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TPO27

Task1

Reading

The Little Ice Age was a period of unusually cold temperature in many parts of the world that lasted from about the year 1350 until 1900C.E. There were unusually harsh winters, and glaciers grew larger in many areas. Scientists have long wondered what caused the Little Ice Age. Several possible causes have been proposed.

First, the cooling may have been caused by disrupting of ocean currents. Before the Little Ice Age, there was a period of unusually warm weather during which glaciers melted. These melted glaciers sent a large amount of cold freshwater into the Gulf Stream, a large ocean current that strongly affects Earth's climate. Some scientists believe that this freshwater was enough to temporarily disrupt the Gulf Stream. Such a disruption could have caused the Little Ice Age.

Second, volcanic eruption could have caused the Little Ice Age. When volcanoes erupt, they send dark clouds of dust and sulfur gas into the atmosphere. These clouds, which can spread over great areas, block some sunlight from reaching Earth's surface. This can decrease the global temperatures. Scientists know of several volcanic eruptions that took place during the Little Ice Age.

Third, Substantial decreases in human populations may have contributed indirectly to the cooling of the climate. For a variety of reasons (disease, warfare, social disruption), the human population just before the Little Ice Age and during the early part of it was lower than it had been in a long time. Forest trees started growing on fields that were no longer used for agriculture. Since trees absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, they decrease the greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm. With more forest trees absorbing carbon dioxide, Earth became cooler.

Listening

Unfortunately, the arguments of the reading passage are a little out of date. Scientists now have new information that shows that none of the ideas the reading passage discusses could account for the Little Ice Age.

First, about the Gulf Stream. Scientists now know that disrupting the Gulf Stream would cause cooling only in Europe and North America, but the Little Ice Age also affected the Southern hemisphere in places like New Zealand and Southern Africa for example. Since the disruption of the Gulf Stream cannot explain why these southern areas became cooler it cannot explain the Little Ice Age.

Second, the volcanoes theory. It's true that if volcanoes eruptions put enough dust into the atmosphere, the result can be a cooler climate. But large amounts of volcanic dust in the atmosphere would have also produced striking visual effects that people would have noticed at the time, for example, dramatically colorful sunset, or snow being grey or brown instead of white. But there are almost no reports of anything like that routinely happening during the Little Ice Age. So it seems that the volcanic eruptions during that period were simply not strong enough to release the large amounts of dust needed to lower global temperatures.

机经&文本@jianjianding

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机经&文本@jianjianding

欢迎转载，转载请注明出处

Third, about forests on farmland stopping the warming greenhouse effect by removing carbon dioxide. There just was not enough time for this effect to work. The human population grew back to previous levels fairly quickly, which meant that forests were soon being cut down again to clear fields for the crops needed to feed the growing population. As a result, we know that the forests mentioned in the reading passage were not there long enough to cause the long term global cooling of the climate.

Task 2

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? If people have the opportunity to get a secure job, they should take it right away rather than wait for a job that would he more satisfying. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

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第二篇：托福综合写作满分范文

一：网络故事书（web－storybook service）
reading
网络故事书的好处
1.可以教小朋友读书
2.经济实惠，家长不需要为孩子买书了
3.可以代替父母陪伴孩子，为家长节省时间
lecture
反驳
1.使用时不能和小朋友互动（ask question and get feedback）
2.网络上的故事都是过时的，要想读新故事还是要买书（不足）
3.父母与孩子一起读书可以增进感情
例文： The speaker rebuts the reading's argument by pointing out

the inadequacy of the web-storybook services' interaction with children, the incompleteness of the data pool, and by undermining the assumption that saving parents' reading time is a benefit.

The speaker begins by stating that merely pronouncing the words and story for the children will not provide adequate learning experiences. Despite the time saved and pronunciation utilities laid out in the reading, the web services can only respond with "correct" or "not correct". The lack of feedback to children's questions will not create an effective learning process.

Then the speaker goes on to argue that the current web-storybook services have a very limited collection of books, thus not being able to save parents the cost of new books as the reading states, because the parents still have to buy many books that the web services do not provide.

Lastly, the speaker challenges the validity of the assumption ofsaving parents' time to read stories to children. The reading argues that saving the time is a benefit for the parents, but the speaker maintains that the whole point of reading stories is far beyond reading stories alone. In contrast, it is an essential way of communicating and building relationship between parents and children.

二：药品广告（drug advertisement）
提出命题：药品广告所提供的信息都是客观全面的，且病人对药物了解得越多越好
1.病人可以更多了解处方药的相关信息（information）
2.医生开药时，病人可以与广告上进行比较，有利于选药
3.通过广告，病人可以了解到新药的发展，提醒医生
挑战命题：病人不需要对药物了解太多，因为有时候了解得太多会对非专业的病人产生困扰，而且广告所提供的信息也不完整全面
1.广告通常只有宣传好处，对副作用（side effects）一笔带过，病人很难判断
2.病人对药物的准确用法用量不了解，可能会用错
3.广告只宣传新药，对旧药没有宣传，但是针对不同的病情，也许旧药更为合适

The speaker raises serious counterarguments against the reading paragraphs by providing drastically different evidences regarding

the effects of the advertisement, the impact of self-selecting medication, and the impact of trends in the pharmaceutical industry.

Firstly, knowing more information from the ads will not necessarily help the patients make better-informed decisions, as the reading argues.On the contrary, patients, without professional training and knowledge, will be more susceptible to misunderstanding information. For example, they would focus only on the positive sides of a certain medicine while ignoring the serious side effects.

In addition, if the patients bear the responsibility of prescribing their own medication, they assume more responsibility to their own health. This makes doctors less liable for potential risks and undesirable consequences.

Lastly, as for the new trends' benefits to the patients, the speaker does not challenge the reading directly. Instead, he argues that the new medicine, which will count for most of the ads may not necessarily be the best medicine, even though the patients can inform their doctors about the new products.

三：网络问卷（web based survey）
reading

网络问卷相对传统问卷的优势

1.调查范围更广，所以调查结果就更为准确（逻辑错误：参加人多并不代表范围广，也不能保证效果好）
2.发放，填写和收集问卷更加方便简单
3.成本低

lecture
反驳网络问卷的优势
1.所取得的调查结果不全面（biased），因为不是所有人都会上网，中老年人上网会比较少，而年轻人上网比较多
2.成本并不会低，因为一个好的网络问卷需要一个团队的大量工作（提出新的证据：网络问卷也需要成本和人力资源）
3.大多数人对网络问卷都不严肃，会得到不正确的信息，容易混淆视听。
例文： The speaker questions the effectiveness of web based surveys by providing evidences contradictory to the reading.

Firstly, he identified the reading's logical flaw in assuming that an increase in the scope and quantity of the survey will automatically translate to greater precision of the surveys. However, if surveys aim to question people over 60 years old, how can these old people conduct surveys online since this group seldom surf the Internet? The web surveys are effective in reaching mainly the young generation. Thus the results cannot be extended to demonstrate the views of the whole population.

Secondly, although the web-based surveys will lower paper cost, they will inevitably incur new costs in web designing, flashy features, and other elements, which will require more costly team work. This evidence effectively attacks the reading's argument that web surveys will certainly reduce the cost of the survey.

In the end, many web designers tend to overdo in the webpage and add fancy and flashy features. As a result, many people perceive the web-based surveys as not serious and are thus not willing to respond to the surveys. Unlike physical surveys that draw attention effectively, many web based surveys are simply ignored or even deleted.
四：打分偏高（inflation of marks）
reading
老师给学生打的分数越来越高
1.分数打得低会减低学生的学习意志
2.会影响教师自己的测评结果
3.因为别的老师给的成绩高，如果不跟着给高分，学生出去找工作会吃亏
lecture
解决方案
1.应从小灌输正确的学习观念，不应因一次小失利而丧失信心
2.教师的评测可以改在学期结束前进行，这样学生的成绩就不会影响到评测结果
3.企业在选拔人才时可以看学生在班级中的排名而不是单纯的成绩
例文：The speaker challenges the reasoning that supports the current inflation in  

college grading system, provides very specific alternatives to teacher evaluation timing and employer methodology in judging a student.

The speaker firstly argues that the inflated grades will not enable students to truly know their weakness, not to mention improve upon them. According to the reading, low grades will discourage students. The speaker rebuts this point and argues that the true meaning of education is not just to satisfy students.  Letting the students make progress is the purpose and inflated grades will not help students in this way.

As for the reading's concerns that low grades will adversely affect teachers' evaluation, the speaker offers a solution. By finishing the teachers' evaluation before the end of the semester, we can sever the connections between the students' grades and teachers' evaluations.

Lastly, the speaker argues that the school does not have to follow the trend of inflated grades invariably. The reading argues that if the school does not follow the trend, their students will be discriminated, the lecture says that this problem can be solved by providing a weighted relative score. This score will pinpoint a student's percentile in the whole student body and show the other students' scores, thus allowing employers to clearly position the student among the entire student body.
五：加氟自来水（adding fluoride in public water）
reading
在自来水中加氟的好处
1.防止蛀牙
2.杀死细菌
3.对骨骼有好处（decrease bone diseases）

lecture

反驳
1.自来水并不会留在口中，对防止蛀牙没有帮助
2.氟会与输水管（water pipe）中的化学物质反应，产生有毒物质，其危害大于细菌
3.过量的氟会使骨骼变脆
例文：The speaker refutes the reading's argument about the benefits of adding fluoride to pipe water by providing contradictory evidence about

pipe water's fluoride's effectiveness in preventing cavities in teeth, killing bacteria, and decreasing bone diseases.

  Firstly, the speaker points out that the short contact of fluoride with teeth will not enable the fluoride to prevent cavities, as the reading argues.Instead, the water will pass the mouth and teeth quickly and go directly to the stomach.

Another argument raised in the lecture is that fluoride could undergo chemical reactions with heavy metals in the pipe, such as lead. This will create toxic substances which will pose serious health threat. In this way fluoride could be even more deadly than bacteria. Although the fluoride, as the reading says, will kill some bacteria, the cure here is worse than the disease.

In the end, the speaker maintains that overdose of fluoride will backfire to human bones. Although the reading illustrates that fluoride will improve bone strength, the lecture says overdose will cause serious damage to human bones.

 
六、伦勃朗的油画

The lecture revises the idea presented in the text, that Rembrandt was not the artist who painted the famous painting "Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a White Bonnet”.

   The inconsistency between the white cap, which identifies the woman as a servant, and the expensive fur collar she wears dissolves as the Professor explains that the fur collar was apparently painted over the original painting to increase its worth by displaying an aristocratic woman.

   In addition, the assumption that light and shadow in the painting do not fit together is refuted by the fact that in the original painting, the woman wears a light cloth that illuminated her face. Thus the presentation of light and shadow was indeed very realistic and accurate, as it is characteristic of Rembrandt’s paintings.

Finally, the mystery of the panel consisting of patches glued together is also solved in the lecture. Actually, the wood panel was later enlarged to make it more grand and valuable, but the original painting was painted on a single panel, as Rembrandt would have done it. Furthermore, the wood is of the same tree used in other Rembrandt paintings, like the "Self-Portrait with a Hat”.

All the information point out that Rembrandt is the painter of the controversial painting.

4. In the end, the speaker maintains t

Another argument raised in the lecture is that

 Firstly, the speaker points out that

Lastly, the speaker argues that

2. As for the reading's concerns that

The speaker firstly argues that

Lastly, the speaker challenges the validity of the assumption of

2. Then the speaker goes on to argue that  

1. The speaker begins by stating