英语构词法
英语主要有三种构词法：转化、派生和合成，下面简要介绍一下这三种构词法。
1、 转化构词法：
① 有大量的动词可以转化为名词，有时意思没有太大的变化： Let me have a try.我来试一试。
We stopped there for a swim.
He went off at a run to consult a doctor.
This is for winter wear. Don’t make it too tight.
I like a quiet read after supper。
This was a great surprise（strike，shock）to my brother.
Have a look（chat，talk，wash，swim，rest，try，quarrel，smoke，lie，read，run，dream，fight，walk，ride，drink，laugh，dance，bathe，wish，win，fear，love，debate，dispute，interview，taste，etc）
Make a study（guess，visit，call，survey，jump，slip，change，search，stay，smart，answer，reply，remark，fight，arrest，appeal，purchase，sacrifice，demand，show，deal，attempt，attack，advance，etc）
Come to a stop（end，pause）
有时意思有一定的变化：
He was about the same build as his brother.他的体形和他哥哥差不多。
Last year’s catch was four times that of 1986.去年的捕鱼量为19xx年的四倍。 This was a decisive move.这是一个决定性的步骤。
They can be used as a stock feed.它们可以作为牲口饲料。
Women have a equal say in everything.妇女在各方面都有同样的发言权。 He won two games；the other two were draws.他赢了两局，另外两局打平了。 ② 也有相当多的名词可以当动词用。许多表示物件的名词可以用做动词来表示动作。
Have you booked your ticket？
Who chaired the meeting？
He pinned great hopes on us.
It can seat a thousand people.
We have mapped out plans for their utilization.
It pictures the life of overseas Chinese students.
He hurriedly penciled the time on it.
By noon he had bagged three hares.
The machine bottles15000 jars of cold cream a day.
The money was all pocketed by corrupt officials.
He hammered a nail into the wall.
有些表示身体部位的名词也可以用来做动词。
Hand in you exercise-books，please.
We’ll back you up. We should dare to face any difficulty and danger.
Who headed the delegation. （当团长）。We’ll headed for Yunnan tomorrow. We should shoulder these responsibilities.（肩负）
She fingered the silk gently.（抚摩）
Soon the seedings shot up and began to ear.（抽穗）
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I’m never interested in nosing out the details of someone else’s private life.（探听） They eyed him with suspicion.（注视）
一些表示一类人的名词也可用做动词：
If so，we shall be badly fooled.（上当）
He insisted on staying up to nurse the child.（护理）
We were hosted by members of the embassy.（款待）
Our aim is to save the patient and not to doctor him to death.（医治） The equipment was manned by three workers per shift.（操作）
He has soldiered in France in his youth.（当兵）
The army was officered by brave men.（担任军官）
He fathered many inventions.（有过）
一些表示其他实物的名词也可用做动词：
Each apartment can house a family of six.（居住）
I hope we can room together.（住）
This helped to bridge over our difficulties. （度过）
They flowered well but bore little fruit. （开花）
He floored the room.（装地板）
He manured the soil before sowing.（施底肥）
An aeroplane was used to dust insecticide.（喷洒）
We decided to dam the river.（筑河坝）
He is busy oiling the bicycle.（上油）
He wolfed down three great bowls of rice.（狼吞虎咽）
The pill is coated with sugar.（包有糖衣）
Executives，workers and technicians team up.（组织在一起）
此外，还有一些抽象名词等也可以用做动词：
Where do swallows winter？（过冬）
We summered by Lake Geneva.（度夏）
For six days and nights they battled to save his life.（苦战）
Through my childhood，I had hungered for education.（盼望）
This so angered us that we beat him up.（使气愤）
The attack must be properly timed.（选择时间）
The actual labor force numbered 12000.（计数有）
They breakfasted（lunched） at the guesthouse.（吃早饭）
Over 1000 students stormed into the Senate building.（冲进）
③ 有不少形容词也可以用做动词：
The train slowed down to half its speed.（减慢一半）
This is the chief way of narrowing the differences between them.（缩小） Please warm up the dish over the stove.（热一下）
The room gradually quieted down.（安静下来）
They periodically thinned out leaves.（打掉）
Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered.（纠正）
Nothing dries sooner than a tear.（干）。 Shelly was unable to calm her. The results humbled him.（失体面）
Don’t idle away your time.（白白混掉）
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They braved the bitter cold to complete the railway.（不顾）
Most of these rivers empty into the Pacific Ocean.（流入）
He adjusted the lathe and readied the cutting tool.（准备好）
She busied herself with household work. Don’t dirty your clothes.
They finally freed themselves from slavery.
Only thus can we better the life of the people.
He felt himself wronged.（受了委屈） His hair is beginning to grey.
The newspaper had been yellowed by sunlight.
He lowered his voice.
另外有个别其他词类的词可用做动词：
This helped to further their unity.（促进adv---v）
Truth will out.（大白adv---v）
3000 workers there downed tools.（放下工具罢工adv---v）
Please forward the letter to my new address.（转寄adv---v）
She will off and do her own things.（走掉adv---v）
I second the motion.（同意num---v）
④ 有不少形容词可用做名词：
Nobles constituted seven per cent of the population.（贵族）
He didn’t want to disturb the quiet needed by the patients.（安静环境） He’s a dear. When is your French oral？（口语课）
Their jobless total （总数）reached a record high（高峰） since 1940.
There is only one black in my class.
She is investigating the ancients’conception of the universe.（古人）
He is a natural for the job. （天生适合……的人）
It is necessary to make a distinction between right and wrong.
They are running in the final . Our six- year-old is at school.
In short，for short，in general，for free，in red，in public，in common，in particular等.
⑤ 此外，还有个别其他转化的情况：
This is a repeat performance of their old policy.（故伎重演）
They held a fancy dress ball.（化装）We began to march north.
His arguments contains too many ifs and buts.
This book is a must for students of electronics.（必读书）
Have you considered the why and how of the plan？
Have you had a medical yet？（检查身体）
⑥ 有一些词可以词形不变用作另一词类，但是重音发生变化.
Digest export import increase permit present progress produce record refuse suspect transport perfect content desert transport 等
⑦ 另外有些词通过改变词尾的清浊音来改变词类，有的拼写无变化，有的拼写发
生改变：
use---use excuse---excuse house---house mouth---mouth practice---practise advice—advise belief—believe grief---grieve half---halves relief—relieve thief-----theft---thieve receipt—receive weight—weigh half—halve complaint—complain
还有一些词转化为另一词时元音或拼法也发生了变化：
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bath---bathe breath---breathe blood---bleed food—feed gold—gild proof---prove speech—speak tale—tell sale—sell lose---loss fill—full choose---choice
2、 派生构词法：派生构词法主要是有词根加后缀构成。
① 构成名词的后缀常用的有下面这些：
-er 加在动词后表示人： adviser announcer thinker admirer baker barber
founder learner player babysitter eye-opener speaker employer trainer peace-lover deer-hunter wood-cutter landowner moneylender onlooker miner passer-by supporter bread-winner labourer designer school-leaver lawyer manager(经理 ) passenger (旅客)beggar
加在动词后表示工具或物品：air-conditioner can-opener cooker harvester eraser
drawer duster recorder telephone-receiver timer counter pain-killer best seller container best-seller heater(加热器) poster roller reminder
加在名词形容词后表示人：villager banker farmer Londoner New Zealander
owner stranger foreigner southerner teenager photographer outsider islander miller gardener, messenger
-or actor sailor transistor semi-conductor inventor governor operator
editor visitor elevator calculator professor director collector competitor inspector navigator
-ar beggar, liar, scholar, burglar
-ist Marxist artist pianist socialist communist capitalist dentist scientist
tourist typist specialist 专家 novelist tourist
-ee employee trainee trustee（理事）addressee（收件人） referee（裁判）
interviewee appointee（被任命人）
-eer pioneer engineer profiteer（投机商） mountaineer volunteer
-ess hostess actress waitress lioness tigress princess goddess empress
heiress mistress poetess priestess shepherdess fairness
-ian magician musician technician physician politician librarian comedian,
pedestrian
-ier cashier soldier financier premier
-ary revolutionary, secretary
-ese Chinese Japanese Portuguese Pekinese
-ant dependant inhabitant contestant attendant（服务员）servant, immigrant,
inhabitant, assistant, descendant
-ent agent, president, resident, student, correspondent
-man sportsman seaman fireman salesman spokesman statesman fisherman countryman postman
-ism socialism Marxism racism heroism optimism
-ness illness sickness happiness greatness coldness kindness goodness
darkness sadness bitterness carelessness loneliness
-（a）tion dictation preparation operation liberation exception repetition
pronunciation description explanation suggestion attention intention introduction direction separation modernization consideration invitation collection protection competition recognition translation realization imagination reduction addition pollution exhibition connection construction determination interruption congratulation satisfaction relaxation reflection reception exception situation (形势，情况) temptation
-ion discussion revision decision expansion persuasion comparison
permission expression possession explosion admission impression
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-ment development disagreement agreement judgment movement argument
government disappointment astonishment amazement employment punishment improvement encouragement management enjoyment excitement settlement treatment announcement requirement refreshment statement basement entertainment assignment
-ing building smoking reading swimming feeling painting wedding
freezing sleep-pills close-planting deep-ploughing English-speaking sight-seeing farming gardening printing earnings savings wedding surrounding fittings greeting bodybuilding aging blessing thanksgiving
-ship leadership friendship scholarship hardship citizenship membership
warship seamanship ownership companionship relationship worship
-hood childhood boyhood falsehood（谬误） likelihood （可能性） motherhood
（母性，为母之道） brotherhood
-age marriage carriage shortage leakage（泄露） baggage advantage
passage storage percentage package 包装 advantage
-ure failure pressure pleasure seizure（抓，没收）mixture moisture signature
architecture creature departure literature
-dom freedom kingdom officialdom （官僚作风） wisdom
-ty safety cruelty（残酷） loyalty（忠诚） penalty（处罚） variety quality
(质量) certainty poverty anxiety
-ity activity reality humidity（湿度，潮湿） possibility electricity nationality
majority minority disability equality security necessity
-y（ry） difficulty slavery discovery inquiry（质询，调查） modesty honesty
jewelry bribery（贿赂，行贿） rivalry （竞争，敌对） scenery bravery recovery entry treaty robbery mystery luxury bravery machinery scenery poetry bakery grocery cemetery brewery
-th truth warmth health length strength width depth growth death
breadth width
-al arrival refusal denial（否认，拒绝） approval（承认，赞成）burial trial
industrial
-ance（ence） acceptance allowance assistance reliance difference dependence
confidence reference performance appearance occurrence existence obedience entrance remembrance intelligence(智力) experience 经验 appliance(用具器具) insurance nuisance
-ful mouthful handful plateful busful spadeful bowlful basketful -ette cigarette kitchenette
-let booklet（小册子） leaflet（传单） piglet（小猪） starlet（小星星，小明
星）
-ce silence difference importance convenience distance patience
-ice justice正义, service服务
② 构成形容词的常用后缀：
-ful cheerful useful grateful faithful wonderful beautiful careful helpful fearful painful purposely thoughtful hopeful plentiful pitiful colourful regretful awful
-less careless homeless fearless helpless homeless starless motherless useless priceless valueless harmless shameless meaningless thoughtless powerless windless speechless wireless nameless endless lawless cloudless ５
colourless hopeless fruitless cheerless doubtless formless penniless flightless aimless odorless regardless restless shapeless
-ish foolish childish(幼稚的) selfish Swedish feverish（狂热的） English Scottish Spanish bookish(好读书的) mannish brownish reddish yellowish
-ive active collective decisive destructive instructive progressive attractive effective creative expensive interactive (互动的) sensitive passive conservative progressive
-ous courageous（勇敢的） dangerous famous continuous generous（慷慨的） religious zealous（热心的） poisonous spacious（广大的，大规模的） prosperous（繁荣的） infamous（声名狼藉的）various mountainous curious prosperous zealous envious spacious cautious tremendous glorious numerous jealous
-able acceptable agreeable comfortable unforgettable washable valuable reparable reasonable reliable suitable remarkable believable numerable passable practicable excusable eatable evitable moveable estimable notable laughable dependable escapable considerable doubtable noticeable inevitable profitable durable(耐久的) comparable portable
-ible sensible responsible permissible visible terrible horrible inflexible flexible comprehensible audible admissible incredible indigestible
-ic realistic poetic energetic domestic dramatic fantastic linguistic economic（经济学的） classic electric historic(历史上有名的) technologic metallic academic arctic athletic politic（明智的狡诈的）
-ical classical economical（节俭的） historical（历史上的） technological（专门的） ironical physical medical chemical political（政治的） logical musical topical
-al critical historical (历史的) logical (逻辑上的) accidental continual exceptional national seasonal grammatical spiritual agricultural industrial personal mineral central professional naval emotional sexual virtual universal manual mutual
-y funny rainy noisy snowy dirty dusty thirsty hungry oily tasty（美味
的）bony smelly worthy wealthy faulty healthy weighty dreamy（模糊的） foggy cosy greedy icy worthy spicy（有香味的）
-ly friendly lovely lively daily weekly lonely comradely brotherly orderly timely（及时的） costly（贵重的） cowardly（胆怯的） gentlemanly（绅士派头的） neighbourly worldly （世间的） slightly likely deadly homely（难看的随和的）
-ent dependent different obedient consistent（一致的）
-ary imaginary revolutionary secondary(次要的，第二的) honorary temporary elementary
-some troublesome burdensome(沉重的) lonesome tiresome quarrelsome handsome
-like childlike womanlike warlike（好战的） manlike
-en golden wooden earthen woolen silken leaden
-ed worried frightened terrified landed moneyed cultured talented pleased flooded salted disappointed interested limited advanced gifted coloured ragged underlined 底下划线的 gifted bearded talented
-ing interesting frightening boring tiring leading freezing inviting promising encouraging surprising shocking missing amusing charming pressing willing ６
-ate fortunate affectionate （亲爱的, 挚爱的） passionate（充满热情的） considerate
-an European Indian American Canadian Australian African Asian Korean
-ar similar familiar polar popular
-ior inferior superior junior
-ory satisfactory contradictory preparatory(准备的初步的)
-proof: fireproof bombproof waterproof airproof bulletproof
-ward awkward backward downward onward eastward homeward seaward ③ 构成动词数词副词的后缀：
-ize normalize modernize nationalize mechanize （机械化） industrialize collectivize（集体化） Americanize commercialize（使商业化） privatize magnetize（磁化） realize organize hospitalize（就医） apologize memorize popularize
-ate fortunate congratulate fascinate nominate
-en widen hasten strengthen lengthen loosen brighten fasten broaden blacken deepen redden thicken shorten straighten tighten weaken worsen harden sharpen ripen fatten sharpen
-ify simplify beautify amplify identify justify qualify simplify satisfy -ish furnish punish publish
-ly really happily simply terribly wonderfully properly fortunately actually accordingly(因此从而) secondly probably thickly shadily secretly similarly naturally wildly repeatedly particularly especially partly mostly mainly deeply highly shortly lately merely simply nervously willingly
-wards onward forwards upwards downwards eastwards homewards towards afterwards backwards
-wise clockwise likewise（同样的） otherwise anti-clockwise length-wise(纵长的，纵向长的)
-ways always sideways
④ 常见的表示否定意思的前缀：
un- unhappy untrue uneasy unrest uncomfortable unusually unfair unfortunate unknown unfinished unanswered unexpectedly undress unlock uncover unpack untie unfold unload
dis- dishonesty disclaim（否认） disagree disconnect disabled disrespectful disinterested disadvantaged disapproving disorder discomfort disown（不承认） disinfect dislike discover disarm disclose disbelieve disobey disregard disappoint disprove disappear discourage disobey disadvantage
in- informal inconvenient indirect incorrect incomplete inadvisable inaudible incomparable incomprehensible inexact insincere invisible injustice insensitive injustice inexact
inbeing inborn incident include income indoor infect influence inject insert inquire inspect intake
im- immoral impolite impossible important immodest improper imprecise impassable
imply import imprison
ir- irregular irresponsible irresistible（不可抵抗的, 不能压制的）
il- illegal illogical illegitimate（违法的，庶子）illiterate
non- nonstop nonsmoker non-conductor non-existent nonmember non-natural ７
nonparty non-white non-violence non-payment non-confidence nonhuman non-union non-nuclear non-sexual nonsense
⑤ 表示其他意思的前缀
re- retell rewrite rebuild redesign recover return renew republic rearrange remarry reuse recycle reunite remind remain revisit
mis- misunderstand misspell mistake mispronounce misuse misfortune mislead mistrust misremember
co- co-operate co-exist co-editor coworker codevelop
counter- counteract counter-attack counter-revolutionary
anti- anti-tank anti-fascist anti-clockwise anticlockwise antiaircraft anti-feudal antibody
pro- pro-French pro-British pro-Common Market
over- overdo overwork over-estimate oversimplify overtime（超时的加班的）overexcite overambitious（野心太大的）over-proud overweight overpopulation overage overhead overpower oversight overhead overcrowd overproduce overtake overturn overflow overthrow overhear
ex- ex-husband ex-president ex-serviceman exchange export
pre- pre-liberation pre-school pre-reading precaution(预防, 警惕)
post- post-graduate post-war post-election
fore- forehead foreleg foretell forecast
semi- semi-final semi- automatic semi-circle semiskilled semidesert semi-conductor semi-colonial semi-feudal
self- self-conceit self-confidence self-dependence self-defence self-help self-praise self-study self-support self-service self-esteem self-governing self-guided self-restraint
mal- maltreat malfunction（故障） malnutrition（营养失调）
mid- mid-autumn mid-term midnight mid-day mid-life（n. 中年）
super- superman supermarket superstructure（上部构造, 上层建筑）supernatural sub- subway subconscious（下意识的） subdivide（细分，再分）
inter- international internet interact inter-continental interview interrupt internal tele- telescope telephone television telegraph
trans- transport transatlantic transplant
micro- microphone microfilm microbiology microcomputer
mini- miniskirt minibus minicab
vice- vice-premier vice-chairman vicepresident
bi- bicycle bimonthly bilingual
tri- tricycle triangle
multi- multi-racial multi-national
auto- autonomous autobiography automobile
en- enlarge enrich enpower enrage encourage endanger enable encounter enclose entitle
be- belittle（轻视，使渺小） befriend（待人如友，帮助） behead （砍头） besmear （弄脏）
a- asleep awake aboard aside ashore alive alike alone away arise arouse（鼓励唤起） abide （忍受，遵守）
out- outlook outlaw outlet outcome outrun outlive outshine output outbreak outburst outfit outlook outnumber（超过数目） out-talk（压过别人的声音）；）
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with- withdraw（收回, 撤消vi.缩回, 退出v.撤退）withhold（保留抑制）
under- underestimate undervalue undercharge underpay underfed undersized underbelly undercurrent underclothes underpants undersea underwater under-feed under-estimate underpay underdeveloped（发育不全）undergraduate undertake undergo
3、 合成构词法：
① 合成形容词
形容词+名词+ed(或过去分词) noble-minded cold-blooded warm-hearted good-tempered absent-minded long-lasting longlegged longlived near-sighted single-handed one-eyed three-legged blue-eyed fair-haired simple-minded ill-formed noble-minded left-handed right-handed half-finished middle-aged deep-set ready-made ill-treated
形容词+现代分词 good-looking fine-sounding ordinary-looking easy-going low-lying fun-loving slow-acting quick-acting
副词+现代分词 hardworking far-reaching outgoing fast-moving
名词+现代分词 peace-loving paper-making English-speaking epoch-making sightseeing mass-producing track-laying breathtaking oil-bearing law-making epoch-making world-shaking north-facing far-reaching far-seeing
名词+过去分词 state-owned heartfelt air-dropped Chinese-designed radio-equipped machine-cultivated water-cooled hand-made man-made glass-topped（玻璃罩的） snow-covered horse-drawn sun-burnt clear-cut
副词+过去分词 well-known widespread newly-built highly-developed widely-used wrongly-pronounced curiously-shaped poorly-dressed well-skilled highly-praised newly-discovered upset
形容词+名词 large-scale high-class high-fat half-way old-style wide-awake above-mentioned
名词+形容词 duty-free air-sick grain-short worldwide nationwide smoke-free tax-free salt-free ice-free world-famous red-blind snow-white homesick
② 其他形式 over-all ever-victorious all-round everyday first-rate
underwater underground out-and-out face-to-face down-to-earth open-air quick-service long-term out-of-the-way well-off（手头宽裕的）wait-and-see（policy） nothing-can-be-done （attitude）back-to-front keep-fit high-rise part-time full-time（schools） half-open half-cook worthwhile long-term open-air extraordinary faraway ever-green ever-loving ever-victorious ever-increasing high-quality three-legged（tables） five-year（plans） two-faced（people）three-hour（ride） second-hand（books） out-of-date（books） word-for-word（translation）
③ 合成名词
名词+名词silkworm blood-test water-bird water-closet waterfall water-supply water-tower handbook handcuffs handcart weekend weekday workbook moon-cake pan-cake bookseller slave-owner gatekeeper shopkeeper firefighter bookshop sunshine moonlight daylight suitcase daytime hometown motherland fireplace tape-recorder cookbook fisherman bedclothes countryside seed-head headmaster headmistress fortnight salesman saleswoman airline airport film-maker streetcar headline sideway hillside weatherman businessman armyman gunpowder armchair seaside glasshouse greenhouse paperwork ９
housework homework battlefield coastline landowner housewife courtyard aircraft postman mailbox photocopier keyboard rainfall snowfall step-mother hairdressing hair-dye hairpin toothpaste nightlife nightgown nightmare rainforest timetable worktable railroad household neighbourhold farmyard schoolyard courtyard cupboard housewife battlefield
名词+动词 handshake haircut earthquake headache stomachache toothache earache breakdown wartime peacetime network handstand
形容词+名词double-dealer shorthand full-name given-name loudspeaker long-wave short-wave wildlife free-way one-way blue-collar white-collar parttime
动名词+名词waiting-room dining-room swimming-pool sleeping-pills dressing-table
动词+名词pickpocket break-water playground workforce sunset sunrise daybreak cross-roads harvest-time
名词+动名词handwriting sun-bathing body-building
动词+副词get-together breakthrough leftover
副词+动词downfall outbreak
其他形式well-being commander-in-chief mother-in-law good-for-nothing touch-me-not by-product go-between take-off（起飞时间）turnover（营业额）handout nowadays income overcoat leftover handover handkerchief handmaiden passer-by go-between grown-up pick-me-up（兴奋剂），what`s-his-name（某某人）
④ 合成动词eavesdrop sleep-walk undergo overthrow whitewash blacklist
widespread broadcast overcome tiptoe
⑤ 合成副词maybe forever whole-heartedly whatever however moreover
nevertheless downstairs upstairs overseas sideways meanwhile indoors overhead outdoors somewhere anyhow somehow everywhere therefore nevertheless somewhat downtown uptown alongside
⑥ 合成代词myself everything forever nearby
⑦ 合成介词within without throughout underneath
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