雅思小作文的四大构思黄金原则
雅思作文分为task1和task2两篇，不管是想要拿高分的还是仅期望保持5分的考生，对于小作文都不可以放松。根据雅思官方给出的数据，如果大作文6分，小作文5.5分，总分6分，反之亦然，所以小作文分数的高低是写作考试成败的关键。
那么雅思图表类作文的主体段到底如何进行构思，同时理清其逻辑关系呢？专家通过对雅思小作文评分标准的总结，发现图表作文最核心的关键在于要求考生在规定的时间范围内，对题目所示图表等信息进行逻辑性的归纳和总结，并将其用准确的、简洁且有质量的英文表述出来。
根据笔者多年的雅思写作从教经验总结发现，一大部分考生对于小作文的描写存在两方面的问题：理解图表，准确简洁的描述信息。很多学生只是能够将图表中出现的数据进行单纯并且机械化的罗列，没有任何对比比较信息，因此造成了在评分项中任务完成（task achievement）这一点上失分。另外一部分学生的数据信息描述能力稍弱，对于其中常见的单词以及句型表达方面把握不足，例如只会使用简单重复的语言或者出现及其弱智的语言表达问题（通常是语法错误，特别是出现在句子的核心部分），从而导致评分要求中对语言应用能力方面的扣分。
那么，图表类作文的主体段到底如何进行构思和行文呢？如何把握图表中的重点信息和核心内容？在行文过程中哪些表达方式是必不可少的呢？依据图表作文题中题目信息的特点，图表作文可以分成两大类，横向比较类和纵向比较类。横向比较类指的是图表不以时间变化为基准；反之，纵向比较类体现的是随着时间的变化而变化。在大部分的常见图表作文（线图、柱图、饼图和表格）中，线图是根据时间变化的，其他三种图形大部分都会体现时间的变化。 构思黄金原则一：
由于图表作文的主体存在随着时间变化而变化的数据和信息，所以，考生在写这类图表时只需把握一个基本原则，就是根据时间的推移对数据点进行描述。
例如，剑桥7-2
The graph below shows the consumption of fish and some different kinds of meat in a European country between 1979 and 2004.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
以fish为例，对于这篇文章，考生就得先描述19xx年鱼肉的消耗量，再逐步相互推移，直至描述到20xx年鱼肉的消耗量。
构思黄金原则二：
在写鱼肉的销量时，不可能将19xx年到20xx年中共6个点全部写到，需要涉及信息的选择，关注其中的关键点。那么哪些才是所谓的关键信息点呢？一般来说，起始点和终止点的描述是必不可少的，其次，图表中出现的极值点（最大最小值），拐点（变化趋势出现转变的数值点），峰值和图线的交叉点也都是可以具体描述的信息。
构思黄金原则三：
合理安排信息点，确定完文章的关键点之后，大部分的考生可能会面临两方面的问题：其一是信息量过大，如果全部描述，一一细写，时间上是不允许的，并且超出文章字数要求非常多，曾经笔者的学生甚至写了一篇300多单词的雅思小作文；其二是文章信息量过少，简单进行数据的描述无法完成题目的字数要求，这种情况，就需要考生选取重点信息进行多样化和详细化的描述。
构思黄金原则四：
合理的对比比较，对于想要拿高分的学员，对比是必不可少的。首先，可以进行趋势的比较，也就是上升和下降的趋势比较；其次是数值的比较，例如一根线本身的起终点的纵向比较，或者和其他的主体横向比较。在上文提到的剑桥7-2中，其中有一条线是chicken的，这根线的趋势与其他三根都不一样，呈现了一种上升趋势；除此之外，就是它的
重点几乎是自己本身起点的两倍（150—250）----纵向比较；在最后一年相比于其他的肉类或者鱼类，鸡肉的消耗是最大的---横向比较。 雅思小作文修改检查表
对于自己复习的烤鸭，最难得莫过于写了作文不知道对不对。。没人帮忙修改，也看不出自己哪里犯了错，哪里需要改进~下面是一名外籍雅思老师为烤鸭们总结的checklist，照着这个，你可以对自己练习写的小作文进行修改，learn from your own mistake是最好的提高方法！
A checklist for part 1 graphs, charts and tables
In task 1 it is important that you accurately describe the information from the diagram so you don’t lose marks under Task Response. The difficulty is to decide what is the key information as there is often a lot of data to
process. One way of thinking about this, is to ask yourself if someone could draw the chart and graph from the
information in your report. This is not easy to do and so to help you, you will find below a 8 point checklist, an exercise and a practice suggestion.
Checklist
Here is my 8 point checklist to help you include the relevant details. I suggest you use it to check your own work: you should be able to answer “yes”to all the questions.
1. Type of diagram 图表类型
Have you correctly identified whether it is a bar chart/line graph/pie chart/flow chart/table?
有没有说清楚这个一个什么样的图表----柱状图？线图？饼图？还是流程图？
2. The correct tense 时态
Have you correctly identified whether the data in the chart relates to past time, a current state of affairs or a future prediction? This includes not just using the correct tenses but also including specific times in your report. 有没有运用正确的时态呢？要记住，不止要用对时态，还要再小作文中写清具体的时间！
3. The subjects 对象
Have you included all the subjects that are referred to in the diagram? Even if you have a bar chart ortable
naming 8 different countries for example, you still need to refer to them all in your report.
所有图表中所提到的对象都写进小作文了吗？如果图表里提到8个国家，全部都要写进去哦~
4. Units
Have you included references to the units? These may be units of time (months/years etc), money (millions of £) or simple numbers (10,000s). To do this, you need to read the x and y axes carefully.
单位写清楚了吗？X轴和Y轴上的单位都要看清楚哦~
5. Highs and lows/Beginnings and ends/Biggest and smallest
Have you included the extremes shown in the diagram? In nearly all charts and graphs these are key features to include as they give the reader a frame for understanding the chart or graph. When there is a lot of
data, you may not include every extreme so you need to use your judgement.
文中有重要信息点了吗？最高点、最低点、起点、终点、最多的、最少的一定要写进去！
6. Patterns and trends 模式和趋势
Have you noted any patterns?
In dynamic charts (when there is a change in time), it is nearly always important to note whether the general trend is upwards or downwards.
在一个有变化的图表里，整体趋势怎样，上升？下降？要写清~
In static charts (when there is only one time frame), it can be important to note patterns. For example, if you
look at my sample report on holiday destinations, you will see that I group England, Scotland and Wales together and note that they have a similar pattern.
7. Exceptions
Is there anything in the chart that is completely
different to the general pattern? If so, this too is very likely to be a key detail that needs to be noted.
除了常规方式外的东西也要写到，就是图表中的“例外”。
8. Ordering information排序
Have you ordered the information in a logical way? It is no good putting all the right information in if the keys points are hidden away. This can happen if you follow the order of the chart without thinking. Possible logical ways of ordering the report include:
从图表中选择的信息，又按照合理的逻辑排列好顺序吗？常见的逻辑顺序有：
start with the most significant detail 从最重要的细节开始说起
start with the general pattern, then note exceptions 从一般模式说起，然后注明有例外
group items that are similar 写一组里面有相似性的东西
move from the largest to the smallest 从最大值写到最小值
move from the first in time to the last in time 从时间起点写到时间终点
雅思小作文 有用句型 翻译练习 (1) In managerial positions, there are more males than females. (2) A greater percentage of men than women are found in managerial positions. (3) A smaller percentage of women than men are employed in managerial positions. (4) The percentage of men employed in managerial positions is much larger than women in these occupations. (5) College students bought more fiction books than others. (6) More urban dwellers have a water supply than rural dwellers. (7) Fewer rural dwellers have a water supply than urban dwellers.
(8) In 1980, 30% of rural dwellers had drinking water compared with 50% in 1990.
(9) In 1980, 30 % of rural dwellers had drinking water, whereas in 1990 50 % had it.
(10) The students in class A are three times as many as those in class B.
(11) The profit doubled from May ω June.www.Ｅxamda.CoM考试就到考试大
(12) The profit increased three-fold from May to June.
(13) They made twice the profit in June than in March.
(14) They made three times the profit in June than in March.
雅思小作文开头段经典模板20句
1、According to the first graph, it can be seen that ______________, it can also be concluded from it that ______________.
2、There is an interesting and instructive picture which goes like this: ______________.
3、Nowadays there is a growing concern over
______________. Many people like ______________, while others are inclined to ______________.
4、Nowadays, it is common to ______________. Many people like ______________ because ______________. Besides, ______________.
5、 ______________, just like many other things, are preferred by ______________. While being attacked by the idea that ______________, some people consider ______________. They point that ______________.
6、Everything has two sides and ______________ is not an exception, it has both advantages and
disadvantages.
7、For years ______________ had been viewed as ______________. But people are taking a fresh look at it now.
8、It has stipulated by the government that
______________. To this stipulation, many people respond actively because ______________.
9、______________ is a common occurrence in our daily life. Whatever we do, ______________ can't be avoided.
10、______________ has become a hot topic among people, especially among the young, and heated debates are right on their way.
11、Recently, ______________ has become the focus of the society, and in this way.. People swarm to
______________.
12、______________ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought us a lot of benefits but created some serious problems as well.
13、Man is now facing a big problem-______________, which is becoming more and more serious. First, ______________ second, ______________.
14、Nowadays more and more people are beginning to be aware of the seriousness of ______________.
15、It is only during the last years that man has become generally aware that ______________.
16、There is an old saying, ______________. It's the experience of our forefathers, however, it is correct in many cases ever today.
17、The English proverb says, ______________. This is quite true because ______________. 18、______________ is now______________, and at the same time ______________. These two factors have caused ______________. Then what shall we do to solve ______________ in the face of such a situation.
19、One of our ancient philosophers said,
______________. Chinese people have always been
holding this idea to be one of their standards of morality.
20、One of the great early writers said that
______________. If this is true, the present situation should make us ponder over ______________.
雅思小作文主体段必备知识点之十二罗汉
雅思学术类小作文图形种类多变，写法和思路也有很多，经典句型更是层出不穷。但是笔者根据多年的课堂教学，以及自己的摸索，发现其实在小作文主体段中有这样12个必备的知识点，是每个旨在取得雅思写作好成绩的同学必须要牢固掌握的。这些知识点贯穿整个主体段，涵盖了所有类别的图形，每个都可谓是星光熠熠：
1. 第一罗汉：排序罗汉
排序结构应用于排列和引导具有一定逻辑关系的数据名称，一般用于排列“第2名”以后的数据名词。常用的逻辑顺序是数据的绝对值大小，时间的先后，数据变化幅度的大小等。其优点在于可以迅速地引出下一个数据指代对象，同时可以通过接续定语从句或者分词来提高句型的复杂度。在线性图，饼状图，柱状图和数据表格中应用广泛。雅思专家总结出常用的排序结构一共有以下几个：
a. Next come…
b. … come next
c. It is followed by…
d. This is followed by…
e. … leaving … at …
举个非常简单的例子，比如中国是世界上人口最多的国家，印度排名第2。那么我们不管用什么样的句子去写中国，在写完中国以后，就可以用上述排序结构中的某一个来引出印度，比如说：It is followed by India…然后在联系之后所要表达的数据来搭配不同的句式。下面我们来具体看几个排序在真题中的用法：
I. College C has the greatest proportion of lectures with PHD qualification among all the colleges, at 60%. Next comes college A, at 50%, followed by college B, at 30%.（按照数据大小关系）
II. London has the oldest underground railway system among the six cities and it was opened in the year 1863. Paris comes next, with the second oldest
underground system being opened in 1900.（按照时间的先后）
III. Flying by air produces by far the greatest CO2 emissions. This is followed by passenger cars which are the next largest producers.（按照数据大小关系）
IV. The underground train driver saw a much quicker growth rate in their annual salary than other professions. Police officer comes next, followed by the fire fighter and nurse.（按照数据的幅度大小关系）
V. Turning to the pie graph, over half of the funds were spent on building roads (52%). Next comes railways, taking up nearly one third of the funds. （按照数据大小关系）
在上述题目中，作者在柱状图和饼图的描述过程中分别使用了2个排序结构，第一处后面用定语从句来接续，第二处则使用了分词。可见，在使用这一结构的时候，我们需注意和其他句型和语法点的“混搭”，从而增加句式的变化，但是笔者并不建议整个图表连续使用排序结构来表达。
2. 第二罗汉：比重罗汉
在图表题中几乎每种图形都会涉及到百分比或者比重等数据，而略微遗憾的是我们很多同学对于如何表达这些数据不是很清楚，因此经常使用错误。其实要准确表达并不难，只要掌握几个核心的词汇：比如，percent是“百分之”的意思，等同于%符号，前面应该用数据，比如60%可以写成60 percent, 另外要注意percent后面是不加s的。而percentage是“百分比”的意思，后面不能直接跟数字，一般需要用the percentage of来表达某个百分比。此外，我们经常可以用proportion, share, rate等来表达相同的意思，比如：
I. A large proportion of the earth’s surface is covered with water.
II. Americans spend a smaller share of income on food than residents of other developed nations.
III. The rate of heart disease increased sharply between 1950 and 1960.
IV. The percentage of residents below 18 years old was much higher in Utah than that in other two states. 在百分比数据中，雅思专家提醒考生们也要特别注意以下这几个重要的数据，它们的学术化表达也是小作文高分范文中的一大亮点，考生们需密切关注并熟练掌握，比如： 25%; 33%; 50%; 67%; 75% 对应的分数分别为 1/4; 1/3; 1/2; 2/3; 3/4。上述5个分数及其对应的百分比的表达在四
种常规图表题里屡见不鲜，因此，正确并且合理的表达这些数字就显得极为重要。在实际考试中，我们在题目中看到这些百分数马上要转换成对应的分数，这样就可以直接用英文来准确表达，即：
25%---a quarter; 33%--one/a third; 50%--half; 67%--two thirds; 75%--three quarters.
但是实际应用时数据并不是一定那么巧正好是这几个百分比，在这些分数上下浮动五个百分点间的数值我们同样可以借助于这5个分数来表达，比如：69%我们可以写成slightly over two thirds, 72%我们可以写成slightly under three quarters等等，通过这样很小的切换，我们既增加了字数，又符合学术化的表达：
23% of the residents in Utah are people of 0-14 age group. 我们便能改为：
Slightly under a quarter of the citizens in Utah are people of 0-14 age group.
除了上述这几个重要分数外，我们有时候还会遇到80%, 90%这两个相对较大的比重，这个时候，我们也可以将其用a majority of或者是a vast majority of来进行学术化的转换：
A majority of courses at college C obtain top rating from inspectors, compared to 60% and 40% of other
colleges.
3. 第三罗汉：“占据”罗汉
在饼图，柱状图和数据表格中，我们经常会需要表达A占了B的几分之几这样的意思，这个时候，我们可以用以下5个单词或词组来准确表达：
constitute; comprise; take up; account for; make up I. Asians comprise over one third of the six billion inhabitants.
II. In California, while blacks make up less than 20 percent of the juvenile population, over half of all arrests involve black children.
III. In general, the American general population spent a total of 7 hours 47 minutes on watching TV each week, which account for over half of the total hours.
IV. In 1960, the 15-46 age group constituted over half of the Japanese population.
值得注意的是，occupy这个词也有“占”的意思，但是一般在学术类小作文中我们不用它来表示占据的意思，因为它代表“物理”的占据，而图表中的占据是属于“抽象”的。
4. 第四罗汉：调查问卷罗汉
和问卷调查有关的单词是：
survey/interview/questionnaire
问卷的结果一般表达为：the results of a survey/the responses to a survey
问卷调查或者访问的个体为：the people interviewed/respondent
I. The table illustrates the results of a survey on the university facilities in three British colleges in 2002. II. Over half of the respondents give a positive feedback to the facilities.
在上面的第一个例句中，我们可以用the responses to a survey来同义替换划线的短语。
5. 第五罗汉：超越点罗汉
这条必备知识点我们一般只应用于线状图，因为一般只有2条以上的线图才可能出现相交的情况，这个时候我们可以用比较合理的句型来描述其中的若干个交叉点，具体的写作理论为：以上升或者上升幅度较大的那条线作为主句的描写内容，然后用现在分词来描写超越点，后面接续超越时间点。比如：
The production of CFC-12, on the other hand, showed an upward trend throughout the 20-year period from 25 to 50 million tones, surpassing the production of CFC-11 in 1989.
在上述例子中，主句我们使用的是主谓宾的简单句，在
表达超越的时候，我们使用的动词是surpass, 除了这个单词以外，我们还可以用exceed或者overtake来替换，也能表达相似的含义。值得一提的是，这种描述方式并非是必须的，若使用的话也建议只使用一次，即便是图表中有2个以上的交叉点。
6. 第六罗汉：将来时结构罗汉
在小作文图表题的动态数据中，经常会出现未来的时间，这就要求我们在描写到这些数据的时候必须使用一般将来时。但是实际使用的时候我们会发现这些数据至少有2, 3个甚至更多，那么我们就不能千篇一律地将所有的地方都用一般将来时，而需要增加一些结构上的变化，这时候，将来时的结构便应运而生了：
I. be predicted to
II. be forecast to
III. be projected to
IV. It is predicted that
要注意的是前三个结构中的to都是不定式，后面要接续动词的原形，在实际使用时be动词一般都为is, 但是这些结构都表示未来的意思：
I. The percentage showed a sharp increase in the coming years, which is forecast to reach a peak of 59% in the year 2021.
II. From 1990 onwards, however, the figure plunged, which is predicted to drop by 50% to only 10% in 2030. III. It is predicted that the number of visitors will continue its upward trend and climb to 30,000 in the year 2035.
在使用这几个将来时结构时，我们注意到数据的描写先是用一个简单句涵盖了整个趋势，趋势中包含了过去现在和未来的数据，然后直接用表示将来时的结构拖出最后一个数据即可。这个可谓是使用这些结构的理论依据，大家不妨记一下。
7. 第七罗汉：连词罗汉
小作文中的连词起到了衔接逻辑顺序的作用，是一篇优秀范文中的重要组成部分，根据雅思专家的经验总结，在主体段中经常会用到以下这些重要的连词结构：
I. as can be seen
II. as can be told from the graph
III. turning to
IV. with respect to
V. with regard to
VI. in contrast
VII. by comparison
VIII. compared to/with
IX. in short
X. on the contrary
XI. however
XII. conversely
XIII. surprisingly
XIV. interestingly
XV. similarly
XVI. onwards
XVII. following this
XVIII. after that
XIX. then
前2个连词我们一般用于第一个主体段开篇，但是在动态数据图表中，我们可能就会使用时间状语作为开篇，因此这2个连词是参考，而非必须。主体段第2段，第3段甚至
第4段的开篇我们可以参考3—5这几个连词，尤其是第4第5个，在意思上大致一致，表示“在。。。方面”。第6个和第7个的区别在于前者表示的是不同点的对比，而后者则表示相同或相似点的比较，后面都是跟句子。而当需要接续名词或者短语时我们就直接使用第8个连词。第13个和第14个数据情感副词，有些时候数据会给你造成一种情感上的变化和震撼，此时就需要使用这2个连词。从第16个连词
开始都是表示时间的，在动态数据中使用。
8. 第八罗汉：简单句罗汉
在图表题主体段的描写中，数据主要是通过简单句引导的，然后可以辅助地加上分词或者定语从句等语法结构来增加句型的变化。而简单句的使用也是有其侧重点的，下面雅思专家将具体介绍一下：
1. 动态数据：主+谓
此结构是描写数据动态变化的首选句型结构，需注意的是主语必须是“数据”比如number, figure, percentage等，不能是其他名词，而谓语动词也只能是不及物动词比如increase, drop等。下面我们来看几个例子：
I. The number of visitors increased sharply between 1995 and 2005 in China.
II. The percentage of people aged 15-46 dropped slightly by 10% during the 40 years.
III. The figure for college C rose gradually to 30,000 in 2002.
IV. The number of aged people over 65 dropped slightly from 1960-1980.
V. The number of aged people over 65 fluctuated between 1 million and 1.2 million from 1940-1950.
2. 动态数据：主+谓+宾
此句型结构的特点在于谓语动词必须是及物动词，比如witness, see等，宾语位置要用表示动态变化的名词比如growth, reduction等，在主语位置上可以仍旧为数据，也可以是地点或者时间段。它对于用主谓结构表达的句子可以作同义转换，比如：
I. The number of visitors saw a sharp increase between 1995 and 2005 in China.
II. China witnessed a sharp increase in the number of visitors between 1995 and 2005.
III. The years between 1995 and 2005 saw a sharp increase in the number of visitors in China.
3. 动态数据：there + be
此简单句型一般用于对于上述两种动态数据描写句型进行同义转换，be动词的时态一定要根据数据的时间来改变，否则很容易出错：
I. There was an increase in the visits from about 12 to 53 million from 1979 to 1999.
II. There was a sharp rise in the number of visitors between 1995 and 2005 in China.
III. There was a slight decline in the number of aged people over 65 from 1960-1980.
IV. There was a fluctuation between 1 million and 1.2
million from 1940-1950.
4. 静态数据：主+系+表
此句型结构也很实用，特别在描写静态数据中那些比较次要的数据时使用。既可以用来描写一个数据，也可以描写多个数据并列，比如：
I. The figures for college B and college A are 30% and 40% respectively.
II. The proportion of California was 27.3%.
III. The percentages of other two states were 18% and 34% respectively.
5. 静态数据：主+谓+宾
在静态数据的描写中，我们也可以使用这个句型，但是在每个成分上不受任何限制，单词完全是根据数据内容来选择的，没有固定词汇，因此我们要准确解读数据内容后才能下笔：
I. The most significant feature is that teacher's salary was the biggest item of expenditure of UK universities while the spending on resources such as books only comprised a small share.
II. College C has the highest proportion of lectures with PHD qualification. College B comes next while college A has 20%.
III. London has the oldest railway system among all the cities. Paris comes next…
IV. The male electronic players clearly outnumbered their female counterparts (72% and 28% respectively). 所有的这些简单句都是描述数据的基本句型元素，不论高分还是普通的文章，都是从这些简单句开始操作的。实际使用的时候，雅思专家建议考生们需要根据数据间的逻辑关系搭配好合适的连词，另外，我们还可以在简单句之后继续对其扩展，灵活使用其他语法和句型组合，最终写出流畅的数据描写的句子。
9. 第九罗汉：介词罗汉
介词在小作文中的价值可见一斑，准确使用介词对于取得高分至关重要，因此在准备知识里笔者重点给出三个常用介词的使用方法，这三个介词分别是to, by, of。在使用的时候我们要注意，by是跟在动词后面的，表示幅度，而of是跟在名词后面的，同样表示幅度，to则既可以跟在动词也可以跟在名词之后，表示的是最终的数值大小。下面我们来看几个例子：
I. This year unemployment has increased by 20,000 cases.
II. This year there has been an increase in
unemployment of 5%.
III. This year unemployment has risen to 10%.
IV. This year there has been a rise in unemployment to 10%.
在第一和第三个句子中，划线单词都为不及物动词，而在第二和第四个句子里，划线单词都是名词，我们需要根据中文意思的不同，准确地按照上述理论来使用这几个介词，避免不必要的失分。
10. 第十罗汉：倍数罗汉
不论是静态还是动态数据，我们在描述中经常会发现某2个数据间存在倍数关系，或者某一个数据在经过增长后和前面一个时间点的数据存在倍数关系，这时候，从高分的角度来说，我们需要对于这些倍数作一个交代。表示倍数关系的单词主要有以下这些：double / triple / quadruple
（2/3/4倍）, fold, times等。前面三个动词可以直接在句子中表达具体的倍数，而后面两个单词需要借助名词词组的形式来表达倍数：
I. In general, the number of global population rose sharply during the six centuries and climbed to around six billion in 2000, a growth of 12 times.
II. Around 80% of the graduates from college C are able to find employment within six months after
graduation. This figure triples that of college A while
college B has 50%.
III. Minors constituted nearly 30% of the population in Utah. This figure doubles that of California while Florida had 21%.
我们注意一下第一个句子中的名词短语，其中文意思为长了12倍，我们可以用a 12-folded growth对其进行替换，效果是一样的，但是中文意思发生了细微的变化，为一个12倍的增长。在第二和第三个句子中，划线的动词都是及物动词，直接可以将倍数关系表达出来，其使用的句子结构大家也不妨仔细体会一下。
11. 第十一罗汉：短语罗汉
小作文中的短语使用一般可以分为分词短语和介宾短语2种用法：
1. 分词短语
I. On average, 11% of all households, comprising almost two million people, were in this position.
II. 300 employees attend full-time course, constituting almost one third of all the employees.
III. Next comes tree-cutting, taking away slightly larger areas of land than farming in all the three regions. 雅思专家提醒考生们，在使用分词短语时一定要注意语法的准确性，即分词的逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致，否
则是要导致扣分的。
IV. Observing the overall workforce does not lead to any surprises as it simply combines the above two, with about two-thirds of all workers working full-time or long hours, and the remaining one-third working part-time.
2. 介宾短语
I. However, those consisting of only one parent or a single adult had almost double this proportion of poor people, with 21% and 19% respectively.
II. Couples generally tended to be better off, with lower poverty levels for couples without children (7%) than those with children (12%).
III. By contrast, the annual distance covered by bicycle, motorbike and air travel only represented an insignificant share, with less than 8 billion passenger kilometers for each.
在第3个例句中，我们要特别注意for each的用法，要将其和respectively区分开来，通过句子的意思来合理使用好这2个词。
IV. Role play and education games had less successful sales, with 7% each.
V. In comparison, student expenditure in country C
was considerably lower, at only US $1,500 per year.
VI. Observing the overall workforce does not lead to any surprises as it simply combines the above two, with about two-thirds of all workers working full-time or long hours, and the remaining one-third working part-time. 在最后一个句子中，介词with引导的数据并列结构用连词and连接，使用时，我们一定要保证连词左右的短语都是名词形式，不能出现动词。
12. 第十二罗汉：被动语态罗汉
被动语态在常规的图表题和示意图中都是一个非常重要的组成部分，尤其对于增加句型变化和增加表达复杂度上起了很关键的作用，以下我们来具体看一下被动语态在学术类小作文主体段中的使用理论及法则。
1. 流程图
我们在写流程图的时候同一个动作用2种语态皆可表达，但是若使用被动语态，既避免了主语选择时的纠结，同时也增加了文章的字数，如：
I. In the first stage, the used bottles, discarded by customers, are collected at the collecting point.
II. Following this, the clean bottles are transported by the trucks to the glass factory where they are broken into glass pieces which are put into a furnace
在上面这个句子中，我们可以看到作者连续使用了定语从句这个语法点，然后用被动语态的方式串联前后的动作，这是高分表达的惯用方式，大家不妨仔细品味一下其中的写作理论。
III. In the final stage, new and empty bottles are filled with liquid, packed and dispatched to the supermarket ready to be picked by consumers.
IV. Nitrogen is poured in. Water is needed only when it is hot in weather.
2. 地图题
在地貌变迁图里被动语态的使用相对于流程图来说就更加灵活了，因为地貌变迁图句型的选择面更广，因此被动语态相对来说就成为一种辅助的语法。如：
I. The year 1860 saw a doubling in the number of homes, but the size of farmland and woods was reduced by half.
II. In the same year, a bridge could be seen over the river and a road was constructed linking the river to the residences.
III. Several school buildings and sports facilities were constructed at the south-eastern corner of the village, which were connected with the residential area in the
north by a newly-built road.
3. 动态数据
在连续的2段动态变化趋势中，不论相反或者相似，都可以用被动语态来进行句型的切换使之达到更加生猛的效果。如：
I. The number of world population rose slowly in the first 400 years from 1400. However, this was suddenly replaced by a sharply upward trend after 1800 and the figure surged to over 6 billion in 2000.
II. In the first 20 years, the amount of oil discovered increased dramatically by 50%. However, from 1990 onwards, it was suddenly replaced by a sharply downward trend and is predicted to dip to only 20,000 barrels in 2020.
在上面的2个例句中，细心的同学一定会发现，在动态数据变化的描写中，我们喜欢用replace这个动词，加上upward/downward这2个形容词来组合。没错，这几个单词就是我们一开始在采用这种句式时的惯用词汇，大家务必要记住。另外，在句子的衔接上，我们要用表示转折的连词。 III. From Monday to Friday, the dinner sales rose gradually by 20%. However, it was suddenly replaced by a downward trend when the weekend set in, dipping
quickly by 10%.
IV. This rise in passenger kilometer number was recorded in air, bus and rail travel but a slight decline was actually found in bicycle and motorbike travel.
在第4个例句中，我们用被动语态来对动态数据的变化作一小结，同时也进行了横向对比，这是被动语态在动态数据中的一种灵活使用方式。
V. This upward trend is expected to last through to the year 2021, when the population is estimated at 87,657,000, more than double the 1901 figure.
4. 静态数据
I. The rest of the students' spending was divided among leisure, books and others.
II. Leisure spending constituted a larger percentage (20%) of student expenditure in both country A and country B, while in country C more money was spent on books(21%) than on leisure(12%).
雅思小作文常用词汇和表达
1、趋势类词汇
上升动词类：
increase,goup,riseup,growup,jumpup,surge,shootup,keep
anupwardtendency
下降动词类：decrease,godown,decline,falldown,drop,sink,dip,keepadownwardtendency
波动动词类：fluctuate
持平动词类：remain the same,stabilize,remain stable,remain constant
修饰动词的副词：slightly轻微地，slowly缓慢地，gradually逐渐地，steadily稳定地，rapidly迅速地，
moderately温和地，轻微地，significantly明显地，sharply明显地，dramatically急剧地，drastically急剧地 上升名词类：increase,rise,growth,jump,surge 下降名词类：decrease,decline,fall,reduction,drop 波动名词类：fluctuation
修饰名词的形容词：slight,slow,gradual,steady,rapid,moderate,significant,sharp,dramatic,drastic
2、极值类词汇和表达
最高点：reach the peak/top/highest point
Increase to the peak/top/highest point(所有上升类的动词都可以替换掉increase)
最低点：reach the bottom/lowest point
drop to the bottom/lowest point(所有下降类的动词都可以替换掉drop)
占的最多：occupy/make up/take up/account for the largest proportion/number/percentage of…
占的最少：occupy/make up/take up/account for the smallest proportion/number/percentage of…
3、倍数的表达方式
Double是两倍/大一倍
Increase/decrease three times增长/减少了三倍
4、大约的表达方式
About/around+数字
数字+orso
Approximately+数字
5、常用的小作文的趋势句式表达
句式一：变化主体/图画中主体+趋势动词+副词+时间区间
Eg:The number of aged people over 65 increased significantly from 1940-2000.
The number of aged people over 65 dropped slightly from 1960-1980.
The number o faged people over 65 fluctuated between 1 million and 1.2 million from 1940-1950.
The number of aged people over 65 remained stable from 1930-1940. 句式二：There be+形容词+表示趋势的名词+in+变化的主体+时间区间 Eg:There was an significant increase in the number of aged people over 65 from 1940-2000. There was a slight decline in the number of aged people over 65 from 1960-1980. There was a fluctuation between 1 million and 1.2 million from 1940-1950 雅思小作文模板句必备50句型
A组
1.the table shows the changes in the number of...over the period from...to... 该表格描述了在...年之...年间...数量的变化。
2.the bar chart illustrates that... 该柱状图展示了...
3.the graph provides some interesting data regarding... 该图为我们提供了有关...有趣数据。
4.the diagram shows (that)... 该图向我们展示了...
5.the pie graph depicts (that).... 该圆形图揭示了...
6.this is a cure graph which describes the trend of... 这个曲线图描述了...的趋势。
7.the figures/statistics show (that)... 数据(字)表明...
8.the tree diagram reveals how... 该树型图向我们揭示了如何...
9.the data/statistics show (that)... 该数据(字)可以这样理解...
10.the data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that... 这些数据资料令我们得出结论...
11.as is shown/demonstrated/exhibited in the
diagram/graph/chart/table... 如图所示...
12.according to the chart/figures... 根据这些表(数字)...
13.as is shown in the table... 如表格所示...
14.as can be seen from the diagram, great changes have taken place in... 从图中可以看出，...发生了巨大变化。
15.from the table/chart/diagram/figure, we can see clearly that...or it is clear/apparent from the chart that... 从图表我们可以很清楚(明显)看到...
16.this is a graph which illustrates... 这个图表向我们展示了...
17.this table shows the changing proportion of a & b
from...to... 该表格描述了...年到...年间a与b的比例关系。
18.the graph, presented in a pie chart, shows the general trend in... 该图以圆形图形式描述了...总的趋势。
19.this is a column chart showing... 这是个柱型图，描述了...
20.as can be seen from the graph, the two curves show the fluctuation of... 如图所示，两条曲线描述了...的波动情况。
21.over the period from...to...the...remained level. 在...至...期间，...基本不变。
22.in the year between...and... 在...年到...期间...
23.in the 3 years spanning from 1995 through 1998... 19xx年至1998三年里...
24.from then on/from this time onwards... 从那时起...
25.the number of...remained steady/stable from
(month/year) to (month/year). ...月(年)至...月(年)...的数量基本不变。
26.the number sharply went up to... 数字急剧上升至...
27.the percentage of...stayed the same between...and... ...至...期间...的比率维持不变。
28.the figures peaked at...in(month/year) ...的数目在...月(年)达到顶点，为...
29.the percentage remained steady at... 比率维持在...
30.the percentage of...is sightly larger/smaller than that of... ...的比例比...的比例略高(低)。
31.there is not a great deal of difference between...and... ...与...的区别不大。
32.the graphs show a threefold increase in the number of... 该图表表明...的数目增长了三倍。
33....decreased year by year while...increased steadily. ...逐年减少，而...逐步上升。
34.the situation reached a peak(a high point at) of[%]. ...的情况(局势)到达顶(高)点，为...百分点。 35.the
figures/situation bottomed out in... 数字(情况)在...达到底部。
36.the figures reached the bottom/a low point/hit a trough. 数字(情况)达到底部(低谷)。
37.a is ...times as much/many as b. a是b的...倍。
38.a increased by... a增长了...
39.a increased to... a增长到...
40.high/low/great/small/ percentage. 比低高(低)
41.there is an upward trend in the number of... ...数字呈上升趋势。
42.a considerable increase/decrease occurred from...to... ...到...发生急剧上升。
43.from...to...the rate of decrease slow down. 从...到...，下降速率减慢。
44.from this year on，there was a gradual declinel
reduction in the...,reaching a figure of... 从这年起，...逐渐下降至...
45.be similar to... 与...相似
46.be the same as... 与...相同
47.there are a lot similarities/differences between...and... ...与...之间有许多相似(不同)之处
48.a has something in common with b a于b有共同之处。
49.the difference between a and b lies in... a与b之间的差别在于... 50...(year)witnessed/saw a sharp rise in... ...年...急剧上升。 B组
1.according to the chart```
2.the date lead us to the conclusion that```
3.the date show```
4.the tree diagram reveals how```
5.the figures show```
6.this is a cure graph which describes the trend of```
7.the pie graph depicts```
8.the graph provides some interesting date regarding```
9.the table shows the changes in the number of ``` over the period from ```to ```
10.as is shown in the table ```
11.from the table ,we can clearly see that ``` 12.this table shows the changing proportion of X and Y from ``` to ```` 13.the graph, presented in a pie chart, shows the general trend in``` 14.as can be seen from the grape ,the two curves show the fluctuation of ```
15.over the period from ```to ```the```remained level.
16.in the year between ```and ```.
17.in the 3 years spanning from 2005 through 2008.
18.the number of ``` remained steady from ```to ````.
19.the number sharply went up to ```
20.the percentage of ``` stayed the same between ``` and ```
21.the percentage remained steady at```
22.the percentage of ```is slightly large than that of.
23.there is not a great deal of difference between ```and ```
24.the graphs show a three fold increase in the number of ```
25.```decreased year by year while ```increased steadily.
26.there is an upward trend in the number of ```
27.a considerable increase occurred from ```to ```
28.from ```to ```the rate of decrease slow down. 29.from this year on, there was a gradual decline reduction in the ```reaching a figure of.
30.be similar to ```be the same as
31.there are a lot similarities between ```and ```
32.the difference between X and Y lies in
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