中英文招聘广告对比分析

时间:2024.4.8

中英文招聘广告对比分析——从人际意义视角

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内容摘要

-

全文目录


文摘
英文文摘
ACKNOWLEGEMENTS
1. Introduction
1.1 Research background
1.2 Methodology and data collection
1.3 The organization of the thesis
2. Literature Review
2.1 A survey of job advertisements
2.1.1 A brief introduction to advertisements
2.1.2An introduction to job advertisements
2.2 A survey of interpersonal meaning
2.2.1 An introduction to interpersonal meaning
2.2.2 Realization of interpersonal meaning
3. A Comparative Study of Chinese and English Job Advertising Discourses
3.1 Mood in job advertising discourses
3.1.1 Speech roles and mood structures
3.1.2 Information-giving
3.1.3 Action-demanding
3.1.4 dialogue
3.2 Modality in job advertising discourses
3.2.1 Modalization
3.2.2 Modulation
3.3 The person system in job advertising discourses
3.3.1 Distribution and frequency of person pronouns in Chinese and English job advertisements
3.3.2 The first person pronouns
3.3.3 The second person pronouns
3.3.4 The third person pronouns
3.3.5 The combination of the first person and the second person pronouns
4. Findings and Discussions
4.1 Similarities
4.2 Differences and reasons
5. Conclusion
Bibliography
Appendix


第二篇:中英文广告人际功能对比分析


南京师范大学

硕士学位论文

中英文广告人际功能对比分析

姓名:薛晓娟

申请学位级别:硕士专业:英语语言文学指导教师:徐海铭

20070501

摘要

语言的人际功能指的是人们用语言与他人交往,用语言来建立和保持人际关系,用语言影响别人的行为,也用语言来表达对世界的看法。

在功能语法提出的语言的三个元功能中,概念意义和语篇意义已经研究得较为普遍,而针对人际意义的研究相对较少。而人际意义最显著地反映了语言与社会之间的关系,因此值得深入研究。除了语气、情态和调值等作为人际意义的主要手段外,韩礼德也提到了其他实现人际意义的手段,如人称系统,表示态度的修饰语,一些词的内涵意义,声音质地等。

近年来,对特定语篇的人际功能进行研究相当普遍和流行,但此类研究多集中于对英语各种语篇的研究,针对汉语的人际意义研究则十分罕见。

本文就是为了对比分析中英文在人际意义方面的异同。文章以功能性极强的特定语篇——广告为素材,对收集的中英文广告进行分析,从语气、情态和人称系统三个方面进行了深入细致的比较,总结出中英文广告在实现人际意义方面的异同,并初步分析了其中的原因,以期提高我们对中英文广告的鉴赏能力,创作出更优秀的广告作品。【关键词】人际功能;语气;情态;人称系统

Abstract

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[Keywords]interpersonalfunction;mood;modality;personsystem

前言

广告是企业树立形象、向消费者推销产品的重要手段,它在社会生活的各个方面、各个层次都发挥着重要的作用。“事实上,广告是说服的艺术。”(计维斌,蔡小于1995:71)“说服”消费者靠的是什么呢?主要是语言。可以肯定的是,随着社会经济的不断发展和市场体系的日益完善,广告在商业活动中的作用会越

来越重要。因此,对广告,尤其是广告语言进行深入的研究不仅是必要的,而且是很有价值的。通过分析广告作品,我们可以更深入地理解广告,提高鉴赏广告作品的能力,进而创作出更优秀的广告作品。

语言学理论的发展为我们从语言学的角度分析实际应用中的广告提供了有效的工具。自索绪尔在其著名的《普通语言学教程》中将内部语言学与外部语言学区分开来并着重研究前者以来,很长一段时间内,语言学家们都把眼光局限于语言内部的系统结构。渐渐的,一些哲学家和语言学家观察到了许多内部语言学难以解释的语言现象,这些现象必须借助于语言系统以外的因素才能得到解释。于是,语言学界出现了“语用学转向”。“语言学的语用学转向可以描述为由理论语法(尤其是句法)范式向语言使用者范式的转变。”(Mey2001:4)作为一类具有强烈语用目的的语言材料,广告语言以其广泛的使用和鲜明的特点吸引了不少语言学家,尤其是语用学家的关注。

二十世纪六七十年代以后,语篇分析逐渐发展起来,它吸收了包括语言学、符号学、心理学、人类学、社会学、文学等学科的研究成果,逐渐形成为一门专门研究交际中的语言使用情况并涉及多个学科的学问。目前,语篇分析是--I'3新兴的、尚未定性的学科,它没有一个单一的理论作指导,也没有公认的分析步骤和方法。(黄国文1988:7)系统功能语法创始人韩礼德在其著作《功能语法引论》中明确提出:“在决定研究范围的问题上,我有一些指导原则:(构建功能语法的)目的是为语篇分析提供一个理论框架,这个框架可以对现代英语中任何口头或书面的语篇做出合理有效的解释。”(Halliday1994:XV)因此,系统功能语法完全可以作为语篇分析的理论框架,它是一种操作性强、实用性强的语篇分析理论。毫无疑问,用它来分析广告语篇也是完全可行的。

如前所述,广告语篇已经成为不少语言学家研究的对象。有些学者从语音、词汇、句法、修辞等方面总结出了广告语言的一些特点:多用单音节、褒奖性的

词语;常用简单的陈述句、祈使旬和疑问句,少用被动语态;常用比喻、拟人、对仗、双关等修辞手法。(杨荣琦、陈红玉,1995;崔刚,1993;魏玉杰,1995)虽然这些结论有一定的应用价值,但缺乏理论性和系统性,仍然是零打碎敲式的经验总结。

另一方面,近年来对于某一特定语篇的人际意义研究似乎成为语言学界的一种潮流。政治演讲,宣传手册等都成为研究的对象。李战子研究了自传中人际意义的实现手段,并于2002年出版了专著《话语的人际意义研究》。在这种背景下,广告语篇也引起了语言学家的兴趣。黄国文在《语篇的分析与实践——广告语篇研究》一书中专门辟出章节谈广告的人际功能。其他学者也从对话理论、语篇构建等角度分析了广告的人际意义。(朱诗花,2004;陈其功、辛春雷,2005;刘婷婷、刘丰,2005)

但是这些研究都只针对英文广告,对于中文广告的人际意义研究却十分罕见,更不用说中英文广告的对比了.作为中国人,我们生活中接触的大多仍是中文的广告作品,因此对中文广告进行研究不仅是有价值的,而且是很有必要的。而中英文广告的对比更能够帮助我们认清两者的异同,取人之长,补己之短。这

也是本文的独创性所在。

功能语法的三大纯理功能之一是人际功能,这一功能指的是人们用语言与其他人交往,用语言来建立和保持人际关系,用语言来影响别人的行为,同时也用语言来表达对世界的看法。(黄国文2001:79)

系统功能语法的一大特点在于它为分析语篇提供了一个有效的系统的模型,这个模型在每一个元功能和语法系统之间建立实现联系。韩礼德把语气、情态和调值作为人际意义的主要实现手段,而在《功能语法引论》中,他也提到了其他实现人际意义的手段,如人称系统、表示态度的修饰语,一些词的内涵意义、声音质地等。(Halliday2000:191)

本文就是以系统功能语法中关于人际功能的理论为框架,以从报章杂志中收集的60则中英文广告为材料,比较中英文广告语言运用中人际功能的异同。作为语料的60则广告均来自《中国国家地理》、《文化月刊》、《读者文摘》、《纽约客》等国内外权威杂志。受篇幅限制,在实现人际意义的多种手段中,我们集中对比分析语气、情态和人称系统这三个因素。

功能语法把语气作为人际意义的主要实现手段。语言交际是一种交换,其中有两个语言角色,“给予”(giving)和“需求”(demanding),而交换的内容要么是“信息”(information),要么是“物品和服务”(goods.&.services)。把语言角色和两种交换物组合起来,便构成了“提供”(offer)、“陈述”(statement)、“命令”(command)和“提闯”(question)这四个言语功能。一般说来,言语功能的表达与小句的结构有关。简单地说,这四个言语功能通过语法上的语气来体现:陈述句(declarative)通常用来表示“陈述”,疑问句(interrogative)通常用来“提问”,祈使旬(imperative)通常用来表示“命令”,而“提供”可以通过各种句式体现。陈述、疑问和祈使就是语气系统中的主要组成部分。在英语中,一个句子的语气是由主语和谓语动词的述定部分存在与否及其排列顺序决定的。汉语没有谓语动词的述定部分,所以汉语句子的语气也不能用类似英语的方法迸行判别。汉语句子的语气类型是从语用平面给句子所作的分类。虽然分类标准不同,但中英文对语气的分类结果十分相似,都包含了陈述、疑问、祈使、感叹等几种类型,而且每种语气相应的基本言语功能也十分类似,这成为我们进行对比研究的基础。

对商业广告来说,其言语功能非常明确:向读者介绍产品或服务,即提供有关产品或服务的信息,然后促使读者采取行动购买该产品或服务,即接受其所提供的产品或服务。一个广告要发挥作用有三个步骤:提供信息,引起兴趣,敦促购买。

一般说来,提供信息多用陈述语气。经过统计,在收集的中英文广告中,陈述句占了相当大的比重。有57%的中文广告和27%的英文广告通篇都是陈述句。在多种语气混合的中英文广告中,陈述句的平均比重也分别达到68.3%和67.2%。可见,提供信息的确是广告重要的功能之一。从表面看,通篇陈述句的广告似乎只完成了第一个步骤——提供信息,其实它是以间接的方式同时完成了后两个步骤:通过向读者介绍产品使读者认识到该产品的优越性而产生购买的动机。

与中文广告相比,英语广告更倾向于通过多种语气混合使用直接达到引起读者兴趣、敦促购买行为的作用。这从中英文广告中多种语气混合的比例分别为43%和70%的数据中可以得到证明。一般说来,疑问旬是用来向听话者索取信息的,但在书面语中,作者与读者

不具有时空的统一性,因此无法得到读者即潜在消费者的直接回答。而实际上,广告主的问题也并不是需要读者的回答。这里,“提问”的言语功能发生了变化:由索取信息变为引起兴趣。通过发问,引起读者的思考和阅读兴趣,最终达到推销产品或服务的目的。祈使句的基本功能是发出命令。但是广告中的祈使句是否行使命令的言语功能呢?黄国文指出,在广告这一特定的语篇题材中,祈使句通常是用来表示不包括“命令”的其他“请求”(包括k要求”、“祈求”、“劝告”、“邀请”、“叮咛■“建议”等)意义。(黄国文2001:164)社会语言学告诉我们言语可以反映说话人和听话人之间的社会关系,这种关系特别表现为权势和亲密程度。(哈德逊1990:157)一般来说,权势较高的一方在言语交流中会更加直接,也无需太客气;相反,权势较低的一方则会较为婉转、礼貌,以体现对对方的尊重。亲密程度指的是人与人之间的社会距离,较为亲密的人之间说话比较随意,而生疏的人之间则会比较正式。就商业广告而言,交际的双方—一广告主和读者,从权势角度看,在当前买方市场的条件下显然是读者即潜在消费者占有优势。因此,广告主是没有资格或权力来命令消费者作菜事的。所以,广告中的祈使句多半行使的是“请求”的言语功能。另一方面,从亲密程度看,广告商与消费者之间其实并没有业已存在的亲密关系作为交际的基础。而广告商就是要通过广告极力拉近与读者的社会距离,建立起较为亲密的社会关系以推销自己的产品或服务。在表达请求的言语功能时,祈使句相较于其他的语气显得更为直接和诚恳,广告商希望籍此临时伪装成读者的亲密朋友,说服他们接受其请求,购买其产品或服务。这个问题也可以在礼貌原则的框架中得到解释。当话语的内容有利于听者时,语气越肯定,就越能显现出说话者的诚意。“如果我们要求别人做有利于听话人而不是说话人的事情,那么就删去语句中礼貌的措辞。”(Myers1994:48)虽然实际上消费者必须花费一定的金钱才能得到某种产品或服务,但广告主总是规避前者,强调后者,鼓吹该产品或服务对消费者有多么大的作用和益处。从这一点出发,使用该产品对消费者是十分有利的,因此需要用肯定的语气表明广告主是多么为消费者着想。而肯定的祈使语气恰恰具有很强烈的肯定意味。

在实际的语言运用中,语气与言语功能之间一一对应的关系被打破。在广告语篇中,广告主综合运用多种语气达到提供信息,引起兴趣,敦促购买的目的。

从中英文广告的对比看来,中文广告语气形式较为单一,多用陈述语气,其重点是向消费者介绍产品或服务的相关信息,在引起兴趣和敦促购买方面较少有直接的言语刺激。英文广告则更加灵活,综合运用多种语气形式,在提供信息、引起兴趣、敦促购买三个方面同时发挥作用。

情态是语法中的一个重要概念。在语篇分析中,系统功能语法认为情态是人际元功能的主要实现手段。人际元功能关注的是篇章作者和篇章针对的读者的互动关系,即说话人用语言表达自己的态度,并影响听者的态度和行为,这一功能承载着很重的语义负荷。情态作为人际元功能的主要载体,占有重要的地位。归向性指的是“是”与“否”之问的选择。然而,选择范围并不局限于“是”或“否”,还有许多介于两者之间的不确定性,像“有时”或“可能”。这些处于正反极点之间的中间项就被概括为情态。(Halliday2000:88)根据讲话人对命题可能性的判断程度不同,或说话人对命题的可希望性的判断不同,韩礼德给情态助动词和情态状语赋予了不同的量值。一个情态成分越肯定,可期望值越高,其量值就越高。汉语里也有类似的情态成分,其功能也与英文中的情态词相似,这使得我们的研究成为可能。

据统计,分别有43.3%和63.3%的中英文广告中出现了情态成分,相差20%。还有一点值得注意的是,无论是中文还是英文广告,中低量值的情态词都占到绝大多数,比例分别达到92%和83.7%。这说明,广告语言在涉及情态成分时较少使用过于肯定或强势的语气,多用委婉的协商性、假设性、建议性语气,广告主用温和的语气与读者建立友好互动的关系,避免强硬语气引起读者的不满或反感。通过进一步分析,发现中英文广告主使用情态成分主要都是为了达到以下目的:假设问题;表现优势;表达意愿;宣传可获利益。

任何产品或服务都是为了帮助消费者解决某种问题或者满足其某种需求,从这一问题或需求出发是广告常见的形式。此时,广告主多采用低量值的情态词,避免把问题强加在读者身上,引起反感。这种试探性、不确定的口吻,给读者留下较大的空间,让他们根据自身情况判断、选择。通过对可能出现的问题的预测,引发读者的共鸣,激起他们的兴趣。在表现产品潜在优势时,句子的主语一般是产品或服务的名称。广告不仅要向读者介绍产品或服务,更要说服他们采取购买行动,所以强调该产品的优势以及能为消费者解决的问题就十分必要,这会增强

读者对产品的信心。此时,广告商采用了较为肯定和自信的语气,表明自己产品的优势,树立读者对产品的信心。广告主表达其提供产品或服务的意愿时,主要是以生产者作为句子主语,加上表示意愿的情态助词。值得注意的是,这里出现了为数不多的高量值的情态助词,表达了广告主为读者服务的热切愿望及强烈的责任感,使语气显得真实诚恳,具有亲和力和说服力,迅速拉近了与读者的距离。向消费著宣传使用广告产品或服务的益处在所有含情态成分的句子中所占比例最大,其特征是以消费者作为主语。这类句子中情态助词量值的范围较广,从低到高都有,这是由于广告主采用的宣传策略不同造成的。有的广告商着重于向用户做出承诺——使用了该产品就能如何如何,此时就会选用量值较高的情态助词,用肯定的语气打消消费者的怀疑;另一些广告商则用委婉间接的方式告诉读者——也许您会喜欢我的产品,服务,以避免说话过于绝对引起读者的反感,此时自然要选用量值较低的情态词。

对比发现,英文广告中情态成分较中文广告更多,但两者语用目的相似,即假设问题、表现优势、表达意愿或宣传可获利益。而且不论中文广告还是英文广告中,中低量值的情态词都占了绝大多数,这说明广告主试图以温和的语气与读者建立友好互动的关系。

语篇中的人称代词能告诉我们作者是如何看待语篇涉及到的人与物的,这些人称代词有助于建立作者和读者之间某种特定的关系。人称代词系统是语法中较为固定的部分,在各种语言中均有所体现。广告主利用人称系统营造一种亲密氛围,缩短广告商与读者的心理距离,从而提高了广告的可信度。

经统计,在收集的广告中,分别有56.7%的中文广告和86.7%的英文广告出现了人称代词或物主代词,可见,人称系统是大多数广告都会采用的一种交际手段,而不同的人称代词或物主代词依其人称和单复数的不同而指代不同的个人或群体。

第一人称单数用于指代某个假设的或潜在的消费者。假借这个消费者之口,阐述其产品或服务的优点和作用。阅读这样的广告时,读者会自然地站在广告主虚构的消费者的立场上,因为他们面l临同样的问题,有着同样的愿望,希望得到同样优质的产品或服务。这就引起了这些潜在消费者的共鸣,无形中大大拉进了广告主与读者间的心理距离。同时,假借消费者之口,会使广告显得较为客观,

而不是生产者的自吹自擂,这也对读者有一定的心理暗示,减少对广告的抵触心理。第一人称复数代词一般指广告商或广告商与读者。这种用法在收集的30则中文广告中并没有出现,英文广告中有7则出现了此用法。用第一人称复数指代广告主是为了展示其作为一个团队共同努力,向消费者提供优质产品或服务的宗旨,同时,直自的自述也会使读者感受到其真诚。还有一种情况是同时指代广告商和读者。这种包容性的人称将广告商和读者放在同一阵营,似乎他们具有共同的利益,这便缓和了两者之间本来对立的关系,将他们的利益差别模糊化,有利于使读者建立起对广告商及其产品服务的信任,从而进一步采取购买行为。广告中的第二人称用于指代读者即潜在消费者,这是广告中使用最多的人称代词。通过使用这类代词,广告商制造了一种面对面的交际效果,似乎销售员正站在面前向读者介绍产品。“你”或“you”作为一个在语篇中没有明确所指的代词留下了一个语义空缺,需要适合的对象来填补。读者在阅读时就会不自觉地把自己同广告中的“你”等同起来,积极地投入到广告的阅读中去。第三人称的用法较为简单,一般用于替代前文出现过的人或物,主要是所推销的产品或服务。

对比显示英文广告中人称代词的密度大于中文广告,除了未在中文广告中发现的第一人称复数外,二者都使用了不同人称和数量的人称代词来指代不同的个人或群体。

英语和汉语虽然属于不同的语系,但在功能语法的框架中,通过对语气、情态和人称系统的分析,可以发现在同类语篇中,即在类似的交际目标下,两种语言在形式上也表现出一定的相似性。笔者认为这与人类语言的共性和相似的交际目的有一定关联。

如果我们仔细分析中英文广告在语气、情态和人称系统方面的区别就会发现,这些区别在一定程度上是相互关联的。与疑问、祈使等需要听话人立即有所反馈的语气相比,陈述句在互动性上较弱,在功能语法出现以前,它甚至被认为是一种单向的交际活动,其功能是提供信息,而很少涉及说话人的情感或态度。情态是说话人对命题可能性或可希望性的判断,这一定义明确的表现了其主观性。第一人称复数用来指代广告的主体——广告商。广告商可以用它来直接表达自己的主观态度或想法。中文广告多用陈述句,情态成分较少,没有第一人称复数(在收集的语料中),

这些特点可以概括为避免主观性,强调客观性。相反,英文广告综合使用多种语气,情态成分较多,常使用第一人称复数,这也可以总结为表现主观性,积极性。

这种区别可能与中西方的历史文化差异有关。东方国家,尤其是中国,有着悠久的历史,经历了几千年的兴衰,其中长期的封建统治造就了隐忍的民族性格。同时,由于受到儒家文化的深刻影响,中国人普遍欣赏谦虚,厌恶自负。虽然广告主希望表现自信而不是自负,但两者之间的界限不仅模糊,而且因人而异,所以为了避免引起反感,广告主倾向于使用较为保守的口吻,避免表现得过于主观。西方国家大多只有几百年的历史,近代科学技术的重大变革大大加快了其发展速度。这种成功也造就了积极、自信的社会气质。在多数西方人眼中,自信是优点而过分的谦虚却是虚伪的表现。因此,广告主更乐于直接表达自己的观点而无需

当然,由于本文的重心是分析中英文广告在人际意义方面的异同,而造成这些异同的原因并不是本文考察的重点。因此,这里给出的解释只是初步的,猜想顾虑引起反感。性的。至于是否成立,还需要迸一步探索研究,相信这会是一个有趣的课题。

AListofTables

1;lbIe1Giving

Tahie2ordemanding,goods-and-servicesorinformation…………………14SourceofthecollectedTable3Lengthofbodyparts

1:lble4ads…………………………………………………19ofthEcollectedads……………………………………20ChineseAcomparisonofmoodSbetween

FinitevErbalandEnglishads…………………231曲le5

1’ablc6operators………………………………………………………27AcomparisonofmodalelEmenIsbetweenChinEseandEnglishads………28Table7AcomparisonofthepersonsystemTable8SimilaritiesbetweenChineseandEnglishads……32anddifferences…………………………………………………40

学位论文独创性声明

本人郑重声明:

1、坚持以。求实、创新”的科学精神从事研究工作.

2、本论文是我个人在导师指导下进行的研究工作和取得的研究3、本论文中除引文外,所有实验、数据和有关材料均是真实的.4、本论文中除引文和致谢的内容外,不包含其他人或其它机构已经发表或撰写过的研究成果.

5、其他同志对本研究所做的贡献均已在论文中作了声明并表示了谢意.

作者签名:蕈鲢j鲻

学位论文使用授权声明日期:幽』邑

本人完全了解南京师范大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定,学校有权保留学位论文并向国家主管部门或其指定机构送交论文的电子版和纸质版;有权将学位论文用于非赢利目的的少量复制并允许论文进入学校图书馆被查阅;有权将学位论文的内容编入有关数据库进行检索;有权将学位论文的标题和摘要汇编出版。保密的学位论文在解密后适用本规定.

作者签名=髯丛鳋日期:趔望』基

Acknowledgements

Firstly,1wouldliketoexpressthemoatsinceregratitudetomytutor?------——ProfessorXuHaimingforhisselflessguidanceandhelp.Beingverybusywithhisstudyandwork,healwaysmanagestosqueezesometimetohelpUSwithourstudyandgivevaluableadviceintime.Heisalwaysreadytohelpwhenweneedsupportinstudy.Itiswithhis

hegavemeguidancethatWearemakingprogress.Inthewritingofthisthesis,manyprecioussuggestionsandrecommendations.I

meaamalsogratefultootherprofessorsandteachers,whose

myhorizongreatly.lectures#velotofnutritionandbroaden

Secondly,1wanttothankmyparents.Theyhavealwaysbeensupportingmystudy

youandhavesacrificedalotforme.Tothem,“thanks'’isnotenoughata11.Iloveforever,MumandDad!

Next,thankmyclassmates.1willneverforgetthoseheatedandsparklingdiscussions,whichgivcmemuchenlightenment.

Lastbutnotleast,thanktheoraldefensepanel.ThankProfessorGuo,Professor

helpmetogetShaoandProfessorZhang.Yourilluminatingquestionsandadvicewill

thepaperbetter.

Chapter1

1.1Researchquestion

Introduction

ThestudyisundertakentofindoutthedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenChineseand

En#ishadvertisements

ale

intermsofinterpersonalfunction.

Advertisements

composedoflinguisticpart

and

non?linguisticpart.In

narrowscnse.advertisingcopymeansthelinguisticpartinadvertisements.Atthevery

beginning,advertisements

comprised

languageonly.With

development,various

non.1inguistic

fac雠enterintoadvertisements.Therefore,advertisingcopy

language,picture

and

includes

alltheelementslikearrangement

ofadvertisementsinbroad

Sense.(倪宁2001:153)In

indicatethe

thisthesis,we

USe

advertisingcopyinitsnarrowSeIL∞to

linguistic

partsuchastitle,bodypartandsloganofads.

Advertisingcopyisdirection.Advertisingisprospective

kindof

language

styleswithstrongpracticalpurpose

products

or

and

processofpromotingcertain

servicestothe

customers.Therefore,interpersonal

functionis

is

signitic.antfactorin

one

advertising,Theoretically,interpersonal

functionalso

of

the

three

metafunctionsoflanguageinHaUiday’SSystematic-FunctionalGrammar.Itmeansto

communicate

behaviors

withothers,tomaintaintherelationshipwithothers,toaffectothers’

express

one’s

andtoopinionoftheworldbyusinglanguage.(黄国文

2001:79)

This

paper

intends

to

analyzethe

disparities

as

well

aS

similarities

of

interpersonal.function

betweenChineseandEngiish

advertisementsmainlywithinthe

frameworkofFunctionalGrammar,especiallythepartofinterpersonalfunction.1.2Necessityoftheresearch

1.2.1Advertisingandadvertisements

With

wellas

thefast

improvementofcheaptransportation

andcommunication

system

as

advancedtelecommunication

technology,theeconomicdevelopmentgoes

beyondnational

boundariesandcombinesthewholeworldasanintegratedmarket.

alsoextendsfromrivalrymode.

topromote

The

competition

betweenenterprisesproducts,price,capital,

humanresources,technologytoanoverall

Advertisingisanimportantwaytoestablishenterprises’imagesand

products

to

consmers.The

world’S

economyhasgrown.Sohasthe

use

of

adveaising。

Advertisingisplaying

mO陀andmoteprominentroleinvariousaspectsand

to

on

differentlevelsinsociety:itoffersinformation

thedevelopmentofnational

economy;it

provides

supplieschannelstocompaniestoenlargemarketandincreasesalas;it

forpeopletoimprovetheir

conveniencesstandardof

living.

Advertising

promotes

salesandtherebycommerce.As

buyer’Sguide.it

buyers

providesconsume"rwithinformationofnewproductsand#yesindustrial

importantinformationaboutnewequipmentandtechnology.By

informing

many

peopleofavailableproductsandservices,advertisinggreatlyreducesthecostofdistributionandeasesthetaskofpersonalselling.Thisleadstolowercostsandhigher

profits,which锄beinvestedinmorc’equipmentandjobs.

Thefreedomtoadvertiseenablescompetitorstoenterthe

marketplace.This

ne砒

encouragestheimprovement

ofexistingproducts

and

thedevelopmentof

improvedmodels.Theseactionsresultinincreasedproductivityand

advertisinginvitespeopletotrynewproducts,itacceleratesthe

higherquality.As

SUCCESS

ofgood

productsandthefailureofunacceptable

one

products.

Bynow,wehaveavoided

question:whatisadvertising?

arc

Actually,defmifionsofadvertising

various.It

maybe

defined

asa

communicationprocess,amarketingprocess,aneconomicandsocialprocess,a

publicrelation

process,oran

information

andpersuasion

process,depending

onone's

point

ofview.

Courtland

LB.andWilliam

Areus(1989:5)gave

theirdefinition硒follows:

paid

or

advertisingisthenon—personalcommunicationof

information,usually

or

and

usnaHypersuasiveinnature,aboutproducts,services

through

ideasbyidentffiedsponsors

variousmedia.

AdvertisementsareomnipresentnowadaysinOurlife:newspaper,magazines,

radio,television,direct

mail,outdoor

our

signs,billboards,transitadsfriends

or

on

buses

or

trucks…Whether

wearealone,with

family,orin

crowd,advertising

isalwayswithUS..

InlightofthepurposeofmyIese捌fch.Iherebydefinepersuasivecommunicationofinformationaboutproductssponsorstoprospective

Advertisingadvertisingis

all

or

advertising

as

the

servicesbyidentified

consumers.

plays

an

copy

art

important

role

in

advertisements.“Actually,

advertising,

of

persuasion.”(计维斌,蔡小于1995:71)In

persuasionmeanstomakethereceiversofadvertisementsbelieveintheenterprises’products

or

serviccsandfurthermorepay

topurchasethe

commodities

or

services

adve坩sed.What

be

isthetoolofpersuasion?Mainlythe

only,butadswithout

language.Advertisements啪

are

composed

of

language

languageveryrare.Here,the

term

“language”is

also

usedinitsbroadseuse.Itincludesnotonlythe

in

language

is

systembut

the

languageuse一一parole

inSaussure’s

term.This

applicable

throughoutthepaper.1.22Pragmafies

SinceSaussurefamousCoursein

distinguished

internal

andexternalelementsof

011

language

inhiswhile

GeneralLinguistics

andfocused

internalelements

as

“disregard[ing]everythingwhichdoesnot

belongtoitsstructure

system”

(Sanssure2001:21),linguisticresearcheshadbeenconcentrating

structureof

on

microlinguistics,

regardto

whichisconcernedsolelywiththethewayinwhich

language—systems,without

or

languages

to

are

acquired,storedinbrain

usedintheirvarious

functions;withoutregard

regard

to

theinterdependenceoflanguageand

that

culture;without

are

thephysiological

andpsychologicalmechanisms

involvedin

language-behavior;inconsidered

initself

short,withoutregardtoanythingotherthanlanguage—system,

andforitself.(Lyons1981:36)However,with

found

thetimepassingb%

philosopherswhich

andlinguists

growingnumbcfofunexplainedobservations,

ledtomm]eroustheoretical

played

at

paradoxes.It

rolein

turned

outthat

extrasyntactie,indeed

extralinguisticfactorsmajoran

languageuse.Thuspragmatiescameintosaid:‘‘ThepragmatictIlmin

beingandhasdeveloped

linguistics

call

amazing

rate.Mey

thusbe

describedas

shiftfromtheparadigmoftheoreticalgrammar

(in

particular

syntax)totheparadigmofthe

languageuseL”(Mey2001:4)There

has

been

anever-growing

interestinpragmatics

andpragmaticproblems.Linguistic

study

goesbeyondthelimitationofmicrolinguistiesand00mestothelargescopeofmacrolinguistica.

Asaspecialkindoflanguageinuse,advertisingcopyattractslotsoflinguistswithitsextensiveusageanddistinctivefeatures.Theyhavemadesomeresearchesandreachedsomeconclusionsonadvertisingcopy’scharacteristicsfromdifferentaspectslikesound,lexicon,syntaxandrhetoric.

1.2.3Discourseanalysis

Theterm“discourseanalysis”wasfirstcoinedbyAmericanstructuralismlinguistZ.Harrisin1952.Butithasnotbeenattachedmuchimportancetountilthesetwentyorthirtyyears.Researchersstudydiscoursesandtextsinusefromdifferentperspectives.

Itispartofaperson’sculturalcompetencetodividethediscourseoftheirsocietyintounits,togivethoseunitsnamesandtoassignthemtocategories.Therearehundredsofsuchcategories,orgenres,atermborrowedbydiscourseanalysisfromliterarystudies,anddefinedbySwalesas“aclassofcommunicativeeventswhichsharesomesetofcommunicativepurposes.”Wrhescpurposes…constitutetherationaleforthegenre.Thisrationaleshapestheschematicstructureofthediscourseandinfluencesandconstrainschoiceofcontentandstyle…Inadditiontopurpose,exemplarsofagenreexhibitvariouspatternsofsimilaritiesintermsofstructure,style,contentandintendedaudience.”(Cook2001:7)

Asanewsubject,disconrscanalysishasnotgotanycommonlyadmittedtheoryormethodsincedifferentlinguistshavedifferentpurposesandmeasures.

AccordingtoAmericanscholarSchiffrininhisApproachestoDiscourse,thereareatleast6theorieswhichcanbeusedtododiscourseanalysis:speechacttheory,interactionalsociolinguistics,theethnographyofcommunication,pragmaties,conversationanalysis,variationanalysis.(黄国文2001:28)

FunctionalGrammar,establishedbyM.A.K.Halliday,hasopenedanewhorizontothefieldoflinguisticsandintroducedanewperspectiveagainstChomsky’ssyntaxtheory.InhisAnIntroductiontoFunctionalGrammar,hepointsoutdefinitelythathisSystematic-FunctionalGrammaristosupplyanoperativetheoreticalframeworkto4

disconrseanalysis.“Indecidinghowmuchgroundguidingprinciplesinmind.Theaimhasbeen

text

to

totrytocover,Ihavehad

certain

constructagrammarfor

anduseful

purposestothingsabout

analysis:one

thatwouldmakeitpossibletosaysensiblewritten,inmodern

one

anytext.spoken

or

English.”(Halliday1994:XV)

ofall

Advertisingis

ofthemost

controversial

contemporary

genres,partly

bccanseit

the

isrelativelynew,butalsobecauseitiscloselyassociatedwiththevaluesof

marketeconomyinwhichitthrives.In

seenas

competitivehigh—growthglobal

and

environmental

world

besetbysocialto

problems.advertising伽be

dissatisfied

or

urgingpeople

to

co璐ume

morebymakingthemfeel

inadequate,byappealing

greed,worryandambition.Ontheotherhand,itmayskillful,clever

be

arguedthatmanyadsare

and

amusingandthatitisunjust

tomakethem

scapegoatforallthe

SOrfOW¥ofthemodernworld.

Nevertheless,advertisinghasbecome

salientgenreofdiscourseintheeyesof

linguists.Theyhave

differentpurposes.

putmanyeffortsintothestudyof锄dsbyvarious

meansand

for

Fromalltheaboveanalyses,wecome

tothe

conclusionthatitisbothnecessary

andpossible

to

conductsuch

aresearch.

1.3Structureofthethesis

Thewholepapercomprises

fiveparts.Part

One

is

all

introductiontothewhole

outthedifferencesas

passage.Thegeneralresearchquestionispresentedfirstly:find

well

as

similaritiesofChineseandEnglishadvertisementsintermsofinterpersonal

Ilookbackuponthedevelopmentofadvertising.pragraatics

meaning.Then

and

discourseanalysisinthesedecades.whichistheis

backFoundagainstwhich

thisstudy

madepossibleandnecessary.PartTwo

empirical

isliteraturereview,inwhichIreviewsomewhich

relative

studies,some

ofare

aboutwithon

linguistic

featuresof

advertisementswhereassomeothersareconcerned

different

interpersonalmeaningof

discA3nrses.There

arealsoseveralresearches

are

interpersonalmeaningof

study

advcrtisillgcopies.Butthey

confined

to

Englishads.Myand

focuses

on

covers

notonly

English

butalsoChineseadvertisements

their

similarides

and

disparities.Thisisfeatureofmymesiswhich

makes

itmorepracticallyvaluable.

ThenIexplainthekeytermsinmypapersuchasillterpe墙onalfunction,mood,

generalresearchmodalityandpersonsystem.PartThreeismethodology.The

questionisfurtherdividedintothreespecificquestionshere;Ialsointroducehowthelanguagematerialiscollcctedandthewayinwhichthestudywillbeconducted.PartFourisresultsanddiscussion————themainpartofthewholetheresearcharepresentedindetailthesis.Theresultsofandthereasonsbehindareanalyzed.VariousdevicesliketablesareemployedtomaketheresMtsmoreclearanddistinct.Iquote

fromthequitesomeinstances

maketheseanalyses

includesacollectedmaterialtosubstantiatemyanalysesandtoisconclusion.Itoftheconcreteandeasytounderstand.Thelastpartsummaryofmajorfindings,apreliminaryexplanation,limitationsstudyandrecommendationsforfurtherresearches.6

、Chapter2LiteratureReview

areIn也ispart,1willfustlyreviewsomerelativeempiricalstudies.Some

pertinenttothefeaturesofadvertisinglanguage.Othersarerelevanttotheinterpersonalmeaningofdifferenttexts.Then1willexplainthedifferencesofmyo咖studywiththeothersandgive

2.1Relativeempiricalstudiesthedefinitionsofsomekeyterms.

Withthematurityofmarketeconomyandthefastdevelopmentofeconomicglobalization,advertisementsSeemtobemoreandmoreusefulinsociety.

Quitesomelinguistshavedevotedthemselves

astothestudyofadvertisinglanguagefromdifferentaspectssuch

asound,lexicon,syntax,rhetoric,cognitionandcultureandhaveachieved

following

syllablelotofvaluablefindings.Somehavesummarizedthelinguisticfeaturesofadvertisingcopies:intermsofwordsarelexicon,manysingularsuperlativedegreesareandappreciativeavailable;comparativeandcommonlyemployed;asfor

arefrequentlysyntax,simpledeclarative,imperativeandinterrogativeusedtodescribethefunctionoftheproducts,topersuadetheconsumeIqJtotakeactionandtohelpthemtowipeoutworries;moreover,activevoicesaremore

somefiguresofthanpassiveones;presenttenseismorethanothertenses;onrhetoric,likespeechsimile,personification,parallelismandpunareusuallyencountered.(杨荣琦、陈红玉,1995;崔刚,1993;魏玉杰,1995)

ButSomeotherscholarsdonotagreewiththeseconclusionssincetheybelievethatthesepointscannotrepresentthefeaturesofatltheadvertisinglanguage.f周怡,1998)

Althoughtheseanalysesareofpracticalsignificance,theyareonlySOmefragmentalempiricalconclusionsandlacksystemalityandthenreticality.

speedasaSince

Linguists1970s,discourseanalysisthathasdevelopedatanamazingaresubject.inbrokethelimitation

0nsentencesthelargestresearchobjectlinguisticsandcasttheireyeslargerlinguisticunit———一text.Theyrealizedthat

tosentencelevellanguagestudyshouldnotbeconstrainedandonlystudysentence

instructure.Instead,Weshouldgobeyondthescopeofsentencetostudyitsusage

context.'

Languageisusedbypeopletocommunicatewithothers.Thusinterpersonalfunctionisabothnotableandinevitableaspectinlanguagestudythoughithadnot

abeenpaidenoughattentiontountilseveralyearsago.Recently,therehasbeen

populartrendtostudytheinterpersonalmeaningofdifferentdiscourses.LiZhanzistudiedthemeaILstorealizeinlerpe搐onalmeaninginautobiography;someotherscholarsalsoexaminedtheinterpersonalmeaningofpublicspeeches.Althoughmostoftheseresearchesarenotorientedtowardsadvertisementsdirectly,theyprovideuswitht讶ecioastheoryandexperience.LiZhanzipublishedInterpersonalMeaning加Discoursein2002.Thisisasystematicstudyofinterpersonalmeaning.Sheextends

sentencestothewholediscoursetheresearchframeworkbeyondandestablishesa

two-levelmodeltostudyinterpersonalmeaning.Besidesmoodandmodality,the

coversmainembodimentsofinterpersonalfunctioninHalliday’stheory,shealso

somenewlinguisticfactorsthatcanrealizeinterpersonalmeaning:personalpronoun,tense,directspeech,and

alsoappraisaltheory.Wecanfindsomeempiricalstudiesoninterpersonalfunctionof

advertisementsfromdifferentaspects.

InhisTheoryandPracticeofDiscourse

oneAnalysis:AStudy疏Advertisingt0Discourse.HuangGuowendedicatesparttheinterpersonalfunctionof

advertisements.Hepoints

theproductsoroutthattheaddresserofadvertisingdiscourseispromotingservicestothepotentialeonsumers.Jtplaystheroleofinformationsupplier.潢国文2001:84)

SomeresearchersfindthatmodalVefbs,non—indicativesentences,personalpronounsandhedgesarethemainhctorsiⅡadvertising

notonlyrealizeanddiscoursetorealizeinterpersonalmeaning.Theycanmaintainthebenefitofthe

advertiser,butalsoattractcustomers’attentionandestablishfliendlyrelationwiththem.Ononfhand,advertisementsareusedtosetuptheauthorityoftheadvertisers,whileontheothertheyshouldshortenthedistancebetweenproducersandconsumers.(刘婷婷、刘丰,2005)

Interpersonalmeaningisdeterminedbytenorofdiscourse.Interpersonalfunction

oftheembodiesthetenor,whichaffectsandrepresentsthepersuasivefunction

discourseto

largeextent.Afterstudyingsomeads,ChenQigongandXinChunlei

cometotheconclusionthatpositiveevaluationandmodalin

representpersuasivefunction

On

the

basis

of

polarity

influence

and

advertising.(陈其功、辛春雷,2005)

dialogism

theory,Zhu

Shihua

analyzes

Bakhtin’s

out

some

to

advertisements

and

points

thatdialogismexistsinadvertisingdiscourse

different.degrees.There

ale

multipledialoguerelationsinadvertisements,among

one

whichthemostbasicandfundamentalisthe

one

betweentheadvertiset

andthe

targetaudience.Dialogismisthedirectembodimentofinterpersonalrelation,wh/chisrealized

andmaintained

by

dialogue,consultationandconcessionbetweensubjects.

(朱诗花,2004)

Buttheseresearchesconcentrateonly

on

Englishads.Studies

on

interpersonal

functionofChhlescadvertisements

are

seldomavailable.Nottomentioncontrastive

our

researchesbetweenChineseandEnglishadvertisements.Inadvertisementsweencounterusefulfor

us

arc

dailylife,mostoftheismorepractical

Chinese

ones.Therefore.it

and

tostudyalso

theChineseads.

ThispaperjUst

does

contrastandcomparison

between

Chinese

and

English

advertisementstofindthcir

similaritiesand

can

disparities.Throughthecomparisonofhave

mood,modalityand

meaninginboth

understandingof

personsystem,we

systematicviewofInterpersonal

will

Chinese

andEnglishadvertisements,which

us

further

our

adsandhelp

to

improve

our

advertisingCaUSC.

Sincetheexistenceof

different

languagestudy,therehasbeenthecomparison

between

its

languages.Asabranch

ofmodem

linguistics,contrastivelinguisticsEnds

linguistics

sourcesinAmericaandEurope.Within

madegreatprogress

dozensofyears,contrastive

had

both

theoreticallyand

of

practically.The

language.Since

studies

coveredmany

theoretical

toand

to

languages

andtouchedvariouslevelsof

1980s,the

construction

contrastivelinguistics

hasbeen

attachedgreatimportance

researcheshaveexpandedfromtraditionalpronunciation,lexiconandgrammar

textualandpragmaticorientations.2.2Keyterms

There

arethreebasicfunctionsof

language

accordingtoSystematic-Functional

Grammar:ideationalfunction,interpersonalfunctionandtextualfunction.Thompsongivestheexplanationsofthese

metafunctions

our

inhisbookIntroducingFunctional

Grammar.We

use

languagetotalkaboutexperienceoftheworld,includingthe

worldsinOUl"ownminds.todescribeevents

and

states

and

theentitiesinvolvedin

also

use

them.(Thompson。2000:28)This

istheideational

function.We

languageto

intcfactwithotherpeople,toestablishandmaintainrelationswiththem.toinfluence

theirbehaviors,toexpresschange

our

own

viewpoint

011

thingsintheworld,andto

elicit

or

theirs.(ibid)This

isinterpersonalfunction.Inusinglanguage,weorganize

our

messageinwayswhichindicatehowtheyfitinwiththeothermessagesaroundthem

andwiththewidercontextinwhichwearetalkingfunction.

Thegrammar———thatis,thedescriptionofthespecificmatchesoffunction

or

writing.(ibim

Thisistextual

andwording‘。。。——reflects

thisthree?strandapproach,inthatit

Olle

consists

ofthree

components,eachcorrespondingto

interpersonal

ofthemetafimctions.Forexample,the

componentofthegrammaristhepartwherewedescribealltheoptions

thatwehaveinexpressinginterpersonal

systemsofchoices.Tobc

meanings.Thus

choice

each

component

hasitsown

specific,the

between

interrogative

to

meanings

(questions)andcomponent

ofthe

declarative

meanings0tatements)belongs

theinterpersonal

grammar.(Thompson2000:28—29)

intendsto

Thispaperjust

Chinese

examine

thedifferences

as

well

as

similarities

between

analyze

andEnglishadvertisementsintermsofinterpersonalfunction.1will

thecollected30Chine∞and30EngUshadvertisementsfromtheperspectivesofmood,modalityandpersonsystem.

Oneofthemainpurposesofestablish

communicationistointeractwithother

people:to

and

maintainappropriatesociallinkswiththem.Ifwetrytoviewlanguage

simply

asa

one-way

system

fortellingother

peoplethings,we

endupwith

very

distortedviewofhowlanguageworks.becauscweareoverlookingthefactthatwe

use

ittoexchangemeanings,thatcommunicationisinherently

two-way.We

or

tellother

peoplethingsforprovide

purpose:wemay

wanttOinfluencetlleir

attitudes

behavior,orto

Or

informationthat

WCknowtllcydonothave,ortoexplain

10

oar

ownattitudes

behavior,ortogetthemtoprovide

US

withinformation,and

SO

on.Thisiscalledthe

interpersonalfunctionoflanguage.

Although

the

term

interpersonal

meaning

originates

fromthedivisionof

language’SmetafunctionsinFunctionalGrammar,italsoattractsattentioninother

fieldsandhasbeenstudiedalot.

Inrhetoric,theaudienceisalwaysthe

orator

subjectofstudy.Thepersuasivenessofthe

havealways

and

thewayheconveyshisimage

andinformationtotheaudience

are

been

importantconcepts.Therhetoricians

audience

or

concernedwith

thefollowingquestions

relatedtothereaders:who

are

therecipientsofthespeech?whatisknown

are

abouttheirattitude,knowledge

and

state?what

thesymbolsoftheir"existence?

US

Inphilosophy,Bakhtin'stheoryismost

helpfulforidentityofthespeakeris

tOunderstandthatthe

an

indispensablepartofthemeaning:Hebefievesthat

dialogism

his

is

basicfeatureofallthediscourses,either

spoken

01"written.Owingto

isalsoinfluenced

theory,peopleare

moreandmoreawarethatwritten

language

byinteractiveprocesses.In

narrowbasic

sense,dialogueindicates

ofinteraction.Butin

verbal

thetalkinturnbetween

two

interlocutors,whichis

not

form

broadsense,dialogue

but

compriSes

onlythedirect,face-to-face

inwritten

communication

alsothe

non—face-to-facecommunicationform

betweenthesenderandreceiver.

Meaningistheresultoftheinteractionbetweenthespeakerandthelistener.Although

hetalkedabouttheproblemonlydiscussedthe

On

philosophicallevelinsteadofwordas

linguistic

one

and

meanmg

of

anexample,his

ideahasvitalizedthe

enthusiasmforinterpersonalfacetof

meanin晷(Bakhtin1984)InWittgenstein's

in

opinion,language

islike

game.Thetwopatticipants

communicationare

negotiatingfortheirowninterestsaswhatwedoinforwardtotheresponsesofhisreadersmeaningwithwhichisthe

can

game.Awriterisalwayslooking

use

and

tendsto

linguistic

meansto

consult

decide

them.Similarly,the

readers

call

negotiatewiththediscourseand

possible

meaninginlightoftheirown

knowledge

and

state.Thistheory

wellexplaintheinterpersonalfunctionof

itemsthat

can

language,but

itdosenotmentionthe

concretelinguistic

realizethe

function.(徐友渔等1996)

position

Inliterature,interpersonalmeaningchangesintoanotherquestion:isthe

11

ofreadersworthstudying?Scholarsoflook

on

Formalism,Stmcturalism

andNewCriticismreaders’attitudes.

textsas

independentobjectswithoutwriter’sintention

or

EspeciallythebeHeversofNewCriticism,theythinkexplainingreaders’responsesto

poemisintroducing

diametricallywrongfactor.However,thecriticsfrom

and

Receptive

Aesthetics

insist

that

the

Phenomenology,Readers’Responsedescriptionhintsof

ofthereaders

as

individualsshould.beincluded.Despitethesparkling

ReceptiveAesthetics,theprocess

assume

an

Readers’Responseand

ofreaders’

understandingishypothetical.They

idealreaderwhileignoringthe

discourses’formalfeatures,whichisthecommonlimitationsofBakhtin’sand

Wittgenstein's

theories.

InthefieldofFunctional

Grammar,thechapterconcerninginterpersonalmeaning

as

changesitstitlefromHalliday's“Clause

exchange”toThompson’s“Interactionin

t0

theclause:theinterpersonalmetafuncfion".Fromexchangeunderstandinghasbeenfurtheredsince

relationshipbetweenthespeaker

the

interaction,the

to

former

isconfinedtheverbal

conce】[ns

andthelistenerwhereasthelatteralso

the

relationshipbetweenmultiplevoicesinthediscom'se

and

thereaders.

011

Afunctionalapproachtoinvestigatinglanguageisbasedthelanguagesystemhasevolvedto

serve

theassumptionthat

thefunctionsthatweneeditfor.Therefore,

purposeforsayingthingstootherpeople

thefactthatinteraction‘_。_____——havingJ?。_。_?——is

an

inherentpartoflanguage

as

use

meansthattheremustbeaspectsofthe

grammar

which啪beidentified

enablingt玛tointeractthroughlanguage.Someof

thegrammaroftheclausemustbeattributabletoitsroleintheexchangeofmeanings

betweeninteractants.This

isverysignificantbecauseFunctional

to

Grammar

connects

theabstractconceptofinterpersonalmeaning

theconcretelinguisticfeatures。

whichmakestheanalysesofspecificdiscomsespossible.Thisis

advantage

over

marvelous

theprevioustheories.Halliday

takesmood,modalityandkeytobethe

toFunctional

mainmeanstorealize

interpersonalmeaning.InhisAnIntroduction

can

Grammar,healsomentionssomeothercomponentsthat

embodyinterpersonal

meanings

suchasthepe巧onsystem,theattitudinaltypeofEpithet,theconnotative

meaningsoflexicalitemsandvoicequality.(Halliday

12

2000:191)

Basing011theseachievements,somescholarsextendtheframeworktoincludemoreelementsfromdifferentaspects.Forexample,LiZhanzi(2002)has

ondevelopedamodelcomprisingcognitive,evaluativeandinteractivefactors

microsocietytwolevels———andmacrosociety.

meaningplaysanAswhathasbeensaid,interpersonalunusuallyimportantrole

缸advertisements.Itisthereforeverysignificanttodothisstudy.Butduetolimitedspace,Ishallonlyfocus0nthreeelements:mood,modalityandpersonsystem.

asFunctionalGrammarregardsmoodthemaincomponentofinterpersonal

meaning.Abasicmoodsystemincludesdeclarative,.interrogativeandimperative.Languagecommunicationis

givingorakindofexchange.Themostfundamentalpurposesinaexchangesare

speakerinademanding.Ifwelookatthisfromthepointofviewofthattheverbalexchange,thecommodityspeakermaybe酉Vingordemandingisinformation.InsuchCaSeS.the

speakerspeaker’Spurposeiscamedaoutthroughlanguage:the

demandmakesastatementtogiveinformation,orasksquestiontotheit.Theexchange

orissuceessfulffthefistenerreceivestheinformationthatspeakergivesprovidestheinformationdemanded.Sometimes,theexchangewill

onlybesuccessfuliranon-verbalactioniscarriedout——ifthe

islistenerobeysthecommand.Thenweneedtoincludeanother“commodity"thatbeingexchanged:

“goods-&-services”.Wethenendupwithfourbasicspeechroles:givinginformation,demandinginformation,givinggoods?&-servicesanddemandinggoods-&-services.TheusuallabelsforthesefunctionsarC:statement,question,offer

aandcommand.Hallidaypresentsthispointbytwo?dimensionaltable.

Table1Giving

or

demanding,goods-?and?-services

Halliday

Or

information(adapted

from

2000:69)

I(i)giving

Ro≥leinexchange≤

(a)goods-&-services∞information

\.

“offer'’

“statemcnrhe's

1(11)出∞。1ng

wouldyoulikethisteapot?

givingher

the

teapot.

“command'’

givemethat

“question"

teapot!whatishegivingher?

Threeofthesebasicfunctions

are

closelyrelatedwithparticulargrammatical

structures:statements

are

mostnaturallyexpressedbydeclarativeclauses;questions

are

byinterrogativeclauses;andcommandsbyimperativeclauses.These

the

three

mainchoicesinthemoodsystem.Whatisthemeasurementofdifferent

shouldfirstlookatthecomponentsofwhenitfirstappears,maybe

moods?We

subject,

mood:SubjectandFinite

operator.The

one

anynominalgroup.The

or

finiteelementisofsmall

numberofverbaloperatorsexpressingtenseexistenceclausein

modality.(Halliday2000:72)The

andsequence

of

Subject

andFinitedeterminethemoodtypeof

specific

English.Bychoosingdifferentmoods,thespeakeradoptsforhimself

particularspeechroleandsimultaneouslyassigns

role.

InChinese,thereis

nO

tothelisteneracomplementary

Finite.Therefore,themood5in

Chinesecannotbe

judged

is

bytheexistenceandorderofwaytoclassifyclausesbetweenChinese

on

SubjectandFiniteasinEnglish.ForChinese.mood

pragmaticlevel.However,therearequitesomesimilarities

spitcofthe

andEn【鲥shmoodsystems.Inand

Englishdohavesome

absence

ofFinite,the

moods

ofChinese

similaritiestwo

intermsofthe

relationship

betweensubjects

andverbs.Let’Scomet0see

examples.

【1】Chinese.他是一个学生.

English

He

iS

student.

【2】Chinese(你)

走开。

away.

English(You+Finite)go

In

declaratives(sentence【11),thesubjects

14

arebothinfrontoftheverbsandin

imperatives(sentence【21),thesubjectsare

is

bothomitted.Thesituationofinterrogative

littlecomplex.HuZhuanglinhasdonethestudyinthis

area.(胡壮麟2000:

260-270)

Despitethedifferenceincriterion,fortunately,theresultsoftheclassificationareverymuchalike.BoththemoodsystemsofChineseandEnglish

Call

bedividedinto

speech

declarative,interrogative,imperative

functionofeach

andexclamation.Thefundamental

mood

issimilar,too.Thisisthebasisofourcomparison

and

radical

factorthatmakesthisstudypossibleandmeaningful.

ingrammar.In

Modality

is

all

importantconcept

discourse

analysis,Functional

Gramnlarregardsitas

mainrealizationofinterpersonalmetafunction.

oftheprobabilities,ortheobligations,

Modalitymeansthespeaker’Sjudgment

involvedinwhatheis

saying.(Halliday2000"75)

lo酉c.In

Theunderstandingofmodality血linguisticsoriginatedfrommodaltraditionalmodallogic,modalityisdividedlogic.

concernedwith

necessity

andpossibility.Lyons

modaUtyintocognitive

andobligatoryones.Thisisthetypicaldichotomyin

Intraditionalgrammar,modalityisthemeaningthemodaloperatorsexpress.Gl'ammariansequatemodalitywiththemodalexpressionsinsyntax

InFunctionalGrammar,interpersonalmetafanctionfocuses

or

morphemes.theinteractive

expresseshis

on

relationship

betweenthewriterandintendedreader,orhowthespeaker

ideaandinfluencestheattitudeorbehaviorofthereaderbyhiswords.Hallidaypoints

Outthatthisfunctioniscloselyrelatedto

semantic

meaning.The

realizationincludes

mood,modalityandotherevaluativemeans.Modality,as

mainCalTierof

interpersonalmetafunction,therebyobtains

salientpositioninFunctional

Grammar

comparedwithin

logic

and

traditionalgrammar.

Polarityisthechoice

are

between

positive

yes

andnegative.However,thepossibilities

not

limited

toa

choice

betweenand

no.There

areintermediatedegrees:

variouskindsofindeterminacythatfallbetween.1ike“sometimes”or“maybe”.These

intermediatedegrees,betweenthepositiveandnegative

as

poles,are

known

collectively

modality.(Halliday2000:88)

】5

InChinese,wealsohavethiskindofmodaloperatorsandadjuncts,whose

arefunctionsverysimilartothoseinEnglish.Thismakesthecomparisonfeasible.Thepersonalpronounsofatext

arecantellUShowthewriterlooksuponthepersonsinvolvedinthediscourse.Theyhelpfultoestablishsortofrelationbetweenthe

writerandtheIeadef.

Personsystemisarelatively矗xcdpartingrammar.Nevertheless.itexperiencedgreatchangesinhistory.Forexample,inOldEnglish,“you'’hadfollowingforms:thou/thee,ye/you.The

singularformerpairWasthenominativeandobjectivecasesfortheandthelatterpairWasusedfortheplural.Inactualcommunication,peopleemployeddifferentformsnotonlybecauseofnumberbutalsoofsou-:ialdistance.AsimilarphenomenonisstillavailableinFrench“tu/vous”today.AlthoughthisdistinctionhasdiedoutinEnglish,theusageofpersonsystemdoestellaboutinterpersonalmeaningofaUSsomethingdiscou璐e.Inadvertisements.differentpersonal

inpronounsarenotusedincompleteaccordancewithfirst,sexondandthirdpersons

grammar.Advertisement

atmnspheretow6tersinclinetoUsepersonsystemtocreateallintimateincreasethecredmilityandreliabilityofads.16

Chapter3Methodology

andThisstudyaimstoexaminethedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenChinesc

Englishadvertisementswithrelationtointerpersonalmeaning?

Inthispart,thegeneraldata-collectionprocessandspecificresearchquestions,languagematerialorandanalysismethodwillbestatedinsequence-3.1Researchquestions

InterpersonalmeaningisbasedonthedivisionofmetafunctionsoftheframeworkofSystematic?FunctionalGrammar.AccordingtherearclanguageintoM.A.K.H_alHday,threemetafunctionsofalanguage:ideationalfunction,interpersonalfunctionandtextualfunction.

Systematic-FunctionalGrammaroffersdiscourseanalysis.11ljsaneffectiveandsystematiceachmodeltomodelestablishesrelationshipbetweenmetafunction

functionsandcertaingrammaticalsystem

register.andbetweentheorganizationofthethreeandthethreefactorsof

Withregardtointerpersonalfunction,Hallidayfocuses

mainonmood,modalityandkey,whicharcbelievedtobetheembodimentsofinterpersonalmeaning.

factorsHowever,thereare80meother

meaning,suchaslinguisticthat咖alsorealizeinterpersonalpersonsystem,tense,quotation.

011Forthelimitationoflength,thisthesiswillfocus3factors:mood,modality

andpersonsystem.

Thefefore,withinthegeneralresearchquestionofdifferenccsandsimilaritiesbetweenChineseandEnglishadvertisements缸interpersonalfollowingspecificresearchquestions:meaning,weaddressthe

1)WhichtypesofclausesareemployedinEnglishandChineseadsrespectively?Whatarctllcirusages?

2)HowarethedistributionsofmodalityinChineseandEnglishads?Whatarctheeffectsofthesemodalelements?

3)Whichpersonalpronouns

dotheyandpossessivepronounsarcusedinChineseandEnglishads?、)iV'hostandfor7.17

3.2Languagematerial

Dependingon:differentmedia,advertisements

can

bedividedintonewspaperads,

magazineads,radioads,televisionads,directmail,outdoorsigns,billboards,Interact

adsand

SO

on.Eachofthemhasitsowncharacteristics.Sincethe

subjectofthisstudy

isadvertisingcopy,andcomparedwithotherads.newspaperadvertisements

thiskindofads

are

andmagazinecollect,Ichose

moredependent

on

written

languageandeasier

to

as

thematerialofmystudy.

tochoose

Amonghundredsofmagazines,Iinclinedmagazines

are

somefamousones.These

guaranteed.Itiseasierfor

widelyavailable

andthe

quality

couldbe

otherresearcherstoredothestudyaswell.AsGeography,Culture,Reader'sDigest

result,IpickedChinaNa疗onal

and

TheNew

Yorker.Theones.These

formertwomagazines

arc

ChinesemagazineswhilethelattertwoareEnglishwell-known

are

and

have

arc

largecirculationinChina

or

aroundtheworld.Theyenjoy

longhistoryand

tocollect

quiteauthoritativeintheirownfields.Itriedto

USethelatestones

thelanguagematerialmostaliveandclose

toourlives,which

makesthe

studymorepractical

and

significant.Duetothetimeofdistribution

and

transportation,

theEnglishmagazinescame

publicationtimewithin2006.Thankstotheresultsseriously.

littlelater

thanChinese

ones.However,Icontrolledthe

November2005to

limitedperiodof

time——from

April

comparativestability

oflanguage.thistimegapwillnotaffectthe

The

followingis

tableofthesemagazines

and

the

nmbers

ofadsI

collected

fi'omeachofthem.

1hblc2Sourc℃ofthecollectedads

language

Magazine

PublicationTune

Jan.2006

Numberofads.

112593155334

ones

ChinaNational

chinese

Geography

RIb.2006

Mar,2006

Apr.2006

CultureJan.2006

NOV.2005

.Reader'sDigest

English

TheNewYorker

DPC.2∞5

Dec.5,2005

Dec.12,2005Dec。19,2005

ConfrontedwithmagazinesHere

are

floodedwith

variousads,which

shouldIchoose?

somestandardswhenImadetheehoiees.

adswith

complete

or

1)Pickcdthemostlanguage

factors——headline,

sub-headline,bodypartandslogan.

Example1:

Oatmealhaslearnedsomenewtricks.

NewKash产Heart

that

can

to

Hea矿Instant

Oatmeal

hasingredients

domorethan

to

antioxidants

justhelplowercholesterolIthassixdifferent

hetp妇e口arterieshealthy.Andit'slowinsodiumfD

one

船咖promote

Plus

healthybloodpressure.It's

even

hardworkingoatmeal

are

it's∞maple-ywonderful

yourtastebuds

happier.

ARealChangeofHeart.

(Reader"sDigest20D5(11):45)

Theseads.haverelativelycompletelinguistic

formandaresuitableforthis

language

study.

tostudy

∞Avoidedthoseadswithfewwordsandlargepictures.Thisresearchis

language

instead

ofpicturedesign,so

this1【indofadvertisementscontributes

littleto

mystudy.

3)Cancelled

products

theads

ontaining

oneor

twosentencesofferingonlytheuameof

as

and

contactmethods.Althoughsuchinformation

very

nameofproducts

or

contactmethodsis

importanl,intermsoflanguage,itistoobriefandhas

fixed

pattern,tosomeextent.Thisdoes

notfitmystudy

purpose.

4)Skipped

employing

over

theadstellinglongstories.There

of

are

someadvertisements

or

moving

funnystorytopresenttheirproducts

servicestothe

audience.Althoughnarrationalsohasitsdevicestorealizeinterpersonalmeaning,themethods

are

quitcdifferent.Tokeepmystudyconsistent,Ijustcrossedoutthese

ads.

an

5)Thebodypadshouldnotbetooshort。Bodypartisthemainsectionof

advertisement.Itisinthispartthattheadvertiserfullyexpresseshisideatothereaders.Itisalsowherewithcomparativelylong

our

analysesfocuson.Thereby,Itendedtoparts.Thisis

choosetheads

bodytableofthelengthofbodypartsofall

thecollectedads.

Table3Lengthofbodypartsofthe

collectedads

words\_二L\engeage

of

Chmese

English

Most

Fewest

Average

446

50159

1261856

Obviously,fromthe

abovenumbers,we

in

can

saythatChineseadsaremuchlonger

loadbetweenthetwo

thanEngushones.Besidesthedifference

maybeChmeseadvertisers

are

semantic

moIc

languages,

apterto

usc

words

topersuade

thepotential

consumers.

11lisisthesamplingprocessofmystudy.Itheabovestandards.3.3Analyticmethods

collectedthe

60adsthatwereupt0

Generallyimperative

and

speaking,there

are

fbllr

typesofsentences:declarative,interrogative,

isthemost

with

exclamation,amongwhichdeclarative

commonlyused

only

olle.

dividedtheChhlescandEnglishadsintoores

composed

declaratives

and

theremainedwithother

moods,calculatedtheirpercentages

inallthe

collectedads

respectively,comparedthefiguresand仃icdtogiveexplanationswithinstances.

Asformodality,Ilistedallthemodalthe60

operators

andmodal

adjuncts

appearingin

ads,counted

theirnumbersandshowedtheresultinformof

table.Themodal

operatorsweresubdividedinto

toHalliday’s

threegroupsoflow,medianandhJ【ghvaluesaccording

classification.Aftercarefulanalyses,Isummedupthe4majorfunctions

20

Ofmodalityinadsandanalyzedtheirformalcharacteristicsonebyone.

Example2:

sogooalyourspoonmightdrool

IntroducingTota#withStrawberries,TotalHoneyClusters。andTotal。

spoonwilllove.VanillaYogurt.Threemouthwateringflavorsyour

(Reader"sDigest200501):56)

Inthisadvertisement,thereweretwomodalelements——“mighrand‘'will'’."Might"wasamodaloperatoroflowvalueand“will”Wasofmedianvalue.

Finally,everypersonalpronoun,includingcorrespondingpossessivepronounsWascounted.Thentheyweredassifiedintofirst,secondandthirdperson.Firstpersonpronounswerefurtherdividedintosingularandpluralones.Ieachofthemstoodforanditsroleinbuildingrelationship

readers.analyzedwhobetweenadvertiserandthe

Exampie3:

MYMoNEYIsRE^1.1.YSMALL.IH硝NTⅡ‘15DBEBIGGElL

Bigmoney淞M毋startsoutsmallSo'?℃recommendthatyouinvestmoreoftenandbeyondyour401(k).Weofferproductsforeverytypeofinvestor,noraafferwhatstageofgrowthyourmoney缸玩Formoreinformationaboutourmutaalfunds,contactyourinvestmentprofessiona‘go幻americancentury.com,orcallusat877-442-6236.

—月圮砌拜CenturyInvestment

(TheNewYorkerDec12,2005:15)

Inthisadvertisement,therewere11personalorpossessive

firstpronouns.“F’andperson,“you”and“my,,were

"your'’ofofsingularfirstperson,“we”,“our",“US”ofpluralofthirdperson.secondperson,and"it”Was

Chapter4ResultsandDiscussion

4.1Mood

hltheactofspeaking,thespeakeradoplsforhimselfaparticularrole,andinsodoingassignstothelisteneracomplementaryrolewhichhewisheshimtoadoptinhisturn.Forexample,inaskingaquestion,aspeakeristakingontheroleofseekerofinformationandrequiringthelistenertotakeontheroleofsuppHeroftheinformationdemanded.(HaUiday2000:6s)

Fundamentally,therearetwotypesofspeechroleaccordingtoFunctionalGtanllna[——givinganddemanding.Givingmoans“invitingtoreceive",anddemandingmeans“invitingtogive".Thespeakerisnotonlydoingsomethinghimself;heisalsorequiringsomethingofthelistener.Therefore,anactofspeakingissomethingthatmightmoleappropriatelybecalledan“interact".Itisanexchange.

Withthedistinctionofspeechroles,Hallidayalsodividedthenatureofthecommoditybeingexchangedintotwokinds:goods?&-servicesandinformation.Ifyousay“closethewindow"or“givemethebook",theexchangeiscommonlynon-verbal.Whatisbeingdemandedisallobjectoranaction,andlanguageisbroughtjntohclpthep1'o∞88along.Thisis粕exchangeofgoods-&-services.Ifyouaskme‘'whatdayisittoday?■whatisbeingdemandedisinformationandtheonlyauswcrexpectcajsaverbalone.Thisisanexchangeofinformation..Thesetwovariables,whentakentogether,definethefourprimaryspeechfunctionsofoffer,command,statementandquestion.(Halliday2000:69)s咖es"statementsThreeofthesebasicfunctionsalecloselyassociatedwithparticulargrammatical

arcmostnaturallyexpressedbydeclaratives;questionsby

interrogatives;andcommandsbyimperatives.Thesearcthethreemainchoicesinthemoodsystemoftheclause.Offersaletheoddoneoutsincetheyarenotassociatedwithaspecificmoodchoice.Theycanberealizedbyvariousclauses.

Forcommercialads,thespeechfunctionsareveryapparent:oneistointroducetheproductorservicetothereadersor,inotherwords.tosupplyrelevantinformationoftheproductorservice;theotheristourgethereaderstotakeactiontobuytheadvertisedproductorservice.Toputitsimple,firstlytosupplyinformationandthen22

tooffergoods-&services.The

formeristhepreconditionforthelattersinceby

providingrelative

information,the

advertisers’ultimatepurposeis

to

prompt

consuinffs’purchasing

behavior.However,thisdosenotmeanthatthe

formercanbe

theymake

ignoredatallbe47,auseonlyifthe

consumers

or

getenough

information

can

judgmentwhetherthisproduct

or

serviceisintheirneedand

furthermore

decide

whethertobuyitnot.Inordertobefullyeffective,an

advertisementhasthree

procednrestogo:firstly,supplyinformation;secondly,arouseinterest;thirdly,prompt

purchase.

Mostly,peopletendto

declarativestake

use

declurafives

to

provideinformation.Although

considerableproportioninbothChinf“se

get

andEnglish

adscollected,

thereure

somo(埘ferences.WeGall

viewofthesituationfromTable4.

\lJaguag删\\

CIthemTotal

Table4AcomparisonofmoodsbetweenChineseandEnglishads

ChineseAds

Number

1713

Percentage

Engl曲Ads

Number

821130

Percentage

27%

DeclarativesonlyVaI_iOIlSmoods

57%43%,

100%

70%3%100%

30

Except

theleftads

one

Englishadvertisementcomposedcompletelywith

noun

phrases.an

are

dividedintotwoparts:oneswithdeclaratives

onlyandtheothers

containingmoodsotherthandeclaratives.Accordingtothestatistics,57%Chineseadsandtheleftand

27%En【glish

ones

ads

use

only

declarativesthroughoutthewhole

take

discourses.In

ofvarious

moods.declarativesalso

the

68.3%and67.2%inChinese

show

that

contributing

Englishads

one

averagely.Allofthemost

figuresobviously

informationis

importantfunctions

ofadvertisements.

Example

4:

青岛肆滔-品质2尊

您看韵的青岛啤滔.是一百年来传承经典秘荣誉的啤酒。青岛碑酒始终

代表着显赫的尊贵s荣耀,色扶1996年在啤酒2乡慕昆黑夺褥金奖.世弄各地无数奖项不断昏证着青岛啤酒的非凡品质。

您手中的青岛啤酒.是闯过1800道关口严格检验的啤酒。青岛啤酒全

部采甬加拿大、澳大翻亚和法罾著名啜麦.磺独舂青岛啤酒纯静酵母.爨经

4s天低温长时后熟技术酿造而或。产格的爱量控翻管理保证7青岛啤酒的非凡品覆。

您喝翻的青岛啤酒.是散发着独特麦香、|鼠味饱满的啤滔,领先的倮鲜

技术.保证7青岛啤酒薪鲜的D味,典型的毒岛啤酒啤酒花和麦芽香气、饱满纯正的风味、洁白细腻的泡沫让每一滴青岛啤酒.都带给您至纯至芷的非月拿受。(‘文化月刊》2006(1):97)

ThiSChineseadvertisement

history,feature,appearanceand

TslngtaoBeer.Theconvincinguses9declarativestointroducetothereaderstheeventheproductionproceduresofthisproduct———nmbers

aandvividdescdptionleavethereadersnotonlydetailedinformationbutalsodeepimpressionoftheproduct.

Example5:

YoudidntlearntOhitah盯§eyeonyourfirsttry.Quittingsmokingtakes

practicetoo.

TheCommit’stop-smokinglozengeisclinicallyproventohelpyouquit

smoking,PMi/youR

chancestriedbefore.ThefasttOhelp4raglozengeactuallyofquitting.Itworksyourcarvingsunder

cravingsCVellcontrol似itthelozenge缸doublesyourkeepsworkingfasttohelpprotectyoufroma#cr

Byaseriesofdeclaratives,the

ofitsproduct.advertisergivessuchinformationasfunction,weightandadvantages

Itappearsthatthiskindofadshasonlyfulfilledthefirstprocedure‘‘。‘。。‘。——supplyinformation‘。。。。’。。——of

proceduresindirectly

thefeaturesalleffectiveadvertisement.Actually,itachievesthelattertwoatthesametime.ByacquaintingthepotentialCOUSumcrswithproductOrandm.eritsof

tobuyit.theadvertisedseIViOe:,theadvertiserarousesreaders’motive

ComparedwithChineseadvertisements,English

tointerestthereadersandtourgeadstendtOUSevariousclausestheirpurchasebehaviordirectlybecauseupto70%Englishadvertisementsemployvariousmoods,muchhigher

whichaccountsforonly43%.thantheChineseones,

Example6:

田缸崾P

THEWORLDAWAITSTIlENEXTGREATSTORE.WILL1TBEAN

ARCHAEOLOGICALDISCOVERRY?ACONCESSIONSPEECH?A

REVOLUTIONARYMEDICALBREAKTHROUGH?WHENTHETIMECOMES,

ONE27tlNG格CER删——THE

WILLDELIVERSHARPAQUOSLIQUIDCRYSTALTELEVISIONTHEMOMENTWITHTRUERCOLOR.

GREATERDETAILANDINCREDIBLESOUND.EXPERIENCEATRUEHD

WORLDWHERETHERE'SALWAYSMORETOSEE.TOLEARNABOUT

aOUO骘VISITMORETOSEE.COM(TheNewYorkerDec19,2005:7)

Thewriterusesthreeinterrogativesatthebeginning.(Themoodpartsof

sentence.)In

space.itisthelattertwoareomittedbecausetheyshareitwiththefirstnowrittenlanguage,sincewriterandreadershareunificationintime

aandimpossiblet0getdirectanswersfromreaders.Asmatteroffact,ananswerstothequestionisnot

whattheadvertiserneeds.Here,thespeechfunctionof“question’’haschangedfromseekinginformationtoarousinginterest.Thequestionscanleadtothereaders’

thespeculationandtheirinterestinreadingtheadvertisementandfinallyachieve

targetofsellingtheproductorservice.Thereappear2imperatives

orattheendoftheadvertisement.The

thebasicfunctionofimperativesistocommandmakeorders.Doimperativesinadsplaytheroleofissuingorders?HuangOuowenpointsoutthatinthisparticulardiscourseofads,imperativesusuallyexpressthemeaningof“request”(including“require”,"pray","persuade'’,“invite”,“advise",etc.)instead"command".(黄国文2001:164)

Socialoflinguisticstellsusthatspecchcanreflectthesocialrelationship

asbetweenthespeakerandthelistenerwithsocialpowerandsocialdistanceitsindications.

(哈德逊1990:157)

Generally,thesidewithgreaterpowertends

inverbaltobemoredirectandusuallynottoopolitecommunicationwhilethesidewithlesspowerspeaksmorepolitely,humblyandindirectlytoshowrespecttotheotherpart?

insociety.Socialdistancerelatestothepsychologicaldistancebetweenpeople

Familiarpeopletalkmorecasuallywhilestrangepeoplespeakmoreformally.

Incommercialadvertisements,withregardtosocial

2SpoweI,itisevidentthatthe

readers/potential

consumerstaketheadvantageintoday’Sbuyers’market.Ads

or

are

just

createdtopromptthereaderstobuytheproductstheir

services.Fromthecomparisonof

power

andstatuses,advertisershave

no

righttocommandtheconsumerstodo

inadsaremostlyusedtoexpressthespeech

anythingata11.Thus,imperativesfunctionof“request".

Asfursocial

distance,in

and

effect,therehasnotbeenthe

potentialconsumer

any

as

existingcloserelationship

betweentheadvertiser

thefoundationoftheir

communication.Depending

on

ads,theadvertiserwouldliketoshortenthe

to

distanceservices.

andestablishcloserelationshipwiththereaders

expressingthe

tone

promotetheirproducts

seems

tobe

or

When

of“request",imperative

moredirectand

cordialthan

theothermoods,say,interrogative.Theadvertiserwouldliketo

disguise

their

asreadem’closefriendsinthiswayandfurthermorepersuadethem

products.+

topurchase

Why

doadvertisersinclineto

can

USe

imperatives

in

the

torealizethe‘'request'’function?

Principle.

Thephenomenon

beexplained

frameworkofPetiteness

According

to

thetheoryofpoliteness,whenthecontentof

clauseisforthelistener's

benefit,the

instance,as

morcaffirmativethetoneis,themoresincerethespeaker

sounds.For

host

or

hostess,itismoreyoulike

poHteandsincere

tosay“Dohavecupof

coffee”than"Would

youmind

than“Do

cupofcoffee,please?”.whichisstillbetter

having

cupofcoffee?”(which

sounds

little

strange.、“…we

Cutout

the

politeness

notthe

devicesffweareaskingsomebodytodosomethingthatbenefitsthehearer,

COl塔umershavetopay

speaker.”(Myers1994:48)Although

or

certain

amount

ofmoneytoobtaintheproducts

services,advertisersalwaystrytoavoidtheformer

marvelouseffects

or

and

emphasizethegetfrom

latter‘。‘。_-_-——whatadvantagesthe

customer

could

theproducts.Fromthisperspective。usingthisproductisvery

beneficialfurthe

consumers.That'swhy

theadvertisers

use

imperatives

toshowhow

sincereandconsideratetheyare.

In

Example

3,“Experience

the

trueHDworldwherethere’Salways

moretoSee'’

indicatesthat

onceconsumers

buythisproduct,they

Can

havegreatenjoyment.

Wishing

thecustomersnotto

missthe

opportunity,theadvertiserUSesthis

26

imperative

toaskthem

toexperiencethisenjoyment.

and

Inreallanguagecommunication,theone-to-onerelationshipbetweenmoodspeechfunctionisbroken.Inadvertisement

discourses,advertisers

use

variousmoods

syntheticallytoachievethepurposeofsupplyinginformation,mousinginterest

and

promptingpurchase.

Fromthecomparisonofcollectedmaterial,themoodsofChineseads

monotonouscomparedwith

theirEnglish

area

little

counterparts.Most

oftheclausesare

deelarativcsand

product

or

thefoCUSof

adsisstilltointroduccrelativeinformationofthe

Call

servicetothepotentialconsunlers.Withthisintroduction,they

or

judge

whethertheyneedtobuyitand

reasOlL

not.Therefore,Chineseadsincline

toappealtologic

are

Intermsofarousinginterest

ads

andpromptingpurchase,there

more

flexible

fewdirect

linguistic

stimuli.English

are

byusing

differentmoods

comprehensivelytofulfillthethreeproceduresonlyreasonbutalsoemotion.4.2

sinmltaneensly.They

appealtonot

Mo,hntyModality

meansthespeaker's

judgment

oftheprobabilities,ortheobligations,

involvedinwhatheis

saying.(Halliday2000:75)

Systematic-FunctionalGrammarbefievesthatmodalityisthemainrealizationofinterpersonalfunction.Modalityismostlyreflectedbymodaloperatorsandmodal

adjuncts.

Accordingtodegreeofthe

proposition

or

possibility

or

desirabilitythespeakermakesofthe

proposal,Halliday

endowsdifferentmodaloperatorswithdifferent

values.Themole饯:rlain

Table5ishis

modalelementis,thehigherits

ofmodaloperators.

modal

valuewillbe.

classification

Table5

low

positive

Hniteverbaloperators(Halliday

median

2000:76)

hi曲

must,oughthas/had

to

can,may,could,might,

willwould,should,is/钾as

to

to,need,

(dare)

negative

needn’Ldoe.m’t/didn’t+

won’t,w01lldn’‘shouldn’‘

mustn’‘oughto’tto,Call’‘

needto,haveto(isn’t/wasn’tto)

couldn’t,(mayn’Lmightn’t

hasn’t/hadn’tto)

Inlightofthistable.antheChinese

and

27

Englishadvertisementsarereadthrough

insearchofthesemodaloperators1hble6.

Table6

as

well勰modaladjuncts.Theresultisshownin

AcomparisonofmodalelementsbetweenChineseandEnglishads

ChineseAds

WOrd

number

991111

12

can’t

EnglishAds

total

Can

WOrd

number

122

tOtat

可同’以

能/能够

low

Inny

不需不用只需将会

21couldmight

14

Modal

Operators

willwould

12

13

11

311

1135

or

median

must

high

一定

perhaps

Modal

sometimes

Adjunct

随时

11

usuallyactually

Total

,,

2626|35

Inthe30Chineseand30Englishadvertisements,modaloperators

modal

adjuncts

appearin13Chinese

can

and

19

Englishones,accountingfor

OCCUr

43.3%and63.3%

English

ads

respectively.wcsaythatmodalelements

morefrequentlyin

thaninChineseads.

Fromthestatistics,we

can

alsofind

thatthemodaloperatorsoflow

or

median

or

valuaStaketheoverwhelmingmajorityinallthemodaloperatorsineitherChinese

Englishads.Thepercentagesare

92%and87.3%respectively.11lis

suggeststhatads

Or

tendtobe

consultative,hypotheticalandsuggestiveinsteadofabsolute,affirmative

to

compulsivewhenemployingmodalelements.T茄sis

or

maketheadvertisedproducts

serviceseasierto

be

acceptedpsychologicallybythereaders.

toachieve

Afterfurtheranalyses,Ifindtheconcretetargetsthatadvertisersintend

byusingmodalelementsshow

one.

can

be

classifiedinto

these4categories:assumeproblem,

one

advantage,express

willingnessandpubficizebenefit.Let’Sdiscussthem

by

i)Assumetheproblemsbotheringthereaders.

or

Anyproduct

service

istosolve

certainproblemor

28

meet

certainneedofthe

consumffrs.ItisveryoDmmontobeginwiththisveryproblem

or

need.

Example7:

"GoodGri#”"GoodMorning”

Sure,s.ometimesthemorning

theinvigoraffngnutrition

can

c嗍部alittle

earlierthan

we盥必like.But

PurePremium

andfresh-squeezed

taste

ofTropicana

make

anyonefeellike

morningperson.

月HVEATROPICANAMORNING

(Reader"sDigest2005(1∞:29)

Inthefirstsentenceofthisad,aproblemisstated.Here,themodal“sometimes'’andthemodaloperator"might”areused.“Sometimes”isindicatinglowfrequency

adjunct

anadjunct

and‘'might’’implieslowpossibility.Theytogetherrepresent

tentativeanduncertaintone.Thiskindofexpressionavoidsreaders,whichmay

CaUSe

imposingtheproblem

On

repugnance.SuchSemanticallylowvalueleavesreaders

largespaceto

judgeandchooseaccordingtothcirOWUsituations,Inthisway,readers

whodohavethisproblemmayaccepttheproducthappilywhilethoSewithoutsuchdifficultywillnotbe

annoyed.The

assumptionofpossibleproblems

theirinterest.

can

strike

sympatheticchordinthereadersand

Thisalsoreflectsthe

arouse

relationshipofsocialpower

betweenthe

advertiser

and

the

at

readers.Compared

withthereaders,or

tentative

potential

consumers。advertiseris

tonecanon

OUe

disadvantage.Therefore.the

aversion

anduncertain

handavoid

and∞theotherelicitcunsensnsinthereaders.whichis

as

anexcellent

preconditiontowinthem

clients.

oftheproduct

Or

∞Showtheselling

Inthiskind

points

service.

usuallytheadvertisedproductsor

ofclauses,the

subjects

are

services.Theyalsotakeup

considerable

proportion

inalltheclauseswithmodal

elements,especiallyinChineseads———一with

percentageofashigh

as

40%.

to

Nameoftheproduct

or

serviceplus“can/could”or“可,可以,能/能够”is

not

expressthemeaningof“ability".Althoughthismeaningis

inthescopeof

modality,intermsofsemanticperspective,Hallidaystillregardsit

as

another

typeof

modality‘’。‘。。。——potentiality.

Example&...”谢550卫丝在不插sIM卡的情况下启甬手机的音乐播

石e蠹髟劈W550威为—全暮缚净毖整级苛乐麓我器。……(‘中国国家地理》2006(1):21)

Example9:……不论是滑雪、登山、攀岩、自行车运动。还是旅游、

徒步、s霉钵镝穿者.Cinnamon都篚提供最佳的选择。……L博雷冒菰地理》2006(4):29)

betterforyour舡幽∞岫型beExample10:……矸eare

atakingstepstomakeLunchab£B,productscanlunchtimeoptionyoubothlove.……

(Reader'sDigest2005(11):165)

Intheseexamples,themodalelementsareemployedtoelicittheadvantagesoftheadvertisedproducts.Advertisementsarenotonlytointroducetheproductstothereadersbutalsotopersuadethemtotakepurchaseactions.Thusitisnecessarytoemphasizethes仃engthaofitsproductandthetoughproblemit

effectivelyenhancecansolve,whichwilladvertisersuseallconsmers’confidenceintheproduct.Here,the

andaffirmativeandconfidenttonetoshowthejrstrongpointstoestablishapositive

imageinpotentialconsumers.

3)Expresstheadvertiser'swillingnesstooffertheproductorservice.

Intheseclauses,the

orsubjectsareusuallytheproducersorsupplieroftheproductsservicesandthefiniteelements

rarearemodaloperatorsexpressingwillingness.Itisoperatorsappearinthesenoteworthythatthehi曲-valuemodalsentences.They

wellconveythestrongwillingnessoftheadvertiserstoshouldertlleirobligationsandtohelpthereaders,whichmakesthetonesincereandcordial.Meanwhile,thedistancebetweenthereadersandtheadvertisersiSimmediatelyshortened..

Example11:At&unsungwerealizethattosucceedinbusine蹈we丝蜓

alsosucceedin自弘……(z耽胞¨,YorkerDec5,2005:17)

Bydeclaringitsresponsibilityandsincerity,theadvertiserintensifiesitspositiveimageinthereadersandshortensthepsychologicaldistanceswiththem,whicharesoundfoundationfornextpurchasingbehavior.

4)Publicizethebenefitscustomerscanacquirefromconsumingthecommodity.11lcclausesofthistypeconstitutethelargest

30proportioninalltheclauseswith

modalelements.Thepercentagesare48%and54.8%inthecollectedChineseand

intheEnglishadsrespectively.Thefeatureofthisusagelies

generallyoccupiedbythereadersorsubjects,whicharepotentialconsumers.

Example12:……穿着c{hnom∞.=定链体会蓟‘非一般的感受。。

f‘中国国家地理》2006(4):29)

Example、3:……内置10万词痒朗文英汉双南词典.丕霞再角GPRS

上用查自钆……

behindandf19国国家地理》2006(1):21)youcanExample14:…”§o

Example15:…‘’-At

snacktheE醯江BETTERE岱溉(Reader"sDigest2005(11):138)homeorleavethecoughing,aching,and{“目wholesomeon—the-go,they'reasatisfyingentirefamilywilllove.……(ReaderDigest2005(n):33)

DigestExample

2005(11):56)16:Sog∞西your5pooB丝ig逝drool…”(Reader's

Differentfromthepreviousones,themodaloperatorsinthesesentencescoveralargescaleintermsofmodalvaluefromlowtohigh.Thisisduetothedifferentstrategiespracticedbythe

ofusingaadvertisers.Withthesamepurposetopublicizethebenefitstomakesolemnproductorservice,someadvertisersprefer

modaloperators

orpromisestothemakethetonecousumers‘。——‘。——thushigh-valuearehiredtoaffirmativetodispelconsumers’doubtsmisgivings,whilesomeothersinclineto

our嗽allindirectandmild

avoidtonetotelltheconsumersthat"maybeyouwilllikeproduct/service”to

preferable.beingarrogant—。——一wherelow-valuemodaloperatorsare

Fromthecomparison,wefindthattherearemoreclauseswithmodalelementsinEnglishadsthaninChinescones,whichreflectsthatEnglishadvertisersprefertoexpresstheirsubjectiveattitudesorwishessuchasmakingpredictionorcommittingpromises.

However,ineitherChinese

lessnoorEngUshadvertisements,modalityplaysmoreormorethanthesefoursemanticfunctions:assumeproblem,showadvantage,expresswillingnessandpublicizebenefit.

AnothersimilarityisthatinbothChineseandEnglishadvertisements,themodaloperatorswithlowormedianvaluestaketheabsolutemajority.Thisshowsthatthe31

advertiserswoulduseamildandConsultativetonetoestablishafriendlyandinteractiverelationwiththereadersratherthansoundcompulsivethatmaycauseaversionandresistanceinreaders.

4.3Personsystem

Thepersonsystemofatextcanrepresentthewriter’Sattitudestowardsthecharactersinvolvedinthetext.Itcanhelptoestablishacertainrelationshipbetweenthewriteandthereader.

Hallidaybelievesthatinterpersonalmeaningispartlycontainedinthepersonsystem,eitheraspersonalpronounorpossessivepronoun.Byusingpersonsysteminadvertisements,advertiserscreatesortofintimateatmosphereandshortenthesocialandpsychologicaldistancewitllthereaderstoachievethepurposeofincreasingthecredibilityandreliabilityoftheadvertisements.

Aftercountingallthepersonalpronounsaswellaspossessivepronounsinthecollectedads,IputtheresultsinTable7.

Table7AcomparisonofthepersonsystembetweenChineseandEnglishads

ChineseAdsEnglishAds

NumberPercentageNumberPercentage

FirstPerson(singular)57.7%22%FirstPerson(pxuraI)00%2323%SecondPerson4569.2%4949%

1nhirdPerson1523.1%2626%

Total65100%100100%

Accordingtothestatistics,inthese30Chineseand30Englishadvertisements,thereale17and26adscontainingpersonalorpossessivepronouns,accountingfor56.7%and86.7%respectively.It’Sobviousthatpersonsystemdoseplayanimportantpartincreatingandmaintainingrelationshipbetweenadvertiserandreaders.Itisacommunicativemethodappliedinmostads.

Thereisanotherproblemthatwehavetotakeintoconsideration‘。1。____——thelengthoftheseadvertisements.Itisobviousthatthelengthmayaffectthenumberofpronounsused.InTable3,Ihavecomparedthelengthofbodypartsofallthecollectedads.Fromthestatistics,ChineseadvertisementsaregenerallylongerthanEnglishones.Averagelyspeaking,Chineseadsare3timesaslongastheirEnglish32

counterparts.Therefore.itisadequatetosaythatthedensityofpersonalandpossessivepronounsinEnglishadsjshigherthanthatinChineseads.

With

arefurtheranalyses,werealizethatdifferentpersonalandorpossessiveonpronounsusedtorepresentdifferentindividualsgroupsdependingtheirpersonandnumber.

4.3.1Firstperson

Differentfromtheotherpersons,thefirstpersonisfurther

andpluralforms.Thatis

doesnotoccurdividedintosingularbecausetheystandfordifferentpeople.Butthissituationinsecondandthirdpersons.

aSingularfirstpersonstandsforfictitiousconsumerorapotentialcustomer.

Example17:……这样—来,蕴蝗电视也能上两71霆还能在电视上

获得定锄的节目内容和两铬资讯.把3米范固的客厅变战氇自{多媒体世界。

毯甚至司以诖全家透过电醢、电视连接东方宽额的确始.著耨阕。看髓经,

看体育.看时谶。看世界.看褥自由又自在,毽R甩一个遥控器就铯掌握这

』氢……(‘中国国家地理》2006(4):23)

REALLYSMALLlWANTITTOBEExample18:避MONEYIs

BIGGER……(TheNovYorkerDec12,2005:15)

InExample17,afictitious

usingtheproductconsumerstatestheadvantagessheharvestsfromisand

ainExample18,afictitiouspotentialareconsumerposingadifficultyand

effectsmakingwish.Anyway,boththeadvertisersortryingtopropagatetheaandadvantagesoftheadvertisedproductserviceintheguiseofcousulner.

Whenreadingthiskindofads,thereaderswillnaturallystandintheshoesofthe

bytheadvertisersbecmtlsetheyfacesimilarproblems

accessfictitiousconsumersinventedandsharecommonwishestohavetothesamehigh—qualityproductsor

services.Byarousingconsensus

shortenthepsychologicalamongthepotentialcustomers,theseadsgreatlydistancebetweenadvertisersandreaders.

asaMoreover,disguising

objectiveconsumermakesthecommunicationappeartobeinsteadoflookinglikeblowingitsownhorn.Thiswillgivethereaderssortofpsychologicalhint

accepttheopinionsofandareducetheirresistanceagainstadsbecausepeopletendtothirdpartysharingnocommoninterests.

Pluralfirstpersonusuallyrepresentstheadvertiser

or

theadvertisertogetherwith

thereaders.ThisusageisnotavailableinthecollectedChineseadsandappearsin7ofthe30Englishads.

“We”Call

including

or

beusedinbothexclusiveandinclusivesenses,thatis,eithernot

includingthepersonwhoisspokento.(Myers

are

1994:81)

sense

Most

producersthe

pluralfirstpersonsinads

or

usedin

theirexclusive

arc

tOindicate

th,e

suppliersoftheproducts

persons.

or

services.They

toestablishthe

imagesof

companiesas

Example19:7

AtSamsung

we

realizethat

to

tosucceedin

business,wemustalso

are

succeedsuperior

in魄We"re

gffons

lasta

proud

be

worM-leader加manufacturing

high-capacitymemorychips.Butperhapsm4Ⅲreiraportant

tohelpchildrenandcommunities¥49

0111"continuous

that岫W

havememoriesthatwill

lifetime.It's

all

part万our

driveanddedicationtomakethis

Dec

a蚰lfe,.

world.……(rnejCewYorker

5.2005:17)

Here,‘Ⅵe’’indicate

showsthatthey

alea

allthe

membersin

SamsungCorporation.The

word‘钿c”

unitedteam,willingtotaketheobligationandresponsibility

isveryactive

together.Thiswillleavethereadersanice

impressionthatthiscompany

andresponsible.

Why

ispluralfirstpersonusedtoindicatethe

producers?"We”embody

or

the

wholestaffwhoworktogethertoofferhigh-qualityproducts

Infirst

servicestoconsumers.sounds

mol-esincere

person,advertisers

cultivates

can

statetheirideasdirectly,which

andfurthermore

favorableimpressionin

consumers.

Theothercase

It

istouse"we”tostandfortheadvertisertogetherwiththereaders.ofsolidarity

one.

produces

sense

with

thecustomers.Here,"we”isusedin

general

senserather

than

specific

Example

20:Sure,sometimesthemorningcome5

littleearlierDigest

than丝

m培珩like.……(Reader's200502):29)

ThisinclusivepluralfirstpL'TSOIIputstheadvertiserandthereadersinthe

34

salBe

camp,whosharecommoninterests.Thestrategy

relationshipbetweenestablish

eases

thenaturalcontradictory

them,confusesthe

divergenceintheirinterestsandthushelpsto

consumers’beliefin

theadvertisersandtheirproducts.Intheseads,the

are

advertisersdeliberatelyputthemselvesinlinewiththereaders:they

confronted

withthesameproblemsandhavethesame;needs.ThiscarefulconsiderationnalTOWS

thepsychological

distancebetweenthe

readers

andthe

advertisers

or

unconscionsly.The

age

readersinclinetobelievethattheadvertisedproductsandthatitiswisetobuythem.4.3.2Secondperson

Second

services

intheirinterest

personstandsforthereaders/potentialconsumers.Thisisthemost

or

comInonpersonalpronounineitherChinese

Englishads。SixteenChinese

or

and

seventeenEnglishadscontainsecondpersonalpronounspossessivepronounsinall

thecollectedads.The

percentages

areas

highas

53-3%and56.7%respectively.

Example21:

……这就是x32,为签提供动力丽绝不增加压力.勤塑驰骋四方.不负

西}瓶

Example22:

When/aster

(‘中国国家地理》2006(2):1)

RELIEFTHATKEEPS巡GOING

get

you

cold,迦can

alwaysslowdown.But

youcan

feel

better

w豇Il

DayQuil

each奶,and尬’跏ff

eachnight.Soyoucanleavethe

coughing,achingo

andfeverbehindandFEELBETTERFASTEK

(Reader'sDigest2005(11):13舯

Byusingsecondperson,theadvertiserscreate

effect.Itproduct

seelns

face-to?facecommunicative

tointroducethe

thatthesalespersonisstandinginfrontofthereaders

or

service.As

pronounwith

no

specificreferentinthediscourse.“you”adequate

leaves

readers

semanticvacancythatinvites

an

subjectto

occupy

it.When

the

are

readingthead,theywillfillinthevacancynaturally

and

sinkinthe

advertisementactively.Here,theadvertisementbecomescommunicativeactivity

advertiseristhe

betweentheadvertiserandthereader,whichhas

addresser

dialogism.The

and

thereader

addressee.In

thisdialogue.thereadersonlyreactintllcir

tobetter

mindsinsteadofinwords.‘‘You’’isused

3S

transmitthesignalseeking

cooperation.

4.3.3Thirdperson

Thirdpersonmostlyreferstothepersonorobjectmentionedbeforeinthesame

onediscourse.Thisusageisnotspecialforadvertisingdiscourse.Thereis

inallthe60collectedads.exception

Example23:

觑妇船herheartwithIams.

IntroducingIamsSelectBites.

Nine历l',D,葛slow-cookedinbroth,notM批withessentialnutrients幻妇甲herheart砌瑚yandhe_r.rtastebndshappy.That'slivinginlaresyears.HsitIalTkf.coynorcall800-525-IAMS.C-oodfor瓣(Reader'sDigest2005(12):35)

doesappearinthe

aThereferentofthissingularfemininethirdpersonnotadvertisingcopy.Inthepictureabovethewords,thereis

fbcdinaalovelytittlecathavingwhitebowl.Inthiscontext,itisnothardtounderstandthatthisfeminine

scopethirdpersonjustreferstothecat.Ofcourse,thecouldbeandshouldbe

extendedtoincludethepetsofthereaders,whooughttoenjoythisnourishfeed,too.Theanimalispersonalizedtotriggerthepotentialcustomers’affectionfortheirownpets.As

formofamatteroffact,thepossessivepronounheredoeshaveitsreferentbutintheapictureratherthanwordslikeinotherads.Thismeansismore

canconnnoninTVadsbecausethey

The

Chine.翻gusedependonthescreentoidentifythereferents.ofpersonalpronounsandpossessivepronounspronounsisveryusualinbothandEnglishads.Differentareusedtorepresentdifferentindividualsandgroups.弧cy伽makethecommunicationsbetween

andcordial.

singularperson

ortheadvertisersandthereadersmoreactiveGenerallyspeaking,firstforthestandsforafictitiousconsumef'firstpluralpersonproducer

ortheproducertogetherwiththereaders,secondforthepersonorpersonforthereaders

mentionedbefore.

一Thepotentialconsumers.andmirdpersonobjectusageofpersonsystemineitherChineseorEnglishadvertisementsisbasicallysimilarexceptforthefirstpluralform,whichisseldomfoundinChineseads.36

Thereasonisnotclearandneedsfurtherstudy.

Asfortheamountofpronouns,inallthe30Chineseand30Englishadscollected,thereare65and100pronounsrespectively.WecansaythatEnglishadsindinetousemorepersonalandpossessivepronounstoestablishdoserelationshipwiththereaders.However,thereisanotherfactortoconsider:ChineseisaparataxislanguageandinmanyCaSes.thesubjectsareomitted.TMswillalsoaffectthenumberofpronounsinChineseadvertisements.

Chapter5

5.IConclusionMajorfindings

asThepurposeofthispaperistofindoutthesimilaritieswellasdifferences

betweenChineseandEnglishadvertisementsintermsofinterpersonal

aremeaning.Thereasvariousfactorsthatwillinfluencetheinterpersonalmeaningofadiscoursesuchmood,modality,key,personsystem,andtheconnotativemeaningsoflexicalitems.Duet0thelimited

personsystem.space.thispaperonlycoversthreeaspects:mood,modalityand

There

givingandaretwotypesofspeechroleaccordingt0FunctionalGrammar——demanding.Withthedistinctionofspeechroles,Halfidayalsodividedthenatureofthecommoditybeingexchangedintotwokinds:goods-&一servicesand

together,definethefourprimaryspeechinformation.Thesetwovariables,whentaken

functionsofoffer,command,statementandquestion.(Halliday2000:69)Threeofthesebasicfunctionsarecloselyassociatedwithparticulargrammaticalstructures:statementsaremostnaturallyexpressedbydeclaratives;questionsbyinterrogatives;andcommandsbyimperatives.Thesearethethreemainchoicesinthemoodsystemoftheclause.Inordertobefullyeffective,anadvertisementhasthreeprocedurestogo:firstly,supplyinformation;secondly,arouseinterest;thirdly,promptpurchase.Mostly,peopletendtou∞declarativestoprovideinformation.Declarativestakeaconsiderable

oneproportioninalltheads,whichshowsthatcontributinginformationisofthemostimportantfunctionsofadvertisements.ComparedwithC=hi:nesoadvertisements.EnglishadstendtOusevariousmoodstointerestthereadersandtOurgetheirpurchasebehaviordirectly.InterrogativesandimperativesarecommonlyusedinEnglishadvertisements.Intheseads,thespeechfunctionof“question'’has

seekinginformationtoarousinginterestchangedfromandimperativesusually

expressthemeaning

“advise",

one-to-oneof“request"(including“require","pray","persuade",“invite’iof“command".betweenmoods

useetc.)insteadInreallanguagecommunication,thefunctionsisbroken.Inrelationshipandspeechadvertisementdiscourses,advertisers

purposesofsupplyingvariousmoodssyntheticallytoachievetheinformation,arousinginterest

38andpromptingpurchase.

Modalitymeansthespeaker'sjudgmcnt

oftheprobabilities,ortheobligations,

to

involvedinwhatheispossibiHty

or

saying.(I-Ialliday2000:75)According

or

degreeofthe

desirabilitythespeakermakesofthepropositionproposal,HaUiday

endowsdifferentmodaloperatorsandmodalcertain

adjuncts

withdifferentvalues.Themore

modalelementis.thehigheritsmodalvaluewill

or

be.Thestatistics

showthat

themodaloperatorsoflow

median

valuestaketheoverwhelming

majority

inall

tobe

themodaloperatorsineitherChineseOrEnIglishads.Thissuggeststhatadstendconsultative,hypothetical

and

suggestive

insteadof

absolute,affirmative

or

compulsive

Or

whenemployingmodal

elements.This

istomaketheadvertisedproducts

services

easiertobeacceptedpsychologicallybythemildand

readers.Theadvertisers

and

interactiverelation

wouldUSe

consultative

tonetoestablishafriendly

cause

withthereadersratherthansoundcompulsivethatmayinreaders.Thetargetsofusingmodalelements

aversion

andresistance

can

beclassifiedintothese4

categories:assumeproblem,showadvantage,expresswillingnessandpublicize

benefit.The

clausesto

realizethese

different

targets

have

theirownformal

characteristics,especiallythe

lying

inthe

subjectsand

thevalueofmodalelements.From

comparison,we

findthattherearemoreclauseswithmodalelementsinEnglish

adsthaninChineseones,whichreflectsthatEnglishadvertisersprefertoexpress

theirsubjectiveattitudes

or

wishessuchasmakingprediction

Or

committingpromises.

inthe

Hailidaybelievesthatinterpersonalmeaningispartlysystem,eitheraspersonalpronounor

contained

person

possessivepronoun.Byusingpemonsystemin

advertisements,advertisers

createsortof

intimateatmosphereandshortenthesocial

andpsychologicaldistancewiththereaderstoachievethepurposeofincreasingthe

credibili哆andpronouns

arc

reliabilityoftheadvertisements.Differentpersonalandpossessive

or

usedtorepresentdifferentindividuals

first

groupsdepending

on

their

personandnumber.Singular

personstands

for

fictitious

consumer

ora

potential

customer.The

readerswillnaturallystandintheshoesofthefictitiousconsumers

inventedbytheadvertiserswhilereadingtheseadvertisements.Pluralfirstperson

usuallyrepresentstheadvertiser

or

theadvertisertogetherwiththereaders

because

in

"we”callbeusedinbothexclusiveandinclusive

39

seuses.Most

pluralfirstpersons

ads

are

usedintheirexclusive

or

sense

toindicatetheproducersorsuppliersofthe

products

services.Theyare

to

establishtheimagesofthecompanies勰persons.

The

other

case

istoUSe"we”tostandfortheadveflisertogetherwiththereaders.

or

Secondpersonstandsforthereaderspotentialconsumers.Thisisthemost

or

comnlon

personalpronouninads.Thirdpersonmostlyreferstothepersonbeforeinthesame

objedmentioned

or

discourse.Theusage

ofpersonsystemin^eitherChinese

English

advertisementsisbasicallysimilarexceptforthefirstpluralform,whichisseldom

availableinChine¥eads.

Iherebysumupthesimilaritiesresultclearandeasytocatch.

了.ablc8Similarities

as

well

as

differencesinTable8tomakethe

anddifferences

Similarities

Mood

Variousmoods———declarative,interrogative,imperativeandexclamationareavailable.

Modality

Mostlyu辩low

or

medianvaluemodaleloments.

Similarfunctions:assumeproblem,showadvantage,expresswillingnessand

publicizebenefit.

Personsystem

Usefirsl,second

and

third

personal

pronouns

and

possessivepronouns.

D/fferences

Chinese

MoodModalily

Personsystem

English

declaratives

Mainly

use

UsevariousmoodssyntheticallyMoremodalelements

Pronounsofallpersonandnumberavailable

Lessmodaldements

Pluralfirstpersonnotavailable

Theresultsshowthatitispractical

andfeasible

toevaluate

theinterpersonal

meaningbyanalyzingsuchfactors嬲mood.modalityandpersonsystem.Itisthese

devicesthatmake

the

discourses

interactivethoughwe

use

themunconsciouslyin

have

our

dailylife.Bymakingtheunderstandingofthe5.2Explanafions

unconsciousconscious,we

itself.

moretheoretical

language

AlthoughChineseandEngUshbelong

todifferent

languagefamilies,theyshare

can

similariti船invarious

aspe,cts.Fromtheperspecti'veofFunctionalGrammar,we

saythattheybothusesuchdevicesasmood,modality

and

personsystemtorealize

interpersonalfunction.AfterCarefulanalysesofthesametypeofwriting。____。__——

40

advertisemenLwefindthatthere

are

indcedsomecommonfeatureslyinginthesetwo

languagesinthefacetsmentionedabove.Forthesamecommunicativepurpose,

languages

ofdifferentfamiliesmaysharecertainformalfeatures.However,thisidea

on

needsfurtherstudies

Asforthe

otherhuman

languages.

differences,ineffect,aftercarefulresearch,I

find

thatthey

are

associatedwitheachothertosomeextent.Declarativewastraditionally

considered勰

sortofone-waycommunicationuntiltheappearanceofFunctionalGrammar.Itis

admitted

that

compared

withothermoodslikeinte玎ogatiVe

or

imperative,which

invitesimmediateresponsefromthefistener,declarativeislessinteractiveinnature.Itsmainfunctionistoprovide

informationand

it

8eelns

tobemore

objective

without

of

theinvolvementofthespeaker'semotion.Modalitymeansthespeaker’sjudgment

theprobabilities,ortheobligations,involvedinwhatheis

Thisdefinitiondearlypresentsitsstandfortheadvertiser———一the

saying.(Halliday2000:75)

person

ismostly

can

subjectivity.Plural

of

an

first

used

to

subject

advertisement.Advertisers

andactively.

as

nsethis

pr∞ounto

expresstheirownideas

use

subjectively

Chineseadsmainly

deelaratives

be

andlackmodalelementswell

as

pluralads

firstperson.Allthefeaturescan

use

summedup鹤tryingto

beobjective.En【glish

variousmoods,moremodalelementsandquite

as

lotofpluralfastperson

pronouns.Theycanalsobesummarized

This

beingactive

and

subjective.

and

cultural

of

disparitymayhavesomethingto

dowiththehistorical

differences

between

east

andwestsinceChinese

andEnglish

are

typicalexamples

easternandwesternlanguagesseparately.Manycountriesintheeast,especiallyChina,

havelong

histories

andhave

beenthroughnumerousvicissitudes.Undergreat

asa

influenceofConfucianism.Chhlesepeopleregardmodestyguilty.Itisthelinel把-q'SOiL

virtue

of

andconceitasconceited,but

certainthat

advertisersonly

want

tobe

confidentinstead

betweenconfidenceandconcei.t

In

isquite

vagueand

variesfrom

person

to

orderto

and

avoid

possible

aversion,Chinese

advertiserstendtobe

conservative

objective.Theylettheproductsspeak

forthemselves.Thisismore

inthewest

acceptableformostChinesehaveonlyhad

censumers.Contrastively,mostcountries

historyof

hundreds

ofyears.Theyhaveexperiencedgreatleapsof

4l

acienceandtechnologyandthusamazinglyfastdevelopmentaftertheirfoundations.

asThepeoplethereareactive,exnoveaandconfident.Theytakeconfidencepositive

andover-modestyashypocritical.Therefore,theadvertisersareinclinedtoexpressthemselvesdirectlyandenthusiasticallywithoutworriesofcausingrepugnance.

Fromtheresults,wecanseethatineachofthesethreeaspects,English

theifChineseadvertisements

wecanaremoreactivethancounterparts.Withandthisrealization,consciouslymakebetterUseofthesedevicestakeflailadvantageofinterpersonalfunctiontomakeouradsmoreinteractiveandengaginginthefuture

atafastrate.withthepreconditionthatChinahasbeendeveloping

5.3Limitutions

Despitethesesigui丘cunces,thisstudybearssomelimitations.

indicateinterpersonalmeaning.1)Theanalysis

Asacoversonlythreemainfactorsthatmatteroffact,scholarshaveproposedvariousitemsthatembodyinterpersonal

threeones.Itwillmeaningbesidestheabovebemorecomprehensivetoincludemore

itemsintheanalysesandtheresultswillthenbemoreconvincing.Forthelimitationoflength,Ichooseonlythreemainfactorstobethemeasurementsofmystudy.

∞Therangeofsamplesisnotwideenough.Duetolimitedtime,Icollected

magazines

allasonly30Chineseand30EnglishadsfromtwoChineseandtwoEnglishthelanguagematerialofmystudy.Thisistheminimumnumberforempirical

stlldy.The

betweensmallsamplemayaffecttheresultsbecausetheremaybedivergences’sourcesthemandtheuncollected

amajority.What'sspecialmore,theofdataarenotwideenough.Ifmagazine

onhasapreferenceforcertainparticularlanguagestyle,theresultsbasedthiskindofmaterialwillbeterriblybiased.

5.4Recommendations

Therearenumerousinterestingtopicsworthstudyinginthefieldofinterpersonalmeaning.Forexample,thesimilaritiesanddifferencesininterpersonalmeaningbetweendifferenttypesofdiscourses,say,academicpapers

USandcasualE-mails.Theseresearcheswillpresentwithfurtherunderstandingofinterpersonalfunction

onanditsembodiments

arcalsoinvariousdiscourses.Furtherstudiesfindoutlanguagesfromotherfamiliesnecessarytowhetherthesefindings

42areconlrnoninhuman

languages.

Itwillbemoresignificantifwe

onecanintegrateaUthefactorsreflectinginterpersonalmeaninginto

withwh/chwecanlOgical,andmoreimportantly,operationalframework,specificdiscourse.Recently,linguistsfromvarious

cananalyzeanyschoolshavelistedmanyfavorsthatrepresentinterpersonalmeaninglikemood,

modality,key,personsystem,attitudinaltypeofEpithet,connotativemeaningsoflexicalitems,voicequalRgdirectspeech,tense。appraisaltheory……Thesedememsscatteroverdifferentlevelsoflanguagefromphoneticstolexicon,fromgrammartosemantics.Althougheachofthemhasbeenprovedtobe

notusefulintheanalysisofinterpersonalmeaningindifferentdiscourses,theyarearrangedin

areoneintegratedframework.Consequently,thestudies

otheranditisquitcdifficult

whichofdifferentdiscoursesseparatedfromeachtoputtheseresultstogetherandmakesomecomparisons,theestabllslmaentwillbeverysignificant.Ifwe∞naccomplishofsuchalogicalandoperationaltheorystructure,thestudyofinterpersonalmeaningwillmoresystematicandthebecomparisonbetweendifferentdiscourseswillbeeasier.

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中英文广告人际功能对比分析

中英文广告人际功能对比分析

作者:

学位授予单位:薛晓娟南京师范大学

相似文献(10条)

1.学位论文 郭应可 人称的人际意义研究 2005

以韩礼德为主的系统功能语言学家认为语言具有三大元功能,即概念功能、人际功能和语篇功能,其中对人际功能的研究相对比较薄弱。在论述人际功能(意义)的实现手段时,韩礼德等主要考察了语气和情态两个系统,而对于其它可以实现人际意义的手段却鲜有论及。本文认为实现人际意义的手段应该有多种,而人称系统便是其中的一种。对人称系统的研究及其如何实现人际意义正是本文研究的本文对人称在三种不同语类的使用及其所表达的人际意义进行研究,证明人称系统不但可以实现人际意义,且在不同的语类中实现的人际意义不尽相同。该研究不仅能够完善和丰富韩礼德的人际意义实现手段的理论,对言语交际和语言教学都具有一定的指导意义。

2.期刊论文 杨希.YANG Xi 汽车广告的人际意文在人称系统的表达 -齐齐哈尔师范高等专科学校学报2006,""(4) 本文以系统功能语法为理论基础,以汉语汽车广告为语料,探讨了汉语汽车广告的人际意义是如何通过人称系统来表达的.研究发现汉语汽车广告里的人称代词的各种指代用法充分体现了语言的人际功能,通过不同的人称的使用促进了广告主和潜在消费者之间的平等协商和拉近两者之间的距离.

3.学位论文 王超 英汉旅游广告人际功能对比研究 2008

本次研究是从系统功能语法的角度来探讨语言形式和语言的人际功能之间的关系。本文的核心是要在一种特殊类型的语篇—旅游广告语篇—中建立起人际功能和语言形式之间的对应关系,并且找出英汉旅游广告语篇在人际功能实现方式上的相同点和不同点。在研究方法上,本文是以定性分析为主,同时运用定量分析的方法来进一步支持定性分析的结果。

本次研究的理论框架是基于韩礼德的系统功能语法。韩礼德认为,元功能是最抽象的语言功能,它们必须在语言学系统中的一个新的层面上通过语法的形式来得以实现。具体来讲,人际功能是通过语气系统、情态系统和语调来实现的。然而,其他的研究者认为人际功能的实现方式有许多种,而这些实现方式的应用也随着语篇语域的不同而有所不同。

以英汉旅游广告作为研究语料,本次研究试图通过分析搜集来的语料,以找出在这两种语言中人际功能的各种可能的实现方式。之后,对英汉语篇进行对比研究以找出相同点和不同点,这将有助于提高我们对语言形式和语言功能之间的关系的理解。

本次研究发现,在英汉旅游广告语篇中,语气系统和情态系统都被用来实现人际功能。尽管在人际功能的实现方式上英汉语篇存在形似之处,但也有许多不同之处。

本次研究还发现,除去语气系统和情态系统,在英汉语篇中还有其它的人际功能实现方式一人称系统和时态系统。同样,我们通过对比研究探讨了英汉语篇在这两种实现方式上的相同点和不同点。研究结果有力地证明了部分研究者的观点,即人际功能可以由多种方式来实现。

关于这些异同点的研究结果具有一定的教学意义。让中国的外语学习者了解这些研究结果,将会有助于他们更好地理解英语和汉语中语言形式和功能之间的不同关系,从而帮助他们更加准确地使用英语。

本文共由五章组成。第一章是本次研究的引言部分,说明了本次研究的原因、动机和目的。第二章对人际功能的不同研究方法作了一个详细的文献综述。此外,还从系统功能语法的角度对国内外有关人际功能的研究进行了回顾和综述。基于韩礼德对人际功能分析的概念框架,第三章形成了本文的理论框架。第四章是本次研究的核心部分,分别从语气系统、情态系统、人称系统和时态系统这四个方面详细地分析了人际功能和它的不同实现方式之间的关系。同时,本章还探讨了英汉旅游广告语篇在人际功能实现方式上的相同点和不同点。此外,针对人际功能的每一种实现方式,本章都提供了一个统计分析。第五章是本文的结论部分,对研究结果做了一个全面的总结。同时,本章也探讨了研究结果的教学意义,指出了本次研究的不足之处,并对进一步的研究提出了建议。

4.学位论文 刘立壹 英语政治演讲语篇的人际功能 2004

该论文拟以功能语法为理论框架,通过分析六篇政治演讲,来揭示政治演讲语篇中实现人际意义的各种语言手段并阐述这些语言手段是如何实现人际意义的.该文从修辞学、语言学及社会心理学等几个角度综述了前人对政治演讲篇的研究,主要介绍了他们的研究方法、取得的成果以及对政治演讲的贡献.此外还论述了他们的研究和该文的关系;该文在归纳、分析前人研究成果的同时提出该文研究政治演讲的角度:人际意义.该文在上述框架中对六篇政治演讲进行了数据分析,定量分析和定性分析互为补充.演讲材料来自于两本书和一个网址.为了便于分析、该文简介了六篇演讲的背景.该文给出定量分析所应遵循的步骤,同时指出定量分析存在其主观性,所以有必要对数据进行可信度测试,以最大程度确定该文研究的分析和结果的有效性.通过对数据的观察、研究,该文从语气、情态、人称系统和时态四个方面对政治演讲进行了研究,以期揭示政治演讲语篇中哪些语言要素实现人际意义以及如何实现.经过讨论,得出结论,即政治演讲语篇中人际意义主要由祈使句、情态动词、 人称代词和时态转换来实现.并且就整个语篇而言,演讲者使用各种语言手段来保持自己权威的同时,又和听众达成一致,以最后实现劝说的目的.该文没有对词汇语法层的语调进行探讨和研究,而且对一些语言手段也没有充分论述,这是该文的局限.该文包括四章.第一章概述前人对政治演讲的研究,第二章论述理论框架,第三章探讨了研究方法,第四章从语气、情态、人称系统和时态四个方面讨论了政治演讲语篇的人际意义.在结论部分总结了该文的发现并指出了该文的局限性.

5.学位论文 吴锦辉 英语语篇人称代词系统人际意义分析 2006

本论文以韩礼德提出的三大纯理功能之一的人际功能为理论框架,分析英语语篇中人称代词所承载的人际意义。韩礼德认为语言的功能不只是体现在不同的用途中,而首先体现在语言系统,尤其是语义系统的内部结构中,并把语言功能高度概括为三大“纯理功能”(metafunction):一是“概念功能”(ideationalfunction),指语言对客观和主观世界中所发生的事、所牵涉的人和物以及与之有关的时间、地点等因素的表达。二是“人际功能”(interpersonalfunction),指语言的参与功能,讲话人使自己参与到某一情景语境中,向听话人灌输自己的思想,表达自己的态度和推断,并试图影响别人的态度和行为,表达与情景有关的讲话人与听话人之间的社会关系,即讲话人与听话人在交际过程中所扮演的角色之间的关系,如提问者和回答者,告知者与怀疑者,提供者与接受者,年长者与年幼者,男性与女性,上级和下级之间的关系,以及讲话人的交际目的。三是“语篇功能”(textualfunction),指语篇的完整性、一致性和衔接性。韩礼德认为这三个功能是三位一体,不存在主次问题。

根据韩礼德等人的观点,人际功能指的是讲话者运用语言参加社会活动的功能,它来自功能语法中对语言元功能的划分,是语言学家一直探讨的问题。人们用语言来和其他人交往,建立和保持人际关系,用语言来影响别人的行为,同时用语言来表达对世界的看法甚至改变世界。按照系统功能语言学的观点,人际功能包含两个基本内容,一个是讲话人对听话人的态度,一个是讲话人对听说内容的确信程度,韩礼德及后来的语言学家们认为承载人际意义的主要手段为语气系统和情态系统及语调等。对人称代词的研究仅限于在衔接理论中,认为人称代词是研究篇章连贯性的一个课题

,Halliday&Hasan(1976)对人称代词连接作用的研究侧重于上下文的连接。但是我们说对人称代词的社会语言学研究实际上是研究人称代词的人际功能。李战子曾说:“我们也认为人称具有实现话语的人际意义的功能。”人称代词的人际功能在以韩礼德为代表的功能语言学中未得到深入研究(李战子,2000)。可以说对人称代词承载人际意义的研究现在还涉足甚少。

人称作为语法范畴,在传统语法中,表示一个情境中参加者的数量和性质,通常用动词或相关的人称代词表示人称的区别,它也始终为语言学家所关注。它是传统语法中较为固定的部分。任何一部语法专著都不可避免地要论述人称代词的形式及句法作用。Muhlhausler&Harre(1990:47)把这种研究称为人称代词的语法研究(grammaticalapproach)。我国语法学家张道真在《实用英语语法》一书中也从单复数、格等方面区别了人称代词。

Halliday&Hasan(1976)在《英语的衔接》中提出了人称指代(也译为人称照应)认为人称指代表示话语角色,主要由人称代词体现。同时提出了人称系统的语义区别,人称系统的意义。根据韩礼德和哈桑的划分,照应可分为人称照应(personalreference),指示照应(demonstrativereference)和比较照应(comparativereference)。人称代词(如he,she,him,them等)及其相应的限定词(his,her,their等)和名词性所有格代词

(his,hers,theirs)所表示的照应关系叫做人称照应。韩礼德和哈桑将英语的人称照应系统进行了归纳。根据人称代词所体现出的人际角色关系,韩礼德和哈桑把人称系统又进一步划分为第一人称、第二人称和第三人称。第一人称指发话者或发话者及他人,第二人称指受话者,第三人称指的是发话者和受话者之外的其他角色。在人称照应系统中,只有第三人称代词具有内在的语篇衔接功能。单数的第一、二人称代词(I,you)一般不具有语篇衔接功

能,它们所指代的分别是情景语境中的发话者自己和受话者属于外指照应。这是人称代词的篇章研究(textual/endophoricapproach)。

人称代词与实际情景连接,即语言实际运用中人称代词的所指(deixis)问题,构成代词的语用研究。(pragmatic/exophoricapproach)。

一类就是将代词置于社会的语境之中,研究其表达的人与人之间的权势(power)与等同关系(solidarity)。Brown&Gilman(1960)的文章“代词的权势与等同关系”堪称这方面的代表作。这种从社会的角度对人称代词在实际运用中所体现的权势和等同关系进行研究称为人称代词的社会语言学研究(sociolinguisticapproach)。

以上从各个方面对人称代词的研究做了简单回顾。但我们发现对人称代词如何承载人际意义的研究还很廖廖。李战子在《话语的人际意义研究》一书中引用Carter的话“语篇中的代词指称能告诉我们作者是如何看待语篇涉及到的人物的,这些人称代词有助于建立作者和读者之间一种特定的关系。”李战子更多的是从叙事学和修辞学的角度讨论了人称代词如何承载人际意义。朱永生在《系统功能语言学多维思考》一书中也提到了人际功能不仅可以通过语气系统和情态系统来体现,而且可以借助于人称代词以及表达说话者态度的动词、名词、形容词和副词等具体词汇来体现。鉴于此,本论文将尝试进一步对英语语篇中的人称代词所承载的人际意义做初步探讨。论文第一章主要介绍系统功能语言学概论作为理论框架;第二章阐述人际意义;第三章介绍了人称代词系统;第四章分析了文学语篇和广告语篇中人称代词的人际意义。

6.期刊论文 康灿辉.KANG Can-hui 公益广告中的人际功能分析 -邵阳学院学报(社会科学版)2008,7(3)

人际功能是系统功能语法的三大功能之一,而语篇实现人际功能的手段主要包括语气、情态、人称和评价等四个方面,我们试从这四个方面分析一则公益广告来探讨这些人际手段在公益广告语篇中的实现.

7.学位论文 李兴 美国总统就职演说的人际意义研究 2007

美国总统就职演说是美国总统在就职当天发表的重要讲演。演讲者在演说时不仅要体现自己的权威性,还要弱化交际中的权势关系以求和听众建立一种理想的人际关系。这些特点决定了演说辞中人际意义的复杂性,所以值得我们认真研究发现其多种人际意义及其实现的各种手段。

以前许多学者曾借助不同理论从不同角度对其进行过研究,但从功能语法角度做此系统研究的文章却很少。因此,本文尝试利用韩礼德系统功能语法中的人际功能理论研究总统就职演说的人际意义特点。本研究主要运用费厄克劳的话语分析三阶段法和统计法进行定性分析和定量分析。通过对十篇就职演说的研究发现,人际意义主要是通过语气系统、情态系统、人称系统、时态系统、以及马丁的评价系统实现的。在语气系统方面,演讲者更多采用陈述语气向听众提供某种信息,表明自己的态度和主张。在演说中为了避免太傲慢太激进,演讲者多采用中价值和低价值的情态表达方式礼貌地表达自己的观点及态度。同样,人称系统也体现了演讲者和听众之间的复杂的动态人际关系。就职演说是演讲者和听众之间面对面的交流,因此,一般现在时的运用占据主要地位,给人以亲切之感,拉近两者之间的关系。对与评价系统相连的词汇的选择方面,演讲者以不同的方式表达不同的情感色彩。 本文的研究有助于更好的理解把握就职演说的语言特点,增强以批判的眼光欣赏该类话语。同时,本研究也表明韩礼德系统功能语法理论在对话语的人际意义的分析中所具有的科学性、实用性和可操作性。

8.学位论文 杨希 汉语汽车广告的人际意义研究 2007

随着我国汽车工业的发展,作为让消费者认识汽车品牌、了解新车型、推销新产品的汽车广告,近年来一直呈上升的态势,已经成为广告中的一个重要组成部分。汽车广告中的语言使用实际上是在广告主和消费者之间的一种交际表现,对汽车广告人际意义的研究可以很好的帮助我们来弄清楚广告主是怎样通过广告来有效地与消费者沟通并说服他们采取购买的行动。

作为系统功能语法的三大纯理功能之一的人际功能,它不仅指人们用语言来建立和保持人际关系,还包括用语言来影响别人的行为。本文以韩礼德的系统功能语言学理论为框架,结合李战子拓展的人际意义研究框架,围绕语气、情态和人称3个方面对100篇从报纸和汽车杂志上搜集到的汉语汽车广告进行人际意义分析,并从人际意义的视角对汉英汽车广告进行对比分析并探讨影响汉英汽车广告人际意义表达差异的因素,以期找到汽车广告人际意义的各类语言手段和规律,并能为汽车广告的撰写提供更有效的思路。

本文通过研究发现,汉语汽车广告的人际意义在情态、语气和人称三个系统中的实现有如下特点:情态系统方面,各种不同类型、不同量值的情态表达可以用来调节广告主与消费者之间的亲密远近关系;语气系统方面,汽车广告主的给予信息和要求信息这两种基本言语地位可以由典型和非典型两种形式得以实现;人称系统方面,使用各种不同的人称代词及其结合使用可以增强消费者的参与感,缩短广告主和消费者之间的心理距离,从而实现加强广告主对消费者的影响并与其建立良好关系的人际意义。此外,研究中发现的汉英汽车广告中人际意义表达的异同,尤其是不同之处,对汽车广告的撰写有着一定的启示作用。

9.学位论文 张丽 募捐语篇的人际意义研究 2009

“和平与发展”的世界主题、“和谐社会”的倡导,人们追求团结和统一的努力不仅渗透到社会发展和人们生活的各方面,而且成为语言学家的研究兴趣,即“作为社会符号的语言”,是如何通过语篇或者话语来表述、反映、建构甚至改变社会现实的。语言不只是人们用来交际的工具和信息的载体,也不仅只是反映而且会影响、干预、塑造、改变社会关系和语言使用者的思维和价值观。从这一角度来讲,倡导互帮互助、“一方有难、八方支援”的募捐语篇的劝说或者呼吁功能的实现便可看成是构建社会团结与和谐人际关系的一种贡献。募捐语篇是旨在劝说和呼吁公众读者为相关人物、项目等捐款的一种公开信。作为一种新兴的语篇体裁形式,募捐语篇还没有受到足够的重视,相关研究也较鲜见。因为募捐语篇旨在通过作者的描述和劝说,来影响目标读者的态度和情感,引导目标读者做出作者所期望的行为。因此,人际功能是募捐信这一类语篇要实现的主要功能。

本文以系统功能语言学中韩礼德的人际意义理论和马丁的评价理论为基础,探讨了募捐语篇中人际意义的表达。对人际意义的系统研究始于功能语法中对人际元功能的讨论。韩礼德认为人际功能主要是通过语气系统、情态系统和语调来实现的。而以马丁为代表的系统功能语法的发展者,试图从语义的范畴将韩礼德功能语法中关于态度的零散讨论系统化,于是有了评价理论。评价理论是功能语言学在对人际意义的研究中发展起来的新的词汇-语法框架,它关注语篇中可以协商的各种态度。

本次研究的对象为15篇汉语募捐信和15篇英语募捐信。汉语语料主要来自杂志和网络;英语语料来自美国印地安那州跨文化交际中心(ICIC)创建的募捐语篇语料库和互联网。在研究方法方面,本文以定性研究为主,中间涉及少量定量研究的数据统计分析方法。

在韩礼德的人际意义理论和马丁的评价理论的框架下,论文对募捐语篇的语气、情态和评价系统进行了详尽的描述和分析,揭示了人际意义与词汇语法表达之间的密切联系;同时通过分析语料发现,除了理论框架中提到的人际意义资源外,还有其他实现人际意义的方式,人称系统就是其中之一。同时,虽然不是一项专门的对比研究,本文对英汉募捐语篇在实现人际意义方面的异同也稍有提及。

研究发现,募捐语篇中陈述语气占绝大多数,主要用于提供信息,有时也用于表达建议。祈使语气和疑问语气使语篇成对话性,增加了募捐人与潜在捐款人之间的互动。本文对情态系统的研究表明,表示中值或低值的可能性情态出现频率最高,一方面这是作者的态度的表达,另一方面给读者留有独立思考和自主决定的空间。研究还发现,募捐语篇中存在丰富的表达情感、判断和鉴赏的态度资源。募捐人通过运用复杂的人称系统来表达对他人的态度,建立、保持和调整与读者的关系也成为募捐语篇人际意义表达的另一特色。总的来说,语气、情态、评价和人称系统是募捐语篇中人际意义表达的重要资源。同时,在人际意义表达方面英汉募捐语篇既有相同又有差异,但总体说来同大于异,语言和文化差异对募捐语篇人际意义的表达干预不多。

本研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。其理论意义在于证明了系统功能语言学中的人际意义理论对募捐话语分析的适用性和解释力,并为人际意义理论的研究提供新的应用领域,在一定程度上丰富和发展了该理论;而且为募捐话语的研究提供新的理论视角。在实践上该研究结果可以指导募捐话语的理解和创作,促进理解英汉语言和文化的差异。

10.期刊论文 洪牡丹 英语广告语篇中人称系统和语气系统的人际意义 -阜阳师范学院学报(社会科学版)2008,""(3)

文章运用韩礼德的功能语法理论研究了英语广告语篇中的人际意义,英语广告语篇中的人称和语气的使用充分体现了语言的人际功能,在广告语篇中巧妙运用人称和语气系统可以操纵读者.

本文链接:http://d..cn/Thesis_Y1116965.aspx

授权使用:武汉科技大学(whkjdx),授权号:ed5686dc-294d-4a4b-a868-9ddc0116da74

下载时间:20xx年8月24日

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