高中英语必修4
Module 1
1. would like (sb.) to do sth.
would like sth.
like to do / doing sth.
enjoy doing sth. } 常用于表示“愿意，喜欢”
fee like doing sth. 的结构
be crazy about sth.
be addicted to ( doing ) sth.
be content to do sth.
2. be used to do sth. 被用来做某事
be used for sth. 被用于某事
be /get used to ( doing ) sth. 习惯于（做）某事
used to do sth. 过去常常做某事
3. What … look like? … … 看上去怎么样？
4. for sure 肯定地
从句
be sure +{ of /about sth./ doing sth. } 确信；肯定；
to do sth. 一定做某事
make sure +{ 从句
of / about sth. } 弄清楚；查明
be / feel sure of oneself 有信心
be sure （口） 当然；肯定
5. at risk = in danger 在危险中
take a risk/risks 冒险
run the risk of doing sth. 冒着做某事的危险
at all risks 无论冒什么危险；无论如何
risk doing sth. 冒险做某事
risk one’s life 冒着生命危险
6. make predictions 预测
7. get + adj. 变得… …
8. care for 关心；爱护
9. natural resources 自然资源
10. run out / run out of 用尽/将… 用尽
11. recycled materials 可回收利用材料
12. such as 例如
13. rely on / depend on 依赖…
14. solar power 太阳能
in power/ out of power 掌权的/执政的/下台；丧失权力
take power 掌权
come to power 掌权；得势
beyond/out of one’s power某人能力所不能及的；不能
重点词组及语法总结
15. plenty of 许多；大量的
16. urban life 城市生活
17. a city of 50,000 people 拥有5万人口的城市
18. get rid of 除掉
19. load … with… 用… 装载…
20. send … towards… 把… 发往…
21. prevent sb./sth.( from )doing sth. 阻止某人做某事
stop sb./sth. (from) doing sth.
keep sb./sth. from doing sth.
discourage sb./sth. (from) doing sth.
22. arrest sb. for … 因… 而逮捕某人
place/put sb. under arrest 逮捕某人
be under arrest 被捕
make an arrest 逮捕
23. by firing nets 通过射出网状物
fire on sb./shoot at sb. 朝某人开枪
fire sb. 解雇某人
24. instead of 代替；而不是
take the place of / (be) in place of 代替； 取代
25. allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事
（被动）be allowed to do sth.
allow doing sth. 允许做某事
（被动）doing be allowed
allow sb. sth. 给某人提供某物
26. within limits 适度；节制地
without limits 无节制地
be limited to 局限于
set limits/a limit to 对… 加以限制
limit sth. to 把某物限定在…（范围内）
27. voice commands 语音指令
in command of 指挥，统帅
command sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事
be at sb’s command 听某人的吩咐
in/under the command fo sb. 由某人统帅
have a good command of … 对… 运用自如
command that +从句[虚拟语气 (should )do] 命令…
28. place orders 订购
29. at birth 在出生时
30. provide sb. with sth.
provide sth. for sb. } 为某人提供某物
31. free of charge/for free 免费
in charge of 负责；掌管；照料（表主动）
in the charge of 由… 管理 （表被动）
take charge of 掌管；控制，负责
charge sb. ... for sth. 就某事物向某人索取… 费用
32. at the flick of a switch 轻轻一按开关
switch over 转换，使… 交换位置
switch on / off （把电视、收音机、电灯等）打开/关掉
turn on/off （把电视、水、煤气等）打开/关掉
33. carry out 执行；实施
34. make an operation on sb. 给某人做手术
35. senior citizens 老年市民；老年人
36. people with disabilities 残疾人
37. be attached to… 迷恋…; 附属于…
attach sth. to sth. 将某物系在、缚在或附在另一物上
attach oneself to sb. 和某人在一起
attach to sb. 与某人相关联
38. add … to … 把… 加到… 上
add to 增加；加强
add up to 总计达
add up 加起来；总计
add in 算入；包括
add on 加上；附加
39. in space 在太空里
40. ordinary citizens 普通市民
41. Look out!/Watch out!/Watch it!/Be careful!/Take care!
小心；当心
42. get stuck/be stuck in 围住，陷入… 之中
43. read through 通读
44. for a start 首先（常用于说理场合）
at first/at the beginning (强调时间上或顺序上“首先”)
at the very start/at the very beginning 一开始
45. on the way out 即将被淘汰
on one’s way (to) 在某人去… 的途中
in the way 妨碍
in a way 不完全，在某种程度上
in no way 决不，一点儿也不
under way 进行中
by way of 路经，经过，经由
by the way 顺便说一说
all the way 一路上；自始至终
make way 让路
make one’s way 前进，行进
give way 让步，屈服
46. not all 并非都…
47. come true 实现
48. flying machine 飞行器
49. a world market 世界市场
50. clothes made of paper 纸制的衣服
51. throw away 扔掉
throw at… 朝… 扔
throw about 到处乱扔
52. in progress 在进行中
make (great) progress 取得（巨大）进步
make progress in 在… 方面取得进步
make progress towards 朝着… （目标）前进
make progress with 把… 向前推进；在…
方面取得进展，进行
53. building required for men to stay in
人们需要住在里面的建筑物
54. a robot shaped like a box 像盒子形状的机器人
in shape 在形状上
in the shape of 呈… 的形状；以… 的形式
out of shape 变形，走样
in any shape 以任何形式
55. move about 四处移动
56. the mid-1980’s 20世纪80年代中期
57. 表示目的的短语和句型：
to do sth.
in order to do sth.
so as to do sth.(不可用于句首)
in order that
so that }后面的句子多含有情态动词
in case
语法一 将来进行时
概念 表示将来某时正在进行的动作或所处的状态，或按
预测将来某时会发生的事情。
常用时间状语
soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time,
in two days, tomorrow evening等。
形式 shall / will be doing
将来进行时主要表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作，或表示要在将来某一时间开始，并继续下去的动作。常用来表示礼貌地询问、请问等。
如果主语是第一人称，除在疑问句中外，will 比shall 更常用。
I shall/will be leaving. We shall/ will be leaving.
You will be leaving. You will be leaving.
He/She/It will be leaving They will be leaving.
基本用法
将来进行时有很强的预测性
（1） 表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作，一般带状语。
She will be taking care of the children while your are away.你不在时，她将照料孩子们。?
What will you be doing at 8o’clock this evening?
今晚8点你会在做什么？
We shall not be working this time next week.
下周这个时候我们就不再工作了。
（2） 表示现在正在进行的动作，但这个动作会延续到将来。
I wonder if it will be raining this afternoon.
我想知道今天下午是否仍会下雨。
I think that she will be working on this experiment until tomorrow morning.
我想她会做这个实验到明天早上。
（3） 表示预定的将来的动作或对将来的预测。
Tomorrow I will be flying to London.
明天我要飞往伦敦。
After you take the medicine, you will be feeling much better. 吃过药后你会感觉舒服好多的。
将来进行时于现在进行时表将来的区别：
（1） 表示将来意义的现在进行时表示一种事先经过考虑
的、将来要发生的动作，而将来进行时通常表示正
常过程中会发生的动作，因此将来进行时不如表将
来意义的现在进行时那样肯定。
I’m seeing Tom tomorrow. 明天我要去见Tom。
I’ll be seeing Tom tomorrow. 明天我会见到Tom。
第一句话指Tom 或说话人已经特意安排了这次会
面，而第二句则意指Tom 和说话人将在通常的进
程中见面（也许他们在一起工作）。不过这种差别不
是在任何情况下都存在的，而且两者常常可以换用。
（2） 现在进行时表将来通常表示不远的将来的动作，必
须有确定的时间；而将来进行时可以和确定的时间
状语连用，也可以不用时间状语，而且将来进行时
既可以表示不远的将来的动作，也可以表示较远的
将来的动作。
[译] 明天我们要见他。
We are meeting him tomorrow.
We will be meeting him tomorrow.
练习
1. Daniel’s family ____ their holiday in Huangshan this time
next week.
A. are enjoying B. are to enjoy
C. will enjoy D. will be enjoying
2. – Guess what, we’ve got our visas for a short-term visit to the UK this summer.
- How nice! You ____ a different culture then.
A. will be experiencing B. have experienced
C. have been experiencing D. will have experienced
3. Come to my house early tomorrow morning. If I ____, wake me up.
A. sleep B. will be sleeping
C. was still sleeping D. am still sleeping
4. Our car ____ at the present speed until it reaches Shanghai at about ten o’clock tonight.
A. goes B. is going C. will be going D. went
语法二 with 的复合结构
一、with复合结构的构成
with +宾语+宾语补足语，构成with复合结构，宾语
可以是名词或代词，宾语补足语可以是介词短语、
过去分词、现在分词、动词不定式、副词等。
1. with+宾语+介词短语
He was asleep with his head on his arms.
2. with +宾语+过去分词
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.
3. with+宾语+现在分词
With winter coming on, it’s time to buy warm clothes.
4. with +宾语+to do
I can’t go out with all these dishes to wash.
5.with +宾语+副词
Anderson was lying on the bed with all his clothes on.
6.with +宾语+形容词
My old grandpa likes sleeping with the windows open.
二、with复合结构的作用
with复合结构常作状语，表示原因、时间、条件、伴随、
方式等，例句如下：
1. We sat on the dry grass with our backs to the wall.
2. She could not leave with her painful duty unfulfilled.
3. He lay in bed with his head covered.
4. Jack soon fell asleep with the light still burning.
5. I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill.
注：with复合结构在句子中还可以作定语，例句如下：
（1） There was a letter for Lanny with a Swiss stamp on it. （作定语修饰letter）
（2） It was a vast stretch of country with cities in the
distance.（作定语修饰a stretch of country）
巩固练习：
一、单项填空。
1. With nothing _________________ to burn, the fire
became weak and finally died out.
A. leaving B. left C. leave D. to leave
2. The girl sat there with her eyes ________________ on the
wall.
A. fixing B. fixed
C. to be fixing D. to be fixed
3. I live in the house with its door _______________ to the
south.
A. facing B. faces
C. faced D. being faced
4.They pretended to be working hard all night with their
lights _____________.
A. burn B. burnt C. burning D. to burn
二、用with复合结构完成下列句子。
1. ________________________（有很多工作要做），I
couldn’t go to see the doctor.
2. She sat ___________________（低着头）.
3. The day was bright _________________________（微风
吹拂）.
4. __________________________（心存梦想），he went to
Hollywood.
Key：
一、单项填空
1. B 2. B 3. A 4. C
二、1. With a lot of work to do
2. with her head bent
3. with a fresh breeze blowing
4. With a dream in heart
Module 2
1. by all means 尽一切办法
by means of … 用… 的方法
by no means 决不
2. get around/about/round 消息传开
3. connect/join… to… 把… 和… 连接起来
be connected to 与… 相连
connect…with… 把…和…联系起来
be connected with 与… 有联系/与… 有关联
be connected by 由…连接
4. in no time 立刻；马上
at the same time 同时
have a good time 玩的高兴
in time 及时
on time 准时
at no time 决不
at a time 每次，依次
at one time 曾经，一度
ahead of time 提前
all the time 总是，一直
at times 有时
for the time being 暂时
once upon a time 从前
from time to time 偶尔，间或
5. on display(=on exhibition) 在展览中
6. permit sb. to do sth. 准许某人做某事
permit doing sth. 准许做某事
permit (of) sth. 认可、容忍某事
7. avoid sth./doing sth. 避开某物/避免做某事
avoid sb./sth. from …. 使… 某人/某物免受…
8. impress sth. on/upon sb. 使某人意识到某事
be impressed by/with… （…给某人）留下深刻印象
impress sth. on one’s mind 让某人牢记某事
leave a good/bad impression on sb.
给某人留下好/坏印象
9. have a view of 看到
in view of 鉴于，考虑到；由于
on view 展览着；上映中；陈列着
in one’s view 依某人之见
10. under construction 正在建设中
11. be convenient to sb. 对某人来说方便
It’s convenient for sb. to do sth.对某人来说方便做某事
12. be worth sth 值（钱数/代价/价值）
be (well) worth doing sth. (很)值得做某事
be worthy of sth
值得、配得上…（不能接表示钱数的名词）
be worthy to be done
} 值得被做
be worthy of being done
13. have sth. done = get sth.done 使某物/某事被…
have sb. do sth.= get sb. to do sth. 叫某人做某事
have sb./sth. doing sth.
使某人/某物一直做某事或处于某状态
→ leave sth. done 任凭… … 被… …
make sth. done 使… … 被… …
want sth. done 想让 … … 被… …
find sth. done 发现… … 被… …
14. cause sb. to do sth. 使某人做某事
cause trouble 惹麻烦
15. because of sth. 因为… …
as a result of sth. 由于… … 的原因
as a result 结果
with the result that … 结果是… …
without result 毫无结果地
in consequence 因此…
lead to … 导致…
result in … 导致…
result from … 由… 造成
16. in the opinion of sb. =in one’s opinion =in one’s view
=according to what sb. says 在某人来看，依某人观点
→ have a good/high opinion of 对… 评价好/高
have a bad/low opinion of 对 … 评价不好/低
be against one’s opinion 反对某人的观点
17. not only … but (also) … 不但… 而且…
18. go on doing sth. 继续做同一件事（不间断）
go on to do sth 继续做另一件事
go on with sth. （停顿后）继续做同一件事
19. get it 明白，懂得，理解
make it 及时到达,赶上; 取得成功; 活下来, 挺过去
manage it 成功地做某事
work it 完成，做好
20. a piece of advice 一条建议
give sb. some advice on sth. 就某事向某人提出建议
ask sb. for advice on sth. 向某人征求关于某事的意见
take/follow sb’s advice 接受劝告
advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做某事
advise sb. against doing sth. 建议某人不要做某事
advise doing sth. 建议做某事
advise sb. of sth. 通知某人某事
advise (sb. ) about sth./doing sth
为（某人）出主意，提出建议，提供咨询
21. keep cool 保持冷静
keep calm 保持镇静
keep quiet 保持安静
keep still 保持不动
keep fit/healthy 保持健康
keep silent 保持沉默
keep in touch with… 与…保持联系
keep …out of 不让… 进入
keep up with… 跟上，不落在后面
keep up 保持，继续下去
keep … from 阻止，抑制
keep off… 避开…，不接近…
keep away 避开，不接近
keep back 挡住，制止住
22. react to 产生反应；回应，对应
react on/upon (对…给予)反应；影响，起作用
react with 起化学反应，发生物理变化
react against 反抗；对抗
23. solve a problem 解决问题
a solve to a problem 问题的解决办法
→ the answer to … … … …的答案
the entrance to … … … …的入口
the door to… … … …的门
notes to… … … … 的注释
the damage to … … 对… … 的破坏
the key to … … … …的钥匙/答案
the letter to … … 给… … 的信
the access to … … … … 的通道/机会
24. divide sth. into… 把某物分成…
be divided into… 被分成…
divide sth. between/among/with…
把某物在… 之间分配
divided by 除；除以
25. no way（俚语）肯定不，没门儿；不（表示断然拒绝
做某事）；不可能（表示不相信或惊讶）
26. sth. occur to sb. 某人突然想起某事
It occurs to sb. that ...
某人突然想到…（that引导主语从句）
27. in point of fact 实际上，其实
at all points 在各方面，充分地
at the point of 靠近，将近… 的时候
in point of 就… 而言；关于
beside the point 离题；不中肯
keep to the point 紧扣主题
to the point of 到… 阶段（地步、程度）
to the point 切中主题，中肯的
The point is … 最重要的是…;问题是…
There is no point doing sth. 做某事没有意义（用处）
point to 指出，提出（事或理由）；暗示，预示
point at 指着… （进出的对象或目标）
point…to/at… 把… 对着…
point out sth. (to sb.) （向某人）指出某事/物
point out that /wh- 从句 指出
28. be faced with 面临
face the fact 面对现实
face the music 承担后果
face up to 勇于接受并处理（不愉快的事实或问题）
make a face 做鬼脸
face to face 面对面
to sb’s face 当着某人的面
lose face 丢脸
save face 保全面子
29. agree (with sb.) about/on sb. 同意（某人）某事
agree with sth. 赞成某事；与某事相符
agree that … 同意…;对…取得一致意见
agree to sth. 同意某事；达成共识
agree to do sth. 同意做某事
30. (can/could/be able to ) afford sth./to do sth.
买得起，拿得出；有足够的金钱/时间做…
语法 祈使句
1． 第二人称祈使句表示向对方请求、命令等，主语you
通常不说出（为了指明主语或加强语气时可说出）。
第二人称祈使句肯定结构的位于动词一律用动词
原形，加强与其时可在动词原形前加do。第二人
称祈使句否定结构的谓语动词，一律在肯定结构前
加助动词do not(don’t/never),以let 开头的祈使句，
后面的动词用原形。祈使句句末用感叹号或句号，
句子用降调。
（1） 肯定祈使句（谓语动词用动词原形）
Be careful! 小心！
Stop talking! 别说了!
（2） 否定祈使句（在谓语动词前加do
not/don’t/never）
Don’t open the door.
( 3 ) let 开头的祈使句（let’s /let sb. +动词原形）
Let’s go to school now.
Let me have a try.
Let him stay.
2． 用法：
（1） 祈使句中一般不出现主语
Please don’t forget to take your medicine.
（2） 带主语的祈使句
为了加强语气或特指明向谁发出命令或要
求时，需加主语you，又是还可以同时加
称呼。
Tom, you water the flower!
① 祈使句的主语通常为第二人称，但一般不加。只有带有较强的感情色彩时才加。
You be quiet!
② 主语是you 的祈使句可以用来表示对比
You take that piece and I’ll take this.
③ 用了主语you,如果谓语动词是实义动词，祈使句和陈述句在形式上是完全一样的。但如果谓语动词是be动词，区别是很明显的。
You be the driver. 你做司机。（祈使句）
You are the driver.你是司机。（陈述句）
④ 祈使句的主语也可以是第三人称，但必须表示出来，这种情况是为了明确指出向谁发出命令或提出祈求等。
Everybody shut their eyes.
大家都把眼睛闭上。
（3） 祈使句+and/or +陈述句
Give him an inch, and he will take a mile.
得寸进尺
Hurry up, or you will be late.
3． 句型：
(1) 祈使句的基本结构有以下几种类型：
①please +v.原形 或 v.原形 + please
Ok,listen to me carefully,please.
②do not/don’t +v. 原形
Don’t touch anything without permission.
③let+宾语（+not ）+ v. 原形
Let’s tidy the laboratory and put every-
thing back in the cupboards.
(2) 委婉的祈使语气句型：
① Why not + v. 原形？
Why not go with me?
② Would you mind +v.-ing?
Would you mind allowing us to go ?
③ Will/Would/Can/Could
you please+v.原形？
Will/Would/Can/Could you please give
us instructions for using the laboratory?
(3) 祈使句的反意疑问句
① 祈使句为肯定句时，反意疑问句可以
用won’t 来表示邀请，而用will, would, can和can’t 表示告诉别人该做什么。
Have a glass of water, won’t you?
喝杯水，好吗？
Give me a hand , will you?
帮帮我，好吗？
Be quiet, can’t you?
安静下来，好不好？
② 祈使句为否定句时，反意疑问句用
Will you
Don’t talk any more, will you?
别再说话了，好吗？
③ 以let’s 开头的祈使句，反意疑问句
要用shall we或shan’t we
Let’s go there,shall we?
我们去那儿，好吗？
(4) 用祈使句表达祝愿的方式
Success to you ! 祝你成功！
Wish you a good journey! 祝你旅途愉快！
May you have a happy marriage!
祝你们新婚愉快！
Allow me to propose a toast to our friendship. 为我们的友谊干杯！
练习:
1. Try to retell the story in your own words. ____ afraid to
make mistakes.
A. Not to be B. Don’t C.. Not be D. Don’t be
2. Stand over there ____ you’ll be able to see the oil painting better.
A. but B. till C. and D. or
3. ____ me go. It is very important for me.
A. Do let B. Let do C. Doing let D. To do let
4. Never come late again, ____?
A. will you B. won’t you
C. do you D. don’you
5. ____ up early tomorrow, or you can’t catch the rain.
A. Getting B. Get C. To get D. Got
6. The film is about to begin. Please ____ seated.
A. be B. are C. is D. being
7. – How can I get up so early?
- Set the alarm at 5:00 a.m., ____ you will make it.
A. and B. but C. or D. so
8. Mum, I’ve reviewed my lessons for a whole day. Let
me play the computer game for a little while, ____?
A. shall I B. can I C. will you D. don’t you
Module 3
1. communicate sth. to sb. 把某事/物传给某人
communicate with sb. 同某人交流
2. more than + 数词 超过（ = over ）
more than + 形容词 非常；很
more than + 名词 不仅仅（= not only ）
more than + 从句 非… … 所能
more + n./adj. + than … 与其说是… , 不如说是…
→辨析
no more … than ( not… just as… not ) … 与… 都不
not more… than (not so… as ) 不像…一样；不如…
no more than ( only ) 不过，只有，仅仅
not more than ( at most ) 不超过；至多
→比较
You are more careful than he is. 你比他仔细。
You are not more careful than he is. 你不如他仔细。
You are no more careful than he is.你和他一样不仔细
You are less careful than he is. 你比他粗心。
You are not less careful than he is. 你比他仔细。
You are no less careful than he is.你和他一样仔细。
3. think of 想起，想到
4. spoken and written words 口语和书面语
5. body positions 身体姿势
6. body language 身体语言
7. (be) conscious/unconscious of 意识到/未意识到
8. vary with… 随… 而变化
vary from … 不同于
vary from … to … 由… 到… 情况不等
vary between… and… 由… 到…情况不等
vary in… 在…方面 变化
9. on guard （保持）警惕；值班
be on (one’s) guard against 提防 …
keep guard 放哨；守望
off guard 不当班；不戒备，疏忽
→ on watch 在值班
off watch 不在班
keep watch 值班；守望
9. make/do a deal (with…)
（与…）做交易；（和…）达成协议
transact a deal 进行一笔交易
close a deal 完成一笔交易；达成一项协议
have a deal with… 与…做一笔交易
a great/good deal of + [U] 很多，大量的
a great/good deal + 比较级 … 得多
That’s a deal! 就这么定啦！
deal with… 对付；应付
deal in … 从事，经营… ；做… 买卖
10. involve… in… 使… 参与…；使… 介入…
be involved in doing sth. 一心一意做某事
get/be involved in …
被卷入…中；包含在…；与…有关；专心地…
involve doing sth. 包括做… …
be involved in trouble/disaster 卷入纠纷/陷入不幸
11. hold up 举起；阻碍（常用于被动）；拦路抢劫
hold back 阻止；隐瞒；抑制
hold on 坚持；抓住
hold out 伸出；坚持；维持
hold on to 执著于…；不卖(某物)
hold off 拖延；推迟；抵挡住
→ lift up 举起；抬起
go up 上涨；上升
grow up 长大
bring up 培养，养育；呕吐；提高（价格）
give up 放弃
look up 抬头看；（在字典中）查找
12. spread out 散开
spread oneself 舒展身体
spread rumors 散布谣言
spread wildfire 像野火般蔓延
13. give away 捐赠，分发；泄露，暴露；放弃，失去
→ give back 归还，送还
give in 上交；屈服；让步
give forth 发出，发表
give rise to 引起，使产生，造成
give out 分配，分发；用完，耗尽
give up 放弃；停止
give way (to) 让路，让步；由…代替
give off 散发（光、热等）
14. stare at… 凝视，盯这看，注视
stare into the distance 凝视远方
stare sb. Into silence
用眼睛瞪着某人使其哑口无言
stare sb. up and down 上下打量某人
→ look sb. in the face 盯着某人的脸
glare at… 怒视
glance at… 瞥一眼
fix one’s eyes on… 盯着看…
15. bend sth. 使某物弯曲
bend down (over)sth./to do sth. 弯腰/俯身做某事
be bent on sth./doing sth. 专心于（做）某事
bend sb. to … 使某人服从于…
bend … into… 把… 弯成…
16. wipe sth. away 把某物擦掉
wipe sth. from sth. 从… 抹去…
wipe …off… 从…上擦掉…，消灭掉…
wipe …out 除去，彻底消灭
17. vt.+sb.+介词+the+身体部位
(动词为表示“抽、打、拉、抓”等意思的
pat,tap,hit,beat,sthike,pull,take,catch,grasp,seize类）
18. by accident /by chance 偶然地
19. make a toast 干杯
propose a toast 提议举杯
drink a toast to 为…干杯
20. refer to 提及，涉及；查阅；求助于…与… 有关
21. go blank 变得茫然、无表情、困惑、空虚等
→ go bad 变质/ go mad 疯了/go hungry 挨饿/
go blind 瞎了/go red 脸红了
look blank 发愣
22. be in a panic 在恐慌中
get into a panic/be thrown in a panic 陷入恐慌
be struck/seized with a panic 惊慌失措
23. be rude to sb. 对…粗鲁
It’s rude of sb. to do sth. 某人做某事是无礼的
→ be + 形容词+to 结构
be blind to … 对… 视而不见
be familiar to… 为… 所熟悉
be important to … 对… 重要
be polite to … 对… 有礼貌
be true to… 忠实于，信守
be cruel to… 对… 残酷
be opposite to… 在…对面，和…相反
be similar to… 与…相似
24. say hello to sb. = greet sb. 向某人问好
25. request the pleasure of sb’s company at…
敬请光临（写信时的客套话）
request that clause （从句中用虚拟语气）要求…
request sb. to do sth. 要求某人做某事
request sb.of sth. 要求某人某物
make a request for … 要求…;请求…
on request 一经要求
by request 应邀
at sb’s request 应某人的要求
in great request 急需求；很受欢迎
26. do sb. a favour=do a favour for sb.
帮某人一把；给某人以恩惠
do sb. the favout to do sth./of doing sth.帮某人做某事
be in favour of 赞成；支持…
return favour to favour 以恩报恩
27. at the end of 在… …末
28. a live performance 现场表演
29. put on performances 演出
30. classical Athens 古代雅典
31. in one’s judgement 按照某人的判断
make a judgement 作出判断
pass judgement on sb. 对… 某人宣判
judge by/from 依… 判断
32. take part (in…) 参加，参与
33. be in competition with… 与… 竞争
34. a sign of … …的标志，象征
35. laugh out （出声地）大笑
36. on occasions 间或，偶尔
37. at a wedding/funeral 在婚礼上/葬礼上
38. be introduced to 被介绍给…
39. shake hands 握手
40. believe sb. 相信某人的话
believe in sb.=trust sb. 信任某人
41. put …over… 把… 放在…上
42. join their hands 双手交叉
43. in respect =respectfully 尊敬地
44. quite a … 相当…
45. body language 肢体语言
46. be fascinating for 对…有吸引力
47. palm outwards 掌心向外
48. bow to sb. 向某人鞠躬
语法 状语从句
条件状语从句
1．可分为真实条件和假设条件句。条件状语从句通常由
下列连词（词组）引导；if如果，unless除非，若不，
suppose/supposing假设，provided (that)假若，providing
(that)假若，on condition that如果，as/so long as只要，
in case 如果，given that 假设，only if/if only只要等等。
If you want something done in a hurry,don’t go to the man
who has clearly not much to do.如果你想把事情赶快完
成，就不要去找那个明显无事可做的人。
Only if you have read this book ，can you know how to
operate the computer.只有你阅读了这本书你才知道如
何操作电脑。
2．条件状语从句使用时应注意的问题
①unless 是个有否定意义的连词，相当于if … not。
unless 表示除外的唯一条件，通常不能用unless
从句，但if … not… 却可以用and 连接。
You will fail unless you work hard.
You will fail if you don’t work hard.
(正) She won’t lose weight if she does not keep a diet
and if she does not take exercise every day.
（误）She won’t lose weight unless she keeps a diet
and unless she takes exercise every day.
②only if 与if only 引导条件状语从句时的区别
a) only if （只要…）引导陈述语气的真实条件句。若放在句首，主句要用倒装结构。
-Will you come?
-Only if you promise not to invite Mary.
Only if you promise me that you won’t
invite Mary, will I .
b) if only 引导虚拟条件句，也可引导感叹句，意为“但愿…”“要是…就好了”。
If only he had arrived on time!
要是他准时到就好了。
If only they were here now, we would be able to celebrate their birthday.
让步状语从句
常用连词（词组）：though(although)虽然，as尽管，while 尽管，even though/if 即使，however 不管怎样，whatever不管什么，no matter (how ,what,where,when)不管（怎样，什么，哪里，何时），whether…or 不管…还是…等等。
Although he is poor, he is honest.
While I understand your viewpoint, I don’t agree with you.
Whatever you say she never listens.
Whether she is sick or well, she is always cheerful.
注意的问题
1． as 从句一般放在主句之前，须用倒装语序。从句中
的表语、状语或动词原形放于句首。若表语是名词，前置时要省略冠词。
Child as he is, he knows a lot.
Much I like it, I won’t buy it, for it’s too expensive.
Try as he might , he could not find a job.
though 引导的从句也可以像as 一样用倒装语序，但是although 引导的从句只能用正常语序。比较系列句子
Smart though/as she is, she doesn’t study hard.
Though she is smart , she doesn’t study hard.
Although she is smart ,she doesn’t study hard.
Smart although she is, she doesn’t study hard.
As she is smart , she doesn’t study hard.
注意：though /although 可以与still,yet,nevertheless
连用，而不能与but 连用。though还可作副
词使用。
Though /Although I’m fond of music, (yet/still)
I can’t play any instrument.
He can work out such a math problem .Though, he is a
Young boy..
2． Whether…or 不管…还是…；疑问词+ever与no matter + 疑问词 不管…，无论…
Whether you believe it or not, it is true.
Whoever (No matter who) you are, you must obey the rules.
注意：whoever, whatever,whomever,whichever还可以
引导名词性从句。
You can take whatever you like.
no matter 可以与whether /if 连用
No matter whether/if it snows or not, we shall
start on the journey.
3． even if 和even though 即使，虽然，尽管
even if 和even though 引导的从句可以用陈述语气也可以用虚拟语气，但含义有所不同。
Even if I am busy, I will attend the meeting.
虽然忙，我也要参加会议。
Even if I were busy, I would attend the meeting.
即使忙，我也要参加会议。
Even if/Even though I had known here address, I might not have had time to visit her.
4． since 引导让步状语从句时，只能放在句首，相当于although.
Since / Although he has some shortcomings, he has also some good points.
练习
1.The school rules state that no child shall be allowed out of
the school during the day, ____ accompanied by an adult.
A. once B. when C. if D. unless
2. My parents don’t mind what job I do ____ I am happy
A. even though B. as soon as
C. as long as D. as though.
3.The engineers are so busy that they have zero time for
outdoor sports activities,____ they have the interest.
A. wherever B. whenever C. even if D. as if
4.____ you may have, you should gather your courage to
face the challenge.
A. However a serious problem
B. What a serious problem
C. However serious a problem
D. What serious a problem
5. You’d better take some money with you, ____ you need it.
A. though B. in case C. even if D. as long as
Module 4
1. leading figure 杰出人士
2. bring up 培养；养育
bring down 降低
bring in 赚钱；带进，传入
bring out 拿出；使罢工；推出
bring about 带来；引起
bring back 归还；恢复；回想
3. from an early age 从小
4. begin experiments in… 在…方面开始试验
5. crop breeding 作物育种
6. the key to … …的关键
→ the answer to … …的答案
notes to the text 课文注释
the entrance/exit to… …的入口/出口
the solution to the question/problem 解决问题的方案
7. one way to do sth. 做… 的方法
8. by crossing… 通过杂交
9. make/carry out/do/perform/try an experiment 做试验
experiment on… 用… 做试验
experiment with… 做…的试验
10. bring in sb. 使某人参加…
11. from all over China 来自全国的
12. rise by… / rise to… 上升了…/上升到…
13.square kilometer 平方千米
14.be converted to… 被转换到…
convert sth.(from sth.) into/to sth. 把某物转变为某物
convert sb. from… to … 使某人从…改变至…
15.cash crop 经济作物
16.be exported to 被出口到…
17.the second +形容词最高级 第二最…的
18.a species of grass 一种草
（单复数同形的词还有：sheep/deer/Chinese/Japanese/
works工厂/ series系列/ remains剩余物/ means方法、
手段/aircraft 飞行器，飞机）
19.in search of…/ in one’s search for…/make a search of/for
寻找… …
search sb./sp. for sth. 搜查，探索，寻找
search for ( =look for ) 寻找
20. support oneself 自食其力
support sb. against … 支持某人反对
support by sth. 靠某物支持
support with sth. 用某物支撑
support in sth. 在某方面给予支持
in support of 为了…支持
21. replace …with/by… 以…替换/代替…
22.in quantity 大量
a quantity /quantities of … 许多…,大量的…
23.the second award 二等讲
award sb. sth. 办法/授予/判给某人某物
award sth. to sb.
be awarded for… 因…而获奖
24.in any case 无论如何，总之
in case 万一，以防
in case of 要是，如果，万一
25.in brief =briefly 简言之，一言以蔽之
to be brief 简而言之（作插入语）
26.graduate from/at 毕业于
graduate in medicine 医学毕业
27.diagnose sb. with/as… 诊断某人患…病
diagnose … as … 诊断…为…
28.earn one’s living 谋生
make a / one’s living
get a living
earn one’s bread
earn a fortune 发财
29.come to power =come into power开始执政;掌权;上台
in power 当权
take power 当权；执政
have/hold power over sth. 对谋事/物有控制欲
beyond one’s power 不能胜任
30.send…into space 将… 送入太空
31. firework displays 焰火表演
32. great events 重大事件
33.by accident 偶然
34.throw…into… 把…扔进…
35.make explosions 制造爆炸
36.jump out of 从…中跳出来
37.escape from/out of… 从…逃跑
escape (doing) sth. 逃避（做）某事
38.at war 处于战争状态
39.shoot at… 朝…射击
40.be attached to… 被拴/捆到…上
41.keep …doing… 使…在做…
42.in a straight direction 成直线方向
in all directions=in every direction 朝四面八方
in the direction of… 朝…的方向
in the opposite direction 朝相反方向
under the direction of… 在…指导下
43.It’s possible that… …是可能的
44.over the surface of 在…表面之上
45.thick smoke 浓烟
语法一 数字的表达
1． 基数词与序数词表达法
2． 小数的表达法
3． 分数表达法
4． 百分数表达法
5． 倍数表达法
A is twice/…times as…
This room is twice as big as that one.
A is twice/…times +比较级+than…
This room is once bigger than that one
A is twice/…times+the +抽象名词（如：length,width,depth,height,ect.）+of B
This room is twice the size of that one.
6． 时间的表达法
a) 日期表达
b) 钟点表达
c) 世纪、年代表达
7． 编号表达法
a) 事物名词（不加冠词）+基数词
b) 定冠词the + 序数词 + 事物名词
c) 电话号码
语法二 被动语态
一 基本构成 be + 及物动词过去分词（+by…）
二 用法
1． 不知道谁是动作的执行者，或没有必要指明谁是动作的执行者。
-The window is dirty.
-I know. It hasn’t been cleaned for weeks.
2． 需要强调或突出动作的承受者或事件本身。
All the employees except the manager are encouraged to work online at home.
3． 在文章标题、广告、新闻中。
Girls wanted.
Millions of pounds’ worth of damage has been caused by a storm which swept across the north of England last night.
4． 当动作的执行者不是人的时候。
The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people are persuaded to eat more fruit and vegetables.
三 注意短语动词和含有情态动词的被动语态
That old man was often laughed at.
The plan will be given up.
(在被动结构中，切不可丢掉后面的介词或副词)
He must be prevented from going.
The plan ought to be put into practice as soon as possible.
(谓语结构是：情态动词+be +过去分词)
四 get + 过去分词 可以表示被动，此结构比较口语化
She got married last week.
The patient got treated once a week.
He fell off the car and got killed.
五 主动形式表达被动意义
1．系动词look,sound,feel,smell,taste,appear,seem,go,prove,
Turn,stay,become,fall,get,grow,keep+形容词/名词构成
系表结构。如：
The steel feels cold.
His plan proved ( to be ) practical.
It has gone bad.
2． 表示开始、结束、运动的动词，如：begin,finish,start,
open,close,stop,end,shut,run,move等。如：
Work began at 7:30 this morning.
3． 表示主语的某种属性特征的动词，如
read,write,act,iron,cut,draw,drive,sell,wash,clean,wear,
open,cook,lock,shut,dry,eat,drink。这类动词一般不
单独使用，常有一个修饰语。如：
This coat dries easily.
Nylon cleans easily.
Food can keep fresh in a fridge.
Your speech reads well.
This material has worn thin.
The match won’t catch.
The plan worked out wonderfully.
The engine won’t start.
4． 少数词用于进行时，其主动形式表示被动含义，如：
Print,cook,fry,hang,build,make。如：
The books are printing.
The meat is cooking.
5． 介词in /under / on 等+名词构成的介词短语表示被动含义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，
名词前一般不用冠词。常见的有：under control/under
discussion / beyond our hope 我们始料不及/in sight/
for sale/out of fashion等。
Today some treasures are on show(=are being shown) in
the museum.
6． 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：
fit,have,wish,cost,agree with,arrive in/at,shake hands
with,succeed in,suffer from,happen to,take part in,walk
into,belong to 等。
This key just fits the lock.
Your story agrees with what had already been heard.
Module 5
1. on shore 在陆地上，到岸上
in shore 近岸，靠岸
off shore 离岸
hug the shore 靠岸
2. at the edge of 在…的边缘
on the edge of 在…边缘上；即将，濒于
3. (be) surrounded by/with 被…环绕(的)
4. be to do sth. 打算做某事
be about to do sth. (马上)就要做…（无时间状语）
5. spend …(in) doing sth. 做某事花费(…时间)
6. have (…weeks/days) off 有（…周/天）假期
7. take a boat 乘船
8. decide to do sth. 决定做某事
9. tickets for… …的票
10. be mainly for… 主要是为了…
11. on a beautiful afternoon 在一个美丽的下午
12. see … doing sth. 看到…正在做某事
13. have sth. left 还剩下某物
14. make a detour 绕道而行
→ make a mistake 犯错误
make a decision 做决定
make a face 做鬼脸
make an appointment 预约
make a deal 成交
make a contribution 作贡献
make an attempt 试图
make an effort 努力
15. the next day （紧挨着的）第二天
16. go through 穿过
→ look through 浏览，查看
search through 搜寻
get through 接通；到达
see through 看穿
pass through 经过
put through 接通（电话）
live through 活过来，挺过来
17. be heavy with 有大量的…
→ be heavy on 大量使用（消耗）
a heavy smoker/drinker 大量抽烟/喝酒的人
a heavy cold 重感冒
heavy traffic 交通繁忙
heavy losses 损失严重
a heavy day 繁忙的一天
heavy clouds 乌云密布
18. come out of 从… 里出来
19. sail into 进入，驶入…
20. the construction site 建设工地
21. on deck 在甲板上
22. point at 指向，指着
23. get off 下（车，船）
24. imagine sb. to be … 想象某人是…
→ believe sb. to be … 相信某人是…
find sb. to be… 发现某人是…
think/consider sb. to be… 认为某人是…
25. go on a trip 去旅行
→ go on holiday/vacation 去度假
go on a journey 去旅行
26. trade sth. with sb. 与某人做…交易/买卖
trade in sth. 做某方面生意
trade sth. for sth. 用某物交换某物
27. the sense of touch/smell/taste/sight/hearing
触觉/嗅觉/味觉/视觉/听觉
→ make sense 有意义
make sense of sth. 了解某事的意义，理解某事
the sense of direction 方向感
in no sense 决不
out of senses 失去理智
There’s no sense in doing sth. 做某事没有意义
28. a sense of obligation 责任感
be under an obligation 有义务
meet an obligation 履行责任
put sb. under an obligation to do sth,
使某人有义务做某事
29. forbid doing sth. 禁止做某事
forbid sb. to do sth. 禁止某人做某事
30. require sb. to do sth. 要求某人做某事
sth. require(s) doing/to be done 某物需要被… …
require that…[(should+)动词原形] 命令，要求…
31. pass through 经过，通过
pass down 传承，传递（传统、知识等）
pass by 经历，路过
pass away 去世
pass around/round 分发
pass for 被认为
pass off 冒充
pass out 晕倒，失去知觉；分发
32. rip off 敲竹杠，敲诈；偷窃
rip through 迅猛地冲过
rip open 拉开，撕开
rip up 把…撕成碎片
rip-off 冒牌货
33. get a kick out of/from… （俚语）从…中得到乐趣
give sb. a kick 给某人以极大的乐趣
do sth. for kicks 为寻求刺激而做某事
give sb.(sth.) a good kick 用力踢某人（物）
take a kick 踢罚球
34. send sth to sb./send sb.sth. 送给某人某物
35. stick on 贴上；粘上
36. follow the rules 遵守规定
37. stick …in… 把…扎进…里
38. only if… 只有…
if only … 要是…就好了
39. describe… as… 把…描述为…
40. have an influence on … 对…有影响
under the influence of… 在…的影响下
influence sb. to do sth. 影响某人做某事
41. take sth, with sb. 某人随身携带某物
42. leave a message 留个口信
send a message to sb. 给某人送口信
take a message to sb. 给某人捎个口信
receive a message 收到口信
get the message 领悟, 明白
语法 情态动词
1. can 和 could
否定式 can not/can’t ;could not/couldn’t
(1) 表示能力、可能性
Some of us can use the computer now, but we couldn’t last year.
(2) 表示许可
- Could I use your bike tomorrow morning?
- Yes, you can.
2. may 和might
否定式 may not/mayn’t ; might not/mightn’t
(1) 表示许可时，用于第一人称，意指我（我们）被允许做某事；用于其他人称，则意指说话人
允许主语做某事。
We may leave the ball as soon as the meeting is over.
You may keep the book for ten days.
(2) 在用于请求、许可时，may 常可与can/could 换用 Can/Could/May I use your pen? 其简略回答：Yes, you can/may. 或 Yes, please.（表示肯定）；No, you mustn’t.或Please don’t. 或 No, you may not. （表示否定不能用could）。
(3) 表示可能性时，可用 “may/might + 动词原形”
指现在或将来可能发生的动作或情况。
may + v. 表示对现在的推断，可能性大。
might + v. 表示对现在的推断，可能性小。
She may come tomorrow.
He may know the secret.
I’m afraid it might rain tonight.
注：can 和 may
a) 二者所适用的句子类型不同，一般来说，can 多
用于疑问句和否定句，表示怀疑或不相信等态度；而may 则多用陈述句（肯定），表示一种猜测。
b) 二者所强调的意思不同，一般来说，can 强调客观上的可能性，而may 则强调主观上的推测或判断。
c) 二者表示的语气不同，在否定句中，can表达的否定语气较强，意为“不可能”；而may表达的否定语气较弱，意为“可能不”或“也许不”。
3. shall 和should
否定式shall not/shan’t ; should not/shouldn’t
(1) shall 用于第一人称，表示征求对方的意愿。
What shall we do this evening?
(2) shall 用于第一和第三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。
Shall we begin our lessons?
When shall he be able to leave the hospital?
(3) shall 用于第二和第三人称陈述句中，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、许诺、威胁等。
You shall fail if you don’t work hard.（警告）
He shall be punished.（威胁）
(4) should 表示劝告、建议、命令，其同义短语是ought to ，在疑问句中，通常用should 代替ought to。
We should be strict with ourselves.
You should go to class right away.
Should I open the window?
4. will 和would
(1) 表示请求和建议等。would 比will 委婉客气。
Will you please take a message for him?
Would you pass me the book?
(2) 表示意志、愿望和决心。would 用于过去的情况。
They said that they would help us.
I will never do that again.
(3) will表示规律性的，“注定会”，过去时间用would
You will regret forever if you lose this golden chance.
(4) would 表示过去的习惯性动作时，强调特定情况下的“倾向”；而used to 着眼于过去和现在的对比，含义为“现在不再是这样了”。
Whenever I was in trouble , he would help me.
I used to drink black tea, but now I drink green tea.
5. need 和dare
否定式 need not/needn’t ; dare not/daren’t
(1) need 表示“需要” “必须”，通常用在否定句
或疑问句中
You needn’t answer him the question.
We needn’t hurry.
(2) dare 和 need 常用作实义动词，有时态、人称和数的表化，所不同的是，作实义动词时，在肯定句中dare 后面通常接带to 的不定式，在否定句和疑问句中，dare后面可接带to 或不带to 的不定式。
No one dares to swim in that river after the boy was drowned.
We need to unite with them.
6. must 和have to
(1) must 表示“必须，应该”，否定式must not /mustn’t表示为“不应该，不许可，不准，禁止等”。must 没有时态变化，一般用于现在时，但有时也可表示过去的情况。
Your homework must be handed in before the class is over.
(2) must表示推测，意为“一定，必定”，用在肯定句中。
must be doing sth.一定正在做某事
must have done sth. 一定已经做了某事
He must be waiting for us now.
He must have seen the film before.
(3) have to 表示“必须，不得不”，在这个意义上接近must,但must表示的是说话人主观的看法，而have to 表示的是客观需要，have to 有更多的时态形式。
I had to work hard when I was your age.
I have to wait here because I have no umbrella with me .
7. had better
指“最好…”，这一表达含有“命令、劝告、建议”等意思，但语气比ought to 和should 稍弱。在使用中常编写为’d better 。其中的had并无时间的含义，也无人称、数的表化，其否定形式一般把not 加在had better 之后。
You had better get some sleep.
I think he had better look for another job.
You had better not day that.
练习
1. Just be patient. You ____ expect the world to change so
soon.
A. can’t B. needn’t C. may not D. will not
2. Peter ____ be really difficult at times even though he’s a nice person in general.
A. shall B. should C. can D. must
3. - ____ I take the book out? – I’m afraid not.
A. Will B. May C. Must D. Need
4. Some people who don’t like to talk much are not necessarily shy; they just be quiet people.
A. must B. may C. should D. would.
5. Doctors say that exercise is important for health, but it ____ be regular exercise.
A. can B. will C. must D. ,may
6. – I don’t care what people think. – Well, you ____.
A. could B. would C. should D. might
7. – What sort of house do you want to have ? Something
big?
--Well, it ____ be big---- that’s not important.
A. mustn’t B. needn’t C. can’t D. won’t
8. – Hi, Tom! Any idea where Jane is?
--She ____ in the classroom. I saw her there just now.
A. shall be B. should have been
C. must be D. might have been
9. “You ____ have a wrong number.” She said. “There’s no one of that name here.
A. need B. can C. must D. would
10. You ____ park here! It’s an emergency exit.
A. wouldn’t B. needn’t C. couldn/t D. mustn’t
11. Jack described his father, who ____ a brave boy many years ago,as a strong-willed man..
A. would be B. would have been
C. must be D. must have been
Module 6
1. make an attack on/upon… 对…发动进攻
a heart attack 心脏病突发
a surprise attack 突袭
be/come under attack 遭到进攻/抨击
2. be frightened by… 被…吓到了
3. exist on… 靠… 生存
exist in… 存在于…
4. be against = object to 反对
be for =be in favour of=support 支持
5. be back in the news 再次成为新闻
be in the news 出现在新闻中/被报道
6. seem to be 似乎是
7. get a clear look at 清晰的看到
have/take a look at… 看一看
have a good/close look 仔细看
have/take a look around… 四下查看
give sb. a look 看某人
8. claim to do/ that clause 声称… …
claim sth. 要求得到某物
make a claim for… 提出…要求
lay claim to sth. 声称有得到某物的权利
have no claim to sth./on sb. 有权要求某事/某人
9. a group of 一群… …
10. watch … doing sth. 看着… 正在做…
11. a third / 其他序数词 + 名词 又一…
12.ten minutes later 10分钟后
13.close up 向前靠近
14.a distant relative 远亲
15.be unlikely to do sth. 不可能做某事
It’s unlikely /likely that… 不可能/有可能…
16.living creatures 生物
17.at first sight 乍一看；初看 起来
at the sight of 看到，一看到
catch sight of 看见，瞥见
come into sight 进入视野，出现
in sight 看得到，在视力范围内
lose sight of sth. 看不见某物
out of sight 不在视野之内
18.keep calm 保持冷静，沉住气
calm oneself 使自己镇静下来
Calm down! 冷静点！
19. be sceptical of/about… 对…怀疑
20. be covered with… 盖满，覆盖
cover in 装顶盖，加盖
from cover to cover 从头到尾
under cover 伪装着，冒名顶替
under the cover of… 在…掩护下，趁着
cover up 掩盖，遮住
21. survive the accident/war//earthquake
经过事故/战争/地震后活（保存）下来
survive sb. by 3 years 比某人多活3年
22 adapt to… 适应…
adapt sb. to… 使某人适应…
be well adapted to… 特别适应…
23. die out （物种等）死光，灭绝，绝迹；熄灭
（习俗、做法等）消失，过时
die away 逐渐消失；逐渐减弱
die down 逐渐平息；逐渐暗淡
die for… 迫切需要…
die from/of 由于…而死， 死于…
die off 相继死去
24. come straight to the point 开门见山的讲，谈正题
beside/off the point 不切正题，无关紧要
to the point 切题，中肯
be on the point of… 正要…
make a point 提出一个论点，给出一个事实
that’s the point 那才是重要的，那才是问题所在
25. throw light on/upon 帮助弄清楚，提供线索，阐明
throw doubt on 对…产生怀疑
throw cold water on 泼冷水
throw daylight on 披露
come to light 暴露，被发现，表现出来
see the light 一下子明白了，开窍
in the light of 根据，参照
bring sth. to light 让人知道，公布于世
26. go for出去（进行某项活动）；去找某人；打击；斥
责，批评；也适用于，也如此；喜欢，偏爱，支持
27. that’s quite something 那是非同寻常的
28. be connected to… 与…有联系
29. have a symbol of 有…的标志
30. be allowed to do sth. 被允许做…
31. (be) of +n. 表示“具有…特点、特征”
32. according to… 按照，依据
33. a sense of… … 感
34. due to 由于…;因…造成
35. be generous to sb. 对某人宽容/大方
be generous with sth. (花钱等)大方
36. ruin one’s reputation 毁坏了某人的名誉
have a reputation for … 以…而闻名
live up to one’s reputation 不负盛名，名副其实
win a reputation 获得名誉
37. have a good/bad fortune 运气好/坏
make a/one’s fortune 发财
try one’s fortune 碰运气
tell one’s fortune 给某人算命
be worth a fortune 值一大笔钱
fortune smiles on sth./ sb. 某物/某人的运气好
语法 情态动词+ have done sth. 的用法
1. may /might + have done sth. 表示对过去行为的推
测，具有“想必已经”“也许是”的含义，可能性
较大的时候用may,可能性较小时用might。主要用
于肯定句和否定句。
John isn’t at home. I think he may/might have gone to
school.
有时也可表示“本来可以做某事而实际上没有做”，
含有“劝告，责备”的语气。
I might have known you’d come late.
2. can/could+have done sth. 是对过去的推测，通常用
于否定句、疑问句中，表示对所发生行为的惊奇、
怀疑或不肯定；could的语气较委婉，在肯定句中
一般只用could 不用can
- Where can they have gone?
- They could have gone to the cinema.
could have done sth.还可以用来表示过去可以完成
而实际未完成的动作或于过去事实相反，也就是事
实上并没有发生的动作。
You could have done better, but you were too careless.
3. must +have done sth. 表示对过去发生的事或行为的
推测，常译为“想必一定”“准是”等。这一结构
一般不用否定式。否定意义的表达可以can’t/could
have done sth.
It must have rained last night, for the road is quite muddy.
含有must have done sth.结构的反意疑问句中，若有表示过去的时间状语，反意疑问部分用“didn’t +主语？”；若没有表示过去的时间状语，反意疑问部分
则用“haven’t/hasn’t +主语？”。
It must have rained last night, didn’t it?
He must have finished his homework , hasn’t he?
They must have been to the Great Wall ,haven’t they?
注：must 不可用于否定推测。
4. should + have done sth. 用在肯定句中表示过去应
该做但是没有做；用在否定句中表示过去不该做的
事却做了。无论肯定句、否定句都有“责备、遗憾”
的意思。
In my personal opinion, you should have done this as
soon as you found out he was stealing.
I shouldn’t have ordered the equipment without asking
you first.
5. ought to + have done sth.=should have done sth.在肯定句中说明某事本该做而未做；在否定句中则是做了不该做的事，也具有“责备，惋惜”的意思。
You ought to have returned the book early; many people want to read it.
You ought not to have asked such a foolish question.
6. needn’t +have done sth. 表示做了不必做的事情，可
译为“本可不必做某事”。
You needn’t have visited my uncle, as he has been all right for a long time.
You were sick, so you needn’t have attended the meeting .
7. would +have done sth. 表示“原想做某事”，也可用
于虚拟语气中，表示于过去情况相反。
I would have gone there yesterday, but I didn’t have the chance.
It would never have happened without your help.