说明文的有关知识:
1)定义:是指客观地说明事物或阐明事理的文章。以说明事物的颜色、形状、构造、性质、成因、功用等特征以及阐明事理、介绍知识为主要内容。以说明为主要表达方式 2)说明文的种类:(1)事物说明文 (2)事理说明文 (3)科学小品文 3)说明文三要素:说明对象 说明特征 说明方法 3)说明顺序:
时间顺序 :以时间先后作为说明的顺序,用于说明事物的发展变化。 空间顺序:(从左到右、从上到下、从外到内、从总体到部分……) (一般用于说明相对静止的事物)
逻辑顺序: (由一般到特殊,由整体到局部,由概括到具体……) (按事物的内部联系或人们认识事物的过程来安排说明顺序。)
4)说明文常见的结构形式:总分式(总分总、分总、总分)并列式、递进式。
5)说明方法:下定义、举例子、列数字、打比方、作比较、分类别、 画图表、引资料 、摹状 貌、作诠释。
掌握几种常见的说明方法,会分析在文中的作用:
? 下定义:即指明某一名词概念的含义。——作用:使读者对概念有确切的了解。 ? 举例子:——作用:可使读者对说明对象的特征获得具体认识。 ? 列数字:——作用:可以准确地说明事物。
? 打比方:就是用比喻来说明事物的方法。 ——作用:可达到形象地说明事物的作用。 ? 作比较:即用另一个事物与说明事物相比,以说明事物特点的方法。——作用:用人们熟知的与所要说明的事物作比较,从而突出被说明事物的特征。
? 分类别:就是对说明事物分门别类的方法。——作用:使说明的内容眉目清楚,避免重复交叉的现象。
? 画图表:——作用:使读者一目了然,非常直观地理解被说明的事物。
? 引资料:引用有关名言、资料、典故、诗词、民彦、俗语、传说等充当说明的内容或依据来说明、介绍事物。——作用:能使说明的内容更具体、更充实。 6)说明文的语言特点:准确..、平实、简明(科学小品:生动)。 3、学法指导(磨刀不误砍柴工,方法很重要哦!)
阅读说明文应从下列几方面入手:明确说明的对象是什么;分析说明对象的特征有哪些;理清说明的顺序;找出说明方法;体会说明文语言的准确性的特点。
把握说明对象的特征可以从三方面入手:(1)看题目;(2)看段首;(3)看 关键词句,如总说句、分说句、过渡句等。
对于说明文语言的分析,要遵循词不离句、句不离篇的原则,既要了解某个词语在句中的表达作用,还要体会它在段与篇中的特殊作用,这样才能理解语言准确对突出事物特征所起的作用。
说明文的有关知识:
1)定义:是指客观地说明事物或阐明事理的文章。以说明事物的颜色、形状、构造、性质、成因、功用等特征以及阐明事理、介绍知识为主要内容。以说明为主要表达方式 2)说明文的种类:(1)事物说明文 (2)事理说明文 (3)科学小品文 3)说明文三要素:说明对象 说明特征 说明方法 3)说明顺序:
时间顺序 :以时间先后作为说明的顺序,用于说明事物的发展变化。 空间顺序:(从左到右、从上到下、从外到内、从总体到部分……) (一般用于说明相对静止的事物)
逻辑顺序: (由一般到特殊,由整体到局部,由概括到具体……) (按事物的内部联系或人们认识事物的过程来安排说明顺序。)
4)说明文常见的结构形式:总分式(总分总、分总、总分)并列式、递进式。
5)说明方法:下定义、举例子、列数字、打比方、作比较、分类别、 画图表、引资料 、摹状 貌、作诠释。
掌握几种常见的说明方法,会分析在文中的作用:
? 下定义:即指明某一名词概念的含义。——作用:使读者对概念有确切的了解。 ? 举例子:——作用:可使读者对说明对象的特征获得具体认识。 ? 列数字:——作用:可以准确地说明事物。
? 打比方:就是用比喻来说明事物的方法。 ——作用:可达到形象地说明事物的作用。 ? 作比较:即用另一个事物与说明事物相比,以说明事物特点的方法。——作用:用人们熟知的与所要说明的事物作比较,从而突出被说明事物的特征。
? 分类别:就是对说明事物分门别类的方法。——作用:使说明的内容眉目清楚,避免重复交叉的现象。
? 画图表:——作用:使读者一目了然,非常直观地理解被说明的事物。
? 引资料:引用有关名言、资料、典故、诗词、民彦、俗语、传说等充当说明的内容或依据来说明、介绍事物。——作用:能使说明的内容更具体、更充实。
6)说明文的语言特点:准确..
、平实、简明(科学小品:生动)。 3、学法指导(磨刀不误砍柴工,方法很重要哦!)
阅读说明文应从下列几方面入手:明确说明的对象是什么;分析说明对象的特征有哪些;理清说明的顺序;找出说明方法;体会说明文语言的准确性的特点。
把握说明对象的特征可以从三方面入手:(1)看题目;(2)看段首;(3)看 关键词句,如总说句、分说句、过渡句等。 对于说明文语言的分析,要遵循词不离句、句不离篇的原则,既要了解某个词语在句中的表达作用,还要体会它在段与篇中的特殊作用,这样才能理解语言准确对突出事物特征所起的作用。
第二篇:说明文的写作
说明文的写作
说明文是阐述事物的特征、本质、性能、结构、用途或科学原理的一种文体。其说明的对象可以是具体的,如:自然环境,仪表设备等;也可以是抽象的,如概念定律等。
说明文的写作相对于论说文来说,有一定的套路可循,因此不是十分复杂。说明科技方面的内容常用定义法、比较对比法、分类法、因果法等;说明自然环境方面的内容常用时间次序法、分类法等。当然,随着对象的不同,具体应该采用的方法也会有所不同。
说明文的写作应该注意的事项有下面几点:
1.语言简明扼要,通俗易懂,避免夸张华丽的辞藻,要把真实的一面展现在读者面前。
2.说明时一定要把握一个中心主题。说明文中细枝末节较多,但不能喧宾夺主。
3.说明的次序非常重要。合理的次序会使文章条理清楚,脉络明晰。因此,练习时可以尝试不同的次序进行写作,找出最合理的一种。
4.由于说明文写实性较强,有时难免会让人感到没有生气。因此,可以适当使用一些比喻、拟人等修辞手段,来增加文章的色彩。
就“说明对象”而言,英语说明文可分为对“客观具体事物”的说明和对“主观抽象观念”的说明两大类,比如:对“LASER(激光)”、“Computer Problem of Year 20xx(计算机20xx年问题)”等等的说明都是对客观或者具体事物的说明,而“The Successful Interview(谈成功的面试)”、“How to Write Good English Composition(如何才能写好英语作文)” 等是对主观抽象观念的说明。
但是无论是对“客观具体事物”的说明还是对“主观抽象观念”的阐述,英语说明文从结构上看大致可分为三个部分:
第一部分:一般是文章的第一段,提出文章的主题,也就是说,文章想要阐述、说明的主要内容;
第二部分:文章的主体,可由若干个段落组成,对文章的主题进行展开说明; 第三部分:结尾段,对文章的主题作归纳总结。
从英语说明文的结构可以看出,要写好英语说明文的关键在于第二部分如何对文章主题进行展开说明。在英语中,常见的用来展开文章主题的方法有下列几种:
1.罗列法(listing)
在文章开始时提出需要说明的东西和观点,然后常用first,second,?and finally加以罗列说明。罗列法广泛地使用于各类指导性的说明文之中,下面这篇学生作文就是用罗列法写成的:
Early Rising
Early rising(早起)is helpful in more than one way. First,it helps to keep us fit(健康).We all need fresh air. But air is never so fresh as early in the morning. Besides,we can do good to our health from doing morning exercise(做早操)。
Secondly,early rising helps us in our studies. We learn more quickly in the morning,and find it easier to remember what we learn in the morning.
Thirdly,early rising enables(使能够)us to plan the work of the day. We cannot work well without a good plan. Just as the plan for the year should be made in the spring,so the plan for the day should be made in the morning.
Fourthly,early rising gives us enough time to get ready for our work,such as to wash our faces and hands and eat our breakfast properly.
Late risers may find it very difficult to form the habit of early rising. They ought to make special efforts to do so. As the English proverb says,“Early to bed and early to rise,makes a man healthy,wealthy and wise.”
罗列法经常用下列句式展开段落,我们可以注意模仿学习:
There are several good reasons why we should learn a foreign language. First of all,?Secondly,?And finally,?
We should try our best to plant more trees for several good reasons First of all,?Secondly,?And finally,
必须指出的是,有时罗列法并不一定有明确的first,second?等词,但文章还是以罗列论据展开的。
2.举例法(examples)
举例法是用具体的例子来说明我们要表达的意思,常用for example,for instance,still another example is?等词语引出。作文就是用举例法写成的:
Recreation
It is impossible to keep in good health unless we take enough recreation. The mind,too,needs change to make it fresh and vigorous(有活力的). There is much truth in the old saying, “All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.”
There are many games which boys and girls can play after their school work is done,for instance,football,tennis,and kite-flying. Other examples of recreation are boating,fishing,
gardening,cycling,walking,chess-playing,and reading. Persons who sit much at their business should take a kind of recreation that will supply their muscles with exercise. Those who spend most of their time in the open air and do manual work should adopt reading or some other quiet form of recreation.
Cycling is said to be an important means of recreation,but many persons foolishly tire out themselves by cycling too much. The same may be said in regard to football. Tennis is a pleasant form of recreation. Many persons take great delight in boating. Fishing requires much patience,and there is much danger of taking cold by sitting still on a cold day too long. A good brisk(轻松)walk is one of the finest forms of exercise. For persons engaged in outdoor labor,chess-playing is another excellent form of recreation.
可以看出,举例法和罗列法有时可以结合使用:即用罗列法来列出例子,用例子充实罗列的说明。
3.比较法(comparison and contrast)
比较法是对两个对象进行比较,从而进行说明的写作手法。比较法又可细分为比较相同点(comparison)和比较不同点(contrast)两种方法,比如:
From Paragraph to Essay
Although they are different in length,the paragraph and the essay are quite similar in structure. For example,the paragraph starts with either a topic sentence or a topic introducer followed by a topic sentence. In the essay,the first paragraph sets up the topic focus. Next,the sentences in the body of a paragraph develop the topic sentence. Similarly,the body of an essay consists of a number of paragraphs that discuss and support the ideas given in the introductory paragraph. Finally,a concluding sentence——whether a restatement,conclusion,or observation——ends the paragraph. Theessay,too,has a concluding paragraph which ends the essay logically and satisfactorily. Although there are some exceptions,most well written expository(说明文的)paragraphs and essays are similar in structure.
可以看出,在比较相同点的时候,常用到similarly,also,too,in the same case,in spite of the difference等这样的词语。
European Football and American Football
Although European football is the parent of American football,the two games show several major differences. European football,sometimes called association football or soccer,is played in 80 countries,making it the most widely played sport in the world. American football,on the other hand,is popular only in North America(the United States and Canada).Soccer is played by eleven players with a round ball. Football,also played by eleven players in somewhat different positions on the field,is played with an elongated(拉长的)round ball. Soccer has little body contact between players and therefore needs no special protective equipment. Football,in which
players make the greatest use of body contact to stop a running ball-carrier and his teammates,needs special protective equipment. In soccer,the ball is advanced toward the goal by kicking it or by butting(顶)it with the head. In American football,on the other hand,the ball is passed from hand to hand or carried in the hands across the opponent's goal. These are just a few of the features which distinguish association and American football.
这是一篇用比较不同点的手法写的说明文。从文章中可以看出:however,on the other hand,in contrast,but,nevertheless等表示转折的词语常用来引导对不同点的比较。