一.《英语写作》精讲复习
一、《英语写作》课程简介
《英语写作》是英语专业本科段一门重要的实践课程，是英语专科阶段英语写作基础的继续。
我认为《英语写作》和《英语写作基础》是英语写作的两个层次，即遣词造句和布局谋篇两个层次。前者更多地注重语言形式，以句子、段落为写作核心，后者注重整篇文章的结构合理，脉络清晰，强调整体感。因此《英语写作》学习要特别注意英语篇章结构的把握。《英语写作》重点教授的是如何用英语写好记叙文、描写文、说明文以及议论文等，而其中又以说明文和议论文为中心。
《英语写作》考核重点
《英语写作》的考核目标和出题原则在《考试大纲》中有明确的阐述。根据历年考题看，考核重点有以下三点：
1. 应考生能写出内容充实，具有一定广度和深度的说明文和议论文；
2. 要熟练掌握提纲及提要；
3. 写作速度每小时250-300词。
《英语写作》备考方法
1. 注重过程，勤写多改
2. 布局谋篇，分析范文
3. 广泛阅读，多想善思
《英语写作》不同于其它像《英语词汇学》、《欧洲文化入门》等知识性课程，它是实践性的，技能性的课程。对于英语写作的学习不能像学习知识性课程那样，只记忆知识脉络，就可以了，它需要考生功在平时，勤写多改，锻炼自己英语基本能力；英语写作有自己的规律性。在有限的时间那，要从一些散乱的、突发的、只言片语的想法发展到一篇结构合理，逻辑清晰的文章谈何容易？因此，考生在平时就要注重写作过程的练习，自觉遵从写作的流程。英语写作是要遵循一定的过程的。并不是信手拈来，或是急就章。一般来讲，一篇英语文章的完成，要经过构思，整理，撰写大纲，一稿，二稿，终稿。学生要遵循英语写作流程，才会有长远的进步。只有把握住了写作流程，才会高屋建瓴，从总体上布局谋篇，而不是“只见树木，不见树林”。一些考生写作不打草稿，随性而致，势必会影响作文的质量，这是不可取的。
《英语写作》重视整篇文章的撰写，注意布局谋篇，因此考生要仔细阅读教材相关章节，详细分析范文，把理论和实践相结合，将理论深化，内化为自己的写作指南。能够做到见到文章能抽象出文章的结构，见到题目能理出自己的写作思路，框架和结构。这正是考试撰写大纲和文章写作的考核目的所在。因此，考生们要对英语典型的篇章结构了如指掌，做到心中有数。做题时方能游刃有余。
《英语写作》还需要考生善于把握当下热点问题，并能就此发表个人看法，因此广泛阅读，多想善思会对英语写作大有裨益。考生可以从其它英语课程或是英文报刊等英语资源中汲取好的词汇，语句，结构，甚至是好的观点为我所用。其次，写作和阅读密不可分，相辅相成；考试对补齐段落和撰写大纲的考察都需要较强的阅读能力作为后盾，如果文章理解都出现问题，何来对补齐段落和撰写大纲；对英语写作的结构的了解反过来可以帮助考生提高阅读理解能力，特别是把握文章总体思想的能力。考生若能细心研习，必会大受其益。
二、考试题型及分析
高等教育自学考试《英语写作》考试满分100分，考试时间为150分钟。全部题目用英文做答。其形式相对固定，大题有三项：
I. 补充段落
Supplying the missing paragraph （20 points）
The following passage is incomplete with one paragraph （introductory； body or conclusive） missing. Study the passage carefully and write the missing paragraph missing paragraph of about 100 words. Make sure that the tone and vocabulary you use are in unity with the passage provided.
II. 撰写大纲
Write an outline （20 points）
Read the following passage carefully and compose a “sentence outline” for it. Sometimes the passage is from the textbook.
III.文章写作
Composition （60 points）
从考察的内容看，考察的核心是英语的篇章结构，无论是补齐段落还是撰写大纲都不是孤立进行的，补齐的段落要和整篇文章衔接，做到整体如一；撰写的大纲是对篇章结构的直接考察，即考察考生从文章中抽象出结构的能力；文章写作考察整篇文章写作的综合能力。从考试形式上看，既考察学生句子，段落写作能力，也考察篇章写作能力。补齐对话考察段落写作，撰写提纲考察句子写作，文章写作考察篇章写作能力。因此，对《英语写作》的学习要牢牢把握一条红线，那就是要熟悉英语文章的篇章结构。具体的解题技巧我们将在课程讲解后给大家做详细的指导。
三、《英语写作》课程讲解
（一）写作格式要求（Format）
有一句话，大家可能都知道，叫“文如其人”，英文是“The style is the man himself”。从一个人的行文就能看出他的品德，品性。整洁的文风不仅是对读者的尊重，更是对自己的尊重。这从一个侧面说明了写作格式的重要性，它是写作的“面子”，马虎不的。一些考生认为，作文注重内容，不注重形式。这是一种误解，干净整洁的文章使人耳目一新，急于阅读，使人对作者产生一种办事认真，思路清晰的第一印象。相反，杂乱无章，急就章式的文字使人觉得作者思维混乱，不知所云。设想一下在阅卷时间紧迫，任务繁重的情况下，给阅卷人留下良好的第一印象是多么的重要啊！另外，严格的写作格式要求是英语写作不可分割的一部分，学习英语写作就必须遵守英语写作的规范，否则就不成其为英语写作。
总体上讲，英语写作格式要给人留下整洁，清晰的印象。具体写作时，要注意以下几点：
1. 页边距（The margins）
2. 题目位置：第一行居中。
3. 题目中单词的大小写（Capitalization in titles）
每个单词的第一个字母要大写，但是下列除外：冠词，少于四个字母的介词，并列连词如and， or， but， nor， for， to 等。题目的第一个单词必须大写。
4. 题目中的标点（Punctuation in titles）
题目可以是问句；论文题目，直接引要加引号；书名要用斜体。
5. 段落缩进（The indention of each paragraph）
每段第一行要缩进4-5个字母；练习时，隔行写便于教师批阅。考试时，不必要。标点符号后要空格。
写作格式要求主要是一个习惯养成问题，考生在写作时要多加注意，养成习惯。
（二）撰写大纲的基本要求
撰写大纲是英语写作的重要一步，也是英语写作考试重点考察的内容之一。因此，考生应该给以足够的重视。大纲指的是一篇文章的总体结构。撰写大纲能力的高低反应考生总体把握英语篇章能力的强弱。在《英语写作》考试中，它有两种表现形式：一是根据文章写出其大纲；一是根据题目编写大纲，构思文章。前者是考试直接考察的，既考察大纲的形式也考察其内容。后者是间接考察的，即在文章写作一题中，考生在构思时所用的大纲。它是写好一篇文章的前提和基础。这里我们着重讲解撰写大纲的形式要求，而对如何针对文章撰写大纲的考试技巧和写作过程中的大纲撰写将在后面的章节中加以详细论述。
撰写英语大纲要遵循以下基本原则
1. 部分若含有分项（sub points），则分项不能少于两个。即有“1”必有“2”，有“A”必有“B”，依次类推。处于同一地位的分项要具有同样的重要性，安排要合乎逻辑。分项要用相同的语法结构来表达。
2. 不要将话题大纲（a topic outline）和句子大纲（a sentence outline）相混淆。英语大纲有两种形式：话题大纲和句子大纲。顾名思义，话题大纲由名词短语，动名词短语，不定式短语等构成。句子大纲由完整的句子构成。两者泾渭分明，不得混用。
3. 话题大纲的第一个字母要大写，短语后不必点句号；句子大纲要遵循英语句子的标点规范。但是在序列号中每一个罗马字母，大写字母，阿拉伯数字或是小写字母后要加句号，加了括号后不再加句号。
4. 大纲序列号如下：
I. 罗马字母
A. 大写字母
1. 阿拉伯数字
a. 小写字母
1） 带括号的阿拉伯数字
a） 带括号的小写字母
5.大纲实例
话题大纲：（教材P17）
I. Kindness to Mum
A. Warm language
B. Help with housework
II. Kindness to children
A. My own experience
B. His talk to my classmate
III. Kindness to our neighbours
A. His help of the Wangs
1. Quilts
2. Dinner
3. Consolidation
B. His help of the Changs
1. Renting a car for the troubled
2. Borrowing money for them
句子大纲（教材P15）
I. Father loves mother most kindly.
A. He never hurts Mom with harsh words
B. He tries his best to help Mom with the homework.
II. Father reasons with us children when we do things wrong.
A. He reasoned with me when I took his favorite record of music out to show off and damaged it
B. He reasoned with my classmate Hong when we quarreled.
III. Father kept helping our neighbors out of trouble.
A. He helped the Wangs when their house caught fire.
1. He gave them our new quilts.
2. He invited them to eat in our home.
3. He comforted them.
B. He helped the Changs when their baby was terribly ill.
1. He stopped a car and went to the hospital with the baby and mother.
2. He borrowed money from friends to cover the hospital expenses.
（三）写作类型——记叙文，描写文
英语写作类型（Types of Writing）主要有四种：记叙文（Narration），描写文（Description），说明文（Exposition）和议论文（Argumentation）。记叙文和描写文在考试中出现的频率很低，几乎不作直接考察，我们只是简单一带而过。记叙文就是讲故事，而且往往是让人在听完或读完故事后有所思考，这就是记叙文的写作目的（可能是隐含的也可能是外显的）。讲故事要先交待清楚故事的语境即时间，地点和人物，然后依据时间顺序展开情节（这里说得是最常见的顺叙，当然还有倒叙，插叙等），讲故事时要注意叙事的角度（第一人称还是第三人称），故事的跌宕起伏（起端，发展，高潮和结局）。
描写文，简单的说就是用语言文字的笔来绘画，画一副人物肖像，画一副地点画，画一副静物画，画一副场景画等。用画笔作画，最重要的是颜色的淡妆浓抹，描写靠的是文字的力量，例如形容词，副词的使用等。但是无论如何画，都要给人留下一个深刻的印象，这一印象就是描写文的写作目的。因此，同学们在写描写文时要围绕着这一印象（中心）来组织写作。
虽然说记叙文和说明文两种文体在英语写作考试中不直接考察，但是它们的作用不容忽视，它们可以被广泛地应用在说明文、议论文的引言段和举例中，能增加说明文和议论文的可读性，趣味性。
（四）写作类型——说明文
说明文（Exposition）是为了解释或阐述某一问题，某一过程或是关系的写作类型。其目的是通过解释，使人明白某件事情，明白如何去做一件事情，或是明白一件事情的原因，及其引发的后果等。
1.总体结构
说明文有比较明确的行文模式，初学者应该对此加以熟悉，才能写好说明文。大致来讲，说明文分为三个部分，五个段落（可适当增加一两个段落）。一个引言段，三个主体段，一个结论段。可参见下图：
2. 引言段（Introduction）
这一段落的主要目的有两个：引入讨论的话题（topic），并缩小讨论范围，提出论点。因此这一段落最为常见的发展模式就是从一般到具体，从宽泛到合适。通常来讲，我们不直接将观点（thesis）摆出来，而是应该有一些过渡，逐渐的从宽到窄，在引言段的最后提出观点。
a. 引入话题
引入话题的方法和手段很多，例如提供相关背景知识，引用名人名言，名人轶事，善用描写，记叙等手段对某一现象加以描述等。总而言之，引言要简练，自然流畅，能抓住读者的兴趣。大家在阅读范文时要有意识地分析文章的引言段，看作者是如何引入话题的，自己可以仿写。这对写作能力的提高帮助很大。例如下面几个例子。
The other day， I announced that I would go abroad for further studies right after my college education. My decision evoked the immediate objection of my family： Why？ Why should I borrow a huge sum of money for overseas studies while I might receive the same education at home at relatively low cost？ My answer is： in addition to knowledge， I can gain experiences that those who stay at home will never have.
在这一段落中，作者用个人经历引出主题：海外留学，接着描写家人的反对，和反对的理由。作者使用疑问句，表达了家人的疑问，又为后面作者提出论点做了准备。衔接流畅，一气呵成。
Telecommuting refers to office workers spending much of their time working at home and communicating with their companies through their computers. With the development of computer technologies， it is growing fast and expected to be common for most office workers in the coming decades. The use of telecommuting， however， may trigger major changes to corporate structure， workers' lifestyles and even urban planning.
这一段落中，首先对大家比较陌生的术语telecommuting做了解释，引出远程办公这一主题，然后描写这种办公形式的发展趋势，作者利用however一转，提出自己的观点。
About one of man's frailties Thomas Wolfe wrote， “he talks of the future and he wastes it as it comes.” This observation is related to a principle by which I try （without always succeeding） to live. I believe living in the present because it is futile to dwell on the past， to worry about the future， or to miss anything in the only reality I know.
这一段落中，作者引用Wolfe的名言来引入话题，然后点出自己的论点。
2. 观点/中心思想（Thesis）
观点是说明文的核心，题眼或是灵魂。一篇好的说明文一定要观点明确，简洁明了，具有震撼力。它是一篇文章的总结，它类似于初级写作中段落的主题句，但是它是涵盖全篇的，可能会包含几个主题句。说明文的观点可以直接地表述出来，也可以隐含的表述。但就英语写作学习者来讲，我们提倡明示的观点，而且要对观点进行认真的思考，提炼，要下足功夫。
简单来讲，观点就是作者对某件事情，某种现象的看法，或是对事物要说明的角度等。语法上来讲，一般情况下它是一个陈述句，即 Thesis = Topic + aspects/Opinion.主语往往是主题（Topic），谓语，宾语，状语或是定语往往是作者的观点和说明角度。例如：
主语 - 话题Topic 谓语，宾语 - 观点Opinion
The use of telecommuting， however， may trigger major changes
Price promotions will do damage to a good brand.
Studying overseas had both advantages and disadvantages.
这里说的只是一般形式，在现实中我们还会把我们的观点用各种语言句式表达出来，甚至会很复杂，大大超过了简单的Topic + Opinion形式。例如：These skiers， I discovered， could be divided into distinct categories - for my own entertainment and for the purpose of findings appropriate skiing partners.
好的论点要暗含文章的总体结构。例如In choosing a major， a student has to consider various factors， such as personal interest， job opportunities and the availability of training. 但是万变不离其宗，观点总是中心，而语言表现形式只是外在。因此，在考试解答大纲撰写题，和补齐段落题的阅读阶段，就应该透过复杂的表现形式把握观点的主旨；短文写作时要先确定观点，再推敲确定语言表达形式。
c. 正文部分
说明文正文部分我们一般写三个段落。也就是对观点展开论述。这里涉及到的是段落写作。相信大家在初级写作阶段，已经掌握了段落写作的要领。这里一带而过，段落写作要注意段落的一致性（unity），发展性（Development）和连贯性（Coherence）。
1）一致性（unity）
即文章中所有内容都要围绕这文章的中心思想。我们可以具体从两个方面来加以保证。一是，三个段落的内容通过主题句（Topic Sentences）紧扣引言部分的中心思想。如下图：
例如一篇文章
主题是Turning Failure into Success，
中心思想是“Too much emphasis on success is not a good thing.”
主题句1 Certain kinds of success can indeed be destructive.
主题句2. Success that comes too early is also damaging.
主题句3. Success is also bad when it's achieved at the cost of the quality of an experience.
第二，就是每一个段落内容都要围绕自己的主题句思想展开。要做到这一点，作为段落灵魂的主题句（Topic Sentence）一般放在段落的开始较好，后面是若干支持句。
例如：
主题句：These days lifestyles seem to change fast.
支持句1. It is more than just clothing and hairstyle that are in style one year and out or date the next； it's a whole way of living.
支持句2. One year people wear sunglasses on top of their heads and wear jeans and boots； they drink white wine and eat sushi at Japanese restaurants； for exercise they jog several miles a day.
支持句3. However， the next year they notice that everything has changed.
支持句4. Women wear long skirts； people drink expensive water from France and eat pasta at Italian restaurants； everyone seems to be exercising at health clubs.
2）发展性（Development）
就是要充分发展段落主题思想。通过不同的角度，用想尽的事实例证来说明。有了主题句，要把一个段落写好，称为well-developed paragraph，需要了解一些常用的段落发展技巧办法。
举例法（Exemplification）
Americans generally like a lot of physical space in their organizational lives. Many American clichés point to this： “Give me some space，” “Get out of my face，” “Back off.” Hand shakes last only a second or so. If two passengers remain after a crowded elevator has emptied， they immediately take chance like steps to their respective corners.
数据法（Statistics）
English becomes the most taught language in the world. Two hundred and fifty million Chinese- more than the entire population of the United States- study English in eighty-nine countries， English is either a common second language or widely studied. In France， state-run secondary schools require students to study four years of English or German， most- at least 85 percent- choose English. In Japan， secondary students are required to take six years of English before graduation.
对比分析（Contrast）
Unfortunately， doing things badly has gone out of style. It used to be a mark of class if a lady or a gentleman sang a little， painted a little， played the violin a little. You didn't have to be good at it； the point was to be fortunate enough to have the leisure time for such pursuits. But in today's competitive world we have to be “experts” even in our hobbies.
类比法（Analogy）
A western-style conversation between two people is like a game of tennis. If I introduce a topic， a conversational ball， I expect you to hit it back. If you agree with me， I don't expect you simply to agree and do nothing more. I expect you to add something - a reason for agreeing， another example， or a remark to carry the idea further. But I don't expect you always to agree. I am just as happy if you question me， or challenge me， or completely disagree with me. Whether you agree or disagree， your response will return the ball to me.
权威法（Authoritative statements）
Timing is another factor. “If you took George Washington and put him in 20th century he would go nowhere as a politician，” declared Deam Leoth Simonton， a professor of psychology at the university of California， “he was not an effective public speaker， and he didn't like shaking hands with the public. On the other hand， I am not sure Franklin Roosevelt would have done well in Washington's time.”
3）连贯性（Coherence）
是英语写作中很重要的一个原则。它是指文章中的句子之间，段落之间彼此相互关联，衔接自然。句子间的连接主要是靠连接词来完成。（重要连接词参见附录。）
过渡词表示逻辑意义可以分为一下几类：
A. 表举例的
For example， for instance， as a case in point， in the case of， as a illustration， such as， like， that is， say.
B. 表示比较的
Similarly， likewise， in the same manner， the same … as， like， both， equally important
C. 表示对照的
On the contrary， on the other hand， by contrast， unlike， whereas， rather than， conversely， instead， the opposite is true.
D. 表示让步的
Although， though， nevertheless， however， but， yet， admittedly， it is true… but， in spite of， even though.
E. 表示原因的
Because， as， since， for， owing to， due to， as a result of， on account of
F. 表示结果的
Thus， so， hence， consequently， therefore， accordingly， for this reason， as a consequence
G. 表示强调的
Chiefly， especially， indeed， in fact， certainly， particularly， to be sure， actually， above all， most important， worse， as a matter of fact， no doubt
H. 表示梯进的
First， second， in the first place， in the second place， next， also， besides， furthermore， moreover， in addition， what is more， for one thing， not only… but also.
I. 表示时间的
Earlier， previous， formerly， before， after， as， until， meanwhile， latter， afterwards， next.
J. 表示结论的
In conclusion， in short， on the whole， finally， lastly， to sum up， to conclude， in any event.
K. 表示空间
Above， across， beyond， in front of， next to， opposite， under， below， nearby， close to
d. 结论
说明文的结论往往是对观点和中心思想进行重新的叙述，总结全文，提出某一问题的解决方案，或是对某一事件进行预测，提出警示，得到的启发等。但是结论切忌在引出新话题，要简洁自然。
（五）说明文类型
有时为了更好的把某一抽象的事物说明清楚，说明文会采用一些方法，这些方法又直接的影响到整篇说明文的篇章结构。这些说明文总体上仍然遵循说明文的一般结构形式，即五段作文法，但是由于采用了一些特殊方法，这些说明文在行文内部会有一些变化。我们要讨论一下，因为它不仅帮助我们如何写好说明文，还对撰写大纲和补齐段落有巨大的提示意义。这些写法主要有：过程法，分类法，对比法，和原因/结果分析。
1. 过程法（Process Analysis）
过程是如何做事情的步骤。过程有两类，指令性（the directional type）和信息性（the informative type）。前者指提供说明，指导读者去做一件事情。有称为“How-to essay”。一般使用第二人称，句法形式往往是祈使句，时态为现在时。参见课本（P118）例文。后者信息型过程说明事情是如何工作的，一件物品是如何制作的等等。（P120）过程分析的基本行文结构是：引言段表明所要说明的过程的名称和写作目的，所需的原料工具等。正文部分按照时间先后顺序，说明各个步骤。结论强调说明的目的，让读者感到有所收获。具体模式情参照附录。
2. 分类法（Division/Classification）
对说明复杂的事物时，我们经常使用分类法。使用分类法要注意分类标准的选择要有意义，避免重复分类，不要采用两分法，也不宜分类太过琐细。分类法的观点（Thesis）的表述有一定的规律，经常含有这一类的词语， “types，” “kinds”， “categories”等。；例如Sports fans fall into four types.较为复杂的表述句型是：In order to explain…… clearly， it can be divided into …… categories by the criteria of ……。分类法的行文结构符合五段式写法，引言段引出观点（以分类的方法表述），正文段一类为一段，主题句为分类句。结论同其它说明文。参见P139.
3. 对比法（Comparison and contrast）
一般来说，comparison强调两个事物的相同点，而Contrast强调两个事物的不同点。显而易见的异同不要写，关键在于貌似相似的事物找出不同或是相反。要注意使用平行结构。运用对比法的说明文的观点（Thesis）要依据写作目的，并要点明是要说明相同或是不同。典型的分析见课本P185.写作过程中要注意连词的使用。
对比法行文结构有两大类：主题型subject-by-subject和要点型point-by-point.具体模式参见下表。前者适用于简短的话题写作，后者适合复杂问题写作。典型课文分析参见课本Page 188
4. 原因/影响分析Cause and Effect
原因分析和影响分析是我们经常见到的一种说明文类型。它们是相互依存的，我们指导某一项结果/影响是由一些原因引起的，对这些原因的说明就是原因分析；同理，一件事情可能会带来各种结果和影响，对这些结果和影响的说明就是结果分析。例如我们分析春运火车票价格上调的原因，就是原因分析；分析火车票价格上调带来什么样的后果，就是结果分析……其典型结构如下：引言段引入问题和现象，并提出论点。正文部分三段，每一段写一个原因和影响；结论提出解决问题的方案或是对问题做出评价。典型范文分析见课本P161.
（六）议论文（Argumentation）
在写作实践中，不少学生经常搞不清楚原因分析说明文和议论文的差别，因为两者都是要说明理由。我们只作简单的区别。说明文中的原因分析往往只是对某一社会现象的原因进行分析，所涉的话题往往具有普遍性，原因也具有客观性。说明文中作者不直接表述自己的好恶和倾向。说明文有一类是要作者说明自己做某件事的理由，这样的原因分析可以叫做理由分析。它所涉及到的话题就比较主观，作者的主观性很强烈。理由分析在写作考试中经常出现。而议论文是指作者对某一问题发表自己的见解，论证自己见解的合理性，它所表达的是作者主观的看法，它往往要首先要简短的描述他人观点，树立靶子，然后批驳别人在这一问题上的看法，指出其合理成分，更多的是批判，最后论证自己的观点。由此可以看出，理由描写是介于说明文和议论文中的一种过渡。
议论文的突出特点就是要树立靶子，进行批驳。我们称之为Countering the Opposition.议论文的写作和说明文的写作模式基本相同，但是要加入counter the opposition 段落。也就是说，议论文我们写成六段，引言段，反拨段，论证三段和结论。议论文要注重论据的使用，经常用的方法有定义法，事实法，举例法，引言法，数字法等，参见课本P220.典型课文分析参见课本P223.
四、题型写作技巧
在复习完英语写作内容后，我们就每一题型分析一下解题思路，希望对大家有所帮助。写作考试试题类型有三种，补齐段落，撰写大纲和篇章写作。我们分别说一下解题思路。
1. 补齐段落
这个题目占到考试总分的20%，考查目的是考查学生对英语篇章的整体把握和段落写作。解答此类题目，要遵循审题，阅读理解，写作的步骤。
这一题目审题要点有三点：1）补齐的段落是引言，正文还是结论段落；2）字数要求是100字；3）要和原文保持连贯（Unity），具体讲要做到语气一致，用词一致，语法句子复杂程度一致。前两点很容易把握，关键在第三点。语气一致就是要弄清楚作者对话题的态度，写作目的和中心思想。词汇一致指的是选词要和原文相符合，看原文用词是正式，学术词汇还是非正式的，日常用语。句法一致是指所补段落的句式复杂程度要和原文一致，是简单句为主还是复杂句为主。搞清楚这些以后，就要带着这些问题来进行阅读，找出相关信息。要阅读并理解文章的观点（Thesis），作者态度；阅读并理解文章的大纲，阅读并理解文章的重要细节；阅读并理解文章段落间的衔接，尤其是所缺段落与前文的联系。最后开始写作，引言段写作要遵循一般到具体的原则，引出话题，点明论点，论点可通过总结正文各段主题句或是结论中获得；正文段写作要注意从引言段论点出发，结合正文段其它段落主题句，确定本段主题句，还要注意和相邻正文前一段落的最后和后一段的第一句。结论段要重述论点，总结全文，注意和前一段落结尾的联系。
2. 大纲写作
大纲写作占整个考试的20%.要求考生在阅读并理解文章的基础上，写出文章的大纲。它着重考查考生大纲写作能力，当然阅读能力是基础。做这一题型时要，注意阅读的质量，切忌边读边写。要先通读原文，再进行写作。写作过程中要注意这几个问题：
a. 审题，确定要写的是句子型还是话题型大纲。
b.先明确话题和论点并写下来。话题就是题目，论点往往出现在引言段最后一句。
c.注意正文段第一、二句，锁定各段主题句。这时要注意，有些时候需要合并自然段形成较大的段落。看作者总体谋篇使用了何种方法。
d. 细节要适当，不可过简或是过细。
d.结论段
3. 篇章写作
在考试中所占的比重很大，占到60%.综合考查学生的写作水平。考题往往是由某一现象引出，然后询问考生观点，然后要考生写出一篇约为300字的说明文或是议论文。考生要认真阅读题目，确定自己的写作论点，严格按照英语写作流程进行写作，先构思，写出大致的大纲，再进行写作。写作大纲时，要适当考虑应该采用的论证或是说明方法，以便进行总体的布局谋篇。写作一稿完成后，一定要进行检查，修改。
例如20##年下半年的英语写作试题篇章写作题目是：Teachers pay little attention to those school failures， assuming that academic failure means failure in everything. What do you think of this attitude？ Write a short argumentative essay （about 300 words） explaining your view. 通过审题我们应该看到，教师对学生在学校的一些失败重视不够，只注重学习成绩上的失败，认为学习成绩上的失败就意味着一切的失败。我们得出的论点应该是，除学习成绩上的失败外还有其它一些学学校失败，学习成绩上的失败不一定意味着一切的失败，我们可以进一步压缩这一论点使它更加具体和可操作。我们采用举例的方法来进行论证。这是一篇议论文，我们就要遵循前面讲的议论文六段写法。然后写出大致的大纲。
引言段：引出论点This kind of attitude towards school failure is not appropriate for the full development of young students.
反拨段：Academic failure is important among the school failures. For example， students' main task in school is to acquire knowledge and master skills. They are expected to have a good academic achievement. However， this emphasis is too much.
正文段：1. Besides，there are other school failures deserving attention for the students' full development.
正文段：2. Academic failure doesn't necessary lead to failure in everything.
正文段：3. Academic success is not the only factor attributing to one's success.
结论段：We need balance our attention to the school failures for the full development of the students.
然后进行文章写作，一定要对一稿进行修改，然后清晰的誊抄在试卷上。
好，关于高教自考英语写作的串讲，我就讲到这里，祝大家考试过关。
六、补充资料
Topics for Discussion
Directions： You are allowed 50 minutes to write an essay about 300 words on the following topic.
1.Divorce in China （Causes）
Since 1980， divorce rate in China has increased rapidly as shown in the following graph. What are the causes for it？
2. Teenage smoking （Causes）
Teenage smoking has become a serious problem. The number of youngsters smoking cigarettes has increased dramatically as shown in the following paragraph. What are the causes for the phenomenon？ Give your explanation.
3. Factors for success （Causes）
Many statistical facts suggest that the smartest children may not become successful in their later career. How to explain the phenomenon？ What factors lead to success？ Give your explanation.
4. Going abroad for success （Reasons）
Going abroad for studies costs a large sum of money. But even so it attracts many young people. Do you like to join them if you have an opportunity？ Why？ Give your reasons.
5. Enthusiasm for A master's Degree （Reasons）
In recent years more and more young people are pursuing a Master's degree. What are your personal reasons if you happen to be one of them？
6. Children under Pressure （Reasons/ arrangement）
Now young children are under extreme academic pressure. For example， they have to spend more than 5 hours everyday on homework before they go to bed. What cause them to do so？ What kinds of specific pressure are they？ Suggest some ways to change it if possible？
7. Job Problems for College Graduates （Causes/arrangement）
Now college graduates come to realize that it is not easy to get a rewarding job. Many of them can't get a job right after graduation as shown in the graph. What are the causes？ Give your explanations.
8. Why space exploration （Reasons）
It seems that Russia has difficulty sustaining its space program because of the huge sum of funding. But even so America， Russia and other countries plan to build more space stations. Do you think it is worthwhile？ What reasons can explain their interest in building space stations？
9. School Students Attending Foreign College （Causes）
Compared with 5 years ago， more school students now go abroad for college studies， a tendency which can be shown in the following graph. How to explain the phenomenon？ What are the causes？
10. Keeping dogs as pets （Causes）
The number of people who keep dogs as pets has greatly increased in recent years. Please explain the causes for the phenomenon.
11. College Examination （Effects）
It is said that college examinations have some bad effects on both students and teachers， though they do a good job in the evaluation of the students' performance. What are these effects？ Explain in detail.
12. Effects of success （Effects）
While most people pursue success， either academic or professional， some believe that success is not always a good thing. What do you think of it？ What kind of adverse effects it may produce？
13. Population explosion （Effects）
World population has increased alarmingly， as shown in the following graph. What do you think？ What problems it brings？
14. City problems （Effects）
While people flood into big cities to seek jobs and happy life， there is a tendency for people to move out. What's wrong with big cities？ What problems they have？
15. Telecommuting （Effects）
With the development of the Internet technology， a new way of corporate working —— telecommuting has emerged. What do you think of it？ What effects or changes it will produce？
16. Privacy of famous people （Causes - effects ）
Newspapers and magazines have special interest in the private lives of famous people. What can you explain it？ What effect it will have on the people being exposed？ And what is your opinion？
17. College lectures （Causes - Effects）
College lectures now enjoy less popularity among students， as shown in the following questionnaire conduc
What do you think of the lecture method？
For 26%
Against 41%
Neither for nor against 33%
Why are college lectures unpopular？ And what harmful effects do they have on students as well as teachers？ What suggestion do you have？
18. Modes of traveling （preferable comparison）
There are two popular modes of traveling. One is to join the package tour， another is to travel individually. Which one do you prefer？ Give reasons to illustrate your choice.
19. Movie goers and TV viewers （Preferable Comparison）
The graph below shows that the number of people going to movies is declining while the number of TV movie viewers keeps claming. What do you prefer： seeing films through TV at home or going to the movie houses？
20. Knowledge or Experience （ Balanced Comparison）
Some emphasize book knowledge； others stress practical experience. Which one is more important？ Give your reasons to illustrate your opinion.
21. Ways of studies （Balanced comparison）
In colleges and universities， some students spend more time after class on individual studies， while others like to attend lectures of different kinds. What do you think of two kinds of studies？ Which one do you prefer？ Give your reasons.
22. Forms of transportation （preferable； subject-by-subject comparison）
There are three popular forms of transportation when people when people consider traveling long distances. They are trains， buses， and planes. Which form do you prefer？ Give reasons to illustrate your choice？
23. Where to buy houses （preferable； subject-by-subject comparison）
There is a tendency to buy houses in the suburbs. Why so people tend to move out of the city center？ What are the advantages and disadvantages of living in the city center and in the suburbs？
24. Chinese Children and American Children （Balanced； Point-by-point comparison）
Chinese children are different in several ways from American children. What characteristics of children of the two nations. Tell the difference between them.
25. Big company or small company （Preferable； point-by-point comparison）
What are the advantages and disadvantages of working in the big and small companies？ What is your choice if you are a college graduate？
26. Where old sick people go （Mixed comparison）
There is a tendency among adults couples to send their parents to the nursing home when they are old and sick， which can be seen in the graph. But still others select to continue living with them. Which do you prefer？ Give your reasons to illustrate your choice.
27. Modern technology of traditional culture （Mixed comparison）
It is inevitable that as modern technology develops， traditional culture is in the danger of being lost. What do you prefer if you are forced to make a choice？
28. The Internet （Comment； support）
The internet is becoming popular in people's daily life. While people enjoy its benefit， they are also worried about its side effects. What are different opinions of it？ What is your attitude towards it？
29. Old technologies （Comment； support）
It is said that American students are incapable of simple addition and most Chinese students can't use the abacus. Do you think it is a bad thing？ What is your attitude？
30. Work part-time （Comment； support）
The study shows that American college students taking part-time jobs outnumbers their Chinese counterparts though more and more Chinese students begin to work part-time. What are the reasons and what is your attitude toward college students taking part-time jobs？
31. ON Euthanasia （Comment； oppose）
Euthanasia， a mercy killing， has become a heated topic recently. What's your attitude towards it？ Give your reasons to support your opinion.
32. Question of living together （Comment； oppose）
In the last few years， many college students have rented houses to live off the campus with their partners of different sex. What do you think of the phenomenon？ What's your attitude toward it？
33. Price promotions （Comment； oppose）
Nowadays， many consumer goods companies turn to price promotions under pressure to boost sales. What do you think of price promotion？ What's your attitude toward it？
34. Study overseas （Comment； mixed opinion）
Studying overseas is getting popular. It not only appeals to college students， but to school students as well. What is its advantage？ And what is its disadvantages？What is your attitude？
35. Dink family （Comment； mixed opinion）
Most people have a child after they get married. But now there are a growing number of unconventional couples who choose to have a childless life. What's your opinion of it？ Give reasons to support it.
36. On modern technology （Comment； mixed opinion）
In the last 20 years， modern technologies develop very rapidly. Cloning is one example. But it also provokes a wide concern among the public. What do you think the rapid development of modern technologies like cloning？ Do you think the concern is justified？
37. Lose weight （Ways）
Young people tend to lose weight in one way or another. But few succeed. How to effectively reduce weight？ Suggest ways.
38. Suicide among students （Ways）
There is a rise in the academic suicides among students. Suggest some preventive measures.
39. Job interviews （Ways）
Many students pay much attention to personnel appearance and academic credentials in job interviews. What do you think are the secrets of a successful interview？ Suggest some.
40. Cheating on exams （Ways）
Cheating on exams is on the rise at colleges and universities across the nation. What are its harmful effects？ And how to stop different forms of cheating？ Give some suggestions.
41. A Brief Introduction to a Tourist Attraction （Process Analysis）
Your role： a tour guide
Your audience： a group of foreign tourists
Your Introduction should include：
Some welcoming words
The schedule for the day
A description of the place the tourists will be visiting （e.g. a scenic spot or a historical site， etc.）
You should make the introduction interesting and the arrangements for the day clear to everybody.
42. Different types of students （Classification）
On campus， college students can be divided into different groups according to their study habits. How would you classify them？ And what is your attitude towards students of each type？
43. Decision-making （Comment； preferable）
“It is better to make a wrong decision than to make no decision at all.” Do you agree or disagree with this statement？ Give your reasons.
44. Vocabulary learning （Ways； classification）
In English there are so many new words. It is always a headache to English learners. Can you explain how to learn English words？
45. TV commercials （comment； classification）
Commercials in TV are common these days. What is your opinion toward it？
46. Keeping pets （comment； argumentation）
Some people keep animals as pets， regarding them as friends who can accompany them and bring them pleasure. Other people are strongly against this， for they think that it wastes time， energy and money to raise animals. Write a short argumentative essay （about 300 words） explaining your point of view.
46. Computer dominance （comment； argumentation）
With the rapid development of electronics， computers are becoming more and more intelligent. Some people have begun to worry that computers will one day become so powerful that may even dominate human species. Write an argumentative easy explaining your point of view. In your writing， underline your thesis and number your paragraphs.
47. Electronics books （comment； argumentation）
In today's world， electronics means of publication have become very popular with both readers and publishers. Are electronic texts likely to replace books？ Write a short argumentative essay （about 300 words） explaining your point of view. In your writing， underline your thesis and number your paragraphs.
48. TV and films （support； argumentation）
As the TV play became more and more popular， it was argued that this new form of entertainment would cause the film to die. Fortunately， this has not happened. The two have continued to flourish side by side. Write a short argumentative essay （about 300 words） explaining your point of view. In your writing， underline your thesis and number your paragraphs.
49. Environmental protection
Great importance has been attached to environmental protection over the past decade in China. Write a short expository essay （about 300 words） explaining your point of view. In your writing， underline your thesis and number your paragraphs.
50. Country life and city life
Country life differs from city life in many ways. Write a short expository essay （about 300 words） contrasting country life with city life.
英语写作常见句型
（一）段首句
1. 关于______人们有不同的观点。一些人认为______
There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____.
2. 俗话说（常言道）……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。
There is an old saying______. Its the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today.
3. 现在，______，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，______；其次，______.更为糟糕的是______.
Today， ____， which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First， ____ Second，____. What makes things worse is that______.
4. 现在，______很普遍，许多人喜欢______，因为______，另外（而且）______.
Nowadays，it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______. Besides，______.
5. 任何事物都是有两面性，______也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。
Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages.
6. 关于______人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为（说）______，在他们看来，______
People's opinions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say that ______.To them，_____.
7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题______，这个问题变得越来越严重。
Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious.
8. ______已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。
______ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.
9. ______在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重的问题。
______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.
10. 根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出______.很显然______，但是为什么呢？
According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph，it can be seen that______ while. Obviously，______，but why？
（二）中间段落句
1. 相反，有一些人赞成______，他们相信______，而且，他们认为______.
On the contrary，there are some people in favor of ___.At the same time，they say____.
2. 但是，我认为这不是解决______的好方法，比如______.最糟糕的是______.
But I dont think it is a very good way to solve ____.For example，____.Worst of all，___.
3. ……对我们国家的发展和建设是必不可少的，（也是）非常重要的。首先，______而且______，最重要的是______.
______is necessary and important to our countries development and construction. First，______.What's more， _____.Most important of all______.
4. 有几个可供我们采纳的方法。首先，我们可以______.。
There are several measures for us to adopt. First， we can______
5. 面临______.，我们应该采取一系列行之有效的方法来______.。一方面______.，另一方面，______.
Confronted with______，we should take a series of effective measures to______. For one thing，______For another，______
6. 早就应该拿出行动了。比如说______.，另外______.。所有这些方法肯定会______.。
It is high time that something was done about it. For example. _____.In addition. _____.All these measures will certainly______.
7. 为什么______.？第一个原因是______.；第二个原因是______.；第三个原因是______.。总的来说，______.的主要原因是由于______.
Why______？ The first reason is that ______.The second reason is ______.The third is______. For all this， the main cause of ______due to ______.
8. 然而，正如任何事物都有好坏两个方面一样，_______也有它的不利的一面，象_______.
However， just like everything has both its good and bad sides， ______also has its owndisadvantages， such as ______.
9. 尽管如此，我相信______更有利。Nonetheless， I believe that ______is more advantageous.
10. 完全同意_______这种观点（陈述），主要理由如下：
I fully agree with the statement that ______ because______.
结尾句
1. 就来讲我，我认为_______是合理的。只有这样做，我们才能_______
For my part， I think it reasonable to ________. Only in this way can we _________.
2. 总而言之，我相信_______，只要_______我们就能_______，正如古语说的好_______.
In conclusion， I believe that ______. We can _____ only if _______， just as a proverb says _____.
3. 就我而言，我在某种程度上同意后一种观点。我认为_______
As far as I am concerned， I agree with the latter opinion to some extent. I think that______.
5. 一言一避之，整个社会应该密切关注_______问题。只有这样，我们才能_______
In a word， the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of ______. Only in this way can _________ in future.
6. 人们开始意识到_______的重要性，他们已经开始尽最大努力_______我们相信______
People are coming to realize to the importance of _______. They have begun to try their best to ________. We believe that_______.
7. 总而言之，我们离不开_______但是同时我们必须尽力找出解决可能出现问题的新办法。All in all， we cannot live without_______. But at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.
8. 随着社会的进步，_______因此，_______变的十分紧迫和必须。如果人人都为社会贡献自己的力量，社会将会越来越美好。
With the development of society， _______. So it's urgent and necessary to ________. If every member is willing to contribute himself to the society， it will be better and better.
9. 从上述讨论中，我们可以自然地得出这样的结论_______
From what has been discussed above， we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that _________.
10. 是到_______的时候了，这是一些可能立即实行的措施。
It is high time that_________. Here are some of the measures that might be taken immediately.
11. 解决_______问题的简易方法不是唾手可得。但是对_______的普遍认识可能是超正确方向迈出的第一步。
No easy method can be at hand to the problem of ________. But the common recognition of the importance of ______ might be the first step on the right way.
12. 如果我们不能采取有用的方法来控制时态，一些不好的结果就会出现，因此我们应该做的是_______.
If we cannot take useful means， we may not control this trend， and some undesirable result may come out unexpectedly， so what we should do is _____.
13. 事实已经审查，利弊已经权衡，偏见已经抛弃，不难得出这个结论，那就是________
When the facts are examined， its advantages and disadvantages weighed， and biased opinion cast away， it is not difficult to draw the conclusion that _______.
14. 所有的证据确定了这样一个可靠的结论________
All the available （reliable/conclusive/striking） evidence （analysis） confirms （warrants/points to/goes to/piles up to show） a sound idea （an unshakable view） that_______.
15. 考虑到所有这些因素，我们可以得出结论_______
Taking into account （Judging from） all these factors （evidence offered）， we may safely reach （come to/arrive at） the conclusion that ______……
二.《英语写作》开头和结尾万能公式及句型
一开头万能公式：
1. 开头万能公式一：名人名言
有人问了，“我没有记住名言，怎么办？尤其是英语名言？”，很好办：编！
原理：我们看到的东西很多都是创造出来的，包括我们欣赏的文章也是，所以尽管编，但是一定要听起来很有道理呦！而且没准将来我们就是名人呢！对吧？
经典句型：
A proverb says， “ You are only young once.” (适用于已记住的名言)
It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever. (适用于自编名言)
更多经典句型：
As everyone knows， No one can deny that…
2.开头万能公式二：数字统计
原理：要想更有说服力，就应该用实际的数字来说明。
原则上在议论文当中不应该出现虚假数字的，可是在考试的时候哪管那三七二十一，但编无妨，只要我有东西写就万事大吉了。所以不妨试用下面的句型：
According to a recent survey， about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation.
看起来这个数字文邹邹的，其实都是编造出来的，下面随便几个题目我们都可以这样编造：
Honesty
根据最近的一项统计调查显示，大学生向老师请假的理由当中78%都是假的。
Travel by Bike
根据最近的一项统计调查显示，85%的人在近距离旅行的时候首选的交通工具是自行车。
Youth
根据最近的一项统计调查显示，在某个大学，学生的课余时间的70%都是在休闲娱乐。
Five-day Work Week Better than Six-day Work？
根据最近的一项统计调查显示，98%的人同意每周五天工作日。
更多句型：
A recent statistics shows that …
二结尾万能公式：
1. 结尾万能公式一：如此结论
说完了，毕竟要归纳一番，相信各位都有这样的经历，领导长篇大论，到最后终于冒出个“总而言之”之类的话，我们马上停止开小差，等待领导说结束语。也就是说，开头很好，也必然要有一个精彩的结尾，让读者眼前一亮，这样，你就可以拿高分了！比如下面的例子：
Obviously(此为过渡短语)， we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others.
如果读者很难“显而见之”，但说无妨，就当读者的眼光太浅罢了！
更多过渡短语：
to sum up， in conclusion， in brief， on account of this， thus
更多句型：
Thus， it can be concluded that…， Therefore， we can find that…
2. 结尾万能公式二：如此建议
如果说“如此结论”是结尾最没用的废话，那么“如此建议”应该是最有价值的废话了，因为这里虽然也是废话，但是却用了一个很经典的虚拟语气的句型。拽！
Obviously， it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem.
这里的虚拟语气用得很经典，因为考官本来经常考这个句型，而如果我们自己写出来，你说考官会怎么想呢？
更多句型：
Accordingly， I recommend that some measures be taken.
Consequently， to solve the problem， some measures should be taken.
写作绝招二(文章主体段落三大杀手锏)
一、举实例
思维短路，举实例！提出一个观点，举实例！提出一个方案，举实例！而且者也是我们揭示一个观点最好的方式，任何情况下，只要我们无法继续文章，不管三七二十一，尽管举例子！
In order to attract more customers， advertisers have adopted every possible simulative factor in making ads， such as sound， light， colours， cartoon films and human performance. For instance， to advertise a certain food， advertisers will ask an actor or actress to sit at a table and devour the seemingly delicious food while they fime him or her.
更多句型：
To take … as an example， One example is…， Another example is…， for example
二、做比较
方法：写完一个要点，比较与之相似的；又写完一个要点，再比较与之相反的；
世界上没有同样的指纹，没有相同的树叶，文章亦同，只有通过比较，你才会发现二者的相同点(through comparison)和不同点(through contrast)。下面是一些短语：
相似的比较：
in comparison， likewise， similarly， in the same manner
相反的比较：
on the other hand， conversely， whereas， while， instead， nevertheless， in contrast， on the contrary， compared with …， …
三、换言之
没话说了，可以换一句话再说，让你的文章在多一些字，或者文邹邹地说，是让读者更充分的理解你的观点。
实际就是重复重复再重复！下面的句子实际上就三个字 I love you！
I am enthusiastic about you. That is to say， I love you.
I am wild about you. In other words， I have fallen in love with you.
或者上面我们举过的例子：
I cannot bear it.
可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it.
因此可以这样说：I cannot bear it. That is to say， I cannot put up with it or I am fed up with it.
更多短语：
in more difficult language， in simpler words， put it more simply
三.英语写作教案
第一部分：图表写作套句精选
1.the table shows the changes in the number of……over the period from……to……
该表格描述了在……年之……年间……数量的变化。
2.the bar chart illustrates that……
该柱状图展示了……
3.the graph provides some interesting data regarding……
该图为我们提供了有关……有趣数据。
4.the diagram shows （that）……
该图向我们展示了……
5.the pie graph depicts （that）……
该圆形图揭示了……
6.this is a cure graph which describes the trend of……
这个曲线图描述了……的趋势。
7.the figures/statistics show （that）……
数据（字）表明……
8.the tree diagram reveals how……
该树型图向我们揭示了如何……
9.the data/statistics show （that）……
该数据（字）可以这样理解……
10.the data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that……
这些数据资料令我们得出结论……
11.as is shown/demonstrated/exhibited in the diagram/graph/chart/table……
如图所示……
12.according to the chart/figures……
根据这些表（数字）……
13.as is shown in the table……
如表格所示……
14.as can be seen from the diagram，great changes have taken place in……
从图中可以看出，……发生了巨大变化。
15.from the table/chart/diagram/figure，we can see clearly that……or it is clear/apparent from the chart that……
从图表我们可以很清楚（明显）看到……
16.this is a graph which illustrates……
这个图表向我们展示了……
17.this table shows the changing proportion of a & b from……to……
该表格描述了……年到……年间a与b的比例关系。
18.the graph，presented in a pie chart， shows the general trend in……
该图以圆形图形式描述了……总的趋势。
19.this is a column chart showing……
这是个柱型图，描述了……
20.as can be seen from the graph，the two curves show the flutuation of……
如图所示，两条曲线描述了……的波动情况。
21.over the period from……to……the……remained level.
在……至……期间，……基本不变。
22.in the year between……and……
在……年到……期间……
23.in the 3 years spanning from 1995 through 1998……
1995年至1998三年里……
24.from then on/from this time onwards……
从那时起……
25.the number of……remained steady/stable from （month/year） to （month/year）。
……月（年）至……月（年）……的数量基本不变。
26.the number sharply went up to……
数字急剧上升至……
27.the percentage of……stayed the same between……and……
……至……期间……的比率维持不变。
28.the figures peaked at……in（month/year）
……的数目在……月（年）达到顶点，为……
29.the percentage remained steady at……
比率维持在……
30.the percentage of……is sightly larger/smaller than that of……
……的比例比……的比例略高（低）。
31.there is not a great deal of difference between……and……
……与……的区别不大。
32.the graphs show a threefold increase in the number of……
该图表表明……的数目增长了三倍。
33……decreased year by year while……increased steadily.
……逐年减少，而……逐步上升。
34.the situation reached a peak（a high point at） of[%].
……的情况（局势）到达顶（高）点，为……百分点。
35.the figures/situation bottomed out in……
数字（情况）在……达到底部。
36.the figures reached the bottom/a low point/hit a trough.
数字（情况）达到底部（低谷）。
37.a is ……times as much/many as b.
a是b的……倍。
38.a increased by……
a增长了……
39.a increased to……
a增长到……
40.high/low/great/small/ percentage.
比低高（低）
41.there is an upward trend in the number of……
……数字呈上升趋势。
42.a considerable increase/decrease occurred from……to……
……到……发生急剧上升。
43.from……to……the rate of decrease slow down.
从……到……，下降速率减慢。
44.from this year on，there was a gradual declinel reduction in the……，reaching a figure of……
从这年起，……逐渐下降至……
45.be similar to……
与……相似
46.be the same as……
与……相同
47.there are a lot similarities/differences between……and……
……与……之间有许多相似（不同）之处
48.a has something in common with b
a于b有共同之处。
49.the difference between a and b lies in……
a与b之间的差别在于……
50……（year）witnessed/saw a sharp rise in……
……年……急剧上升。
第二部分：写作常识
一、图形种类及概述法：
泛指一份数据图表：a data graph/chart/diagram/illustration/table
饼图：pie chart
直方图或柱形图：bar chart/histogram
趋势曲线图：line chart/curve diagram
表格图：table
流程图或过程图：flow chart/sequence diagram
程序图：processing/procedures diagram
以下是一些较常用的描述用法
The table/chart diagram/graph shows （that）
According to the table/chart diagram/graph
As （is） shown in the table/chart diagram/graph
As can be seen from the table/chart/diagram/graph/figures，
figures/statistics shows （that）……
It can be seen from the figures/statistics
We can see from the figures/statistics
It is clear from the figures/statistics
It is apparent from the figures/statistics
table/chart/diagram/graph figures （that） ……
table/chart/diagram/graph shows/describes/illustrates how
二、data的具体表达法
data在某一个时间段固定不变：fixed in time
在一系列的时间段中转变：changes over time
持续变化的data在不同情况下：
增加：increase/raise/rise/go up ……
减少：decrease/grow down/drop/fall ……
波动：fluctuate/rebound/undulate/wave ……
稳定：remain stable/stabilize/level off ……
最常用的两种表达法：
动词 + 副词形式（Verb+Adverb form）
形容词 + 名词形式（Adjective+Noun form）
1. Verb+Adverb form
The number of XXX
+increase/jump/rise/decrease/drop/fall/fluctuate……
+insignificantly/significantly/slightly/suddenly/rapidly/dramatically/sharply/steeply/steadily/gradually/slowly……
+from （第一时间） to （第二时间）/between （第一时间） and （第二时间）
2. Adjective+Noun form
There was a （very） sudden/rapid/dramatic/significant/sharp/steep/steady/gradual/slow/slight
+increase/jump/rise/decrease/drop/fall/fluctuation （注意：上述很多词不可用于修饰fluctuation）
+in the number of XXX from （第一时间） to （第二时间）/between （第一时间） and （第二时间）
描述稳定的data：
The number of XXX remained steady/stable from （第一时间） to （第二时间）/between （第一时间） and （第二时间）
The number of XXX stayed the same from （第一时间） to （第二时间）/between （第一时间） and （第二时间）
There was little change/hardly any change/no change in the number of XXX from from （第一时间） to （第二时间）/between （第一时间） and （第二时间）
描述不同状态的data
Noun form：
steady drop/sharp rise peak/dramatic fall/sharp drop
Verbal form：
（to） bottom out/（to） reach the bottom/（to） increase gradually/（to） reach a plateau/（to） remain steady
描述the highest point以及the lowest point
高点极值：
The monthly profit/The figures/The situation ……
+peaked in （月份/年） <准确时间点用at XXX> at XXX%/XXX（极点data）
或者reached a peak/a high point at XXX%/XXX（极点data）
低点极值：
XXX bottomed out/reached
+rock/the bottom/a low point
或者hit a trough
此外，在描述过程中还有很多的conjunctional words/sentences，最常用的固定搭配如下：
并列： as well as（句首/中）， also， as well（句尾）， either， neither， too， moreover， furthermore， in addition， additionally， besides， what's more， apart from ……
举例： for example， for instance， to illustrate， as an illustration， in particular， particularly， especially
事实： as a matter of fact， in fact， actually， as long as， so long as ……
雷同/近似：similarly， likewise（句首/尾）， at the same time， equally ……
转折： however， whereas， nevertheless， nonetheless， though， although， even though， while， yet， on the contrary， contrarily， in contrast， conversely， on the other hand， unlikely， in stead （of）， in spite of， despite of ……
原因与结果
1. cause-suggestion （几乎不常用）
since/now that ……； I hope that……
because of/on account of/owing to/thanks to + （doing） sth， I hope that……
2. cause-effect （较常用）
XXX lead to/bring about/result in/ account for ……
（一个句子）， therefore/thus/hence/as a result/consequently/（and） so ……
3. effect-cause （较常用）
XXX be caused by/result from/be the result of/be the effect of/be the consequence of ……
（一个句子）， because ……
it is adj. that ……
it is unimaginable that ……
it is undeniable that ……
it is interesting to discover that ……
三、其它相关常用词（组）
1. 主章开头
图表类型：table； chart； diagram； graph； column chart； pie graph
描述：show； describe； illustrate； can be seen from； clear； apparent； reveal； represent
内容：figure； statistic； number； percentage； proportion
2. 表示数据
一般：have 10%； at 10%； over 10%
最高（低）点：peaked； reached a peak/high point
bottomed out； reached the bottom
变化：recover 略有回升； increase； jump； rise/rose； climb
decrease； fall/fell； drop； decline； reduce
fluctuate 浮动，摇摆不定
remained steady/stable； stay the same； little/hardly any /no change
变化程度：sudden/suddenly 突然的，意外的
rapid/rapidly 迅速的，飞快的，险峻的
dramatic/dramatically 戏剧性的，生动的
significant/significantly 有意义的，重大的，重要的
sharp/sharply 锐利的，明显的，急剧的
steep/steeply 急剧升降的
steady/steadily 稳固的，坚定不移的
gradual/gradually 渐进的，逐渐的
slow/slowly 缓慢的，不活跃的
slight/slightly轻微的、略微地
stable/stably 稳定的
表示范围：from XXX to XXX； between XXX and XXX； for XXX to XXX多长时间直到
表示程度：almost adv. 几乎，差不多
nearly adv. 几乎，密切地
approximately adv. 近似的，大约
about adv. 附近， 大约，转向，左右，周围
just over 刚超过
over adv. 结束，越过，从头到尾
exactly adv. 正确地，严密地
precisely adv. 正好 精确地；清晰地
比例：20 per cent 20%
one in three 1/3
one out of every four 1/4
3. 其它在描述中的常用到的词
significant changes 图中一些较大变化
noticeable trend 明显趋势
during the same period 在同一时期
grow/grew 增长
distribute 分布，区别
unequally 不相等地
pronounced 明显的
average 平均
no doubt 无疑地
corresponding adj. 相应的，通讯的
represent vt. 阐述，表现
overall 总体上讲
except 除外
in the case of adv. 在……的情况下
in terms of/in respect of/regarding 在……方面
in contrast 相反，大不相同
in conclusion adv. 最后，总之
in comparison 相比之下
inversely adv. 相反地，倒转地
in general 通常，大体上，一般而言
range from
excessive adj. 过多的，过分的，额外
lower v.降低，跌落
elapse vi.（时间）过去，消逝
category n.种类
government policy 政府政策
market forces 市场规率
measure n. 尺寸，方法，措施 v.估量，调节
forecast n. 先见，预见 v. 预测
第三部分：段首和结尾填空式写法
段首句：
（一）对立观点命题形式的首句：
1. Many people do not doubt that A is superior to B ， while others think quite differently on the issue of _____. Personally， I stand on the side of A .
2. Some people say A ， other people argue B . In a word ， _____. But I cannot agree this point of view for many reasons.
3. There are different views concerning this topic . Some people like to CHOOSE A ， some prefer to CHOOSE B . Personally ， I prefer B . I think B has more advantages.
4. From my point of view ， it is more advisable to CHOOSE A than to CHOOSE B . 5. Despite the fact that most people prefer A ， I would like to choose B because the following reasons .
6. In general ， I prefer to _____ .
7. As far as I am concerned ， I would like to prefer _____ .
8. When it comes to _____ ， most people tend to believe A . But others consider B as _____ .
9. When asked about _____ ， the vast majority of people would support that A . But others regard B as _____ .
10. At the risk of address the issue too direct ， I prefer A because I think that _____ .
11. When asked about _____ ， many people give their opinions that _____ ， but other people may see _____ differently .
12. When faced with _____ ， quite a few would claim that _____ ， but others ， in contrast ， deem _____ as _____ .
13. When inquired about _____ ， the vast majority of people would like to _____ ， but other people ， who hold an opposite view ， consider _____ as _____ .
14. When _____ is mentioned _____ ， most people believe that _____ ， but other people would rather think _____ as _____ .
15. While many people may stick to me idea that _____ ， I would like to prefer _____ .
（二）单一观点式
A . Agree
1. One of the greatest writers once said that _____ . Now ， it still has its significant realistic values .
2. I would follow the reasoning that _____ .
3. Many people advocate that _____ . They claim that _____ . My opinion is the same as theirs in the following reasons .
4. I totally agree with the statement that _____ . The reasons are presented below .
5. After pondering this question on many occasions ， I finally reached the conclusion that _____ is something worthy to do and I cannot skip it .
6. my arguments for point are listed as follows.
7. I agree with the above statement because _____ .
8. Nowhere in the world has the issue of _____ been so much debated like in our society .
9. I agree with the statement that _____ without reservation because _____ .
10. Thinking logically ， I can only say that the title statement is valid because _____ .
11. I fully support the statement above because I am very sure that _____ .
12. Some may hold the opinion that AAA . But others have a negative attitude . As far as I am concerned ， I agree that _____ .
13. Many one have the idea that AAA . However ， many others disagree with this argument . But both side of the problem whether _____ are supported by good reasons .
14. Recently ， it has been much debated over the problem of AAA . Those who object to AAA announce that _____ . But those who favor AAA utter a sonorous voice that _____ .
15. Recently ， there is vehement discussion on the issue of _____ . Those who criticize _____ argue that _____ . They claim that _____ . But people who firmly advocate _____ ， on the other hand ， argue that _____ .
16. There is a much-debated problem today about _____ . Those who object to _____ argue that _____ . They are very sure about _____ . But people who prefer _____ ， on the other hand ， claim that _____ .
B . Disagree
1. Until recently ， _____ was viewed as _____ . But people are taking a fresh look at it .
2. Recently ， we often hear about _____ . But is it ？
3. These days ， it is often heard about _____ . But is this really the truth ？
4. I feel such an attitude is negative ， and that it can bring _____.
5. Some people argue as if it is a general truth that _____ . But to be frank ， I cannot agree with them for the flowing reasons .
6. Despite the fact that many people believe that _____ ， I doubt whether the argument can bear much analysis .
7. Although some people hold the opinion that _____ ， I wonder whether the argument could bear close examination .
8. In the nationwide ， discussion ， many people argue that _____ . But I can say nothing but _____ .
9. Advocates of AAA proclaim that _____ ， but I _____ .
10. Until recently ， _____ was regarded as _____ . But _____ .
11. Some people think that _____ ， but I disagree with this opinion for numerous reasons ， as presented below .
12. Now ， it is increasingly mentioned that _____ . Such people think _____ . But I can only cast doubt on whether _____ .
13. Now ， it is widely believed that _____ . These people think _____ . But I wonder if _____ .
14. I cannot totally the idea that _____ . Because ， in my point of view ， I believe _____ .
15. As a matter of fact ， I support that _____ ， but I cannot agree with the title statement .
16. Nowadays ， it is widely held that _____ . People of this kind think _____ .But I doubt whether _____ .
结尾句：
1. Taking into account of all these factors ， we may reach the conclusion that _____ .
2. All reliable evidences point to one saying ， that is _____ .
3. For the reasons presented above ， I strongly commit to the notion that _____ .
4. While it is true that _____ ， I think that _____ .
5. Given the factors I have just outlined ， I can only say that _____ .
6. This is not to say that _____ . But in terms of _____ ， it is _____ .
7. Therefore ， it is easy to draw the conclusion that _____ .
8. Recognizing the fact that _____ should drive us to conclude that _____ .
9. To put all into a nutshell ， I _____ .
10. In a word ， I support the statement that it is better to _____ because
第四部分：起始和扩展段落的句式
1.起始段首句常用句式
A proverb says：…… 有句谚语说：……
As the proverb says：…… 如谚语说：……
Everybody knows that…… 每个人都知道……
Generally speaking…… 一般说来……
It can be easily proved that…… 很容易证明……
It goes without saying that…… 不用说……
It is quite clear that……because…… 很明显……，因为……
It is often said that…… 人们常说……
Many people often ask this question：…… 许多人常问这个问题：……
It is ture that…… ……是真实的
No one can deny that…… 谁也不能否认……
One thing which is equally important to the above mentioned is…… 与上述同样重要的一件事是……
The chief reason why…… 为什么……的主要原因是……
We must recognize that…… 我们必须承认……
There is no doubt that…… 无疑……
I''m of the opinion that…… 我认为……
In my point of view…… 在我看来……
This can be expressed as follows…… 这可以从以下几点说明……
The reasons are presented below…… 原因例举如下……
To take…… for an example…… 以……为例……
Therefore we should realize that…… 因此我们应该了解……
We have reasons to believe that…… 我们有理由相信……
Now that we know that…… 既然我们知道……
What is more serious is that…… 更严重的是……
Anyway，I agree with the idea of…… 不管怎样，我同意……
I side with the latter opinion…… 我同意后一个观点……
2.推展段首句常用句式
Another special consideration in this case is that…… 对这个问题的另一考虑是……
Besides，we should not neglect that…… 除此之外，我们还不能忽视……
But it is a pity that…… 但遗憾的是……
But the problem is not so simple，therefore…… 然而问题并非如此简单，因此……
However，…… 然而……
Others may find this to be ture，but I do not，I believe that…… 在别人看来可能是对的，但我个人并不认为如此，我认为……
On the other hand，…… 另一方面……
Perhaps you''ll question why…… 也许你会问为什么……
There is certain amount of truth in this，but we still have a problem…… 尽管大量事实如此，但我们还有一个疑问……
Though we are in basic agreement with…… 虽然基本上我们同意……
What seems to be the trouble is…… 似乎困难是在……
Yet difference will be found，what is why I feel that…… 然而其中仍有差别，这也正是我们为什么认为……
So long as you regard this as reasonable，you may…… 只要你认为这合理，你就可以……
……should be put in the first place. ……应放在首要位置
Next，another factor we must consider is that…… 接下来，我们必须考虑的另一因素是……
The main reason that can be seen by everyone is that…… 每个人都注意到，最主要的原因是……
What is also with noticing is that…… 另一个值得注意的是……
3.结尾段首句常用句式
In a word…… 总而言之……
In conclusion…… 由此得出结论……
On account of this we can find that…… 由此我们可以知道……
The result is depend on…… 结果视……而定
Therefore，the findings reveal the following information…… 因此，这些发现揭示了以下信息……
Thus，this is the reason why we must…… 因此，这就是我们为什么必须……
To sum up…… 总而言之……
第五部分：写作常用词汇及词组
表层进
first， firstly to begin with
second， secondly to start with
third， thirdly what's more
also and then
and equally important
besides in addition
further in the first place
still furthermore
last last but not the least
next besides
too moreover
finally
表举例
for example for instance
to illustrate as an illustration
after all
表解释
as a matter of fact frankly speaking
in this case namely
in other words
表总结
in summary in a word
in brief in conclusion
to conclude in fact
indeed in short
in other words of course
it is true specially
namely in all
that is to summarize
thus as has been said
altogether in other words
finally in simpler terms
in particular that is
on the whole to put it differently
therefore
表强调
of course indeed
above all most important
emphasis certainly in fact
表让步
still nevertheless
in spite of all the same
even so after all
concession granted naturally
of course
表比较
in comparison likewise
similarly equally
however likewise
in the same way
表转折
by contrast although
at the same time but
in contrast nevertheless
notwithstanding on the contrary
on the other hand otherwise
regardless still
though yet
despite the fact that even so
even though for all that
however in spite of
instead
表时间
after a while afterward
again also
and then as long as
at last at length
at that time before
besides earlier
eventually finally
formerly further
furthermore in addition
in the first place in the past
last lately
meanwhile moreover
next now
presently second
shortly simultaneously
since so far
soon still
subsequently then
thereafter too
until until now
when
英语写作常用词汇及词组
表层进
first， firstly to begin with
second， secondly to start with
third， thirdly what's more
also and then
and equally important
besides in addition
further in the first place
still furthermore
last last but not the least
next besides
too moreover
finally
表举例
for example for instance
to illustrate as an illustration
after all
表解释
as a matter of fact frankly speaking
in this case namely
in other words
表总结
in summary in a word
in brief in conclusion
to conclude in fact
indeed in short
in other words of course
it is true specially
namely in all
that is to summarize
thus as has been said
altogether in other words
finally in simpler terms
in particular that is
on the whole to put it differently
therefore
表强调
of course indeed
above all most important
emphasis certainly in fact
表让步
still nevertheless
in spite of all the same
even so after all
concession granted naturally
of course
表比较
in comparison likewise
similarly equally
however likewise
in the same way
表转折
by contrast although
at the same time but
in contrast nevertheless
notwithstanding on the contrary
on the other hand otherwise
regardless still
though yet
despite the fact that even so
even though for all that
however in spite of
instead
表时间
after a while afterward
again also
and then as long as
at last at length
at that time before
besides earlier
eventually finally
formerly further
furthermore in addition
in the first place in the past
last lately
meanwhile moreover
next now
presently second
shortly simultaneously
since so far
soon still
subsequently then
thereafter too
until until now
when