中期策略报告会笔记
世界经济展望和热点分析：欧债问题和对亚洲的影响
IMF专家Dr. Sean Craig
欧债问题从08年至今的变化过程是从银行风险想主权风险的转变。欧盟的政策只在短时间产生了正面的影响。
欧洲危机产生的根源在于欧洲主权债务太高，同时利率水平高。私人部门债务规模也不断加重。
欧洲银行去杠杆化的过程中，需要欧盟更加全面有力的政策。主要将通过出售资产和减少信贷额的方式来完成。
欧债危机对亚洲的影响，分为两个层面：第一，对亚洲银行业影响不大，欧洲银行在亚洲银行业的投资规模较小，即使退出也有日本和澳大利亚银行的弥补；第二，从贸易的角度将对亚洲产生更大的影响。
亚洲经济复苏较快，但是风险隐现。中国私人信贷规高速增长，信贷质量和资产资产质量有隐患。亚洲不动产价格的大幅上涨带来了较大的风险。本次金融危机就来源于不动产泡沫的破裂。
欧盟近期的政策只能够为解决债务问题提供一定的时间，但尚不能够从更本上的解决问题。
展望未来，美国和日本虽然债务比例也非常高，但是由于利率水平低，暂时风险有限。新兴市场风险隐现。
宏观经济报告
丁安华 首席经济学家
上半年的情况
外围市场：欧债危机恶化。希腊是否退出欧元区将不是影响最严重的，更重要的是打过西班牙的债务状况，西班牙金融机构资本充足率和房市皆有问题。美国是缓慢复苏的状态，速度不会快，方向不会变，银行业风险较小。
中国：经济继续放缓，通胀继续降低，工业企业新政职位减少。
货币供应量增长。年初至今虽然只有一次存贷款利率的调整，但年初至今银行间市场的利率在降低，反应资金面逐步宽松。信贷不断萎缩。
出口：美国市场需求稳定，欧洲市场形势严峻。
内需：有更快的下降。
未来的展望:
货币政策持续放松，下半年预计将有2-3次降存准，降息可能性有限，若降也可能只有一次。
投资方面：中长期贷款和债券增加，短期票据减少，表明支持实体经济的投资变得明显。
物价将继续下行，CPI进入下降通道，四季度可能小幅回升。
人民币虽然有小幅升值的预期。
总判断：二季度见底，逐步回升。维持全年GDP增速8.1%的判断不便，CPI去年维持在2.8-3%。
G20等事件将带来不确定性，但估计乐观的消息多。美国QE3。国债问题和减税问题讲也是重要的不确定问题。QE3推出有条件，暂时条件还不成熟。
中国经济增长模式短期依然还是投资为主的老公式，中国越来越无法忍受更低的GDP增长。但经济增长方式转变将任重而道远。
A股投资策略
陈文招
中级反弹的判断不变。A股估值底部已经出现。中长期利率的下降是估值底部出现的表现。
流动性逐渐向宽松发展。银行间流动性年初已经显现，银行间利率的下降是表现。实体经济方面，信贷并没有大规模扩张。但根据统计CPI在3%以上的时候没有发生过信贷扩张。随着CPI下降，信贷扩张的机会也将出现。银行间流动性将会向实体经济扩展。信贷风险不必过于担心。存贷比保持稳定，调息后存款将上升，贷款余地将增加。
经济底部二季度出现，企业盈利回升。下半年经济稳步回升。
经济回升的两个逻辑。1.房地产依然是拉动经济重要的一环。房地产成交量已经恢复到调控前水平，房企去库存顺利，八九月份房地产将达到供需平衡，年内会有新开工。房地产是生产要素，在实体经济没有严重下滑，劳动力价格保持上涨的过程中，房地产不会崩溃。2.制造业出口复苏，呈现出结构性特点。中下游出口复苏较快，中西部出口增长较快，产业转移效果显现。大宗商品跌价，缓解了制造业成本压力。
经济增长将保持缓慢的态势，类似于九十年代末期的状况。原材料行业去库存将会很慢。总体保持谨慎乐观。
外围的冲击方面。美国保持弱势复苏。欧债危机恶化。但政策上的余地较多，可以对冲外部冲击。
中长期趋势。美元重新进入升值周期，美指将回升至84-85的水平。全球将全面向节能转型。
配置建议：1、房地产产业链（受益于流动性放松和利率下行）---包括地产、家电、家具、
装饰装修等
2、中下游制造业，如机械、家电、电子、大众消费品等（受益于成本压力大幅缓解，出口竞争回暖，毛利率回升）
3、证券保险（受益于市场回暖和政策改革）
4、库存周期已处于底部的医药也值得配置
5、食品饮料、服装等其中的品牌消费品仍可坚守。
汽车行业
汪刘胜
上半年以反弹为主。上半年行业增长仅为1%，需求依然疲软。
制造商和经销商都积压了很大的库存。五六月份，销售进入淡季，库存将继续增加。
政策向好。有1600亿元的补贴和汽车以旧换新的政策。但仅仅有助于改善企业的PE，不能够改善EPS。未来不应期望更大幅度的政策出台。
需求保持疲软。整个趋势是从高速增长转向温和增长。
新能源汽车方面。一方面技术仍然很不成熟，另一方面核心技术掌握在国外，因此国家不大可能出台比较激进的政策。
小排量的汽车依然是未来发展的方向。
自主品牌未来的生存将更加艰难。
20xx年年底之前，汽车行业产能将增大，需求依然小，行业竞争更激烈，行业盈利水平下降。未来要谨防中报风险。
重卡呈现三到五年一次的更新周期。目前中端库存较大，需要到明年年初才能消化完，随着油价的下降，业绩弹性比较大。四季度可有关注的机会。
客车，城镇化的进程是支持改行业发展的动力。第三季度是客车销售的淡季。行业前景的思路在于：是否能够扩大市场份额，是否能够推出新产品来保持竞争力。四季度关注机会。
汽贸服务。盈利机会很大，但也有自身积累的问题。前期投入成本过大，依然没能够有效消化，整个行业发展还没有进入常态。
零部件。短期也有风险。要防范中报风险。
股票建议：
重点关注均胜电子，该公司四月份收购了德国普瑞。后者在汽车中央控制系统上有先进的技术，其需求方皆为VW，BMW，Benz等。产品进入中国市场时间不长，但效益不错。
建议四季度关注：宇通客车，广汽集团；一汽整体上市的概念股
长城汽车市值已经超过上汽集团，不合理因素。长安汽车也不再具有持有价值，福特合作成效缓慢。
医药行业
李珊珊
医保三年大扩容时期结束，医保投在逐渐降低，这也是年初至四月医药大跌的原因。
医保投入实际上是从根本上改变了游戏规则，是投资的重新分配。
未来将有三大政策主导整个医药行业的发展：第一，价格政策。普药价格将继续逐步被压低。第二，采购政策。药品20xx年起实行招标采购政策，除独家品种收益外，其余将都是受损。第三，支付制度。未来将从后付制转变为预付制。
支付制度影响将是巨大的。后付制是先看病后付钱，医生有多开药开贵药的冲动。预付制将是预付总额有规定，药品消费额将有上限。对于预付制，国家将可能采用总量控制或者总额控制的方法。上海已经在进行总量控制的试点。未来还将有按病种付费的限制。都将限制医药行业的增速。
行业摸底的结果是20xx年将实施的新的GMP认真标准，药品行业管理办法和药品的长期降价趋势都将影响到的中小药企未来的发展。也同时拉开了制药行业的整个序幕。未来的龙头药企将依靠自身的资金资源和融资平台，在行业整合当中获益。上市药企大多数属于收益的范围。
毒胶囊事件将只是较短期的影响，在未来两三个月将逐步消化。
股票推荐：东阿阿胶，资源性企业，模式决定生命力；云南白药，向多元日化扩展；天士力。另外可关注爱尔眼科，科伦药业和双鹭药业。
交通运输行业
常涛
关注主题性投资机会：
1、EMS上市和电商大发展带来的快递主题、物流会议背景下的物流主题以及改革预期带来的铁路主题（外运发展、中邮速递【未上市】、中储股份、大秦铁路）
2、基建板块防御价值突出，机场板块尤为明显，重点关注厦门空港、上海机场
3、航空基本面环比改善：三季度需求旺季来临，油价较大幅度下跌，成本压力舒缓。处于“左侧”交易区间，关注商务行业及国际航线复苏时弹性较大的中国国航。
4、航运板块关注中海集运（单箱成本低，受益集运提价的积极作用，业绩改善幅度将明显增加）。
非银行金融机构
洪锦屏
券商
未来券商是激发货币需求的主导型力量，将多层次享受制度红利。券商创新业务和中小微企业融资都对券商产生利好。
未来券商发展的途径将是，通过产品来达到创新的目的，曲线实现混业。
券商创新大会上所提出创新的三个主要方向：市场制度、资本监管方式和业务品种。
券商将依托现有的高风险业务，向中低风险业务层次扩展。
券商相比于国内银行和保险业，相比于国外同行业，杠杆比率非常低，仅有1.6。未来将是一个逐步加杠杆的过程。将进入一个杠杆提升周期。
券商业务主要分为：通道服务，资本中介和资本交易三大主要业务。其中杠杆提升的主要方向将是资本中介业务。即融资融券和券商负债融资业务的开放等。
上半年的上涨是对未来预期产生的行情，下半年将是预期的逐步实现阶段。虽然券商已经那个有较大上涨，但未来PB还需要达到2.5-3的水平，年奶还有30%的上行空间。
推荐：创新业务领先的中信海通；第二梯队跟进的招商华泰等；业绩弹性较大的国海西部。
保险
今年以来，保险业保费和红利双双转好。
新近出台的十三项创新办法，以及未来将可能退出的个税递延型业务将大大利好保险业。
降息对保险业影响较为有限。原因在于：保险公司所持有的债券久期都比较长，对利率的波动不是非常敏感；债券收入较为稳定，反倒是股票投资对业绩的影响更大。
股票推荐：四家企业都颇为看好。人寿和新华以寿险为主，业绩弹性较大；平安受益于综合金融服务。排序为人寿>新华>平安>太保。
商业零售
杨夏
行业处于不景气状态下，近期有所恢复，但也不明显。员工薪酬对业绩侵蚀较大。
未来投资的思路为寻找扩张能力强的企业。主要有三个方面：区域方面，中西部要好于东部沿海地区；管理层，企业发展与管理层挂钩的密切程度；现金流，是否足够充足。
荐股：天虹商场，开元投资
机械行业
刘荣
核心观点：上调机械行业评级至“推荐”，可加大机械行业的配置。
上半年机械行业盈利增速已降至十年来的低点，下半年机械行业将进入政策红利期：新兴产业发展专项资金5月底启动；高端装备或投资补贴；逐步进入降息周期带动投资需求回升等。
房地产政策微调，成交量环比回升，制造成本、物流成本、融资成本下降利好机械行业。
配置建议：1、工程机械行业中龙头公司：中联重科、三一重工、森远股份（国内唯一一家
生产并销售热再生机组的厂商，拥有核心技术）；
2、煤机行业关注洗选设备：煤炭入洗率提高趋势明确，“十二五”末洗选率要提高到65%，洗选装备行业仍将保持较快速度增长，预期未来五年复合增速超过20%。推荐鞍重股份（PE20倍以下可关注）；
3、智能制造装备行业将进入快速成长期，2015 年目标实现产销收入超过1 万亿元，年均增长率超过25%。关注机器人（5-10年）；
4、房地产复苏预期下，看好电梯行业PE15倍以下的个股。
煤炭行业
卢平
需求不足以及进口煤冲击，煤炭市场目前弱势下行，行业处于去库存阶段，预计此次煤价调整持续两个多月，在三季度后期煤炭基本面将逐步趋稳。
根据煤炭投资四阶段理论，目前的基本面处于第二阶段（宏观政策实质放松阶段，煤价跌势趋缓，逐步过渡到稳定，煤炭股最初仍下跌，后上涨）的初期，
下半年随着宏观经济的逐步复苏，未来政策日趋积极，行业基本面转向良好，煤炭股或将迎来阶段性反攻。
注意：煤价波幅目前正收窄，股票弹性减弱，加之此轮刺激将会不及08年，煤炭股大幅反转的机会不大。
推荐：合同煤比例高，内生增长确定，资产注入预期公司可关注。国投新集、山煤国际、永泰能源、盘江股份、潞安环能、中国神华
房地产行业
贾祖国
随着宏观政策的微调，首次置业利率回归基准以下，同时季节性的因素以及前期激烈刚需集中爆发，行业成交已逐步恢复平稳。
目前供给方面仍然处于去库存的状态，全国库存短期难以消化，未来新房价格还将略有下降。
对于房地产投资增速不用过于悲观，预计随着目前的销售回暖，开发商拿地开始逐步积极，有望7月份逐步拿地并新开工。
房地产的估值现在处于历史低位，龙头公司PB只有2倍左右，动态PE也不到10倍，考虑到中国城市化目前仍在加速，这一估值水平已经很低了。
未来即使行业调控不放松，但再融资放松是大概率事件，伴随业绩回升和估值的上升，房地产将温和走出底部。
重点推荐：央企背景的保利、招商；国企背景的金融街、北京城建、首开股份
上市公司交流
海能达
今年在公安专网系统上有突破。拿下了大庆的订单，并且有广东省5亿元的项目。主要经营思路是先系统后终端。目前模拟信号方面主要以终端提供为主，但数字信号则主打系统为主，终端为辅。目前的行业当中余姚的竞争对手是摩托罗拉，但公司也有优势，除了价格上的优势。另外可以灵活多变的为客户的进行定制服务。
中海达
公司主要从事的业务有六大块。测绘导航，传统业务。地理信息，市场规模大，过去主要由美国垄断，目前处于垄断打破的阶段；系统工程GMNS，主要用于大坝划破等监控检测，未来市场广阔，且处于发展初期；海洋产品；多波束和单波束产品，市场容量30-50亿元，代理的产品有竞争力；观点产品，市场较小，竞争较小；三维激光产品；引用广泛，国外垄断，代理产品有优势。
已经形成了海星达、中海达、华星高中低三档产品线。
未来主要发展车辆监控的硬件到服务系统，二季度和四季度将是旺季。尾矿监测系统，市场前景很大，行业竞争小，但是暂时没有催化剂，未来的若有尾矿事故将有较大发展。 锦富新材
光电显示薄膜器件。背光粘合等产品。内销占20%，销售良好。利润破亿元。公司研发投入占到收入的25%左右。
未来发展战略以大尺寸为主，同时弥补在小尺寸移动终端上短板。围绕背光模组扩展产业，发展油性导电膜，导光板和触控技术。
行业技术导向性不强，进入不难，但较难以做大。产业毛利率较低。但是公司的流动性较好。 OLED的发展不会对LED产生毁灭性的打击。未来两者并存的可能性较大。两者产品各有优势，产品特性不同，引用范围也有差别。
安泰科技
公司未来重点发展两个方向：一是先进能源材料，如膜太阳能；二是稀土永磁材料。公司是中国目前能生产烧结汝铁硼的三家企业之一，相比包钢稀土和中科三环，公司的特点在于技术优势明显，研发水平高，但产量太小了，只有3000吨左右的产能。
公司另一个特色产品是非晶带材，年产大概在4万吨左右，主要用于制造节能变压器中的非晶变压器。国家未来可能上特高压输变电，给非晶带材带来契机。但目前存在的问题是产品成材率只有70%，产品产出率、质量稳定性与进口仍有差距。下一步公司将与国家电网合作推广非晶带材，力争销售净利率在11%。
新兴铸管
公司前身是建于19xx年的三线军队钢铁厂。目前公司的主要产品是球墨铸铁管，它的国内需求非常大，公司现年产800万吨左右，但仍不能满足需求。
未来发展重点在新疆：收购新疆资源60%的股权，对铸管新疆增加投资。相关的项目达产后，将在营业收入、净利润等方面大大增厚公司业绩。
第二篇：笔记策略
英语学习策略：笔记策略
§9.1 思维的重要性
新加坡大学生的学习方法
录音机式学习
新加坡政府90年代末规定，高校新生两门必修课
1、电脑
2 、思维方法
§9.1 思维的重要性
从90年代起，我国有些高校的英语专业实行“文、理、外”三类学生兼收的招生政策。
入学时外语类的考生自然占优势。
毕业时名列前茅的却往往是原来的“理科生”。
“理科生”的优势从何而来？
逻辑思维能力
§9.1 思维的重要性
观念的改变
1、 “熟读唐诗三百首，不会做诗也会吟。‖
反驳1、如果只要求会吟诗，何必背诗三百首？
反驳2、要学作诗是靠背诗容易还是靠学作诗的 原理容易？
反驳3、信息量小的时代背一点信息可以解决很多 问题。在当今信息爆炸的时代，要背多少东西才够？
反驳4、知识可以背，技能无法背。试问，要背 多少新闻才能真正听懂VOA或BBC的实时新闻？
§9.1 思维的重要性
观念的改变
争论的实质是：
语言学习是感性的还是理性的？
两者缺一不可。
问题：儿童对母语的学习不也是纯感性的吗？
母语的学习从时间投入的角度看合算吗？
从一岁到七岁能学多少？
§9.1 思维的重要性
感性与理性的比例是多少。
如果纯感性学习是最佳方案，全世界的语言专业都可以取消了。
十几种词汇策略中只有两三种是要死记硬背的。学习词汇尚且如此，其他方面就更不用说了。
§9.1 思维的重要性
语言学习史中20世纪中后期感性学习有两次高潮
第一次是二战结束前后。
美军进入欧洲，对欧洲各种语言的急需。
第二次是70年代后期。
English 900
有些死背句型的人讲出来的英语连美国人都赞赏, 但美国人回答的一些很简单的话他们却听不懂。
1
英语学习策略：笔记策略
现在李阳的crazy English 倾向于感性学习，但不是纯感性学习。
§9.1 思维的重要性
观念的改变
2、学习―忙都忙不过来了，还想什么？‖
反驳1、思维的必要性
听离不开思维。
说离不开思维。
读离不开思维。
写离不开思维。
译离不开思维。
词汇学习离不开思维
语法学习离不开思维
语音学习离不开思维
听写中一读、二三读的交接
说话是边听边想边说
只有边读边想才能读出味道
未写先想
边译边想
思维有助于词汇的理解与辨析
思维有助于看清语法的本质
思维有助于沟通语音理论与实践
§9.1 思维的重要性
观念的改变
2、学习―忙都忙不过来了，还想什么？‖
反驳2、思维的可行性 学生学习中不可能完全没有思维活动。思维的速度比阅读速度快得多。
反驳3、思维的效益 磨刀不误砍柴工。从被动学习到主动学习有一个适应过程。转换初期学习效益可能会下降，但是，一旦上了主动学习的轨道，效益马上就会急剧上升。
反驳4、思维参与人皆有之
§9.1 思维的重要性
1、以思维形式分类
归纳、演绎、分析、综合、联想、猜想…...
2、以语言要素分类
语音、语法、词汇、听、说、读、写、功能、篇章结构……
3、以学习的阶段分类
前期、中期、后期
§9.2.归纳与演绎
归纳:
从个别或特殊的前提推出一般性的结论。
S1是P
2
英语学习策略：笔记策略
S2是P
S3是P
…...
所以S 是P
以上 的S并不是只有P一个特性。
§9.2.归纳与演绎
曲线 √ × √ √
直线 × √ √ ×
角 × √ √ √
对称 √ √ √ ×
§9.2.归纳与演绎
曲线 √ × √ √
直线 × √ √ ×
角 × √ √ √
对称 √ √ √ ×
§9.2.归纳与演绎
曲线 √ × √ √
直线 × √ √ ×
角 × √ √ √
对称 √ √ √ ×
§9.2.归纳与演绎
演绎：
从一般性前提推出个别或特殊的结论
所有的金属都能导电，铁是金属，所以铁能导电。
语法规则的应用
综合英语的造句
§9.2.归纳与演绎
初中地理
热带常绿阔叶林、热带混交林、热带草原、热带沙漠、温带混交林、温带草原、温带沙漠、寒带针叶林、寒带苔原、寒带冰原
长 树 长草 不长
热带 长绿…林 草原 沙漠
温带 混交林 草原 沙漠
寒带 针叶林 苔原 冰原
§9.2.归纳与演绎
归纳的先决条件
找出共同点
田径
跳远、跳高、三级跳远、撑杆跳高、铅球、
铁饼、标枪
3
英语学习策略：笔记策略
60m (室内)/100m（室外）、200m……
马拉松、接力跑、障碍赛跑、跨栏
以度（长度/高度）论胜负
以时间论胜负
§9.2.归纳与演绎
归纳
篮球 排球 足球 乒乓球 羽毛球 网球 水球 冰球 曲棍球手球
大 大 大 小 小 小 大 小 大
徒手 徒手 徒手 器械 器械 器械 徒手 器械 器械 徒手接触 分离 接触 分离 分离 分离 接触 接触 接触 接触定时 定分 定时 定分 定分 定分 定时 定时 定时 定时团体 团体 团体 个人 个人 个人 团体 团体 团体 团体 圆 圆 圆 圆 ？ 圆 圆 扁 圆
§9.2.归纳与演绎
归纳有什么用？
1846年英国某地发生霍乱。
查不出病原。
霍乱弧菌是几十年后才发现的。
医生发现，患者饮用同一口井的井水。
封井。
大功告成。
归纳救了许多人的生命。
归纳在学习上同样有用。
§9.2.归纳与演绎
寻找共同点
语法
nominal clause
=subject clause+object clause+predicative clause
=n
yes/no question
wh-question
§9.2.归纳与演绎
寻找共同点
语音 -tion
多音节词重读
倒数第三个音节
automatic, sympathetic romantic …
名词/动词同形异音
名词重音在前
4 小扁
英语学习策略：笔记策略
动词重音在后
读音规则
辩音练习
Break great read bread
§9.2.归纳与演绎
寻找共同点
词汇
词缀
-er –or –ar -ness –ful -less
in- un- re-
词干
vis phon
§9.2.归纳与演绎
unite
uniform
union
unique
归纳结论：uni-=one
演绎推理：
unicycle=
unicorn=
独轮（车）
独角（兽）
§9.2.归纳与演绎
mistake disadvantage
misuse disagree
miscount disappear
misprint disorder
misspell discourage
misunderstand discover
mis-=wrong dis-=opposite
Misdate=
misgovern=
mishear=
misinform=
§9.2.归纳与演绎
有时候词缀语音同时涉及：
employee
trainee
addressee
(雇员—被人雇佣的人） （实习生—被训练的人） 5
英语学习策略：笔记策略
（收信人—接受信件的人）
归纳结论：
语义：-ee=被动接受者
语音：-ee处于最后一个音节，重读。
speakee
one who listens to a speaker
testee （考生——被考试的人）
§9.2.归纳与演绎
常用后缀：
-ful:
beautiful
colorful
meaningful
helpful
pitiful
hopeful
doubtful
harmful
useful
结论
1、n+ful=adj
2、-ful=full of
having qualities of
liable to
这就是归纳
∵ -ful=full of
∴ fruitful=full of fruit
∵ -ful= having qualities of
∴truthful=having qualities of
这就是演绎
§9.2.归纳与演绎
colorless
meaningless
helpless
pitiless
hopeless
doubtless
harmless
useless
归纳结论：
一般形容词的否定形式是加 un-、in-
之类的前缀。但以-ful结尾的形容词的否定形式不加前缀，而
是以后缀-less取而代之。
6
英语学习策略：笔记策略
演绎推理：
forceful--forceless
fruitful--fruitless… …
exception: beautiless
§9.2.归纳与演绎
interesting interested
exciting excited
moving moved
annoying annoyed
物 人 ？
The boy is interested/interesting.
Both of you are exciting and excited.
区别在于引起感官变化的与感官变化的主体
§9.2.归纳与演绎
寻找共同点
词汇
BrE cf AmE
-re -er
metre /er cadre /er centre /er
-our -or
colour labour favour honour
§9.2.归纳与演绎
寻找共同点
词汇
cylinder
汽缸
§9.2.归纳与演绎
寻找共同点
听力
问题的类型
Situation
Calculation
Function
Relation
Main idea
Detail
§9.2.归纳与演绎
寻找共同点
听写
句子与句子的共同点
§9.2.归纳与演绎
At first men did not know how to make fire. Sometimes lightening hit a 7
英语学习策略：笔记策略
forest and started a fire. The people took some of this fire to make a fire near their homes. Fire was very important for three reasons. It kept them warm and frightened the wild animals. Then another thing was discovered: if you cook food, it tastes much better. Later they discovered how to make fire in different ways. One way of making fire is to make a little hole in a piece of wood. Pieces of wood or dry leaves are put into the hole. Then you put the end of stick into the hole. You rub the stick between the hands quickly. The end of the stick in the hole becomes
very hot. The small pieces of wood or dry leaves begin to burn. Another way of making fire is to knock two pieces of s tone together. This makes a spark which you can use to start a fire.
§9.2.归纳与演绎
At first men did not know how to make fire. Sometimes lightening hit a
forest and started a fire. The people took some of this fire to make a fire near their homes. Fire was very important for three reasons. It kept them warm and frightened the wild animals. Then another thing was discovered: if you cook food, it tastes much better. Later they discovered how to make fire in different ways. One way of making fire is to make a little hole in a piece of wood. Pieces of wood or dry leaves are put into the hole. Then you put the end of stick into the hole. You rub the stick between the hands quickly. The end of the stick in the hole becomes
very hot. The small pieces of wood or dry leaves begin to burn. Another way of making fire is to knock two pieces of s tone together. This makes a spark which you can use to start a fire.
§9.2.归纳与演绎
At first men did not know how to make fire. Sometimes lightening hit a
forest and started a fire. The people took some of this fire to make a fire near their homes. Fire was very important for three reasons. It kept them warm and frightened the wild animals. Then another thing was discovered: if you cook food, it tastes much better. Later they discovered how to make fire in different ways. One way of making fire is to make a little hole in a piece of wood. Pieces of wood or dry leaves are put into the hole. Then you put the end of stick into the hole. You rub the stick between the hands quickly. The end of the stick in the hole becomes
very hot. The small pieces of wood or dry leaves begin to burn. Another way of making fire is to knock two pieces of s tone together. This makes a spark which you can use to start a fire.
§9.2.归纳与演绎
寻找共同点
听写
句子与句子的共同点
8
英语学习策略：笔记策略
听写程序的规律
审题
Brain storming
大意
结构、细节
§9.2.归纳与演绎
寻找共同点
阅读
归纳段落大意——
一段中各句的共同点
同一作家不同作品的共同点
§9.2.归纳与演绎
寻找共同点
写作
不同文体的结构规律
记叙
议论
说明
§9.2.归纳与演绎
On the desert travelers often see _____ rivers and lakes.
[A] imagining
[B] imaginative
[C] imaginable
[D] imaginary
归纳：四个选项的共同点是imagine。
可见考的不是imagine而是后缀。
§9.2.归纳与演绎
-ing= active [A] imagining
rivers that can imagine?
-tive= showing [B] imaginative
rivers that can showing imagination?
-able=can be ~ ed [C] imaginable
rivers that can be imagined?
-ary=concern of [D] imaginary
rivers that are not real (concern of~ )
只能选D
§9.2.归纳与演绎
我们所学的很多都是前人所归纳出来的规律
读音规则
语法规则
词缀
9
英语学习策略：笔记策略
……
我们利用前人归纳的规律进行演绎
读音规则
语法规则
词缀
……
§9.2.归纳与演绎
功能/意念离不开6W‘s asking for information
asking for advice
asking for explanation
asking the way
asking for what
asking for how
asking for why
asking for where
§9.2.归纳与演绎
有一些学生写应用文时总丢三落四。 其要害也就在于没有用6W‘s去分析应用文。 请看：
介绍信:who +what +why+how +thanks
请 柬:
who+whom+what+when+where+why +how
§9.2.归纳与演绎
Translate the following sentence:
Legend has it that the doughnut got its hole in 1874 when Hanson Gregory, a Maine lad later to become a sea captain, complained to his mother that her fried cakes were raw in the center and poked holes in the next batch before they were cooked.
§9.2.归纳与演绎
我们从初中起就一直在练习句型变换.做了这么多年句型变换,大家是否
知道练句型变换的目的是什么?
句型变换练的是,从简单句型变为复杂句型.目的在于,当我们对一个复杂
句型感到为难的时候,可以先简化句型,从最简单的原始句型入手,然后再一步一步复杂化.
§9.2.归纳与演绎
Translate the following sentence:
Legend has it that the doughnut got its hole in 1874 when Hanson Gregory, a Maine lad later to become a sea captain, complained to his mother that her fried cakes were raw in the center and poked holes in the next batch before they were cooked.
Legend has it+同位语从句
10
英语学习策略：笔记策略
§9.2.归纳与演绎
Translate the following sentence:
Legend has it that the doughnut got its hole in 1874 when Hanson Gregory, a Maine lad later to become a sea captain, complained to his mother that her fried cakes were raw in the center and poked holes in the next batch before they were cooked.
Legend has it+同位语从句
同位语从句——
the doughnut got its hole in 1874 +状语从句
§9.2.归纳与演绎
Translate the following sentence:
Legend has it that the doughnut got its hole in 1874 when Hanson Gregory, a Maine lad later to become a sea captain, complained to his mother that her fried cakes were raw in the center and poked holes in the next batch before they were cooked.
Legend has it+同位语从句
同位语从句——
the doughnut got its hole in 1874 +状语从句
状语从句——
Hanson Gregory+同位语+complained+poked
§9.2.归纳与演绎
Translate the following sentence:
Legend has it that the doughnut got its hole in 1874 when Hanson Gregory, a Maine lad later to become a sea captain, complained to his mother that her fried cakes were raw in the center and poked holes in the next batch before they were cooked.
据说,炸面包圈中间那个洞是从1874年起才有的。当时缅因州的小伙子汉森.格里高利（后来当上了船长）对他妈妈抱怨说，她炸的面包中间都是生的。（因此）他在下一炉的面包坯中间都捅/戳/扎了一个洞。
§9.2.归纳与演绎
Saying good-by to my friends and to the house I had loved made me feel as though my moorings had been ripped loose.
一个 句子23个单词,动词(包括各种形式)就占了8个。
真正的谓语是什么？
Made
结构是：
Saying…made me feel sth.
§9.2.归纳与演绎
做作业是归纳还是演绎？为什么 ？
大部分作业是演绎。
语法作业是运用所学的语法规则。
综合英语的翻译题的模式是套用所学的句型。
阅读课？
11
英语学习策略：笔记策略
听力课？
§9.2.归纳与演绎
NB
有共同点的不一定能归纳出类型
球类有圆球/扁球
观察角度不一样归纳结果也不一样
高考作文题
样本太小归纳出来的不一定对
白天鹅/黑天鹅
命题正确，逆命题/否命题不一定正确
海明威写的都是硬汉子
§9.2.归纳与演绎
归纳/分类练习
1. become before begin behave believe belong below
beneath between beyond
2. tea beer ice cream milk honey
3. Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon
Sense and Sensibility Gladiator
The wedding banquet
4. 物理包括力、热、声、光、电、核。
它们的共同点是什么？
§9.2.归纳与演绎
藏龙卧虎 理智与情感 角斗士 喜 宴
李 安 李 安 李 安 73届外语片 68最佳改编 73届最佳影片
中 国 英 国 意 大 利 美 国
§9.3 分析与综合
分析
把对象整体分解为各个部分、方面、层次、因素而分别加以认识的方法。 综合
把对象的各个部分、各个方面、层次和各种因素联合起来考虑的方法。 分析=化整为零
综合=集零为整。
归纳要寻找共同点，实际上就是要先分析。
§9.3 分析与综合
把一个整体← →若干部分
（并列/独立/连贯）
体育课——动作分解——动作组合
词的分析（构词法）——词素+词素……
句的分析（语法）——成分+成分……
文章分析（文学）——段落+段落……
综合英语（内容）——词汇、语法、语音、听、说、读、写、译、功能…… §9.3 分析与综合
12
英语学习策略：笔记策略
把一个整体← →若干层次
（深度）
几何——点-线-面-体
笔记策略——
不完整词/ 不完整句/ 不完整段/ 不完整行
听力要求——
statement/ dialogue/ passage
§9.3 分析与综合
把一个整体← →若干因素
（独立/交叉）
音乐要素：旋律、节奏、音域、音品……
跳水——高度、方向、体态、空翻、转体
写作六要素（6w‘s)
便条要素
听力七要素
§9.3 分析与综合
把一个整体← →若干 方面
（角度）
污染——
固体、液体、气体、声、光、辐射
写作分析——结构、语言、思想
§9.3 分析与综合
分析在学习中有什么作用？
归纳建立在分析的基础上。
正确的归纳来自正确的分析。
学会分析有利于透过现象看本质。
§9.3 分析与综合
词汇策略：
将词汇分为AV、PV、SPV
从音、形、义猜测单词
单词记忆的各种方法
AV、PV、SPV的不同要求
整体——部分
整体——因素
整体——方面
整体——层次
§9.3 分析与综合
把整体分解为各种因素：
翻译成绩不佳者作文成绩往往也不佳。
但是作文成绩不好的，翻译却未必不行。
这是为什么？让我们先来分析分析作文与翻译的要点，看看是不是有什么 13
英语学习策略：笔记策略
共同点。
作文：审题 立意 选材 谋篇 谴词 造句 翻译： 谴词 造句 §9.3 分析与综合
retell的要点
1、将全文分成若干段（话题），逐段理解。
2、逐段归纳出段落大意。
3、归纳段落大意的最佳方案之一是从6w‘s 解剖。
4、将各段大意汇总，进行综合理解。
5、决定是按原顺序讲，还是调整顺序。
分析
归纳
演绎
综合
§9.3 分析与综合
摘要的程序
1、将全文分成若干话题。
2、将话题分为：要点、非要点、细节、例子。
3、删除非要点、细节和多余的例子（每个要点最多只能保留一个例子）。
4、将摘下来的要点和必要的例子用连贯的语言表达出来。
§9.3 分析与综合
写作中的分析与综合
College life should be varied and colorful.
And extracurricular activities are an important
aspect of it. However, at present, there is much
room for improvement in this regard. Write an
article to the university radio entitled:
The Importance of Extracurricular Activities
§9.3 分析与综合
分析Extracurricular
Drama group
Badminton league
Stamp-collecting society
Riddle association
Literature society
Self-confidence Speechcraft
14
英语学习策略：笔记策略
Keeping fit Cooperation
Back ground knowledge
综合：精神 身体 学识
德、智、体、美、劳
§9.3 分析与综合
In recent years we‘ve heard about several model relationships. There was the togetherness marriage, in which husband and wife shared every activity, decision and waking minute (except when she was feeding the baby, and he was out with the guys). Then there was the shared duties model, in which husband and wife divided up every family task (except when he begged off because he didn‘t know how to scrub a floor properly). And there was the emotional-balance model,in which husband and wife didn‘t care what each did, so long as they loved each other equally (except when one was grating on the other‘s nerves).
§9.3 分析与综合
In recent years we‘ve heard about several model relationships. There was the togetherness marriage, in which husband and wife shared every activity, decision and waking minute (except when she was feeding the baby, and he was out with the guys). Then there was the shared duties model, in which husband and wife divided up every family task (except when he begged off because he didn‘t know how to scrub a floor properly). And there was the emotional-balance model,in which husband and wife didn‘t care what each did, so long as they loved each other equally (except when one was grating on the other‘s nerves).
§9.3 分析与综合
共同点----结构：
There was…+in which…+(except when…)
i.e. form +content +exception /condition
form content condition
togetherness shared activity… she fed the baby
I. waking minute he was out
shared duties divided up every he didn‘ t know
II. family task how to do
emotional- didn‘t care what one was grating
III. balance each did the other‘s nerves 共同点：用condition否定content
§9.3 分析与综合
In the traditional marriage, the man worked
at a job to earn money to the family. Most men
worked in an office, a factory, or some other
15
英语学习策略：笔记策略
place away from the home. Since the man earned
the money, he paid the bills. The money was used
for food, clothes, a house, and other family needs.
The man made most of the decisions. He was the
boss.
In traditional marriage the man is the boss.
§9.3 分析与综合
In the traditional marriage, the woman
seldom worked away from the house. She
stayed at home to care for the children and her
husband. She cooked the meals, cleaned the
house, washed the clothes, and did other
household work. Her job at home was very
important.
In traditional marriage the woman stayed at home.
§9.3 分析与综合
In recent years, many couples continue to
have a traditional relationship of this kind. The
man has a job and earns the money for the
family. The women stayed at home and cares
for the children and the house. Many Americans
are happy with this kind of marriage. But some
other Americans have a different impression of
marriage and family responsibilities.
Now some couples like the traditional relationship, some have the different type.
§9.3 分析与综合
The idea of marriage as a way of life has changed
recently in the United States. First, not everyone tries to get
married. Some people decide that the would rather live
alone. Second, many people get married, and find that they
are not happy. Sometimes, these people end their marriages.
They get a divorce to end the marriage. The number of
divorces in the United States has increased in recent years.
Marriage has changed in another way. Many people get
married, but their marriages are very different from the
traditional marriage relationships. The different in the
relationship is the result of different roles played by each spouse.
3 kinds of new idea: not married, married and divorced, married with new 16
英语学习策略：笔记策略
relationship.
§9.3 分析与综合
In recent years, the man has not always been the
spouse who worked. Many men now stay at home part
of the time. They help to take care of the children and the
house. Since the man does not always earn all of the
money (or any of it, in some cases), both the man and the
woman may pay the bills. The man is not the most important
person in the house.He may share many important decisions
with the woman, and sometimes with the children.
Sometimes the wife will deiced, and sometimes the
husband will decide. Or, all the family may decide
together to go somewhere of do something. These
are some of the ways that men‘s roles have changed.
1 kind of new relationship: equal
§9.3 分析与综合
In recent years, more and more women have been
working. They may earn money to help their husbands.
In some cases, they earn all of the money for the family.
In this way, the woman and the man reverse their
traditional roles. The woman earns all of the money,
and the man stays at home to take care of the children
and the house. More women recently gave decided not
to gave children at all. Some women have children and
continue to work. They do not leave their jobs just
because they have children. These are some of the ways
that women‘s roles have changed.
The other kind of new relationship: reverse.
§9.3 分析与综合
┌─┴──┐
traditional recent
┌─┴─┐
like traditional different
┌──┴──┐
not married married
┌─┴─┐ divorce role changed
┌─┴──┐ equal reversed
17
英语学习策略：笔记策略
§9.4 联想与猜想
主动式英语学习与被动式英语学习的关键差别在于学习中是否有积极的思维活动。
用通俗的话说，就是读书时有没有动脑筋在想。
学习过程中的―想‖有两种很重要的形式：
猜想和联想。
所谓―猜想‖指的是,学习者根据已有的信息，推测即将出现的信息，或者是根据表层意思推测出深层意思。
先看下面一段文章：
§9.4 联想与猜想
HOW TO BE A SCIENTIST
Science is based upon observation. However,
observation alone is not science. Scientists
generally state a problem, which then guides
them in their observations. But without
observation people generally are not aware of a
problem.
猜想:观察与设问孰先孰后?
This then, raises a question: Which comes first,
the observation or the problem?
§9.4 联想与猜想
所谓―联想‖指的是,学习者在接受新信息的时候把它与自己已经学过的知识联系起来。从另一个角度说，猜想―纵向的想‖，而联想是―横向的想‖。例如，当读者看到文章的标题是―Around the World in 80 Minutes‖时，很可能想到法国科幻小说家儒勒.凡尔纳的《八十天环游地球（Around the World in 80 Days）》。这就是联想。
猜想倾向于纵向.
联想倾向于横向.
§9.4 联想与猜想
猜想与联想并不是截然分开的，它们常常联系在一起。例如， 看到―Around the World in 80 Minutes”时，会联想到《八十天环游地球（Around the World in 80 Days）》。紧接着又会想，100年前环游地球最快也得80天，现在环球旅行少说也得几十小时，从而推论（猜想）―Around the World in 80 Minutes‖写的一定是未来的事。
§9.4 联想与猜想
阅读中的猜想与联想
(The Unexpected Answer)
词汇学习中的猜想与联想fatherland←motherland
Godfather
China Beat Denmark to retain Uber Cup
§9.4 联想与猜想
18
英语学习策略：笔记策略
既然猜想与联想这么重要，
那么，究竟要猜想些什么，联想些什么？
从总体上说，猜想与联想的内容不外有四种:
语言
文学
文化
常识
§9.4 联想与猜想
Complete the following dialogue between A and B in a clinic:
sir. Can I help you?
B: Good morning.
(2) ？
A: He will see you in a minute.
A: While you are waiting, you can answer me some questions.
B: But, nurse, you don‘t understand, (4)for…
A: I know you want to see the doctor. And you will in a few minutes. A: But first I must ask you about your health.
.
B: I want to ask the doctor to deliver a lecture in our institute.
?
B: You never gave me the chance. I‘m sorry.
§9.4 联想与猜想
Complete the following dialogue between A and B in a clinic: ？
A: He will see you in a minute. A: While you are waiting, you can answer me some questions.
B: But, nurse, you don‘t understand, (4)for…
A: I know you want to see the doctor. And you will in a few minutes. A: But first I must ask you about your health.
B: I want to ask the doctor to deliver a lecture in our institute.
?
B: You never gave me the chance. I‘m sorry.
19
英语学习策略：笔记策略
§9.4 联想与猜想
Complete the following dialogue between A and B in a clinic: ？
A: He will see you in a minute. A: While you are waiting, you can answer me some questions.
B: But, nurse, you don‘t understand, (4)for…
A: I know you want to see the doctor. And you will in a few minutes. A: But first I must ask you about your health.
B: I want to ask the doctor to deliver a lecture in our institute.
?
B: You never gave me the chance. I‘m sorry.
§9.4 联想与猜想
Complete the following dialogue between A and B in a clinic:
B: Good morning. (2) ？ A: He will see you in a minute.
B: (3) A: While you are waiting, you can answer me some questions.
B: But, nurse, you don‘t understand, (4) for…
A: I know you want to see the doctor. And you will in a few minutes. A: But first I must ask you about your health.
B: I want to ask the doctor to deliver a lecture in our institute.
?
B: You never gave me the chance. I‘m sorry.
Good morning
May I see the doctor
Thank you
I come here
20
英语学习策略：笔记策略
Yes
I am healthy
why do you come here
Why not say earlier
I am sorry,too
Thank you
§9.4 联想与猜想
A Great Mountain in China
审题：
中国名山：喜马拉雅山
东岳泰山
西岳华山
南岳衡山
北岳恒山
中岳嵩山
庐山
黄山
峨眉山
九华山
五台山
普陀山
武夷山
NB 现在主要讲思维跟踪，诸如in China 之类的语言现象暂且搁在一边。 §9.4 联想与猜想
一览众山小
云、松、山势、石、水
封禅大典
建筑
A Great Mountain in China
Mount Tai
果然没猜错
但是写泰山的什么？
名山之所以成为名山原因有：
自然:高度
自然景观
人文:历史
人文景观
泰山成名的原因是什么？
21
英语学习策略：笔记策略
§9.4 联想与猜想
Mount Tai, a perfect combination of culture and natural landscape, is one of China‘s most famous mountains.
我们的思路与作者的思路一致：
泰山集人文与自然景观于一体。
接下来写什么？
人文景观和自然景观哪一个先？
一般情况先自然后人文。
§9.4 联想与猜想
Mount Tai, a perfect combination of culture and natural landscape, is one of China‘s most famous mountains.
Located in central Shandong Province, Mount Tai rises 1,545 metres above sea level.
Yeah !又猜对了。
§9.4 联想与猜想
Mount Tai, a perfect combination of culture and natural landscape, is one of China‘s most famous mountains. Located in central Shandong Province, Mount Tai rises 1,545 metres above sea level.
Its highest peak Yuhuangding (玉皇顶）stands over deep valleys and above other perilous peaks. A stair-
接下去是什么？
Stair —楼梯？台阶？
§9.4 联想与猜想
Mount Tai, a perfect combination of culture and natural landscape, is one of China‘s most famous mountains. Located in central Shandong Province, Mount Tai rises 1,545 metres above sea level. Its highest peak Yuhuangding (玉皇顶）stands over deep valleys and above other perilous peaks. A stair-
case leads you to the Heavenly Southern Gate(南天门），where you look around in the distance, enjoy-ing with involuntary admiration the overpowering view
§9.4 联想与猜想
Its highest peak Yuhuangding (玉皇顶）stands over deep valleys and above other perilous peaks. A stair- case leads you to the Heavenly Southern Gate (南天门），where you look around in the distance, enjoy- ing with involuntary admiration the overpowering view
of mountains beyond mountains and scenery beyond scenery. You will be awed by the numerous grotesque rock formations, clear waterfalls, giant pine trees, temples,pavilions, bridges, pagodas, as well as stone inscriptions by poets, scholars and calligraphers of various dynasties.
§9.4 联想与猜想
现在回想一下，刚才这一段有没有话题转换？
22
英语学习策略：笔记策略
有几个？
综述
高度
特定地点（南天门）
细节
接下去要写什么？
§9.4 联想与猜想
Each season here has its own beauty: bright flowers in full bloom covering the
green slopes in spring; spectacular summer thunderstorms which are rarely
seen elsewhere;
春天的繁花；夏天的雷雨 ；
接下来肯定是秋天和冬天的景观。
秋天的______ ?
冬天的 ______？
§9.4 联想与猜想
Each season here has its own beauty: bright flowers in full bloom
covering the green slopes in spring; spectacular summer thunderstorms which
are rarely seen elsewhere; blue rivers running across
the mountains overlaid with red maple
leaves in autumn; snow-capped mountains and
frosted pine trees in winter that stage a quiet
spectacle of grandeur of particular interest.
四季景观各尽其妙。接下去？
§9.4 联想与猜想
Each season here has its own beauty: bright flowers in full bloom
covering the green slopes in spring; spectacular summer thunderstorms which
are rarely seen elsewhere;blue rivers running across the mountains
overlaid with red maple leaves in autumn; snow-capped mountains and
frosted pine trees in winter that stage a quiet spectacle of grandeur of
particular interest.
On a clear day one can see peaks rising one after
another. When the sky is overcast, the horizon
disappears into a sea of clouds. The mountain is
also known for its spectacular sunrise and sunset,
the beauty of which is unparalleled elsewhere
§9.4 联想与猜想
这一段写什么？
自然景观
春夏秋冬
晴阴
日出日落
下一段写什么？
23
英语学习策略：笔记策略
讲过自然景观，该讲讲人文景观了吧。
§9.4 联想与猜想
As a site of historical interest, Mount Tai has been a preferred place of visit for centuries. Dating back to the Yin and Shang periods(1766-1122 B.C.), Chinese forefathers established five directions of north, south, east,west and centre. The east, where the sun rises， represents life‘s fertility with the end of winter and coming of spring. Mount Tai, located in a coastal province in east China, has been regarded as propitious place.
既然泰山是福地，那么……
§9.4 联想与猜想
Ancient emperors prayed for the country‘s
prosperity and peace by offering sacrifices to
Heaven and Earth on Mount Tai. According to
historical records, prior to the Western Zhou
Dynasty(1122- 771 B.C.), 72 monarchs climbed the
mountain toperform sacrifices. They were then
Followed by Qinshihuang (秦始皇) , China‘s first
emperor, and then the emperors of the Han, Tang,
Song and Qing Dynasties.
全文就此结束了吗?
§9.4 联想与猜想
The modern world has also recognized
the cultural and tourist values of Mount Tai .
In 1985, the United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO) placed it on the UN list of World
Cultural and Natural Site.
——p62 A New English Course Book Ⅱ
§9.5 综合应用
1、将全文分成若干段（话题），逐段理解。
2、逐段归纳出段落大意。
3、归纳段落大意的最佳方案之一是从6w‘s 解剖。
4、将各段大意汇总，进行综合理解。
5、决定是按原顺序讲，还是调整顺序。
这是分析
这是归纳
24
英语学习策略：笔记策略
这是演绎
这是综合
这是综合
§9.6 思维定势
什么叫思维定势
在人们的思维活动中，存在着某重习惯性思维方式或思维状态，它对人们的创造性思维活动产生消极影响，必须注意克服。
思维定势是不是都是消极的？
不一定。
许多语法规则的运用靠的就是思维定势。
为什么会产生思维定势？
先从走路说起。
§9.6 思维定势
§9.6 思维定势
语法中的思维定势
If Paul…no trouble getting his degree.
A. Paul is now studying hard to get his degree.
B. Paul has got his degree.
C. Paul has trouble getting his degree.
D. Paul is not studying so hard as he has always been.
§9.6 思维定势
理解的思维定势(歧义句问题）
I went to the bank.
Please make her dress fast.
They can fish.
The report he stole was on the table.
…the librarian will find the book for you or find out if it has been borrowed. In the later case you can reserve it and the librarian will let you know when it is available.
§9.6 思维定势
理解的思维定势(歧义句问题）
歧义句（双关语的文学色彩）
A man boasted that he could make fun of any subject. Then someone asked:
― Can you make fun of the king?‖
He responded: ― The king is not a subject.‖ 碧庐冤孽
25
英语学习策略：笔记策略
§9.6 思维定势
词汇的思维定势
resort skating resort nut cut
to cut a piece of paper
to cut a piece of wood
to cut a piece of meat
to cut a piece of iron
to cut a piece of stone
剪
劈
切
割
刻
砍、划、片、裁、斩、铰、削、截……
§9.6 思维定势
词汇的思维定势
Some facts about the Great Wall
1. Construction began in the sixth century BC, ordered to be built by the heads
of various ducal states.
A New English Course IB p196
§9.6 思维定势
词汇的思维定势
Some facts about the Great Wall
1. Construction began in the sixth century BC, ordered to be built by the heads
of various ducal states.
A New English Course IB p196
诸侯国的国君/国王？！
诸侯
§9.6 思维定势
词汇的思维定势
I wore a well-tailored suit, a bowler hat and a trenchcoat, and carried a pencil-thin rolled black umbrella.
trenchcoat：a belted raincoat in a military style
trenchcoat是―有腰带的军式（军用）雨衣‖。
一个头脑正常的人是不可能同时既穿雨衣，又带雨伞。trenchcoat只能是 而不是雨衣。
§9.6 思维定势
词汇的思维定势
I wore a well-tailored suit, a bowler hat and a trenchcoat, and carried a pencil-thin rolled black umbrella.
trenchcoat：a belted raincoat in a military style
trenchcoat是―有腰带的军式（军用）雨衣‖。
一个头脑正常的人是不可能同时既穿雨衣，又带雨伞。trenchcoat只能是风衣而
26
英语学习策略：笔记策略
不是雨衣。
§9.6 思维定势
写作的思维定势
千人一面
eg. 想当教师都因为是教师子女，都说教师是人类灵魂的工程师。 病根：
作文是写给老师看的。
论中小学生“减负”
读者：学生、教师、家长、社会团体、公众
§9.6 思维定势
口语的思维定势
IV. 1、 完整句。
V. 2、 没有语言冗余。
VI. 3 、话是 “ 读 ” 出来的。
阅读的思维定势
VII. 1 、每词必究，见木不见林。阅读无法提速。
VIII. 2 、只读不想，理解力无法提高。
非智力因素的思维定势
IX. 老师讲的都对。
§9.6 思维定势
如何打破思维定势
最基本的做法是：
学会观察
学会比较
学会透过现象看本质
what is the difference between
a pair of and a couple of ?
a pair of gloves/ socks/chopsticks/ scissors…..
a couple of cars/ watches/...
§9.6 思维定势
如何打破思维定势
吃一堑长一智
亡羊补牢
听写为什么要设计错误登记表？
为什么Cloze要进行分类？
9.7不同层次的思维
英语学习中不同的课程、不同的内容对思维有不同层次的要求。 综合英语reading Ⅰ要求精雕细琢，而且会运用。
综合英语readingⅡ及阅读课的文章要求理解
课外阅读要求摄取信息或查找信息。
9.7不同层次的思维
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英语学习策略：笔记策略
相同的内容，不同的场合对思维也有不同层次的要求。
以综合英语reading Ⅰ为例
预习读第一遍：摄取信息。
┍已知
预习读第二遍：┫ ┏自己能解决
┗未知┫
┗自己不能解决
课堂学习：把未知的变成已知
课外复习：巩固、运用。
9.8不同时间段的思维
思维活动贯穿在英语学习的所有环节
学习前期的思维活动
学习中期的思维活动
学习后期的思维活动
课外生活的思维活动
9.8不同时间段的思维
1、预习
X. 综英预习中的分析、猜想、联想……
2、审题
XI. 写作、听写、阅读审题中的分析、猜想、联想
9.8不同时间段的思维
Collect Call from Las Vegas
1、 Las Vegas 猜想：拉斯韦加斯
2、 Collect Call 对方付款电话
3、拉斯韦加斯=？
4、到拉斯韦加斯的人要干什么？
5、从拉斯韦加斯打电话却又不付款。这意味着什么？
9.8不同时间段的思维
听写的审题
作文的审题
阅读的审题
作业的审题
分析-猜文章的内容
分析-定文章的内容
分析-猜文章的内容
？
9.8不同时间段的思维
听写的审题分析-猜文章的内容
作文的审题分析-定文章的内容
阅读的审题分析-猜文章的内容
作业的审题
特殊性：解决的不是内容而是思路 因此作业审题以演绎为主
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英语学习策略：笔记策略
9.8不同时间段的思维
复习：听写审题
1、一看就懂：
2、根本看不懂：
3、误导性很强：
Narratives
Gambling
9.8不同时间段的思维
作文审题包括：
1、对文章题目的理解
2、对文章限制条件的理解
3、对文章结构要求的理解
9.8不同时间段的思维
作文审题包括：
1、对文章题目的理解
2、对文章限制条件的理解
3、对文章结构要求的理解
My Idea of Becoming a Teacher in the future
？= How I‘d feel when I become a teacher in the future
？= Why I choose teaching as my career
？= My opinion of teachers‘ status in the future
？= What we should do as teachers in the future
？= What I should do as a teacher in the future
？= What will a good teacher be in the future
My Idea of Becoming a Teacher in the future
My opinion of teachers‘ status in the future
用这种思路去理解题目的同学很可能用第三人称去写这篇文章。 i.e. Teachers in the future will…. They will…
这种思路是错误的。因为，becoming 没有语法主语，但有逻辑主语。即，I（第一人称单数）。因此，用第三人称是错误的。
My Idea of Becoming a Teacher in the future
？= What we should do as teachers in the future
用这种思路去理解题目的同学写这篇文章虽然不用第三人称，但会用we。这与前一种思路犯的是同样的错误。
同时这种思路对becoming 的理解也不对。
My Idea of Becoming a Teacher in the future
？= What will a good teacher be in the future
？= What I should do as a teacher in the future
有这两种思路的同学会把这篇文章写成将来的优秀教师该具有什么品质。这种思路错就错在：
题目的becoming ≠be
becoming虽然是系动词，但呈现动态倾向，表示从一种状态 向另一 29
英语学习策略：笔记策略
种状态的转化。即，从学生变为老师。
be是静态的。没有转变的含义。
My Idea of Becoming a Teacher in the future
？= How I‘d feel when I become a teacher in the future
用这种思路去写文章的同学会写出诸如：
I will feel…. I will be proud…之类的话。
这种思路错就错在对in the future的理解。
in the future是becoming 状语，而不是idea
的定语。
9.8不同时间段的思维
My Idea of Becoming a Teacher in the future
归根结底，这篇文章题目的含义是：
1、我现在不是教师（是学生）。
2、将来我要去当教师。
3、对此，我的观点如何。
9.8不同时间段的思维
The college will have a New Year‘s Eve Evening. Thirty of my classmates will take their parts in the evening. So they will make up before the evening. In this case, Wu Min, our monitor should ask someone to buy some food for them as their supper. Will you please write a note, instead of him, arranging this matter. Don‘t forget to tell the receiver of the note to get a certain amount of money from Xiao Chen who is in charge of money in our class.
9.8不同时间段的思维
The college will have a New Year‘s Eve Evening. Thirty of my classmates will take their parts in the evening. So they will make up before the evening. In this case, Wu Min, our monitor should ask someone to buy some food for them as their supper. Will you please write a note, instead of him, arranging this matter. Don‘t forget to tell the receiver of the note to get a certain amount of money from Xiao Chen who is in charge of money in our class.
9.8不同时间段的思维
容易出错之处：
1、时间：元旦前
2、称呼、落款
3、多少钱
4、买什么，买多少
5、几点，把吃的送到哪里
9.8不同时间段的思维
Fill in the blanks with linking words：
通过老师讲课、学生作业，归纳出结论：
关联词的填空的实质是：
上下文的逻辑关系
由此演绎：此练习要从上下文的逻辑关系入手。
凭感觉解题也可能答对。但有时只能“蒙”。
9.8不同时间段的思维
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英语学习策略：笔记策略
Fill in the blanks with linking words：
Some of us may still remember an illness that was popular at one time when
we were young. There was a swelling of the salivary glands located in the
neck ，on both sides of the face。，there was fever。(2)_ the pain in our swelling neck became almost unbearable. (3) the disease was cured when antibiotics were used, we suffered a lot and
missed classes for days….
9.8不同时间段的思维
Fill in the blanks with linking words：
Some of us may still remember an illness that was popular at one time when
we were young. There was a swelling of the salivary glands located in the
neck ，on both sides of the face。there was fever。 the
disease was cured when antibiotics were used, we suffered a lot and missed
classes for days….
1、fever之前已经有 glands。因此，first 不对。
2、最后两句不是时间顺序。因此，finally也不对。
9.8不同时间段的思维
Fill in the blanks with linking words：
Some of us may still remember an illness that was popular at one time when
we were young. There was a swelling of the salivary glands located in the
neck ，on both sides of the face。there was fever。 the pain in our swelling neck became almost unbearable.
the disease was cured when antibiotics were used, we suffered a lot and
missed classes for days….
1、 glands 与fever同时发生 。（1）应为and/besides
2、 unbearable pain发生在fever后，（2） 可用Then.
3、末句是让步关系。（3）该填Though/Although。
9.8不同时间段的思维
46.______their policy can be changed the future for that country will be indeed
bleak.
[A] Even if
[B] Unless
[C] Now that
[D]As long as
这又是一道关联词填空。
9.8不同时间段的思维
46.______their policy can be changed the future for that country will be
indeed bleak.
[A] Even if
[B] Unless
[C] Now that
[D]As long as
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英语学习策略：笔记策略
不管从句如何主句状况不变
否定主句的唯一条件
实现主句状况的条件
实现主句状况的唯一条件
所以答案是[B] Unless
凭感觉也可能答对。凭感觉不可能每一题都答对。理解了答对的比率就会提高。
9.8不同时间段的思维
55. Some dieters find that after their dieting is over, the eat twice ____ they
did before their diet.
[A] more than
[B] as many as
[C] much than
[D] as much as
考什么？
既考比较级又考可数/不可数(交叉选择)
[A] more than [B] as many as
[C] much than [D] as much as
答案是[D] as much as
9.8不同时间段的思维
“ABC All”的选择方式
A√ B√
A√ B×
A× B√
A ×B×
C √D√
C ×D×
C ×D×
C√ D×
9.8不同时间段的思维
1、归纳
XII. 听写错误登记表的作用
XIII. cloze 错误的分类与归纳
2、反思
（对已有的思维结果进行检讨性的再思考）
XIV. 阅读的反思
9.8不同时间段的思维
WHILE THE AUTO WAITS
…
―Sometimes,‖ continued the girl, ―I think if I ever loved a man I should love a simple man —— What is your profession?‖
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英语学习策略：笔记策略
―I am a very simple man. But I hope to rise in the world. Did you really mean it when you said that you could love a simple man?‖
― I really did,‖ she said.
―I work at a restaurant,‖ said he. The girl drew back. ―Not as a waiter?‖ she asked.
9.8不同时间段的思维
―I am a cashier in that restaurant you see there with that brilliant electric sign: ?Restaurant‘.‖
The girl looked at her watch and rose.
―Why are you not at work?‖ she asked.
―I am on the night turn,‖said the young man, ―it is an hour yet till my work begins. May I hope to see you again?‖
反思：第一遍阅读时我们不知道女方的身份，没有较深层次的猜想。现在考虑一下：
what will the girl think?
9.8不同时间段的思维
―I don‘t know, perhaps. I must go quickly now. Oh, there is a dinner and a concert tonight. Perhaps you noticed a white automobile at the corner of the park when you came?‖
―Yes, I did,‖said the young man.
―I always come in it. The driver waits for me there .Good night.‖
―But it is dark now,‖said the young man, ―and the park is full of rude men. May I accompany you to the car?‖
男方居心何在？
Exercises
1. ―super苏泊尔、lucky乐凯、best百思德、star实达、only 1 昂立一号、safeguard 舒服佳、youngor 雅戈尔‖这些商标翻译的共同特点是什么?
2. ―细胞、电池、蜂房、单元、元件、晶格、单人房间,‖ 等不同学科/专业的名词译成英语都是cell。这些名词的共同点是什么?
3. 英语专业低年级的专业课有：《综合英语》、《阅读》、《听力》、《语音》《语法》、《口语》、《写作》等。请为这些课程分类。
4.第3题（课程分类）是用于检测猜想能力、联想能力、还是演绎能力？为什么？
5. 的解题思路是什么？
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