illustrate;
二、认为 believe; suppose; argue; convince; reckon; assume; insist; maintain; in my opinion; I am of the opinion that…; I hold the view that…; as far as I am concerned…; as far as I can see; in my eyes; increasely;
10、龙飞凤舞笔迹乱
第二部分：图画作文
写作的训练：
1、寻找参照物
2、两种训练方法：(1) 英汉互译 (2) 模仿法-imitation
20xx年写作真题
Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled "Cultures--National and International".
In the essay you should
1) describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and
2) give your comment on the phenomenon.
You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
关于comment 的三个写作角度：
1、提建议 your suggestions, your solutions;
2、考虑背景及原因 background and reasons;
3、描述未来、预测未来;
三个经典跑题现象
(审题构思时应注意：以小见大、把握象征寓意)
描述图画的单词：
发带 ribbon;耳环 earrings;项链 necklace;
少数民族 minority group;妇女服饰 accessories
范文再现：
This picture vividly depicts a lovely American girl in traditional Chinese costume with a sweet smile on her face. She wears ribbons, earrings, necklaces and other accessories, that are characteristic of the clothes of a certain Chinese minority group. Undoubtedly, this costume has added oriental charm to her beautiful look. What the picture conveys goes far beyond only a fashion trend. Instead it carries cultural meanings. The fact that people from different countries are attracted to the mysterious Chinese culture, indicates that to some extent a culture can be accepted, respected, appreciated, and shared internationally. In other words, a nation's unique culture can become international（走向世界） through worldwide economic and cultural exchanges. Since the trend of globalization seems increasingly irresistible （不可抵挡）, cultural communications will effectively improve mutual
understanding and friendship.
In my opinion, national culture as a priceless spiritual treasure should be preserved and cherished. Yet there are good reasons to advocate international culture. For
those ideas from the other cultures, controversial（有争议的、格格不入的）or even absurd at first sight, can provide a different perspective for us to observe the world. However, when we are confronted with a different culture, we should be sensible
enough to absorb its essence and to resist its dark side（取其精华、去其糟粕）. Only in this way can we promote cultural development positively, and make our world dimensional, colorful and vigorous.
写作题型总结：
1、提纲式作文（91年--96年）
2、图表作文（97年、99年）
3、图画作文（98年、00年、01年、02年、03年）
4、情景式作文（新增加，尚未考过）
5、简单应用文（新增加，尚未考过）
着重研究事务信函（分为建议信、求职信、申请信、表扬信、投诉信等）
四大类主题题型总结：
1、观点对比选择题
eg.(91年) Where to live, in the city or the country?
提纲：1、城市的利与弊
2、乡村的利与弊
3、我的看法，我的选择
（四、六级99年）Reading selectively or extensively?
（四、六级97年）My view on job-hopping
（四、六级00年）大学英语口语考试是否必要？
推荐题目：(1) Which to celebrate, western festivals or the Chinese?
(2) Cyber-bars' advantages and disadvantages（网吧的利与弊）
(3) My view on private cars
2、现象阐释题
eg. (93年) TV advertisements
提纲：
(1) present states
(2) reasons
(3) my comments
(94年) On making friends
阐释：
(1) the need for friend
(2) true friendship
(3) my principle
(96年) good health
阐释：
(1) importance of good health
(2) ways to keep fit
(3) my own practice
新概念：亚健康状态、全民补钙、关爱老年人健康、绿色食品、全民健身、爱滋病的蔓延、 精神抑郁症、保龄秋热、瑜珈功热、健身操热、疯牛病的威胁...
第二段：对 keep fit 的错误理解；
三种可行的观点：
（1）锻炼身体及方式；
（2）保证饮食健康；
have regular meals;
go on a diet;
（3）同样要保证精神健康；
optimistic mentality 开朗乐观的心态
第三段：自己保持身体健康的各种方法。
(02年) Cultures-- National and International
阐释略（看前面的范文）
3、问题解决题
关键：文章的第三段，如何解决问题
代表作：(98年) Such promises
考题描述：
图片插入语：
（1）本母鸡下蛋不见棱见角；
（2）保证有蛋皮、蛋清、蛋黄；蛋清 egg white; 蛋皮 egg shell; 蛋黄 yolk; 都不必写。 打油诗：各行各业兴承诺，欢迎监督不委托；
原本皆为份内事，何须高唱文明歌。
图画作文做题原则：构思时，需要以小见大，把握象征寓意。
分析主题：抨击各行各业中对于完成自己职责的浮夸风；
提倡少说空话、多干实事的精神。
提建议的思路：先说国家、政府该怎么办，问题主要是由于国家的法律制度不健全，所以国 家政府应当制定法律法规；第二条思路，自己应提高个人觉悟；或者再加上具体做法。 建议：平时多注意这类事物，有意识的自我练习。
举例：(1) 讽刺中小学、大学的乱收费问题 overcharging；
(2) 讽刺电视节目对儿童的不利影响；
(3) 讽刺大城市的空气污染现象。
尤为重要：以小见大，把一个现象看作一个普遍现象。
(98年) Such promises
(03年) 温室中的花朵经不起风雨
题目分析：温室 green house;
要锻炼自己的独立生活能力，在艰苦环境下磨练自己的毅力才有前途，才能发展。
4、观点论证题（01年出现）
（文章第二段中）命题角度：
1、举例论证段
2、原因论证段
3、数据论证段
代表作：(01年) 爱心是一盏灯，在越黑暗的地方越明亮。（助人为乐的主题）
20xx年考题
Study the following two pictures carefully and write and essay to
1) describe the pictures,
2) deduce（推理）the purpose of the drawer of the pictures, and
3) suggest counter-measures（对策）.
You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
As is shown in the pictures, we can see clearly that with the rampancy of
commercial fishing, the number of fishes considerably decreased. In one picture,
there were various kinds of fish and only one fishing-boat in 1900. On the contrary,
in 1995 there was only one fish, but many fishing-boats.
The purpose of this picture（修正为the two pictures或the pictures与第一段一致）is to show us that due attention has to be paid to the decrease （可换为decline、
reduction、shrinkage、shrinking）of ocean resources. Owing to over-fishing the
number of fishes has obviously decreased（可换为declined、reduced、shrunk）. If
we let this situation go as it is, we won't know where fish is in the future. （一般说我
不知道，你不知道，他不知道用一般现在时就够了：I don't know不管过去，现在，未 来都用这个形式，于是改为：will be in the future。）By that time, our environment will suffer a great destruction.（提示：By +未来时间：将来完成时对应结构是：will have done 即我们将已经……）
Therefore, it is imperative for us to take drastic（firm） measures. For one thing, we should appeal to our authorities to make strict laws to control commercial fishing.
For another, we should enhance（cultivate） the awareness of people that the
ocean resources are very vital（重要的）to us. Only in this way can we protect our ocean resources. Also I believe that we humans can overcome this difficulty, and we will have a brilliant future.
模仿法举例：
1、describe the picture
2、deduce the purpose of the drawer of the picture
3、Suggest your countermeasures
owing to 由于…原因
clear-cutting 砍伐森林
rampant 过度的
wildlife 野生动植物
If we let this situation go as it is, our environment will suffer a great destruction.
It is imperative for us to take drastic measures.
…we should appeal to our authorities to make strict laws to control clear-cutting.
On the other hand/For another, we should also enhance our awareness that forest
resources are vital to us.
Only in this way can we…
Also I believe that we humans can overcome this problem/difficulty, and we will
have a bright future.
范文八
Directions:
A. Study the following cartoon carefully and write and essay in about 200
words.
B. Your essay must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET II.
C. Your essay should meet the requirements below:
1.Describe the cartoon and the message conveyed
2. Draw a conclusion and give your comment on the cartoon
Pollution is becoming more and more serious all over the world. As is shown in the cartoon, two cars are giving off waste gas and three people trying to avoid
breathing in the poisonous gas by masking their face with their hands. The
poisonous gas sent off by factories, domestic appliances and automobiles has
made the air unhealthy for people to breathe.
There is no denying that automobiles are indications of civilization, progress and
development; nevertheless, automobiles cause the serious problem of air pollution.
Scientists have warned that unless effective measures are taken, the problem of
pollution will eventually get out of hand（除非采取有效的措施，否则问题将会失控）. Actually, people are showing a real（可替换为growing）concern over（固定搭配） the problem. For example, there is an increasingly loud voice from the public for firm action against pollution from automobiles.
Indeed, the earth is our home and we have the duty to take care of it for ourselves and for our descendants. In my opinion, we should work out concrete solutions to the problem of pollution from poisonous gas given off by automobiles. For
example, the automobiles should be equipped with a device which can dispose of waste gas.
I concrete solutions to the problem of pollution from poisonous gas given off by automobiles. For example, the automobiles should be equipped with a device
which can dispose of waste gas so as to prevent it from polluting air. Only in this way can we really solve the problem of air pollution caused by automobiles.（优点： 在文末用倒装句展现句型的丰富多变）
Cartoon：漫画，卡通画 picture，photo：照片
give off： 排放 send off：排放
waste gas：废气 poisonous gas：有毒气体
用手捂住脸：cover my face with my hands masking their face with their hands. 家用电器：domestic appliances household appliances
不可否认的是：there is no denying that
……是……的标志：are indications of或者用is an indication of 又或者是 are indicative of
……是……的象征：is a symbol of同样有：be symbolic of
标志着：indicate 或者是：symbolize
尽管如此：nevertheless
导致严重问题cause the serious problem
同义词：严重的severe; severe problem严重的问题;severe consequence严重的结果; grave
严厉果断的措施：firm action 坚决果断的：drastic 所以也可替换为：drastic measures
在我看来：in my opinion 制定出：work out 制定法律：make laws
取的作文高分的必要前提是句型要丰富多变，要有倒装句。
图画作文范文之三
范文十
Directions:
A. Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in about 200 words.
B. Your essay must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET II.
C. Your essay should meet the requirements below:
1. Describe the cartoon and the message conveyed
2. Draw a conclusion and give your comment on the cartoon.
Today, the earth's deserts are spreading and getting larger and desertification is a
serious problem
facing the world. The major reason for this is irresponsible cutting down of trees. As
is shown in the first cartoon, when people cut down trees desert forces on（沙漠以
巨大的动力向前推进，势不可挡）and becomes irrepressible.
People cut down trees for various reasons （重复） but they may forget that trees
play a vital part in water and soil conservation（水土保持）. Trees can preserve
moisture（储存湿度，水分）and fertility（养分，土壤的肥沃度，来源于 fertile）in the soil, protect soil against erosion and prevent fertile land from becoming desert.
Therefore when people cut down all of the trees, the earth lies bare and dry in the
hot sun, and desert is inevitable.
Desertification can lead to many other serious problems which may threaten the
existence of human beings, such as a reduction of arable land, terrible droughts （旱
灾）and famine（饥荒）. In order to prevent desertification, people have to plant trees, as the second cartoon shows. The time when people plant trees is the time when
desert retreats. People should not cut down trees any more, as is done in the first
cartoon, but rather, they should plant more trees, and only in this way can
desertification be finally defeated. （文章结尾倒装句型可使文章丰富多彩）
沙漠化：desertification
压制，克制：repress; 可以压制的：repressible; 失控的：irrepressible 同义：get out of hand
fertile land, fertile soil 肥沃的土地 ; nutrition 食物的营养; soil erosion 土壤侵蚀; 可耕作的：arable ; 可耕地的减少：reduction of arable land
第三部分 考研写作的训练方法
复习：
学习写作的训练方法：
1.会意法
找一篇250~300字的范文，反复的英汉互译，通过此过程中的检查和比较来发现自己的语 法和拼写错误，逐渐使范文作者的语言中的优秀的闪光点为我所用，从而达到提高自己水平 的目的。
2.模仿法
在每联一篇范文的时候都把它的好的句型和闪光点抄在卡片上，不断的accumulation并汇 集成册，然后在以后每次的训练中刻意的用3~5个，这样循序渐进，作文便有把握突破10 分，12分。
学习方法方面的建议：
一. 强化词汇
词汇量少会导致语言贫乏,没有办法做到丰富多变，所以需要大幅度扩展词汇，譬如接近考 研大纲要求的5300个词汇，如果在词汇量没有大幅度扩展的时候，期望以题海战术来提高 的话，效果是不会太明显的。
建议在7月份之前至少把去年的大纲词汇过一遍，在新大纲出台后再结合新大纲，查漏补
缺。这样通过词汇量的大幅扩展就可以使听力，阅读，写作的水平都有很大的提高。 单词记忆的几点建议：
1. 卡片记忆：把难记的单词，长单词，偏词，怪词记在卡片上，在平时多看几遍，从而轻 松的就记住了。
2. 通过阅读记忆：在上面记住的基础上，通过大量阅读，不断应用,不断重复，不断检验， 便可以牢牢的记住了。
3. 经常自测：譬如利用单词表，先看英语说汉语意思，其中不熟的，没记住的，单独摘出 来或标记出来； 再反过来，看英语说汉语，也把不熟的和没记住的标出来，对这些反复的 记忆。
4. 寻找考研伙伴，互相测试 : 每天互相考一下，把难记的，长的，偏的，怪的多考一考， 利用互相的竞争意识，来激发学习的欲望，从而但到记忆的目的。
二. 学以致用：在记住的基础上不断练习，达到熟能生巧的效果。
例句: 大家普遍认为
译文一: People usually think
译文二: It is universally acknowledged that
译文三: It is generally accepted that
译文四: It is widely believed that
例句: 不言而喻
译文一: It goes without saying that
译文二: There is no denying that
译文三: There is a common belief that
例句: 大家普遍认为互联网在现代社会中发挥着越来越重要的作用。
译文：It is universally acknowledged that internet is playing an increasingly
important role in our information society.
译文：It goes without saying that internet is playing an increasingly important role in our information society.
例句: 大家普遍公认Beatles是英国历史上最伟大的摇滚乐队。
译文：It is universally acknowledged that Beatles is the greatest rock-band in the
British history.
译文：There is a common belief that Beatles is the greatest rock-band in the British
history.
三. 把书读透：面对大量的优秀的权威的资料，书籍，买了好多，但是每本都浅尝辄止， 这样做是根本没有效果的。我们从多个英语学习成功人士的事例中总结出来的方法是，选定 一本喜欢的书，认真地把它读透，把里面的每个单词，每个优秀的句子，包括磁带都钻研透， 这样的话 应该会有巨大的飞跃。
四：在写作中培养一丝不苟的学习态度：
良好的写作习惯不仅在考试中会拥有优势；而且对于形成良好的工作习惯，以及作为众多的 英语学习者中的佼佼者而脱颖而出都是大有裨益的。我从我的学习经历中总结出来，只有始 终抱着一丝不苟的态度，对所作的工作，认真的反复的检查，才能保证精品的诞生。积少成
多，聚沙成塔，一两个小错误不在乎的话，错误多了，就有可能掩盖你工作真正的闪光点。 所以说真正优秀的英语要一滴滴积累，一点点磨练才能换来的。
第四部分 考研作文范文分析
主旨：以一丝不苟的态度对范文认真地分析，从而提高对语言的敏感性。
好的作文需要语言丰富多变 ：重要的单词尽量不重复有些主题词难免重复：譬如 computer，PC
对于非主题词，如形容词，副词，动词则能改造就改造，用同义词，近义词来表达。 减少，缩减 ； decrease
减少，衰退，范围减少； decline； decline；declined
减少 reduce；reduction；reduced
范围减小，范围减缩； shrink；shrinkage; shrinking; shrunk
改造动词时要具体情况具体分析，对特殊动词要注意它的特殊的过去式形式
（具体修改在20xx年真题，第6页上的范文）
图画作文范文二--范文八
（见第7页上的范文）
图画作文范文之三--范文十
（见第8页上的范文）
推荐的文章结尾采用的高难度句型：
一. 倒装句型：
Only……或者 Only in this way……
或者是Only by doing so……
即：倒装句Only+介词短语
二. 强调句
It is ……that……结构
例如：It is in this way/It is by doing so that we can solve the problem.
三. 虚拟句型
It is high time
例如：It is high time that we changed present situation.
It is high time that we solved the problem.
注意：虚拟语气必须在从句中采用动词过去时
重写范文十：
缺点：一般的图画作文第一段应该先描述图画，不应该急于分析原因，一般的原因分析在第 二段，提出建议在第三段。（结构散乱）
建议：写作文如果要分段的话，每一段应该是一个大的内容，第二段只讲原因，第三段提出 建议，展望未来。切不可把内容拆散到各段去。
步骤：第一段详细描述图画信息，As is shown in the pictures, we can see clearly the struggle (fight或battle)between people and desert. In one picture, people are
fleeing the greedy(hungry、overwhelming)desert. (说明：图画和图表的所配文字可以
用 caption)The caption indicates that as the sand advances ,we retreat. On the
contrary, the second picture depicts people carrying tools, young trees and
water(说明：spade铁锹；黑桃 tool工具 sapling树苗；young trees树苗) to plant the earth again. The words demonstrate that as we force on the sandhills
withdraw(recede).
第二段：The purpose of the two pictures as to show as that due attention has to be
paid to the harms of desertification (desert expansion).Owing to people's rampant
clear cutting, desert is rapidly occupying our living space. In particular, the sharp
increase of sand storms is sounding an alarm to us human beings. If we let this
situation go as it is, our environment will suffer a great destruction.
Therefore(as the result, thus, hence, accordingly, in my opinion, in conclusion), it is
imperative for us to take drastic measures(要迫切采取严厉的措施). For one thing(on the one hand, above all), we should appeal to our authorities(governments)to
make strict laws(make laws 制定法律，可替换为 work out laws) to control
deforestation(森林砍伐：clear cutting, deforestation，the cutting of forests植树造林： forestation). For another (on the other hand, in addition, what's more, further more),
we should also enhance the awareness of people that the natural resources are very
vital to us. Only in this way can we protect our natural resources. Also I believe that
we humans can overcome this difficulty, and we will have a brilliant future.
水土保持：water and soil conservation
可以使用从句形式：forest resources are very vital to us
利用倒装句：Only in this way can we protect our natural resources.
利用强调句：It is in this way……，By doing so can we……
利用虚拟句型：It is high time that ……
20xx年作文：
Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest, but
everyone has his/her own understanding of it. (在人类的所有价值感情里面，爱心可能 是最崇高的，但是每个人理解不同)
There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper. Write an essay to
the newspaper to
1) show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below, (即在第
一段里面要把图画的象征寓意点出来)
2) give a specific example, (要给出一个具体的例子)and
3) give your suggestion as to the best way to show love.
You should write about 200 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
作文要求的改动：字数增多，由150增到200个；分值加大，评分标准放宽。 增加情景语 言，即：情景说明，提纲说明，以及图画。
重要原则：英语情景说明语句，不可直接照搬，需要进行改动。尽量应用同义，近义词，相 关表达，不同句式改造。例如worthy 可以替换为valuable，feelings 可以替换为 emotions，mankind 可以替换为 human being，可以改为 be regarded as/be
considered as /be taken as/be viewed as/be thought of as the noblest，noblest可
以替换为greatest，
范文一 （20）
Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest.（照搬情景
句很危险） It is of the utmost importance to the human beings（爱心对人类有至关
重要的意义）, Everybody not only needs love, but also should give love.
As is described in the picture, "love is a lamp which is brighter in darker places. "
This is indeed true. People in darker places need more light than ordinary people.
（逻辑错误）Maye even a dim light（微弱的光）can give them much hope for a better life and progress. Maybe just a thread of light（一线的光芒）will call forth their
strength and courage to step out of（走出困境）their difficulties.
For instance when someone is starving to death, just a little food and water from
you may save his life.（我们只是给出一些食物和水就可以帮助他拯救生命）Or when a little girl in a poor rural area drops out of school because of poverty, just a small
sum of money from you may support her to finish her schooling and change her
life（改变了女孩的人生）.In this cases, you have given love which is like a lamp in a dark place where light is most needed.（在这些例子里面，你已经表现了爱心，向黑暗 中的一盏灯一样。）
So to sum up [So to sum up 因此，概括一下应该么改为 as a result/therefore（因此） 要么就改为 in conclusion/to sum up （概括总结）], we should offer our help to all
who are in need. We expect to get love from others and we also give love to others
so when you see someone in difficulty or in distress and in need of help, don't
hesitate to give your love to him. I believe then the ralationship between people will
be harmonious and our society will be a better place for us to live in.
When……just……结构：当某人遇到……的困境的时候，我们只是这样……就解决了问题。 suppose sb. doing sth. 结构：假设某人正遇到……的困境的时候，我们将……
imagine sb. doing sth., we should……结构：假设某人正遇到……的困境的时候，我们 将……
联想：A friend in need is a friend indeed.患难之交才是真正的朋友
范文二：（16）
It is generally believed that love is a hot topic which is most talked about.（句子内
容重复，没有真实内容） This is true not only in China but also in other countries. We live in different countries, speak different languages, but love is something
common to us all. But how to show love（结构混乱） may be different with different people in different countries. This is something we should give more thought to.
As shown in the picture, love is like a lamp which shines brightest in dark places.
This tells us a simple truth: Love is like a lamp. It is most valuable when it is most
needed. For example, once I saw a foreign lady get lost in the street. She could not
speak Chinese and nobody seemed to be able to help her. Though my English is not
very good and I was a shy person(I was shy/I was very shy 就够了), I thought she
needed help very much.（desperately绝望地；极度地） I asked her what she wanted. She told me she lost her way, so I showed her the way to her hotel. It was a small
thing but she thanked me very much（sincerely真诚的） because my help was
needed very much.（my help was most needed）My help was like a lamp in a dark
place.
I think（太口语，最好使用：in my opinion/as far as I am concerned/to sum up/in conclusion/on the whole） we all should be like a lamp in a dark place, showing our love, giving our help to others, even to strangers. In this way we can（一般用：Only in this way can we）make this world a harmonious and peaceful world.
“不同”还可以用：differ from，vary from ，distinct from
范文三：（10）
In the picture below, in the full dark situation（语句搭配不当，应该说：画面，背景， 角落等等）, a little of spark enlightens（enlighten启发，启发某人做……事用词不当； 应该用 brighten）the dark. The naive（naive 幼稚，无知，傻乎乎的（贬义词），innocent 天真的（褒义词））spark smiles so sweet. It seems to be saying, as the caption in the picture reads, I am a light of love, the more dark where I am, the more enlighten.（错
误1：dark 的比较级应该是 darker错误2：dark 这样的短词是没必要加more的） Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest. As a matter of fact, all of us survive in a love world. （切勿直接照搬情景句）We offer love, more important, we need love. I am a hardworking student that（对人不应该用 that 引导 从句，应该用 who）is specialized in Computer Science and Application. Once a time
（英语中的有一次只可以说：Once 或者 at one time）, I lost my mind（我发疯了：I lost my mind心不在焉：I was absence of mind） accidentally as a result I dropped down from the downstairs（downstairs 不合逻辑应该改为 upstairs）, badly injured. But for （but for 结构：要不是因为……主句里面应该用情态动词+完成式(would/could have done)） my roommates' help I couldn't live up not only in physics（在物理方面：in physics 在酒精方面：in spirits 在肉体方面：in physical 在精神方面：in
mental/mentally） but also in spirits. I thank them（时态错误，应该用 I thanked） genuinly（genuinely: 真诚地）. What I accomplished today（应该用现在时态: I have accomplished）party（party 聚会，partially 部分地） attribute to（attribute sth. to
sth. ：……要被归功于……attribute 的宾语提前的话，应该使用被动语态应该是：sth. should be attributed to）all of them giving me a hand to my school work. I hope（习
惯用法：一旦用hope, 从句中应该用will；即如: I hope she will）I can live up to myself as well as my roommates.
As far as I am concerned（在我看来）, love should be showed by two means（通过
两种方式表达爱心）as follows. At the first place（应该改为in the first place 首先,第一）, we should keep a critical eye（keep an eye on sth. 词组: 密切关注，照料，照顾） on others' love showed to us. Of course, most of the love is good for us, nevertheless,
some does harm to us, such as helping to cheating in exams. The last but no the
least（第二点应该用：in the second place/in addition what's more the last but not the
least 一般用于三个方面的最后一个，只有两点是不用该词组的）, we should show love hearts（表达爱心应该用 show love 而不是 show love heart） to those needing them. As we know, Hope Project（希望工程在英语中应该说：project hope）is the largest love project in our country, you should pay highly attention on it rather than neglect. In
addition, we should cultivate the awareness（要培养我们的意识）to help others in our daily life. Let's hold our hands（hold our hands：握手join our hands：团结一心）to build our country filled in love hearts.（filled in：填表，filled with：充满；爱心应该
用 love 就可以了）
写出好的作文应做的准备：
一. 大规模的积累主题相关词，优秀的句型词组。
二. 需要大规模的减少语法错误和拼写错误。
图表作文介绍：
一般有四种考试形式。
第一种叫: table，即表格题。最大的难度是如何挑选最典型的数据来描述，不能面面俱到， 要找有说服型的。
应该采取的原则：首尾呼应原则。只看开始和结尾，中间的忽略不计。即起点是多少，终点 是多少，增加了多少。
可采取的动词：增加：increase from to 减少：decrease from to
第二种叫：pie chart, 饼状图或圆形图。
必不可少的词组：由……部分组成: consist of ，be made up of ，be composed of， 占多大比例：account for，take up
第三种叫：bar chart，柱状图。要把柱状物的顶端纵横对位，找到精确的数据。 第四种叫：graph，曲线图。
基本术语：增加，上升：increase; grow; rise; climb; go up.
减少：decrease; reduce; decline; fall; go down; shrink.
保持不变: remain stable/steady/unchanged;
相关副词：sharply; dramatically; considerably; rapidly.(表示大幅度的4个副词)
gradually（逐渐地); steadily(稳步地); slightly(微弱地);
基本术语: 波动：fluctuate
例如：微弱的波动：fluctuate slightly
有一些小的波动：There are some small/slight fluctuations .
大幅度的波动：fluctuate dramatically/sharply/ considerably
起伏升降：rise and fall
递增：on the rise/on the increase
递减：on the decline
难点：图表作文的难点不在第一段的描述上，关键在于第二段如何透过数据挖掘实质。第三 段针对现象提出建议。
Directions:（两表对比题）
A. Study the following graphs carefully and write an essay in at least 150 words.
B. Your essay must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET II.
C. Your essay should cover these three points:
1. effect of the country's growing human population on its wildlife（这个国家不断增
长的人口对野生动物的影响，如果没有describe，那就点到为止，粗线的描述作文，不用 引用数据。如果有describe, 就要找出数据用图表语言详细描述。）
2. possible reason for the effect（写出影响原因。）
3. your suggestion for wildlife protection（针对现状，危机提出建议。）
第一个图：随着时代的变化，美国人口的增长。递增：on the rise; increase steadily;
第二个图：species：物种；extinction：灭绝；美国物种灭绝的数量随着时间的迁移越来 越多。
范文：（高分）
From these graphs（术语正确）, we can draw a conclusion that, with the growth of human population, the number of species has decreased rapidly（可以替换为：
decline dramatically;或者用: fall/reduce sharply）in America, and some species have even vanished from our planet.
Why does this phenomenon appear? I think（口语，这里的 I think 可以去掉不用，直 接用 there be 结构。）there are several possible reasons for（这里的可以添加
accounting，从而改为词组 accounting for）this.（自问自答，好） First（above all）, with a rapid growth of population（可以替换为as the human population grows
rapidly 或owing to the human population grows rapidly）, more and more people
（这里的可以改换为：a growing number of people越来越多的人）came to live where some wild species have been living. Then these species have to move to other
places. Some of them probably can not adapt to the new environment and die.
Second（可以替换为in addition /more importantly好的方面）, although many people look on the wildlife as their friends, some people may not think so. They catch a lot of wild animals and sell them in order to get more money. Third（可以替换为：even worse坏的方面）, with the development of the industry（可以替换as the result of 或 as the consequence of）, the natural balance and the ecologic environment are
destroyed. The deforestation（clear cutting /cutting off forest）has become more
and more serious（这里的可以该换为：increasingly越来越）. So some of the wildlife （没有复数） become homeless and extinct.
In order to protect the wildlife, I have some suggestions. First, the governments
should make laws to prevent them from being caught and killed. Second, the
governments should educate people to love nature and protect it. Third, as for
ourselves, we should take practical actions to protect our living environment.
反复使用，失去语言的魅力
范文——背范文的结果
According to the figures given in the bar charts（柱状图）, it took from the beginning of human life to the year 1830 for the population of the earth to reach
one billion. That represents a time span of at least two million years. Then the world
population increased rapidly（迅速增长）, adding up to（增长达到了多少）two billion in 1930. The next billion was added by 1960, only thirty years. From then on the
global population was on the rise（不断地增长）, amounting to（达到了多少）4 billion in 1975, which is another billion people in only 15 years.（数据不典型，而且不对） There are at least two reasons, I think, for the sharp increase（剧烈地增长）in world population. In the first place, the birth rate is continuously climbing（不断的 爬升）in many countries, especially in developing countries. Generally speaking, people there hold the opinion that children don't cost much and when they get old enough to work they will bring in money and that when parents are old, they will
take care of them. Secondly, the death rate i most developed countries declines
steadily（稳步地下降）because people's standards of living are raised and health care improves.
In may opinion, the chief reason for the population growth is not so much a
rise in birth rates as（与其……不如……）a fall in death rates as result of improvements dical care. 学习范文不应该只是去把它全部背下来，而是应该取其精华，去其糟粕，应该借用的是好的 句型，好的句型，好的词组，闪光的句型结构，好的谚语。采取模仿法，互译法，而对其中 的具体内容应能做到随机应变。
复习：
图表作文一般分为两大类型考察。
一种类型叫粗线条表述，一旦没要求describe,就不需要引用数据论证，只要说出图表的变 化就可以了。
一种叫细线条作文，或详细描述作文。一旦要求describe，或者 make full use，就应该 把图表的细节一一表述出来。
今天的内容：
一. 把复杂图表作文讲一下。考研中经常是给出多个图表。
二. 介绍情景作文的创作策略。
三. 事务信函创作的五大要素。
四. 写作中的精彩语言。高分作文的语言特征。
范文（专家版）：在欣赏的时候要注意语言是如何丰富多变的
The two charts show that the increase in the U.S. population has been accompanied
by a corresponding（相对应的，相应的；在两表作对比时可以使用）decline in the number of wildlife species（特点：把with句型改成accompanied）. Far too many（同 a lot of many）species have been lost already. This poses a danger（构成危险）to
ecological balance（生态的：ecological生态的平衡：ecological balance）.
As the human population expands（范围，规模的扩大：expands;在这里可以替换
increase，grows）. more and more wild animals are hunted for food, or because they
are thought to present a threat（present 当动词使用读[ pri'zent ]也有构成的意思）to man. But studies show that one of the primary causes（一般都用 main reasons）of
the disappearance（般都用 extinct 表示灭绝这里使用 disappearance：消失）of wildlife is pollution, which is one of the consequences（后果，贬义词，强调严重的后果；一般 用result）of population growth and economic development. This makes us wonder
if man is able to share this planet in harmony with（与……和谐共存）other life forms.
In my opinion,（在我看来）it is imperative（迫切的）to take steps（采取措施） to reverse 形容词作动词 the disturbing（令人不安的）trend（扭转趋势）illustrated（一般都用 show 表示“表现表明”；这里用 illustrate“图表中的精彩”用词表现）in the charts. One measure would be to forbid the building of cities in areas where wild life is threatened with
extinction. But, more importantly, man must learn to stop polluting the
environment, or he himself will become extinct.
多变的词汇
增加：increase; expand; growth
野生动物：wildlife species; species; wild animals; wildlife; other life forms; living
creatures
灭绝消亡：have been lost; disappearance; vanish; extinction; become extinct.
构成危险：pose a danger; present a threat; be threatened with;
表明：show; illustrate;
作文时，主题词可以重复，而动词，名词，形容词应该尽量用同义，近义词来替换，即作文 的原则：语言丰富多变。
如图表语言中的增加：increase; grow; rise; go up; climb; soar.
减少：decrease; decline; fall; reduce; shrink; go down.
增减幅度很显著： sharply; dramatically; considerably; rapidly; 幅度缓慢；逐渐的 ：gradually; steadily; slightly.
详细地描述的表达：
增加：increase from…to… 从……增加到了……
减少: decline/decrease from ……to ……
更简洁的表达: 不用from……to……,而是用 by；例如: 增长了400：increase by 400
（20xx年大纲样题_观点论证题）Directions:
Widespread tobacco consumption has led to grave consequences, yet the tobacco
companies still claim that they make a valuable contribution to the world
economy.(广泛的烟草销售导致了严重的后果。grave:严重的; still claim that:仍然宣称; 他 们为世界经济做出了巨大的贡献)
注意：情景说明是坚决不能直接引用的。情景说明是需要大幅度改造的，哪怕只改一点点也 行。
There is a discussion in a newspaper on the above two viewpoints.
Write an essay to the newspaper
1) criticizing their view and (批评他们的观点，但是批评的时候不能够全盘否定， 我们的态度是弊大于利。)
2) justify your stand.（stand=standpoint，要论证我的立场是合理的）
In your essay, make full use of the information provided in the pictures printed
below.（make full use，指要充分利用下面的数据，即四个图都应该用到。）
You should write about 200 words on ANSWER SHEET
20xx年写作大纲的改革：
1. 单词数目由150增加到200个单词。
2. 分值从15分增加到了20分。
3. 在大纲样题中：增加了情景说明。
这种题目的类型是观点论证题。20xx年的考题要举例论证，而这道题要充分利用图表数据 去论证。
左上角的是柱状图，bar chart, 可以看出是处于一个减少的趋势。
减少：decrease; decline; reduce;
表达的时候一定要用 from to 结构。
英语中没有亿的概念, 只有十亿：billion;所以途中数据应该改为：14.364 billion pounds;14.2 billion pounds
右上角的饼状图：pie chart,
它的特点是可以看出某个部分占多大的比例，应该相应的使用：account for
左下角的图：图上的数字应为 200 billion
右下角的图：图上的数字应为 3 million
范文：（高分）
The（vast更有力度）majority of （绝大多数）people would agree that cigarette
smoking（吸烟：cigarette smoking 烟草消费：tobacco consumption）has caused （导致：cause; lead to）serious problems.（严重的问题：serious problem; grave
consequence;）绝大多数人都同意，吸烟已经导致了严重的问题。 But the tobacco companies insist（坚持认为：insist; claim）that they contribute greatly to the world economy（为世界经济做出了巨大的贡献）by paying taxes to the government and employing hundreds of workers.（Widespread tobacco consumption has led to
grave consequences, yet the tobacco companies still claim that they make a
valuable contribution to the world economy. 词性变换）
Personally, I believe that cigarette production and consumption threatens to do
more harm than good. Firstly, smoking is responsible for many fatal diseases such
as lung cancer, heart diseases and so on. According to the survey, tobacco
consumers account for about 20% of the world population, and among them, three
million people die from smoking-related diseases every year. The fact that the
output of tobacco production is reduced from（或者使用：decrease from……to……） 14.364 billion pounds in 1994 to 14.2 billion pounds in 1995 also suggests that
people have come to realize the negative effects of smoking. Secondly, tobacco
consumption is extremely wasteful of money. As is indicated in the pictures, 200
billion US dollars is lost due to smoking each year. Obviously, the total loss of
money around the globe substantially exceeds the gain in the industry.
In conclusion (得出结论) , as the economic development aims at making our life
better, we cannot sacrifice our health for short-term financial benefits. If we have to
spend more and more money providing medical services for those who suffer from
smoking-related illnesses, the notion of promoting economy via（通过）tobacco
production is not justifiable（站得住脚的，有道理的）. It is high time that we fought for the total tobacco ban（禁令）. —虚拟语气—
好的议论文在列出观点前一般都有一个段首句，用段首句统领下面的观点。
弊大于利：more disadvantages than advantages threatens to do more harm
than good
烟草公司之所以还坚持生产烟草，无非认为为政府纳税，并且每年雇用大批劳动力。 常用于图表作文中，意思是根据调查，根据统计。survey 表示调查，相当于 investigation 也可以替换为： according to the statistics(根据统计数据)
according to the figures(根据数字，数据) according to the data(根据数字，数据) 句型: the fact that……suggest that……
或者: the fact that……implies that……即透过表面,挖掘实质。
the fact that……indicates that……
浪费: waste; is lost; is extremely wasteful of
技巧:动词变成词组 例如：very important--be of great importance
emphasize--put emphasis on
观念，观点: notion; 口语中一般用：view; point; opinion;
写到最后一段时，为了丰富句型，我们可以用：
倒装句：Only in this way can we…… Only in this way can we……
强调句：It is ……that…… It is in this way that……
虚拟语气：It is high time that we did sth.
表格题：table
题目是：西安市民的日用花销统计，横向是年份，纵向分别是：食物，衣服，娱乐以及其他 和总数。
提纲:
三个方面:
一. 描述变化(describe the changes)。
二. 变化原因(the reasons for the changes)。
三. 预测未来。
难点：因为表格题的数据过多，我们应该有意识的选取典型的数据。
选取的策略：首尾呼应，只找起点和终点的数据，再分析数据的增减变化。在写作中把变化 趋势点到为止就可以了。
范文：
What is shown in the table above indicates that dramatic changes have taken place
in the people's daily expenses in Xi'an from 1995 to 1999.（点出起点和终点心） The expenses on food have declined by 30%（减少了30%）while those on clothing and recreation have increased respectively by 9% and 7%. The statistics of rise and fall
seem to exist in isolation but closely related to one another.
There are two factors accounting for these changes. Development in economy is an
essential one in the five years. The increased income resulting from economic
growth plays an important part in the less expense on food. Hence, a small
percentage of total income is enough to cover food expense. Another one is the
changes in life style. When foods presents no worry to the average, people begin to
focus more of interest on handsome appearance and happy leisure time. As a result
of such a shift, spending on clothing and recreation increased year after year.
From the analyses made above, we may come to the conclusion that people's living
standards in Xi'an have been constantly improved between 1995 and 1999. With
the further growth in economy and more changes in life style, the tendency
indicated in the table will continue in the table will continue in the better direction.
What is shown in the table above indicates that dramatic changes have taken
place：以上的图表可以看出大幅度的变化.
分别的,各自的：respectively; respected; respectful; respectable; respective
(已经)受到了尊敬：respected; 怀有敬意的：respectful; 值得尊敬的：
respectable;
The statistics of rise and fall seem to exist in isolation起伏升降的数据统计
isolation孤立,隔绝 but closely related to one another但是却密切相关
The statistics of rise and fall seem to exist in isolation but closely related to one
another.这些数据似乎是孤立存在的，但是却密切相关。
analysis单数是analysis些复数是analyses
我们可以得出结论：in our opinion; as far as we are concerned; we may come to the conclusion
趋势：tendency
固定搭配：
朝着……方向：in……direction
朝着越来越好的方向：in the better direction 朝着越来越差的方向：in the worse direction
图表作文的关键还在于第二段和第三段。第二段应该透过表面抓本质，第三段提出建议，预 测未来。
第二类作文：情景作文
情景作文如果是英语情景是不能照搬的，要用英语同义词，相关词改造情景语言。甚至它主 动句，我则被动句；它肯定句，我则双重否定句。通过多种方式，改造情景语言。
情景作文如果是英语情景是不能照搬的，要用英语同义词，相关词改造情景语言。甚至它主 动句，我则被动句；它肯定句，我则双重否定句。通过多种方式，改造情景语言。汉语的如 何去做？如果是汉语情景，策略是翻译加分配原则。合理使用它的语言和信息，要 努力做 到能充分利用。这叫情景语言的充分利用。
目前我国高考竞争愈演愈烈。每年考生人数近300万，而录取率在40%以下，多数考生肯 定要落选。这给考生、考生的家庭和学校，乃至整个社会，都造成了很大的压力，引发了一 些社会问题。（这是说的现状。能不能写到第1段作为现状说明呢？）此外，不同类型或特 点的考生用同一模式和难度的试卷，有欠公允；三天的考试成绩便决定一个人的未来命运， 亦不够合理。（这是指高考弊端的两个方面或者说是改革的原因所在，写到第二段。）如何解 决这些问题，改革现行的高考制度？我的意见是…。（以后写作文，需要写解决办法时，如 果第二段能说出弊端一二三，到第三段写建议时就一个一个扭转趋势。）
Statistics show that no more than 40% of people who take the college entrance
exams pass. Because a college education is regarded as the key to a successful
career, this puts enormous pressure on the applicants. It also causes social
problems, as those who fail consider that they have disgraced their families.
It seems to me that the exams are unfair, for three reasons: First, applicants with
different abilities are faced with the same type of exam paper, second, the results of
a mere three days of examination affect the applicant's whole future; and third,
applicants who can afford private tutors usually score higher marks than those who
are poorer, but perhaps more intelligent.
To improve the system of college entrance exams, I suggest the following steps: the
exam papers should be graded to take into account the different levels of ability
and the different backgrounds of the applicants; in addition to the actual exam, a
complete assessment of the applicant's educational achievements should be made;
and tutoring in examination techniques should be made available to all.
statistics show that 数据表明 regarded as：被看作、被当作。
key to ：固定搭配，表示什么什么的关键。可以用 solution of the problem 代替。 put pressure on：对谁构成压力。对某人施加压力。
disgrace：名词，表示羞辱、耻辱。作动词用 disgraced sb.：令某人感到羞辱耻辱。
are faced with ：表示面对。外国人说面对，一般都用动词的过去分词，如are faced with ;are confronted with。或用 be in the face of 。
三个术语：applicants （考生）、
private tutors（家教）而不用 family teacher ，house teacher ，home teacher、
score(在这里名词作动词用，表示打分)
take into account：考虑进去。 in addition to：除此之外。
assessment：表示估计、评估。make assessment of sth.：对某事做出评估。
be made available to sb.：把这个被动变成主动为make sth avaiable to sb.（让某人获 得什么条件）。
tutoring：把名词当作动词用，在变成动名词表示辅导。
说明
还有一种关键的考试方式叫信函，事务信函。写信分两大类：一类是给父母、兄弟姐妹、或 朋友、同学写信，这叫 personal letter（私人信件）。写私人信件比较随便，开头可以写 hi how are you ，long time no see 等等，但这种作文考不出语言的实力，考试作文一般考 议论文，看分析问题的逻辑能力和语言的应用能力。因此，一般考另外一种叫 business letter （事务信函）。要使用尊敬的语气，大量使用议论文的表达。用 formal language ， 并且还要符合一定的格式。
范例：
prestigious：久负盛名的；on campus：校园内；be content with：对什么感到满意。
第一段是忌讳自我介绍的。大一学生：freshman；大二：sophomore；大三：junior student；大四：senior student。术语要用对。
写事务信函不能在语气上质问对方。the prices are too black：这种说法是错误的。价格 只有高低之分，只能说 high 或 low。It waste us too many time：这个句子有两个错误 一是主谓不搭配，谓语动词应是 wastes ，还有就是时间是不可数名词，应用 much , 或 用 great deal of 、a lot of 。
如要表示祝愿，事业顺利、成功，健康，家庭美满之类的，可以在中间写入 best wishes、 best regards ，给您良好的祝愿。在右下角写上 yours sincerely。或者 sincerely yours ，签名。
事务信函要包含的五大要素：
第一：开门见山说意图。上来就写 I am writing the letter in order to 表明意图。
第二：咨询、建议。 最好都写 1,2,3结构，就是说 first; second; third不要用above all、 in addition to等。
第三：不同方面可分段。
第四：感谢、客气不可少。如 ：I would be very grateful if you would be kind enough to help me；或者I am very sorry for the inconveniences I've caused.（由于我为您
导致的不便我深感歉意）。
第五：期待回信成老套。如在文章结尾处加一句：I look forward to your reply.（期待收 到回信）。I look forward to your reply as soon as possible. （期待尽快收到回信）。 除了这五大要素之外，选词造句时尽量使用复杂的议论文风格的词来表达。
You wish to study at a certain foreign university. Write a letter inquiring about the
situation there as regards accommodation, fees and qualifications.
Dear Sir，（不正规）
I am a Chinese citizen who wishes to study at your university.（第一句表明的意图。） My plan is to start my course next term, and I would be grateful if you would be
kind enough to provide me with certain essential information.（感谢客气不可少。整
个长句是一个套话，可背诵下来。一旦使用情态动词 could、would 时表示客气，语气是 非常礼貌的。）
First, what qualifications do I need to follow a course of study at your university? I
already have a master's degree from a university here in China, but I wonder if there
are any further academic requirements. Second, how much are the tuition fees?
Although I intend to be self - supporting, I would be interested to hear if there are
any scholarships available for international students. Third, what is the situation as
regards accommodation? I would prefer a single room, which is more conducive to
studying, but if single rooms are expensive, I would be willing to share.
I look forward to your reply, and to attending your esteemed institution.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
这是一封 inquiry 咨询信。
称呼不正规，应为不知收信人是男或女。Dear Sir 应改为 Dear Sir/madam。
咨询建议1，2，3。
qualifications：资历、资格、要求。 tuition：学费。
as regards：等同于about。在写商业文件、事务信函、法律文件时,会出现as regards 非 常正式。
accommodation：住宿。
不同方面可分段，但在这里文章没有分段。（第二段）
期待回信成老套。 esteemed：受到尊敬。
打印格式：事务信函手写是不礼貌的，应打印出来。这篇作文叫齐头式作文，即所有的段落 不空格，都顶住左端。包括前面的称呼和后面的签名。还有一种就是缩进式。即每段前面空 2-4个格。签名则写在右下角。
写事务信函语言怎样才能显得讲究：不光使用议论文语言，而且要求绝对精确。不能犯语法、 拼写错误。
conducive:表示有助于、有利于。它后面的to是一个介词，只能跟名词或动名词。 期待回信成老套。I look forward to:这个to 也是一个介词。
A Letter of Request
You find that your study load is too heavy. Write a letter to your college teacher
explaining why you need to withdraw from two courses. Ask if it is possible to
obtain a refund.
Dear Prof. James,
I am writing to formally request to withdraw from two courses: Introduction to
Elementary Education (EDU 602) and Teaching Methods(EDU 619)
这是一篇事务信函请求信。请求退掉两门课及两门课的学费。开门见山说意图
formally:正式地。withdraw:退掉，也可以用drop来代替。
退课原因：因为打工学习有压力，要少选几门课。
过度乐观：overly optimistic; 在这里作者做了一个类比：把学习打工根杂耍作了类比。杂 耍演员：juggling.
Refund: 表示退费。full reimbursement: 全额退款。
范句：I am sorry for any inconveniences I have caused: 对于我给你造成的不便深感歉 意。
强调句：I do appreciate. 在这个句子中，不是king 而是keen.
感谢客气不可少。不怕多，而是怕没有。
期待回信成老套。Hear from ： 收到回信；这是齐头式作文，签名在左下角。
复习篇目索引：把教材里的精选的范文模仿着用，利用互译法加模仿法。反复的翻译、比较 语言。是否有语法错误、用词不当、语言不够优秀。把它精彩的闪光点标出，到其他的地方 试用一下。
15篇必须要复习的作文：
第一类是图画作文。20xx年（关于文化，参考课堂创作的版本）
20xx年（关于爱心，参考前面，作文中出现了举例论证段） 范文八（关于空气污染）
范文十（沙漠化）
范文二十三（森林砍伐）
20xx年（商业捕鱼）
第二类是图表作文。图表作文复习三篇复杂图表作文。考研作文不会单独来一个柱状图或饼 状图或曲线图，它总是两图对比或是两表对比或是多图组合。
99年（关于人口增长对野生动物的影响）
20xx年大纲样题（烟草生产和消费）
范文十一（日用花销统计，它的独特之处在于它是一个表格题） 第三类是提纲作文。范文十九（关于口语考试，它的特色是观点对比选择题）
范文二十（关于私人汽车，它的特色是出现一个利弊说明段） 第四类是情景作文。范文二十五（关于私人汽车，它的特色是观点对比选择题） 范文二十六（关于高考改革）
第五类是事务信函。范文二十四（一封咨询信）
范文二十七（一封请求信）
第五部分 写作常用句型与过渡词语
英语的句型千姿百态，就像一个词可以有许多同义词一样，一种句型也可以有许多具有 相同意思但不同模式的类型。我们只有对这些变化多端的句型千锤百炼，烂熟于心，才能在 具体运用时应付自如，随意调遣。因此，在日常训练中，应多做一些句型之间的转换、不同 句式的造句练习及相同句式不同意思的翻译等等。以下的就是各种并排的句型和造句。
1．表示开头的句型
?with the development
improvement
rise
growth
recognition
realization
acknowledgement of ..., we learn
know
see
find
feel that ...
复习方法：看句型的时候，在开头句型每个方框选一个到两个炒出来反复造句。不用面面俱 到全复习，有些难度的句型标出来，参照例句替换主语、宾语、动词，自己造句。这一章必 须要做到循序渐进，并且要学以致用。
第六部分 重视语言的表达
考英语写作的目的是什么？应看到，考中国学生的英语作文，其目的并不是看你把这个 作文题论述得如何好，把内容提示的都表达出来（当然这也是一个方面），但更重要的是考 你的英语语言的能力，考你的英语表达能力。因此，在英语写作考试中，不仅仅是把内容写 出来就可以了，而应更多地考虑怎么把自己的语言水平表现出来。许多考生没有意识到这一 点，他们是想到什么词，就写什么词，没有停下来稍微考虑一下：有没有比这个词更好、更 贴切的词，有没有比这个句子更生动、更有力的句子结构。
应该看到，我们的阅卷人员几乎都是中国教师，而不是外国人，因此他们更重视的是语 言，也就是说，是你的用词用句的漂亮使你的文章赢得阅卷人的好感而得到高分，而不是你 论述如何出色而帮助你得分。在内容基本雷同、语言普遍平淡的作文中，出现一篇用词、用 句都不同寻常的文章，就立即使阅卷人眼睛一亮，作文高分就往往是这样产生的。下面例1 是一篇高分的作文（尽管在结构上，一致性上和连贯性上都存在很多问题）。
第七部分 不忘最后读一遍
40分钟的写作，时间再紧，也要留出两三分钟的时间把文章通读一遍，进行必要的修改。 不要说我们初学写作的人，就是大作家写完一个章节或一部小说后都要反复读上几遍。在限 时、紧张的写作中，出现错误，尤其是语言上的错误是不可避免的。如果把这些错误留在那 里，不得到改正，就会影响整篇文章的质量。阅卷人虽然不大会按你文章中语言错误的累计 数目进行扣分，但错误，尤其是一些幼稚的错误，会给阅卷人员留下不好的印象，从而影响 文章的分数。
那么修改应注意哪些方面呢？从结构方面来说：（1）看一看中心思想是不是突出？文
章中有论述和材料是否都围绕着这个中心思想展开？如发现个别句子或例子游离于中心思 想之外，甚至与中心思想发生冲突，就应把它从文章中去掉。（2）看一看段与段之间，句 与句之间是否连贯？衔接是否自然，或给人一种断裂、跳跃的感觉？如发现这种情况，就要 加一个句子或一些词，或改变一下说法，以求文章的连贯。
关于文章的包装，遣词造句修改时应注意：
第一个方面：preciseness 用的语言绝对精确。从用词和语法上要求精确。例如说重男轻女， Man used to be superior to women in social position. 应该研究六级词汇。在英语中只
有一种常规的搭配，应区分词与词的区别。要把真提中的搭配牢牢记住，以备下次使用。要 牢牢记住最准确地表达。
第二个方面：追求语言丰富多变variety. 语言的多变是英语写作的一大原则。单词能替换 尽量替换，体现句型，用词丰富多变。例如：关于用about, 但口语性太强，可用as to 来 代替。再到下次可用as regards来代替。再用又可用with regard to 代替。也可用related to 代替。也可用relevant to.
第三个方面：追求语言的难度difficulty. 这并不是说要写那些高难词汇，太偏太怪的词汇。 要写一篇有深度的议论文的话，有些地方表达用有难度的议论文词汇替换更好。使自己的用 词角度新颖，与众不同也可以。例如这个现象有三个原因，three main reasons. 在第二段 则可写primary代替main. 再加大难度可写成from the mental. Reason 也可用cause, factor来代替。不是写一个简单口语的话，尽量用议论文词组。加大难度有好处。
第四个方面：追求语言的亮度，精彩度splendid. 一般大家的语言有前三个特点，但可能 苍白、单调。如果能用不少生动的表达，有活力，则有很大的优势。譬如说现在非常高兴, I am happy. I am very happy. I am very very happy. 这种语言则很单调，如果说看到那 女孩的表情, Her eyes are sparkling with delight. 这种语言就很生动。说某人生气，用 She is very very angry 则毫无特色，但换一个表达说fly into a rage则语言生动起来。 勃然大怒可加stormy. 再例如：love letter 分为三阶段：第一阶段stormy passion, 狂风 暴雨般的激情。第二阶段tender affection, 似水的柔情。第三阶段irresistible attachment 难以割舍的依恋。
怎样才能有生动的语言：把英语阅读中精彩的闪光点，优秀的单词，句型标出来，抄在自己 的本上。精彩的语言像一盏灯，在越苍白的地方越闪亮。大量积累闪光点，学以致用，造句 加以利用。