引    言

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1、正文格式具体要求如下：

1. 纸  型：A4纸

2. 页边距：上3cm，下2.5cm，左2.5cm、右2.5cm；

3. 页  眉：2.5cm，页脚：2cm，左侧装订；

4. 字  体：正文汉字全部为宋体、小四，正文英文为Times New Roman，小四；

5. 行  距：每段落首行缩进2字符；1.5倍行距，段前、段后均为0行，取消网格对齐选项。

2、论文标题格式的说明

1. 标题可分为四级，分别用一、；（一）；1、；（1）排序。作者可根据论文自身情况决定是否采用四级标题。

2. 一级标题格式：居左，首行缩进两字符，黑体，字号：三号，1.5倍行距，段前、段后均为0.5行。

3. 二级标题格式：居左，首行缩进两字符，黑体，居左，字号：小三，1.5倍行距，段前、段后均为0.5行。

4. 三级标题格式：居左，首行缩进两字，黑体，居左，字号：四号，1.5倍行距，段前、段后均为0.5行。

5. 四级标题格式：居左，首行缩进两字，宋体加粗，居左，字号：小四，1.5倍行距，段前、段后均为0.5行。

正文各级标题编号的字体规范如图所示：

 

结束语（另起一页）

（结束语正文）

 

 

（如采用文末注释，注释另起一页。如采用脚注，则不必）

注释的书写格式说明

1．注释在正文中采用脚注或文末注释方式，引用的文献在正文中用阿拉伯数字按顺序以右上角标形式标注在引用处。

2．注释按照在正文中引用的顺序进行连续编码。

3．作者一律姓前名后(外文作者名应缩写)，作者间用“，”间隔。作者少于3人应全部写出，3人以上只列出前3人，后加“等”。

4．文末注释格式：宋体，居左，首行缩进2个汉字，字号：五号，行距：1.5倍行距，段前、段后均为0行。参考文献正文英文设置为字体：Times New Roman，居左，字号：五号，行距：1.5倍行距，段前、段后均为0行。

5．按照引用的文献类型不同使用不同的表示方法：

（1）引用著作类的注释要求

基本规格：作者姓名、书名、卷次、版本（出版地、出版社名、出版年份）、页码。

（2）引用文章类的注释要求

基本规格：作者、文章题目、引自何种出版物、出版时间、页码。

文末注释的书写格式示例如下

脚注格式（宋体，居左，首行缩进2字符，字号：小五，行距：固定值12磅）如下例：

参考文献格式说明如下：

标题“参考文献”不可省略，设置成字体：黑体，两端对齐，首行缩进2字符，字号：小四号，行距：1.5倍行距，段前、段后均为1行。

参考文献内容汉字设置成字体：宋体，两端对齐，首行缩进2字符，字号：五号，行距：1.5倍行距，段前、段后均为0行，取消网格对齐选项。注释内容英文设置成字体：Times New Roman，字号：五号，行距：1.5倍行距。

参考文献应以写作本文时确实参考了的文献资料为限，一般按照中文类和外文类分列所参考的书籍及文章等，格式规范同注释要求，只是不需列明页码。

示例如下：

第二篇：论文正文纸格式

毕业论文（设计）用纸

On Hemingway’s Eco-consciousness in

The Old Man and the Sea

Introduction

As one of the greatest libertarians of America in the 20th century, Hemingway left precious spiritual wealth. The central task of this paper is to explore Hemingway?s representations of nature and his ecological attitude toward nature in his masterpiece The Old Man and the Sea. In this work, Hemingway is greatly with nature. This thesis consists of five parts. Part one introduces the author and the outline of his work. The second part gives a survey of Hemingway?s life experiences in nature, pointing out that Hemingway is a writer with ecological consciousness and his life is always related to the great nature. The third part reveals Hemingway?s ecological consciousness in his works. The fourth part focuses on the analysis of the ecological thought implied in Hemingway?s famous work The Old Man and the Sea. The last part concludes that Hemingway is a writer with ecological consciousness. His ideas of the mutuality between human and nature illustrate what modern environmental movements advocate.

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1 The Author and His Works

1.1 Hemingway and His Major Novels

Ernest Hemingway is generally acknowledged as one of the most influential novelist of the twentieth century. Because of his personal nature experiences, most of his works are about nature, especially his masterpiece, The Old Man and the Sea. Ernest Hemingway is a giant of modern literature. Among twentieth-century American fiction writers, his work is most often compared to that of his contemporaries William Faulkner and F. Scott Fitzgerald. Combined with his outstanding short stories, Hemingway?s four major novels—The Sun Also Rises (1926), A Farewell to Arms (1929), For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940), and The Old Man and the Sea (1952)—comprise a contribution to modern fiction that is far more substantial than Fitzgerald?s and that approximates Faulkner?s.

Hemingway?s major works feature simpler structures and narrative voices/personae. As or more important, Hemingway?s style, with its consistent use of short, concrete, direct prose and of scenes consisting exclusively of dialogue, gives his novels and short stories a distinctive accessibility that is immediately identifiable with the author.

1.2 The Outline of The Old Man and the Sea

The Old Man and the Sea, is one of Ernest Hemingway?s most ecologically resonant texts. The story is of man without accessories or props against the nature. The author gives in minute detail the tricks and methods that the old man employs to catch the fish. However, the fish is no ordinary fish, it possesses immense strength and will power. Deeper meanings sweep through the story, questioning and exploring the timeless battle between man and nature. The old man eats raw fish, drinks seawater on occasion, and lives in a shack. He goes bare-footed. He sleeps on old newspapers and wears heavily patched clothes. This description tells us that he is poor certainly. But Santiago is content with the simplicity imposed by his poverty. All these details express his contentment with the simple life and his feeling of returning to nature. In this novel, Hemingway _________________________________________________________________________________________

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began to decide to return to nature instead of simply eulogizing nature and sympathizing with nature, marking a change in the maturity of his view of the relationship between man and nature. Some existentialists emphasis on the courage and endurance of the old man in face of the inevitable defeat and death while other critics have shown Hemingway?s ties to feminism. Yet this paper, in the exploration of Hemingway?s writings, employs the approach of eco-consciousness, which is particularly aspirate to an examination of literature in the context of globally environmental predicament. By writing such an essay we hope to gain a view of Hemingway?s ecological consciousness from an ecocritical standpoint and suggest a way to a better understanding of Hemingway as a writer who concerns more about the interconnectedness between human and the non-human rather than man?s domination over other forms of life. This study is based on the materials I collected and my analysis will operate primarily at a textual level. My use of literary theories will be illustrative and subordinated to the textual analysis. 2 Hemingway’s Life Experiences in Nature

In his introduction to Hemingway and the Natural World, Fleming argues that “few authors in history have been so closely identified with the natural world as Ernest Hemingway” (Fleming, 1999). The fact is that Hemingway?s whole life has never been alienated from the natural world. As a small child, he was taken every summer to his parents? northern Michigan vacation property where he would later spend his happy time. Meanwhile his father introduced him to an appreciation of nature. He was taught how to camp, hunt, and fish. Therefore Hemingway grew up with a persistent need to be in the natural world. For Hemingway, nature is a spiritual remedy, wildness bears something that is right, something we are missing. As told through Baker?s biography of Hemingway, when Hemingway finished a book he immediately escaped to Key West in Florida fishing, hunting, and shooting, by which he could recover his energy and inspiration of writing. An apparent instance from Hemingway?s stories is Nick Adam, a semi-autobiographical character of Hemingway in Big Two-Hearted River, who, hurt by war, finally cured his mental imbalance from all humanity in the presence of the natural world.

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Adventuring in nature, traveling across the world, and bullfighting in Spain present Hemingway?s real outlook about nature. The following part will examine the close relationship between Hemingway and nature in order to trace his nature complex and his eco-consciousness in detail.

2.1 Hemingway in Youth

2.1.1 Hemingway’s Experiences in Youth

Hemingway was born in Oak Park, a suburb of Chicago, Illinois. A year after his birth the whole family went to their summer cottage in northern Michigan, a place that was endowed with beautiful scenery and close to the natural environment where the child could play, eat, sleep with a kind of passionate enjoyment and later spent his happy time. The great nature had always been attracting Hemingway and he had been engaged in careful physical observation of the natural world ever since he was a little child. In the autumn of 1903, when Hemingway was only a child of four years old, he went to the kindergarten and joined the Nature Study Group organized by his father, Dr. Clarence Edmonds Hemingway, a highly-respected physician and unusually keen amateur naturalist devoted to hunting and fishing. Every Saturday morning in the spring, little Hemingway would stride manfully with the older children to the forest to collect some specimens or to the thickets on the river bank to get to know the birds, even though he, at a much earlier age, had greatly given his mother a big surprise by “correctly identifying seventy-three birds in the Birds of Nature volume” (Baker, 1969). So there is no wonder Hemingway?s house was always seen to be decorated with all kinds of animal specimens.

2.1.2 Hemingway’s Eco-consciousness in Youth

Brought up by his father-Clarence Edmonds Hemingway, a lover of outdoor life，Hemingway was firmly guided towards nature, fishing and hunting. When Hemingway was very young he was taken every summer form his home to his parents? northern Michigan vacation property，where he would spend the happiest time of his boyhood. His father told him to respect the animals he killed _________________________________________________________________________________________

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and utilize them fully. Hence we could not be surprised to find many specimens on the shelves of Hemingway?s home such as butterflies, birds, mammals, reptiles, and insects. Similarly, young Hemingway was lectured “on the needless destruction of harmless animals” when he and a friend killed a porcupine. According to Carlos Baker, “having shot it...they were now obliged” to cook and eat the porcupine (Baker, 1969). Later Hemingway instructed his son Jack the lesson, “Never waste fish, Schatz, it?s criminal to kill anything you aren?t going to eat” (Jack, 1986). This respect for the proper use of nature is presented in many Hemingway?s writings. Hemingway once wrote that my father, my grandfather, and my great-grandfather were all hunters and fishermen and it is impossible for people who do not care to hunt or to fish to realize how those who do feel about it. After Hemingway moved to Paris in 1921, his passion for nature seemed to have been waning. Living in Paris he made a conscious effort to attain an informal cultural education to compensate his skipped formal education by not attending college. However, Hemingway?s nature is nature. When he read the books “recommended by Gertrude Stein and Ezra Pound” and viewed “the pictures at the Louver and the Luxembourg Gardens, Hemingway continued to pursue the outdoor life, as his published journalism from the period attest” (Jack, 1986). Tuna fishing in Spain, trout fishing in Switzerland, hiking in Germany, skiing in Switzerland and game shooting across the continent took much of Hemingway?s time and brought him a lot of pleasure.

Personal experiences in many civilized places of natural beauty provided the great writer with plentiful materials on the writing of the beauty of nature. On the one hand, Hemingway respects and praises the beauties of nature, and shows great concern for the damaged nature, but, on the other hand, nature described by Hemingway also has an aspect of severity and cruelty. So nature described by Hemingway is man?s adversary, and provides a stage for man to display his courage. While on the other hand, Hemingway regards nature as something with which man must strive for harmony. The harmony, diversity and symbiosis in the natural world are all important things that have the ability to stimulate our spiritual enjoyment. A man who walks barefoot, who eats raw fish, who suffers pain, and who does penance, is the most obvious spokesman for _________________________________________________________________________________________

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Hemingway?s eco-philosophical ideas. Everything in the sea is filled with beauty. Through the facts mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that Hemingway is always closely identified with great nature. This contributes very much to the formation and development of Hemingway?s deep ecological consciousness.

2.2 Hemingway’s Experiences in Midlife and Old Age

As a lover of country, a writer and a naturalist, Hemingway was a deeply spiritual man in his attachments to places. A few months before he died, Hemingway told an interviewer, “To know and love nature is a simpler and higher thing than to know the geology of the rocks and the chemistry of trees” (Williams, 1999). In the unpublished of Death of the Afternoon, Hemingway writes that in his boyhood, all of northern Michigan was forested, and clear streams abounded. The clear-cutting of the forests and the building of highways, along with the increased fishing of the streams, changed the character of the land. Family farms were lost as young men went into the cities for jobs. The real “heart” vanished from a land Hemingway had loved as a boy. Nobody who did not know that original “heart” can understand it once it is gone.

Hemingway likes travelling. During his travels in Europe, Africa, and the American West, Hemingway?s concept of nature expanded to include sights, experience, and activities that he could only imagine during his sheltered Oak Park and Petoskey boyhood”(ibid.). As his notion of the world changed, so did his concept of nature. The African wild animals that had been part of his imaginative experience now became reality. His new adventures like the bullfight of Spain expanded his concept of how mankind related to nature.

In 1933, Hemingway realized his hunter?s dream by taking an African safari with his traveling companion as well as his guide Philip Percival, whose brother “Blayney had written two books based on his experiences as an African game warden, A Game Ranger’s Note Book (1924), and A Game Ranger on Safari (1928)”. Guided by the accounts of Blayney Percival, other writers of safari literature, and his own experiences in African, Hemingway wrote his new novels Green Hills of Africa in 1935.

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As Hemingway aged, he turned toward home. Through Nick Adam?s replies to his son?s suggestion that “We could all be buried in France”, Hemingway says, “I don?t want to be buried in France but at the ranch” (Hemingway, 1987). In the late 1950s, Hemingway moved from Cuba to central Idaho and died in his native land. There he would have his final union with nature, “lying under the pine trees in the small country cemetery of Ketchum, across the river from his last American home” (Fleming, 1999). In Hemingway?s lifetime, the memories of wild nature, the knowledge of wild nature, his need for wild nature never left him.

3 Hemingway’s Eco-consciousness in His Works

Ernest Hemingway is productive in his writing of novels, novelettes and short stories. Today, his works have been interpreted by literary critics from different perspectives, among which the code hero image, death consciousness, nihilism, alienation and the artistic features are usually focused upon. Nevertheless, still very little academic energy has been dedicated to the study of his works with the literary approach of ecocriticism. As a matter of fact, Hemingway is a great writer with deep ecological consciousness. Living in the worsening situation of ecocrises in the present era, it is of great significance to reexamine some of Hemingway?s narrative fictions through an ecocritical point of view, which is what this thesis will be devoted to. And in order to probe into the ecological consciousness of the great writer, we may first as well take a close look at the intimate relation between Ernest Hemingway and the natural world.

3.1 Hemingway’s Eco-consciousness in Green Hills of Africa

Santiago, in The Old Man and the Sea, feels sorry for the birds because he cannot “hoist the sail and take you in with the small breeze that is rising” (Hemingway, 1987). The narrator of Green Hills of African relates how his own pain from a broken arm caused him to identify with the suffering of a bull elk that might not be shot cleanly.

In Hemingway?s first venture into nonfiction, Green Hills of Africa, which chronicles his adventures on safari in the early 1930s, the readers can see the beauty of the wilderness threatened _________________________________________________________________________________________

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by the incursion of man. Woodcuts, scattered throughout the book, add another dimension to this view of the hard-edged, rugged world of wild Africa. In this “absolutely true” nonfiction that was based on his own hunting expedition to Tanganyika, the great writer, on one hand, described the beauty of the forests, the prairie, the mountains, the blue sky and all kinds of wild birds and animals, the exciting hunting experiences and the simple yet civilized country life in the ancient place; on the other, he presented his disappointment towards the so-called modern civilization and his strong yearning towards the natural beauty through the vivid depictions.

3.2 Hemingway’s Eco-consciousness in His Novels

Hemingway?s eco-consciousness is also used in his works. Based on his personal traveling adventure in Spain, Hemingway got the materials of Death in the Afternoon, a book about Spanish bullfighting, in which his famous Iceberg Principle was put forward. Because of his true hunting experiences in Eastern Africa, he was able to write the novels Green Hills of Africa and True at First Sight, the short stories “The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber”, “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” and “An African Story”. And the great writer's life in Cuba, his close relationship with the sea and the fishes provided him with rich materials on the famous work The Old Man and the Sea.

Through the content of Hemingway?s biography and the facts mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that the whole life of the great writer is always closely identified with the great nature. This contributes very much to the formation and development of Hemingway?s deep ecological consciousness. And consequently, the great writer?s ecologically-oriented consciousness is well reflected in some of his literary works, with the typical examples of The Old Man and the Sea and three short stories, namely, “Big Two-Hearted Rive”, “An African Story” and “Fathers and Sons”, upon which incarnate eco-consciousness vividly. In addition to the spiritual enjoyment, what the great writer gained from his personal traveling experiences were also some other reexaminations of the relationship between man and nature.

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4 Hemingway’s Eco-consciousness in The Old Man and the Sea

The Old Man and the Sea, the representative work of Ernest Hemingway, chronicles the simple story of how Santiago, an old Cuban fisherman, fights bravely for three consecutive days with a giant marlin and later a group of cruel sharks in the sea. The classic novelette became an instant success and immediately soared to the top of the best-seller list and remained there for a long time of six months after it was published. The work was awarded the 1953 Pulitzer Prize and played a very significant role in Hemingway?s selection for the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954. The time-honored masterpiece, which is considered as “a very profound and perfect artwork, and has been publicly dubbed ?the most abstruse work depicting the sea and the fisherman? ” (Wang Nuo, 2003), has a warm critical reception and is usually hailed as Hemingway?s best work by many influential critics, just as William Faulkner claimed,“ Time may show it to be the best single piece of any of us. I mean his and my contemporaries. This time, he discovered God, a Creator” (Faulkner, 1987).

4.1 Santiago as an Embodiment of Deep Ecology

In Hemingway?s Revaluing Nature: Toward an Ecological Criticism, Glen Love states that “The most important function of literature today is to redirect human consciousness to a full consideration of its place in a threatened natural world” (Love, 1987). According to him, literature can somehow help readers shift from anthropocentrism to eco-centrism which emphasizes ecological wholeness and reciprocity without victimizing the autonomy and plurality of beings on the earth.

The Old Man and the Sea is Hemingway?s reprehensive work. The plot of the novella is very simple. It is a story about an old man, Santiago?s deep-sea fishing. The old man has drifted on the sea for eighty-four days, but has caught nothing. He continues to fish and eventually he catches a big marlin. But the marlin is really big enough to drag the boat to the deep sea. Through the _________________________________________________________________________________________

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life-and-death struggle with the marlin for two days and nights, Santiago defeats the marlin at last. But sharks attack him when he returns. On his arrival at the seaport there is only a skeleton of the marlin left.

Santiago, one of the most memorable characters in Hemingway?s canon, is an eccentric fisherman who lives remote from the cultural city. Like the way Thoreau lived in Walden, Santiago nearly serves as a hermit in the fishing village. The old man?s shack is a good example: one room, a table, a chair, a bed, and a place on the dirt floor to cook with charcoal. This description tells us that he is poor certainly. But Santiago is content with the simplicity imposed by his poverty, because he is himself a simple person making few demands of life or other people. Yet we hear no complaint at any time from Santiago and no suggestion that he?s unhappy. Santiago?s contentment reveals that he is spiritual richer than a man who retires with a wealthy savings account and a suburban home filled with gadgets and appliances. In fact, a sense of happiness lies in how you look at your life not what you possess.

4.2 Santiago’s Paradoxical Notion of Nature

The relationship between man and nature in Hemingway?s The Old Man and the Sea, is paradoxical. Nature described by Hemingway is man?s adversary, and provides a stage for man to display his courage. While on the other hand, Hemingway regards nature as something with which man must strive for harmony. It is true that Hemingway has described the old man?s struggle against the sea, the marlin and the sharks. On the one hand, Hemingway respects and praises the beauties of nature, and shows great concern for the damaged nature, but, on the other hand, nature described by Hemingway also has an aspect of severity and cruelty.

Unlike the other fishermen, who take the ocean merely as a kind of object from which they are able to achieve a lot of economic benefits, Santiago looks at the ocean with love, respect and reverence. In the eyes of many other fishermen, the sea is of masculinity and therefore often considered as their opponent, rival, contestant or even an enemy. But as far as Santiago is concerned, the sea is just like a gentle female that is beautiful and elegant. What? s more, “The old _________________________________________________________________________________________

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man always thought of her as feminine and as something that gave or withheld great favors. And if she did wild or wicked things it was because she could not help them”(ibid.). Everything in the sea is filled with beauty, energy and vitality.

The old man has a sweet dream at the night before he sets out to the sea. He dreams of the ancient Africa with beautiful beaches, mountains and lions. The Old Man and the Sea is such a work. Set the novella primarily on the coast of Havana, Cuba, Hemingway repeatedly demonstrates his ecological outlook through his protagonist-a very old Cuban fisherman.

In fact, the lion appears more times in the novelette than the above quotations tell us. At the end of the story, when the old man is sleeping after he goes back to his shed with only an eighteen feet skeleton from nose to tail, he is also “dreaming about the lions”, which is another reflection of Santiago?s close relationship with nature and yearning towards it. To the old man, everything in the sea is beautiful and worthy of his affection. Even the big marlin shows its great beauty and dignity when it is about to be dead: “Then the fish came alive, with his death in him, and rose high out of the water showing all his great length and width and all his power and its beauty”. For the protection of his trophy, the old man has no choice but to fight with the groups of sharks. But he also takes the sharks as his good friends and praises them for their beauty, nobility and the courage in front of everything. Here, Santiago, in the beauty of the sea, has to a certain degree forgotten about his own existence and looked on himself as an inseparable part of the ecological environment.

In The Old Man and the Sea, unlike other fishermen see the ocean merely in terms of economic gain, Santiago looks at the sea with love and reverence. To him, the sea is a living being with a personality—“she is kind and very beautiful” though sometimes “so cruel” (ibid.). He loved the sea. He always thought of the sea as feminine and as something that gave or withheld great favors, and if she did wild or wicked things it is because she couldn?t help them. In his heart, all the creatures in the sea were his friends. He was very fond of flying fish as they were his principle friends on the ocean. “He was sorry of the birds, especially the small delicate dark terns _________________________________________________________________________________________

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that were always flying and looking and almost never finding and he though the birds have a harder life than we do” (Hemingway, 1987). He loved green turtles and hawk-bills, with their elegance and speed. He was sorry for all the turtles. Most people were heartless about turtles because a turtle?s heart will beat for hours after he has been cut up and butchered. The old man thought, “I have such a heart too and my feet and hands are like theirs” (ibid.). When he saw two porpoises coming around his boat, rolling and bowing, the old man said that they were our brothers like the flying fish. He regarded the marlin as a friendly competitor, eulogizing him, respecting him. Santiago?s constant words, “my brother, my only friends” represents a prophetic plea for equality, both within the human community, and in the interaction between human and other forms of life. He even admired the sharks: “They were so fast and strong and well armed that they had no other enemy”. Santiago?s remarks and treatment of the big fish well reveal the ecological thinking that all creations are a part of the intricate web of life.

The old man treated the sea and all the creatures in it as man?s friends. He believed that man and all the other living things are creatures at the same level of life. There are only differences in terms of shape, size, intelligence, but no differences in terms of advantage and superiority. Man and all the other creatures are opposing each other on the one hand, but they live in harmony with each other on the other.

The old man has finished for eighty-four days on end and he has to sail out far to the deep sea and flights against the sea and the creatures in it. In the whole process of struggle, both sides are carrying out their duty with absolute loyalty. “His choice had been to stay in the deep dark water far out beyond all snares and traps all treacheries. My choice was to go there to find him beyond all people. Beyond all people in the world” (Hemingway, 1987). Although the old fisherman fails in the struggle against nature, yet the value of his life is given full expression. The words he calls out in struggle with the marlin under arduous conditions “But man is not made for defeat. A man can be destroyed but not defeated” sonorously and forcefully express man?s firm determination, unyielding perseverance and the unswerving will in his struggle with the natural _________________________________________________________________________________________

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world. Like all the tough guys created by Hemingway, the old man keeps grace under high pressure. He can face failure bravely and has won a spiritual victory.

A man who walks barefoot, who eats raw fish, who suffers pain, and who does penance, is the most obvious spokesman for Hemingway?s eco-philosophical ideas. Santiago reveres animals though he at times has to kill some of them. In doing so, he lives one of the central creeds of deep ecology. As Arne Naess puts it, “One of the basic norms of deep ecology is that every life form has in principle a right to live and blossom. As the world is made of course, we have to kill in order to eat, but there is a basic intuition in deep ecology that we have no right to destroy other living beings without sufficient reason”( Bodian, 1995).

A similar type of unexpected equality comes out when Hemingway describes the various ways marlins and sharks are treated on shore. While this foreshadows the struggle between Santiago?s marlin and the sharks, it also equalizes the participants. Like the case of Santiago and marlin, this equalization demonstrates the novella?s thematic concerns with the unity of nature and humanity.

4.3 The Ideal Relationship between Nature and Man Inspired by the

Novel

Hemingway loved the great nature and his yearning towards the harmonious relationship between man and nature is reflected in The Old Man and the Sea first through the vivid description on its beauty and Santiago?s unity with all the sea creatures. Personal experiences in many civilized places of natural beauty provided the great writer with plentiful materials on the writing of the beauty of nature. Just as the beautiful scenery, Hemingway depicted in his other works as The Snow of Kilimanjaro, Big Two-Hearted River, Green Hills of Africa ricer and A Farewell to Arms, all the creatures are full of beauty and vitality in The Old Man and the Sea. The harmony, diversity and symbiosis in the natural world are all important things that have the ability to stimulate our spiritual enjoyment as well as to enhance the potentialities of survival, _________________________________________________________________________________________

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the chances of new modes of life, and the richness of forms. In other words, human beings? quality and enjoyment of the lives depend in quite a large part upon the pleasure and satisfaction we receive from close partnership with other forms of life. After all, the real world, or the world we are supposed to face and live in, should be one that is “composed of many living creatures who are all, potentially, our friends” (Simons, 2002).

Here man has become a part of nature and his relationship to nature is just that between friends and partners. Since man is part of nature, then the relationship between man and nature is actually the relationship between this part of nature and that part of nature, the relationship between the natural world and itself. Therefore, it is obvious that the contradiction between man and nature is not the antagonistic contradiction, but the non-antagonistic contradiction between the internal things inside nature itself. The solution to the contradiction does not lie in the life-and-death struggle between the two sides, but lies in man?s rational adjustment of the material exchange between nature and himself. The result of the struggle is not a unity of one-eat-another, but the coordinated growth and harmonious unity between them. In this respect, this novel contains the thinking of deep ecology and embodies man?s self-examination of the anthropocentric theory, which provided useful reference for modern man on how to place his position appropriately in natural world in an era of ecological civilization.

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Conclusion

In The Old Man and the Sea, Hemingway, on one hand, demonstrated his view on the power of nature and man?s doomed failure in front of it through long-time struggle with the cruel sharks and his overestimate of man?s ability to dominate the great nature. On the other hand, the author did not describe the old man as a ruthless person with the only characteristic of destroying nature. Instead, he vividly revealed Santiago?s respect and reverence to the natural word in the concern about all the creatures in the sea. The ecological consciousness in the famous work is to a certain degree paradoxical yet more profound, for it is in this novelette that man?s conflict and unity with nature are both included and the ecologically-oriented moral lessons are given to the readers.

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Acknowledgements

My foremost and deepest heartfelt thanks should go to my supervisor, Mrs. Zhang Li. Without her inspiration, strict guidance, far-seeing direction, and time-consuming correction, this thesis would have never been finished. My sincere thanks also go to my college and my department. During the four years? studying, they had given me the professional guidance and advice on my major and also on my personality. I want to show my deep appreciation on them for the trouble they have taken. Finally, I?m especially indebted to my classmates and my friends for their wide-ranging knowledge and critical acumen have led to many improvements in the selection of this topic and how to make those meaningful.

So I give my sincere appreciation to all these people for their professional and considerate assistance to me.

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