【2012考研必备资料】 考研英语冲刺班写作电子讲义
第一节
一、最新大纲：
（一）《英语（一）考试大纲》
1、考试说明：
1）词汇难度加大：
（1）词义关系：同义词、近义词、反义词
（2）搭配关系：动介搭配、形介搭配、形名搭配
（3）词汇生成：词源、词根、词缀
2）小作文：二选一
（1）书信、备忘录、报告
（2）摘要
2、附录一：参考试题（大纲样题）
3、附录二：词汇表
4、附录三：常见前缀、后缀、国名、洲名、缩写
5、附录四：07-09真题
（二）《英语（一）考试分析》：大纲参考试题及05-09真题详解
（三）《英语（二）考试大纲》
二、摘要：
1、大纲样题
Directions: Read the following Chinese text and write an abstract of it in 80-100 English words on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
经济全球化的主要原因
20世纪50年代初以来，经济全球化获得迅猛发展。简单归纳，其原因主要包括以下几个方面：
全球化的技术基础。科技进步为全球化快速发展提供了物质基础和技术手段。科技革命是经济全球化发展的最根本的物质基础和动力，历史上历次科技革命都促进了社会生产力的飞跃发展，同时也促进了整个世界的融合。20世纪50年代以电子技术和信息技术等为主要 标志的新的科技革命的兴起，使科技日益成为社会生产力发展的先导， 成为影响生产力发展的至关重要的因素。科技知识在社会生产的各个领域中得到广泛传播和运用，劳动者的智能和技能得到进一步的开发，创造出越来越多的物质和精神财富，极大地促进了世界生产力的发展，生产社会化程度日益提高，国际分工日益深化，各国经济以此为基础紧密相联,世 1
界经济进入一个全新的繁荣时期。同时，新科技革命使得科技成果积累的速度大大加快，新材料、新产品不断涌现，大量高技术产业不断产生，在世界范围内促进了产业结构的调整和转移，新的产业布局开始形成,以信息技术和产业为主导，以高新技术为基础的新兴产业部门也蓬勃兴起并迅速发展，快速取代了传统产业而逐渐成为经济的主导部门推进的重要动力源。
全球化的经济基础。市场经济体制的强势地位不断增强，跨国公司的突飞发展，国际经济组织的不断完善为经济全球化奠定了坚实的经济基础。
首先，市场经济体制成为世界各国发展经济的首选。20世纪80 年代末至90年代初，世界形势发生了重大变化，东欧剧变，苏联解体, 40多年的冷战格局最终结束。冷战结束后，国际形势总体上走向缓和。各国纷纷把发展经济列为首要目标，普遍扩大了对外开放，和平与发展成为当今时代的两大主题。前苏联和东欧国家先后走上了向市场经济过渡的轨道，改行自由市场经济，并积极致力于融入西方经济体系。中国在长期的实践中，也逐渐认识到计划经济的不足和弊端，自19xx年起开始实行以市场为导向的、全面的经济改革，大力推行对外开放，努力实现同世界经济的接轨，目前已成为世界经济的重要组成部分。这一切都说明，市场经济体制已成为不同制度、不同发展层次国家的共同选择，市场经济已基本实现了全球化，经济全球化是以市场为基础的，没有市场经济就没有生产要素在国际间的自由流动，就谈不上经济全球化。
其次，力量不断壮大的跨国公司成为经济全球化的中坚力量。跨国公司是以本国作为基地，通过对外直接投资，在世界各地设立分支机构和子公司，从事国际化生产和经营的企业。跨国公司凭借其雄厚的经济实力和灵活的经营战略，以全球为工厂，以它所在的各个国家为车间，在全球范围内充分利用各地的优势组织生产和流通，通过自己广泛的经营活动，实现了商品和资本等生产要素在全球范围内的整合，促进了生产在国家间的水平分工和垂直分工，使之密切联系在一起，从而为经济全球化的发展打下了坚实的微观基础，并成为经济全球化的主要推动力量和主要载体。
最后，国际经济组织是经济全球化发展的组织保障。二战结束以后，生产力的不断提高，生产力的国际化使得越来越多的商品、资本、劳动进入国际交流.各国的国际分工和相互依赖性不断增强。这种日益增强的经济联系要求突破原有的国家间的障碍，实现全球范围内的更高层次的经济合作，这就要求有超脱于国家之外的国际经济组织发挥重要作用。战后，国际经济日益明显，国际经济协作不断加强。 在当今国际经济关系中，世行、世贸组织、国际货币基金组织等世界性经济组织的调节作用越来越大，而且还出现出进一步增强的趋势。世贸组织（WTO）所制定的关于贸易、投资等方面的制度和规则，成为规范全球经济运行，创造自由、公平竞争环境的统一制度和规则，作为世界金融领域的重要国际组织，即国际货币基金组织（IMF）和世界银行 (WB)也在国际金融全球化进程中扮演了重要的角色。这些国际经济组织的成立使得国际贸易和国际金融运行有了统一的规则，对成员国的经贸活动和经济行为起着协调和规范作用。这些都为经济全球化的发展起着制度保障作用。
参考范文
Fundamental Causes of Economic Globalization
Economic globalization has been progressing rapidly since the beginning of the 1950s. Several factors have contributed to such development. Firstly, advancements in science and technology have offered a technical foundation by providing the material basis and the technical means. Meanwhile, a solid economic foundation for such a globalization has been laid by the market economy which is prevailing over the world. Others factors include the pillaring and propelling role of multinationals in micro-economic operations, the ever growing coordinating and 2
controlling power and function exercised by such international economic organizations as WTO, IMF and WB in the international trade and finance.
2、
Directions: Read the following Chinese text and write an abstract of it in 80-100 English words on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
话说“真话”
这些年来，“要敢讲真话”，叫得很响，在弄文墨者的圈子里，是人人皆知的。我偶尔写点杂感，也觉得这话很好，不说真话，就没有正义的呼声，要敢讲真话，这是没有疑义的。不过，生活告诉人们，还没有哪一位作家、演说家，不标榜他讲的是真话。那么，我们周围真的都是一片真话吗?显然还不是。张三说他讲的是真话，李四却在摇头；王五指责赵六讲的不是真话，赵六一定要驳斥王五。孰是孰非，较真起来，问题就复杂了。辨别真话，倘若在大家认同的标推下，认识不难统一，观在之所以有那些是是非非，讲不清，道不白， 说明人们还不认为有辨别真话的标准，或者标准还不一致。
从实际情况看，辨别真话还是有标准的。目前，我看至少有两个。
一个是心里怎么想，口头怎么说，就叫真话。口以心为标准，讲与想相呼应，二者一致为真，不一致为假。从这种意义上说，所谓敢讲真话，只在于敢讲，即把心里想的，都大胆讲出来，敢讲的，都是真话。
一个是，说的符合实际，不夸大，不缩小，没有片面性，就叫讲真话。口以事实为标推，讲与实际相统一，二者一致为真话，不仅在于敢讲，还在于求真。
两种标准，实际上是从两种不同的意义上，或者说两种不同层次上来谈论“真话”的。但由此也便产生了倡言“讲真话”时的歧义。认定前一种标淮的人说，我心里这么想， 口里就这么说，言为心声，难道不叫讲真话吗?坚持后一种标准的人说，如果不管符合不符合实际，只要把心里想的都说出来，就叫讲真话，那么夸夸其谈者的捕风捉影，哗众取宠者的镜花水月，造谣者的飞短流长，觅怪撒谎的无稽谬言，岂不都可以叫做真话?那样提倡讲真话，鱼龙混杂，良莠竞荣，能有什么意义。由此看来，如何评价“讲真话”，确实有深入讨论的必要。
比如，有篇文章说，中国历史上没有什么爱国主义，屈原不过是对主子效愚忠，所谓爱国，是后人按自己的需要贴上去的。你读了这样的文章，将怎样认定作者是不是讲真话呢?只按“口与心”的标准，完全可以回答，作者是讲真话，因为他不承认爱国主义是中华民族的传统，心里那么想，口里那么说，二者是一致的。但是，许许多多的中国人，会赞同这样的真话吗?屈原爱国，情深意笃，有他的诗篇在。谁想推翻它．总得拿出新的材料来，还得让人信服。这不是凭着敢想敢说，就能算得了数的。又比如，有篇文章，拿雷锋的话当靶子，讥讽“我把党来比母亲”，诘问：人民是母亲，党怎么可能是母亲?又有人说，雷锋是悲剧人物，他的个性全被扼杀了，说的不是自己的话。那么，是雷锋讲真话，还是否定他的人讲真话?我想，绝大多数人不会认为雷锋在讲假话吧。雷锋在这里讲的，是他与共 产 党的关系，共 产 党救了他，他觉得共 产 党像母亲，既言为心声，又符合实际。至于人民是母亲，那比喻属于另一范畴，另有含义。偷换概念，讥讽雷锋，只能让正直的人反感，怎能纵容他们以标榜“讲真话”来蛊惑舆论呢？如果纵容他们，那就应了《红楼梦》中的一句话．“假作真时真亦假”，世上也就无是非可言了。
看来，我们不能只停留在提倡“口心一致”的“真话”上，还要进一步提倡实事求是的“真话”。言为心声，当然也算是一种真，即口头讲的，真是心里想的，但这种真，却不表 3
示话的本身是否真理。真话虽然不见得都是真理，但总是愈接近真理愈真。人们还记得，关于什么是真理的标准，曾有过一场激烈的争论，绝大多数人最终统—了认识，承认实践是检验真理的唯一标准。
当然，提倡追求真理的“真话”，并不否认讲心里话。同志之间，朋友之间，包括对待上下级，都应该敞开思想，有话就说，不必顾忌。但是写文章，做演说，搞创作，情况有所不同，都是用自己的话，去宣传人，影响社会，这就要顾及讲话的效果，如果认为，只要是心里想的，口里就要讲，而不管这些话符合不符合实际，那就不妥当了。
参考范文
On Telling the Truth
In recent years, there is much talk about “telling the truth”, but criteria are quite different. There are at least two criteria to distinguish the truth. One is to speak out what one thinks arbitrarily, the other is to be realistic without any exaggeration and one-sided view. Different criteria may bring about various meanings when “telling the truth”. Accordingly, we should not only advocate the practice of saying what one thinks, but more importantly, the spirit of seeking truth from facts. The pursuit of truth does not contradict speaking out one’s mind. We may talk freely with comrades and friends, while in writing or making speeches, we should be prudent, taking various realistic factors into consideration.
3、
Directions: Read the following Chinese text and write an abstract of it in 80-100 English words on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
金融危机
金融危机又称金融风暴，是指一个国家或几个国家与地区的全部或大部分金融指标（如：短期利率、货币资产、证券、房地产、土地(价格)、商业破产数和金融机构倒闭数）的急剧、短暂和超周期的恶化。
金融危机可以分为货币危机、债务危机、银行危机等类型。近年来的金融危机越来越呈现出某种混合形式的特征。
金融危机的特征是人们基于经济未来将更加悲观的预期，整个区域内货币币值出现幅度较大的贬值，经济总量与经济规模出现较大的损失，经济增长受到打击。往往伴随着企业大量倒闭，失业率提高，社会普遍的经济萧条，甚至有些时候伴随着社会动荡或国家政治层面的动荡。
金融危机的产生大多数情况是由经济泡沫引起的，而产生危机的背景非常复杂，有多方面的因素。以21世纪最大的美国金融危机为例，追根溯源，主要有以下几方面促因。 （1）美国的消费习惯。借钱（贷款）消费是普遍的生活方式。年轻人收入少，但消费多；老年人退休后享受优越的退休金，但消费相对少。所以，年轻人多借钱消费（包括向父母借钱，这与中国不同）。而且，美国发达、完善的信用体制使几乎所有人的消费靠借钱来完成。而从储蓄模式来看，美国人的储蓄率历来很低，近年来，一直在零储蓄率上徘徊。要消费，只能靠借钱。经济增长模式。美国的经济增长主要依靠消费驱动。其消费率长期为70%左右，投资率为15%左右，国际贸易方面严重入超。
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（2）经济管理思想。自上世纪70年代发生经济“滞涨”以后，凯恩斯主义的“国家干预”政策遭到新古典自由主义的强烈批评，此后，新自由主义思潮受到追捧。80年代的“华盛顿共识”所倡导的“经济自由、私有化、减少管制”成为指导西方国家经济走向的主要道具。
（3）经济环境与具体政策工具。美国20xx年后陷入高科技泡沫破裂后的短暂衰退之中，在美联储前主席格林斯潘的主持下，连续13次大幅度消减联邦基准利率，从最高6.5%下降到1%，强行向市场注入流动性资金，扼住了经济下滑，也拉动了美国房地产连续多年繁荣。这正是这次次贷危机乃至金融危机爆发的直接导火线。在21世纪的最初几年里，同样的低利率政策，为什么美国偏偏房地产行业得以相对发展，而不是其他行业呢？原因是：网络等高科技产业高速发展导致的泡沫破灭后，进入一个成长停滞期，抑制了大量资金对该行业的投入；20世纪六、七十年代，随着劳动力成本的不断提升，美国制造业，尤其是劳动密集型产业大量外移，形成国内产业空心化，加之服务业在繁荣之后的替代更新需要一定的时滞期，所以，这些行业投资机会较少。而且，从90年代开始，美国的房产一直处于稳定的状态。在这种情况下，流动性资金开始注入该行业。
参考范文
Financial Crisis
Financial crisis, also known as financial tsunami, refers to the dramatic deterioration of the financial indicators of a certain country or several countries and regions in the world. It can be classified as currency crisis, debt crisis, banking crisis, sub-loan crisis, etc. The feature of the crisis is that people are pessimistic about the economic future because of monetary depreciation occurring throughout the region. The causes for the crisis are complicated with multiple reasons, mainly from three aspects, i.e., the U.S. consumption habits of borrowing, the idea of free economic management, and the economic environment and specific policy instruments.
4、
Directions: Read the following Chinese text and write an abstract of it in 80-100 English words on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
改变市场还是适应市场
身处一个充满着不确定性因素的市场环境，企业是去改变它，还是去适应它？长期以来，这一直是企业管理者所面临的最为关键的企业发展策略选择之一。在某种程度上，这种选择就像一场赌博。这种选择不仅严酷，而且无法回避，要么去改变市场，要么去适应市场，对大多数企业而言，这两种策略选择都是排他的。如果你想静待不确定性消失而后动，则可能会白白丧失一个获得先发优势的良机。
改变市场和适应市场这两种策略在实践中表现为不同的形式。一般来讲，市场的改变者往往会通过促使整个行业的行为方式发生变化而控制不确定性。为了做到这一点，有的企业会设法使自己的技术或业务流程成为新的行业标准；另外一些企业会致力于引进创新的产品、服务以及业务系统来重新定义行业竞争的基础，在这一方面，美国西南航空公司采取低价和点到点空运模式，戴尔公司率先实施直销策略等，都是很好的例子；还有一些市场改变者通过大胆的兼并或收购来重组不稳定的行业环境，这方面的例子也不少见。
与市场改变者不同的是，市场适应者总是把现在和未来的行业市场结构和竞争行为当做是已有的外部环境。当市场稳定时，市场适应者试图在现存的行业市场结构之内谋求一个有 5
利的位置。而当不确定性增加时，他们会根据市场的变化借助速度和灵活性来获得机会。一些市场适应者可能会通过及时地紧跟一个潜在的市场领导者的引导来获得市场先机；还有一些市场适应者会通过在产品、服务和业务系统方面进行不断的试验来逐步确定自己的策略。市场适应者采取的另一种办法是，建立一个高度灵活的组织来应对市场的变化，他们不断地招聘和培养成熟的具有管理技能的员工——不管市场如何变化，这样的员工对客户来讲都是有价值的。
企业应该采取改变市场的策略还是适应市场的策略，在很大程度上取决于环境不确定性的程度和性质。简单地讲，当不确定性较高，而企业能对其中的变数施加影响时，改变市场的策略往往奏效；当创造价值的主要因素相对稳定，而相关变数不能为企业所控制时，适应的策略才是应该优先考虑的。
这其中的道理是显而易见的。在一个高度不确定的市场，技术标准正在变化，竞争者出入不定，而消费者也还没有锁定自己喜爱的品牌。这样的市场环境为改变策略的实施提供了很大的空间，一次大型的兼并，一项果断的技术投资，一个强有力的产品捆绑策略，都很有可能会使混乱的市场格局变得井然有序，而新的市场格局对实施改变策略的企业当然是极为有利的。然而，在实践中，当面临着高度不确定性的环境时，企业的决策者总是偏向于采取适应的市场策略。之所以如此，部分原因在于决策者们习惯于依靠像波特的五种竞争力框架之类的理论工具来指导决策。对于相对稳定的市场，运用这类理论工具能够对未来的市场产生深刻的洞察力，然而，对于复杂多变的市场，这类工具却很少能为决策者准确判断未来的市场提供有力的支持。而要想成为一个成功的市场改变者，对未来有一个准确的预见是至关重要的。
应该指出的是，即使是最优秀的企业也不可能在任何情况下都采取改变市场的策略并且获得成功。一个成功的市场改变者必须具备很多品质，如；对未来发展的洞见、良好的声誉、特定领域的领导地位、一流的技术或创新的能力，以及操作上的娴熟等。并非所有的企业都具备这些品质。
企业决策者往往以为，适应市场的策略是一个容易实施的选择。这种想法是错误的。首先，这种想法使得经理人员以为，适应市场的策略并不像改变市场的策略那样需要较强的财务和心理承受力。其实并非如此。对于一个市场的适应者而言，要不断地进行产品服务等方面的试验，还要建立一个灵活的组织，这些都需要极大的财务上和心理上的承受能力；其次，这种想法会使经理人员以为，实施适应市场的策略只需消极而不是积极的管理就能成功。其实，一个市场的适应者也必须在捕捉机会、规避风险和业务调整等方面有相当的技巧，而这远远不是消极的管理所能做到的。
参考范文
Changing the Market or Adapting to it
In face of a market environment full of uncertain factors, should an enterprise change it, or to adapt to it? This is a question which has confronted business managers in making their development strategies for long. Actually, these two strategies represent different forms in practice. Unlike those who try to change the market, adaptors always regard the market structure and competitive behavior as a given external environment. Whether an enterprise should take the strategy of changing the market environment or adapting to it depends largely on the environmental uncertainty and its nature. It is wrong to believe that the adaptive strategy is an easy job.
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三、书信格式：
（一）称呼：
1、写给机构：Dear Sir or Madam, （06、07）
2、写给个人：（05）Dear Mr. Wang, （08）Dear Bob, （09）Dear Editors,
（二）正文：3段，7句左右，100-130词，3-5个关联词（适可而止），3-5个从句（多多益善）
1、第一段：2句左右
1）自我介绍（私人书信除外）：
（1）工作人员：
05年：I am a staff member from your company/corporation.
06年：I am a staff member from Motorola（China）Electronics Ltd.
（2）学生：I am a freshman/sophomore/junior/senior/undergraduate/graduate from
the Department of Chinese Language and Literature of Beijing University.
2）写作目的：书信的中心思想，改写提纲一
（1）05年：I am writing the letter for purpose of resigning from my current
post/position.
（2） 06年：I am writing to inform you that I wish to request if you could help
me find a potential beneficiary of Project Hope.
2、第二段：3句左右，改写提纲二
1）主题句：1句
2）分论点一：1句
3）分论点二：1句
3、第三段：2句左右，改写提纲三
1）表示感谢（私人建议信除外）：
（1） My appreciation to you for your generous help is beyond words.
（2） Words fail me when I wish to express my sincere gratitude to you.
（3） I take this opportunity to show my heartfelt appreciation for the kind
assistance you render me.
2）期待回信：
（1）I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.
（2）I look forward to a favorable reply at your earliest convenience.
（3）Your prompt attention to my inquiry would be highly appreciated.
（三）落款：
1）结尾客套：Yours sincerely,
2）签名：Li Ming
四、必背书信：
1.英语一大纲样题：公务请求信
Directions:
You want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area. Write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan.
Dear Sir or Madam,
Moved by the noble cause of Project Hope and encouraged by what has been achieved so far, 7
I would like to contribute my bit to the project by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area
of your province.
I would be much grateful if you could help me seek out a girl who has just started schooling
but whose family cannot afford her education. My plan is to pay for her tuition on an annual basis
till she finishes her secondary education. I would like to remit my donation directly to a bank
account opened by her family in her local area.
Yours truly,
Li Ming
2. 英语二大纲样题：私人道歉+建议信
Directions:
You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot
to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to
1)make an apology,
2)suggest a solution.
Dear Bob,
I’m writing to apologize for having forgotten to return the “the Beatles” CD to you when I
left Canada. I was in such a hurry that I packed everything in my luggage without checking
carefully. Had I paid more attention then, I wouldn’t have made such a stupid mistake.
Now something must be done to solve the problem because I understand you cherish the CD
enormously. I can either send it to you by express mail or alternatively compensate you at a
reasonable price. If you do not mind, I may bring it back to you next time I go to Canada.
Please let me know which solution you prefer at your earliest convenience. I really hope you
will accept my sincere apology.
Faithfully yours,
Li Ming
3. 09真题：建议信
Directions:
Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. “White
pollution” is still going on.
Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to
1) give your opinions briefly, and
2) make two or three suggestions.
Dear Editors,
I have been reading your newspaper for many years with a great enthusiasm and interest. It is
my view that limiting the use of disposable plastic bags is of utmost significance.
To crack this hard nut, I would like to propose several recommendations as follows. First and
foremost, it is imperative for us to ban the free use of disposable plastic bags. In addition, we
should develop possible alternative forms to replace them, such as paper or clothing bags. Last but
not least, plastic bags should be offered in a much higher price in department stores or
supermarkets.
I hope you would find the above proposals conducive and I would like to discuss this matter
to further details. Your prompt attention to my suggestions would be highly appreciated.
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Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
4. 投诉信
Directions:
You live in a room in college which you share with another student. You find it very difficult to work there because your roommate always has friends visiting and has parties in the room.
Write a letter to the Accommodation Officer at the college and ask for a new room next term. You would prefer a single room. Explain your reasons.
Dear Sir or Madam,
I am writing to express dissatisfaction regarding accommodation. I would prefer to move into a single room next semester, as I find the present sharing arrangement inconvenient.
I must explain that the reason for my dissatisfaction is my roommate’s inconsiderate behavior. For one thing, his friends are constantly visiting him; for another, he regularly holds noisy parties.
To solve this problem/surmount this difficulty/improve this situation/crack this hard nut, I hope to draw the attention of the authorities concerned. I am sure you will agree that the only solution for me is to move into a room of my own. Therefore, I would be grateful if you could find a single room for me, preferably not in the same building but as near to the college campus as possible.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
5. 推荐信
Directions:
One of your friends wants to apply for a job working with foreign teenagers. Write a letter to recommend him/her, describe his/her past experience, and explain the reasons.
Dear Sir or Madam,
I am writing to recommend one of my best friends, Zhou Botong, for this post. With his outstanding leadership and cheerful personality, he was elected chairperson of the Student Union of Tsinghua University several times.
Busy as he was, he completed his major, teenage psychology, with an outstanding school record. Upon graduation he was assigned to be a teacher in Tsinghua Middle School. What is more, he loves his job and enjoys working with children. This won him great popularity among his students.
Therefore, I do not hesitate to recommend him as an ideal candidate for the post you advertised. I am sure you will make a wise decision in hiring him.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
6. 感谢信
Directions:
After being involved in an accident, you were looked after by Mr. Shakespeare. Write a special letter to express your thanks.
Dear Mr. Shakespeare,
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I am writing to express my heartfelt gratitude. I am referring to that unfortunate accident the other day, when I was knocked off my bike by a taxi.
If it had not been for your timely assistance in giving me first aid, I fear that the consequences might have been much serious. Everyone agrees that it was your quick-witted response in that emergency that has led to this satisfactory outcome.
Although nowadays people in mounting numbers talk about the need to be unselfish, we see very few people practice what they preach. If there were more people like you, this world would be a much nicer place.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
7. 备忘录/报告
Directions:
You are the president of a company. Write a memo to Percy Shelley, the vice-president on the employee’s training on computer, telling him the need to train the employees, detailed information, and ask him to write a plan.
Date：January 9, 2010
To：Percy Shelley, Vice President
From：Li Ming, President
Subject：Computer Training of the Staff
As we discussed earlier this week, I agree with you that our firm is faced up with problem of the high rate of computer illiteracy of the staff. We need to make up a plan for training our employees in the new field.
I would like you to design our own in-house computer-training program. We had better classify the employees and put them through the program in turn.
Write up a brief proposal, describing what you think the program should cover. Assume the class runs four hours a week for ten weeks. Also, assume people have no prior computer knowledge or any formal course work in computer science.
第二节
一、考研大作文框架结构：3段，12句左右，160-200词（英语二150-180词），5-7个关联词（适可而止），5-7个从句（多多益善）
1、Introduction：第一段，提出问题，图画描述（图画作文）/图表描述（图表作文）/现状说明（情景或提纲作文），3句左右
1） 图画/图表描述：
（1） General description：总体描述，人物+动作+环境，1句
（2） Details 1, 2, 3：挖掘细节词，串联成句，1句
（3） Caption/Symbolic meaning：文字说明或象征寓意，1句
2）现状说明：
（1）Background information：背景交代
（2）General talk of the topic：引出主题
（3）Thesis：State specifically what your opinion is，确立论点
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2、Body： 第二段，分析问题，意义阐释，5句左右
1）Topic sentence：Symbolic meaning，主题句，象征寓意，1句
2）Argument：论证，3句左右，考研写作四大论证手段
（1）Cause and Effect：因果论证
（2）Exemplification：举例论证
A. Numerous examples can be given, but this/these will suffice.
B. I can think of no better illustration than the following one(s).
C. This/These case(s) effectively clarify that…
（3）联系现实：以小见大，把握象征寓意，个体想为群体，具体想为抽象
（4）正反论证：
3）Summary：小结，概括论证，总结本段，1句
3、Conclusion：第三段，解决问题，建议措施/归纳结论，4句左右
1）Concluding sentence：结论句，呼应象征寓意，1句
2）Suggestions 1、2：两点建议（针对双方提建议）或两句评论，2句
3）包装结尾、展望未来：1句，考研写作三大优秀句型
（1）倒装句：Only in this way can we solve this problem.
只有这样我们才能解决这个问题。
（2）强调句：It is persistent work that is conducive to your grasping a considerable
vocabulary.只有长期学习才有助于你掌握大的词汇量。
（3）虚拟语气：It is high time that we solved this problem.
我们早就该解决这个问题了。
二、图画作文
1.2000真题
Directions:
A. Study the following two pictures carefully and write an essay in at least 150words.
B. Your essay must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET2.
C. Your essay should meet the requirements below:
1. Describe the pictures.
2. Deduce the purpose of the painter of the pictures.
3.
Suggest counter measures.
As is vividly portrayed in the pictures, with the rapid social and economic development, the 11
number of fishes has sharply decreased. In one picture, there were various kinds of fish and only one fishing-boat in 1900. On the contrary, in 1995 there was only one fish, but many fishing-boats.
The purpose of the pictures is to show us that due attention has to be paid to the decline of ocean resources. Owing to over-fishing, the number of fishes has obviously shrunk. If we let this situation go/continue as it is, we do not know where fish will be in the future. By that time, our environment will suffer a great destruction.
Hence, it is imperative for us to take drastic measures. For one thing, we should appeal to our authorities to make strict laws to control commercial fishing. For another, we should enhance the awareness of people that the ocean resources are vital to us. Only in this way can we protect our ocean resources. Also I reckon that we humans can overcome this difficulty, and we will have a brighter future.
2.01真题
Directions:
Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest, but everyone has his or her own understanding of it.
There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper. Write an essay to the newspaper to
1) Show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the pictures below.
2) Give a specific example, and
3) Give your suggestion as to the best way to show love.
When we use the word “love”, we do not simply mean an attraction to a person of the opposite sex, which is a very narrow definition of the word. The picture below illustrates the real meaning of love, by stressing the fact that love is emotional strength, which can support us no matter how dark the world around us becomes. As a matter of fact, throughout history people of many different cultures have regarded love as the most sublime of human emotions.
As an illustration of the power of love, we should remember how the Chinese people of all nationalities respond to the call to help the victims of the deadly earthquake in Sichuan Province. Although their incomes are still low by international standards, people all over the country do not hesitate to donate whatever they can——be it money or goods——to help their needy fellow citizens. Furthermore, they do this with no thought of gain for themselves.
It is my view that the best way to show love is to help people who are more unfortunate than we are. We should always be ready to give a helping hand to those who are in trouble, no matter whether they are family members or complete strangers. Only by doing so can we help to make 12
the world a better place, for, as the picture shows, the darker the shadows of sorrow become, the more brightly the lamp of love shines.
3. 04真题
Directions: Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should
1) describe the set of drawing,
2) interpret its meaning, and
3) support your view with examples.
It is vividly depicted in the cartoon that a boy is running along the racetrack with painstaking efforts, sweat pouring down his face. After a long journey, he is making the final spurt toward the finishing line, with strong determination to become a champion. It seems that he could rest for a while to enjoy the ecstasy of victory. However, straight ahead lies a sign which indicates a new “starting point” and urges him to continue rushing to the next destination.
Undoubtedly, the cartoon conveys the meaning that life is like the process of running in which one should make constant efforts and never stop making progress. Owing to the quickening pace of life, competition goes increasing fierce in all walks of life, stimulating everyone to pursue one goal after another. Once a person stops making progress, he can hardly maintain his past glory and survive in this competitive world. As Deng Xiaoping, the great Chinese leader said, “Development is inarguable truth.” No matter how powerful a specific institution is, it will definitely seek new development in high speed. Generally speaking, neither a country nor a person can remain stagnant.
A case in point is the successful launching of “Shenzhou Ⅶ Spacecraft” which sets China in a high position of aviation and space flight. Although it means a great achievement for us Chinese, we are facing new challenges in the forthcoming future and need to do further research in space technology. Another illustration is closely related to us, the examinees. If we pass this test and are confronted with the challenge of conquering the difficult graduate courses. We still have to strive for success in our future academic study, employment and career. On the whole, these examples effectively clarify the saying that “destination is another starting point.”
4、07真题
Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
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3) support your view with an example/examples.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
As we can see from the picture, a football match is going on. On guarding the goal, the man on the left seems to be keeping a “huge goal” that is easy and inevitable for a goal, while the person on the right hesitates to kick the ball with an illusion about the “huge keeper”. It is obvious that both of them exaggerate the difficulties in front of them.
This picture does reflect a thought-provoking social phenomenon which is not uncommon in China now. The young always give up because the problem is beyond their ability to cope with. Superficially, it seems to be somewhat reasonable, but when weighing in the mind, we find there is an apparent tendency underlying this phenomenon: the lack of confidence. Firstly, it is well-known that we exist in a dynamic world with various difficulties. We can do nothing but face them. Secondly, attitude is the key point to take the first step. Assuming bravery and confidence to solve the problem, you will find the question is not as “huge” as you imagine. Take us for example, the entrance exam for graduate students even seems to be a horrible monster before us. Some people give up, some persist. So, with confidence and the right assessment of the difficulties, try and exert your strength, and then we will overcome all problems.
On the whole, I believe we young people should face the difficulties in right manner. And nothing is impossible, just do it.
5. 英语一最新大纲样题：08真题
Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on Answer Sheet 2.
14
As is subtly portrayed in the drawing, two handicapped young men are heading towards their destination with vigorous strides, leaving all their crutches behind. The hardship of disability being no longer an obstacle on their journey, they support each other with firm hands and proceed steadily. The caption indicates that they can travel north and south extensively with combined legs. It is apparent that the cartoonist aims at reminding us of the importance of cooperation in our daily life. Hardly can anyone achieve success in his career without the assistance of his colleagues and partners. As competition in all lines of work grows increasingly fierce, we must defeat our rivals through powerful teamwork. Take basketball hero Yao Ming for an example, he can slam the dunk smartly because all his teammates contribute more or less to his outstanding performance. Likewise, the successful launching of Chang’e No.1 lunar probe should be attributed to the Chinese scientists’ joint efforts instead of individual accomplishment. If we work separately, we will be confined to frail minds and limited resources.
On the basis of the analysis above, we may draw a conclusion that cooperation and teamwork really count in this competitive society. Hence, we should associate ourselves harmoniously with our companions in every attempt towards our goals. In addition, it is indispensable to train our kids frequently to interact smoothly with others in a team. As the proverb goes, unity is strength. 6.
Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
3) give your comments.
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（1）必背范文
As is symbolically illustrated in the cartoon, a large number of people are surfing on line within a stretching spider web, either to entertain themselves or to meet the work's needs. Unfortunately, it seems rather ironic to present people separated from each other by the spider web when they attempt to communicate. Undoubtedly, the spider web serves as a symbol of Internet, both connecting people and isolating them from each other.
The metaphorical and impressive portrayal has subtly revealed the duality of the relationship between man and Internet. On the one hand, there is no denying that Internet is currently one of the most efficient media used for interpersonal communication. As a college student, I get on line every day to discuss news with other people on BBS, to study English by registering for web courses, to chat freely through MSN Messenger with my friends. But on the other hand, a good many people admit that they are too much addicted to Internet to maintain face-to-face contact with their friends and colleagues. Once indulged in the fictitious world, people feel reluctant to approach others and to concentrate on real life. That's why some people have lost the skill of direct contact and get alienated from others.
Hence, it is necessary for us to use Internet in a reasonable way and restrain from overindulgence. After all, Internet is invented to connect you and me, and to bring conveniences to our life rather than set a barrier to keep people beyond reach.
(2)09年考生第一：19分作文
As is illustrated in the cartoon, each person sits in their own work room. In front of them is a computer. Everyone looks at the screen carefully, and communicate with their colleagues through the net instead of talking face to face. Their work places are placed like a net. And below the cartoon, there is a topic which says: the near and far among the Internet.
From the cartoon, we can conclude that the cartoonist wants to convey such a message: with the popularity of computers, people from all over the world become nearer by using the Internet to communicate with each other. Meanwhile, people also become far away from their friends. All of us accept the fact that the development of the internet brings lots of conveniences to our daily life, for instance, we can buy a book on the net instead of going to a bookstore. Besides, we can communicate with our friends on the net without going out of home. But we can’t ignore the other side of these: the time we spend with friends or family becomes less. And we hardly see them once in a week. It will make us feel lonely if we continue to use the tool on the net to talk with friends instead of talking with them on the phone or going out with them.
To my best understanding, we should use the net to communicate with each other in a proper way. It is just a tool when we really need it to serve us. If we want to keep our friendship more effectively, we should spend more time with them in our real life. Only in this way can we not only make full use of the communication tool on the net but also make our friendship stronger.
三、图表作文及其他
1.英语二最新大纲样题
Directions:
In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following table, in which you should
1) describe the table and
2) state your opinions drawn from it.
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You should write at least 150 English words.
Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points )
Accidents in a Chinese City (2005)
The table above clearly reflects the statistics of traffic accidents happening in a Chinese city. According to the table, in 2005, the traffic accidents in the Chinese city still failed to arouse concerns of both drivers and pedestrians.
The number of accidents that resulted from drivers turning left without due care increased 10 percent to 608, which is highlighted on the first row of the table. Accidents related drivers driving under the influence of alcohol enjoyed the greatest rise, a 15 percent rise. In comparison, those pedestrians who cross roads carelessly also led to 401 accidents. By analyzing these factors displayed in the diagram, we may draw the conclusion that both drivers and pedestrians have little respect for traffic regulations.
As has been mentioned above, countermeasures should be taken immediately so as to reverse the grim situation. First of all, relevant laws and regulations should be established to severely punish those who violate traffic rules openly, be they drivers or pedestrians. Furthermore, a widespread education campaign should be launched to inform citizens that proper rules for them are of benefit to public safety. Only by doing so can we exist in a harmonious and disciplined society.
2.
Directions: In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following diagram. Describe the diagram and analyze the possible causes. You should write at least 150 words.
1998-20xx年全国工程硕士招生录取人数 17
1998200020022004
工程硕士：Master of Engineering
The diagram above clearly illustrates that dramatic elevation has occurred in the recruitment of Master of Engineering (ME) in the past seven years. According to the statistics given above, we may conclude that the recruitment of ME was on a steady rise from 1998 to 2004. In 1998, the number was at a low level, only about 2,500. Surprisingly, it reached to more than 35,000 in 2004 within no more than seven years.
Some driving factors that contribute to the above-mentioned changes may be summarized as follows. First and foremost, China has become particularly active in manufacturing, which leads to the increasing demand of qualified engineers. In addition, the development of job market on the whole cannot keep pace with the expansion of college graduates, which obliges a large number of students to stay on campus for another three years to get better prepared for their career. Last but not least, working pressure is another reason. Taking all these factors into account, we may predict that with speedy development of our society, the number of recruitment of ME will keep growing in the forthcoming decade.
On the other side of the coin, however, this tendency may bring about a good many problems, such as the waste of talent. It is necessary for us to take effective measures to ensure this situation doesn’t get out of hand, and encourage students to choose majors in which theoretical knowledge and practical skills will be demanded in the job market.
3. 01考研大纲样题
Directions:
Widespread tobacco consumption has led to grave consequences, yet the tobacco companies still claim that they make a valuable contribution to the world economy.
There is a discussion in a newspaper on the above two viewpoints.
Write an essay to the newspaper
1) Criticizing their view and
2) Justify your stand.
In your essay, make full use of the information provided in the pictures printed below. You should write about 200 words on ANSWER SHEET II.
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The majority of people would agree that cigarette smoking has caused serious problems. But the tobacco companies insist that they contribute greatly to the world economy by paying taxes to the government and employing hundreds of workers.
Personally, I believe that cigarette production and consumption threatens to do more harm than good. Firstly, smoking is responsible for many fatal diseases such as lung cancer, heart diseases and so on. According to the survey, tobacco consumers account for about 20% of the world population, and among them, three million people die from smoking-related decreases every year. The fact that the output of tobacco production is reduced from 14.364 billion pounds in 1994 to 14.2 billion pounds in 1995 also indicates that people have come to realize the negative effects of smoking. Secondly, tobacco consumption is extremely wasteful of money. As is indicated in the pictures, 200 billion US dollars is lost due to smoking each year. Obviously, the total loss of money around the globe substantially exceeds the gain in the industry.
In conclusion, as the economic development aims at making our life better, we cannot sacrifice our health for short-term financial benefits. If we have to spend more and more money providing medical services for those who suffer from smoking-related illnesses, the notion of promoting economy via tobacco production is not justifiable. It is high time that we fought for the total tobacco ban.
4.情景作文
Directions:
In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following information. Make comments and express your own opinion. You should write at least 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
以往许多人报考成人高校，是为了圆文凭梦。如今，手持本科、硕士文凭，回头重新考大学的大有人在。据报道，今年报名全国成人高考的上海考生中，有390名本科毕业生，15名硕士生。
写一篇约150词的作文对此现象进行评论和表达自己的意见。
The past several years have witnessed the emergence of a widespread social phenomenon. That is, a growing number of people are in quest of college education for adult despite whatever degrees they have required before. It is reported that 390 university graduates, together with 15
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candidates who have master’s degrees have taken the National Adult College Entrance Examination in Shanghai this year. This issue, without the slightest question, has given rise to great concern in the public.
People’s attitudes towards this phenomenon differ widely. Some find it quite understandable when considering the fact that life-long education is an era of knowledge explosion. Rather, one has to recharge himself with updated information so as to keep up with the development of the society. And yet those who hold negative views regard it as a waste of time as well as educational resources.
Personally, I am in favor of the former opinion. Education is becoming a lifetime study, just as the old saying goes: live and learn. After all, there is no denying the fact that education is of benefit to both personal growth and economic prosperity. And this is also the exact reason why I have determined to do an MBA.
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