外贸英语 外贸写作之如何写慰问信

时间:2024.4.20

外贸英语外贸写作之如何写慰问信

外贸英语外贸写作之如何写慰问信

外贸英语外贸写作之如何写慰问信

如何写慰问信

慰问信是公司间友好往来的信种之一。商业伙伴出了事故或是公司要人去世,都应该写一封慰问信,以表示关心。这样的友好往来也会给双方的关系带来好处。

慰问信一定要注意措词和语气。下面是写慰问信需要注意的几点:

1. Start with a statement of sympathy.

2. Follow with sentences about mutual experiences or relationship.

3. Close with some expressions of comfort and affection.

下面是一封悼念业务伙伴的慰问信,可供参考:

Dear President Anderson

We were distressed to read in the Times this morning that your Chairman, Mr. Yonga had passed away and I am writing at once to express our deep sympathy on behalf of my colleagues.

I had the privilege of knowing Mr. Yonga for many years and always regarded him as a personal friend. By his untimely passing our industry has lost one of the ablest leaders. We at the representative office in London recall his many kindnesses and the pleasure of doing business together with him. Mr. Yonga will be greatly missed by all of us who have known him and worked with him in building a better community between our two businesses.

Please accept our deepest sympathy and convey our best wishes to Lady Yonga and her family.

Kevin Smith

Chief Representative

London Office

L&L Industry Co. Ltd.


第二篇:应用语域理论分析外贸英语的写作技巧


西安电子科技大学

硕士学位论文

应用语域理论分析外贸英语的写作技巧

姓名:刘金英

申请学位级别:硕士

专业:外国语言学及应用语言学

指导教师:杨跃

20100101

摘要

我国实行改革开放以来,沿海各大城市乃至内陆各地区的对外经济贸易业务迅速发展。进入2l世纪,尤其是中国加入WTO以后,外贸事业更是发展迅速,这对中国经济乃至世界经济都贡献巨大。随着我国对外贸易的不断发展,外贸英语发挥着越来越重要的作用,对外贸人才的需求也随之越来越大,而现在对外贸英语的研究还远不能满足社会的需求。

在对外贸易中,交易双方来自不同国家,不同文化,他们可能对同一表述产生不同的理解,从而产生纠纷。因此,外贸英语的书面语比口语更为重要。这也是作者要把该论文的重点放在外贸英语的书面语臣lJ#b贸信函上的原因,所以对外贸英语写作的研究既有理论意义又有实用意义。

经过大量的调查作者发现,现在对外贸英语的研究重点大部分都在外贸英语教学与外贸英语翻译上。而对外贸工作者来说,成功的撰写外贸英语更为重要,是从事外贸的人员必须具备的专业技能,所以本论文旨在研究外贸英语的书写技巧。另外,作者认为外贸英语属于特殊用途英语,有其特定的使用语境,用功能语法的语域理论为依据来对其进行分析,更为合适。

作者对《新编外经贸英语函电与谈判》一书进行了细致的研究,并从中随机抽取了40篇外贸信函进行了统计分析。应用语域理论对这些外贸信函进行分析,总结出外贸英语的写作特点,然后又从词汇、句子及语篇三个方面引用大量例子对其进行了详细说明。

但由于时间及篇幅的限制,作者没有搜集到更多的材料,对外贸信函的研究也限于其正文部分。虽然仍有不足之处,但作者尽力总结出了外贸英语写作应注意的三个方面,并希望该论文能对外贸英语学习者有所帮助。

关键词:功能语法语域理论外贸英语写作技巧

Abstract

SinceChinatookthepolicyofreformingandopeninguptotheoutsideworld,theinternationaltradehasdevelopedrapidlyinthebigcitiesalongtheseasideandintheinlandplaces.Enteringthe21stcentury,especiallyafterChinaentryintotheWTO,theinternationaltradedevelopsmorerapidly,whichcontributesalotbothtoChineseeconomyandtheglobaleconomy.Astherapiddevelopmentofinternationaltrade,thefunctionofforeigntradeEnglishismoreandmoreimportantandtheneedforqualified

onforeigntradeoperatorsisbiggerandbigger.However,theanalysisforeigntrade

Englishisfarfromenough.

Ininternationaltradetransaction,thebuyersandsellersarefromdifferentcountries,

cantheymayhavedifferentunderstandingofthesameexpressionwhichgiveriseto

disputes.Insuchcircumstances,thewrittenformof

overforeigntradeEnglishtakespriorityalethespokenform.Thus,formosttransactionsspokenactivitiesgenerallyaccompanied谢t11wriRenones.Therefore,thispaperisdevotedtothewrittenEnglishforinternationaltrade.Besides,theauthorconsidersthat

aforeigntradeEnglishbelongtovarietyofEnglishforspecialpurpose,andhasitsuniquecontext,therefore,analyzing

tradeEnglishbasedonforeigntheregistertheoryoffunctionalgrammarismoreproperly.

ThisdissertationisbasedontheanalysisonthebookofBUSINESS

authorhasCORRESPONDENCEANDDIALOGUESwrittenbyQiYunfang.The

haveailstudiedthebookcarefullyandselected40lettersatrandomto

statisticsmethod,and

thewritingskillsofanalysis、^,itlltheandsummarizedanalyzedtheseletters而mthetheoryofregisterforeigntradeEnglishfromthereaspectsi.ethelexicallevel,thesyntacticallevelandthetextuallevel.

Becauseofthelackoftimetheauthorhasnotcollectedmorematerial,andtheanalysisislimitedtothebodypartofaforeigntradeleaer.Althoughthisdissertationhassomeshortcomings,theauthorhasmanagedtosummarizethewritingskillsofforeigntradeEnglish,withthehopetohelpthosewhoarelearningandusingFTE.Keywords:FunctionalGrammarRegistetsTheoryForeignTradeEnglish

WritingSkill

西安电子科技大学

学位论文独创性(或创新性)声明

秉承学校严谨的学分和优良的科学道德,本人声明所呈交的论文是我个人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。尽我所知,除了文中特别加以标注和致谢中所罗列的内容以外,论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果;也不包含为获得西安电子科技大学或其它教育机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中做了明确的说明并表示了谢意。

申请学位论文与资料若有不实之处,本人承担一切的法律责任。

本人签名:鑫l金羹

西安电子科技大学

关于论文使用授权的说明

本人完全了解西安电子科技大学有关保留和使用学位论文的规定,即:研究生在校攻读学位期间论文工作的知识产权单位属西安电子科技大学。学校有权保留送交论文的复印件,允许查阅和借阅论文;学校可以公布论文的全部或部分内容,可以允许采用影印、缩印或其它复制手段保存论文。同时本人保证,毕业后结合学位论文研究课题再攥写的文章一律署名单位为西安电子科技大学。

(保密的论文在解密后遵守此规定)

本学位论文属于保密,在年解密后适用本授权书。

导师签名:———二垂址本人签名:叁)垒墓

I.Introduction

LIntroduction

1.1TheImportanceofForeignTradeEnglishinInternationalTrade

ForeigntradeEnglish(FTE)referstoaspecifickindofEnglishemployedininternationaltrade.Astherapiddevelopmentofinternationaltrade,Englishhasfoundwideuseinthisfieldandhasbeenplayingamoreandmoreimportantroleininternationaltrade.

111etwopartswhoparticipateintheactivityofinternationaltradearefromdifferentcountriesanddifferentcultures,especiallytheyspeakdifferentlanguages.HowCantheycommunicate、^,imeachother?IfpeopleCannotcommunicate、析mandunderstandeachothertlleyCandonothingtogether,nottrade.Therefore,thereisaevencooperateininternationalusedandgreatneedofakindoflanguagewhichCanbeunderstoodallovertheworld.Witlltheglobalizationofeconomyandthedevelopment

hasbeenofmultinationalcooperation,Englishincreasinglyacceptedas

wantachiefmeansforintemationalbusinesstransaction.Consequently,ifwetocompetein

ofinternationaltradeandmakebenefitfrom

tradeEnglishisaforeigntrade,a900dcommandforeignbasicandnecessaryskill.

SinceChinatookthepolicyofreformandopeninguptotheoutsideworld,theinternationaltradehasdevelopedrapidlyinmostofthebigcitiesinChina.Inthe21stcentury,especially

developsafterChinaentryintotheeverWTO,internationaltradeinaChinamorerapidlythan

tobefore,anditcontributeslotbothtoChineseeconomyandtheglobaleconomy.Astherapiddevelopmentofinternationaltrade,

thefunctionofforeigntradeEnglishismoreandmoreimportantandtheneedforqualifiedforeigntradeoperatorsisbiggerandbigger.

ofinternationaltradeinChinahasgreatlynerapidgrowthenhancedthebusiness

communicationbetweenimportersandexporters.Amongbusinesscommunication,writingbusinessintemationaltradeandremainsverylettersisaa、7Iriderangeofmeansofbasicactivityinvolvedinofelectronicimportantintheage

letterscommunication.nowadaysMillionstoofbusinesslettersarebeingsentbyfaxesandespeciallybye-mailscarryouttraderoutineefficiently.nearewrittennotonlyforinformation

orexchangebetweenbuyersandsellers,but

contract.alsoasanarrangementevidenceofa

Inforeigntradebusinesscommunication,clearandwell-structuredlettersCanget

usebetterresultswithspeedandaccuracy.Thewordsthatwritermayandthewaytllat

writermaypresentthemgiveimportantsignalsaboutbusinesstoaddressees.SowritingtherightletterisveryimportanttotheSuccessininternationaltrade.

1.2ThePurposeoftheThesis

WecanunderstandclearlytheimportanceofforeigntradeEnglishfromtheaboveepisode.Alargepartofinternationalbusinessisconductedbymeansofcorrespondence;therefore,itisoftheutmost

NowEnglishhasbecome

isnotsimply

universal

InaimportanceforUStolearntowritegoodbusinessletters.worldbusiness.ItoraanintemationaUyacceptedasalanguageinthesecondorusedasanativelanguage,butforeignlanguagelanguageforinternationalcommercialpurpose.word,、^rimtheglobalizationofeconomyandthedevelopmentofmultinational

asacooperation,Englishhasbeenincreasinglyacceptedchiefmeansforinternational

businesstransaction.AlthoughFTEisregardedasabranchofBusinessEnglish,itsacademicstudyisnot80common.ThisbringsbomtheoreticalandpracticalsignificancetoFTEstudy.

Thegrowing

broughtwitllitimportanceofEnglishastheinternationalbusinesslanguagehasforallanincreasingdemandup-to-datestudyonbusinesswriting.YetmanyteachersandstudentsfeelthattheteachingandlearningofEnglishforbusinessistoospecializedforthem

people.Thetodosuccessfully.Thisthesisisallattempttohelptwogroupsoffirstarethepresentemployeesofinternationalcompanies,andthesecondarefutureemployeesofsuchbusinesses,atpresentperhapsstudentsofbusinessorevenoftechnicalsubjects.Theauthorhopesafterthereadingofthisessaytheywill

FTE,especiallythewrittenbecomequalified、Ⅳitlltacklingtheproblemsinvolvedin

formofit,thatistosaythe

aforeigntradecorrespondence,namely,FTC.transaction,noThecompletionofmatterwhattypeoftrade,internalor

intemational,generallyinvolvesbothspokenandwrittenactivities.However,writtenactivityrunsthroughthewholetransaction,especiallyininternationaltradeforthereasonthatintheinternationaltradetransaction,thebuyersandsellersa陀fromdifferent

whichcountries,theycausemayhavedifferentunderstandingofthegameexpression,Candisputes.Insuchcircumstances,thewrittenformofthetermstakes

arepriorityoverthespokenform.Thus,in

forinternationaltrade.mosttransactionsspokenactivitiesgenerallyaccompaniedwithwrittenones.ThatiswhythisdissertationisdevotedtothewrittenformofEnglish

I.Introduction3

Inordertobe

involvedininternationaltrade,therelevantpartsshouldbe

proficientinwritinglettersinEnglish.Forexample:1.How

Can

non-nativeEnglish

speakers

writebusinessletters

as

effectively

as

nativeEnglishspeaker?2.Isthereany

compositionalconventiontofollowinwritingagoodbusinessletter?

Thispaperwillsolvetheseproblemsbyanalyzingthedetail

language

featuresofFTEin

using

theRegistertheoryandget

conclusion

on

howtowrite

goodforeign

tradecorrespondence.

1.3The

MethodologyandArrangementoftheThesis

1.3.1The

Methodology

dissertation

iS

ofThisThesis

Thisbased

on

the

analysis

on

thebookofBUSINESS

CoRREsPoNDENCEANDDIALOGUESwrittenbystudiedthe

QiYunfang.’n∞authorhas

all

hook

carefullyand

selected40lettersatrandomtohave

analysiswiththe

methodofstatistics.Afteranalysingtheseletters、^,iththetheoryofRegisterofFunctionalGrammar,theauthorsummarizedthewritingskillsof

on

foreigntradeEnglish

threelevels.

Statisticsisconsideredbysometo

be

mathematicalsciencepertainingtothe

collection,analysis,Interpretation

consideritto

or

explanation,andpresentationofdata,whileothers

be

branchofmathematicsconcernedwith

collectingand

interpreting

data.Because

ofitsempiricalrootsandits

focus

on

applications,statisticsis

usually

considered

tobedistinctmathematicalsciencerather

thanabranch

ofmathematics.

Statisticsprovidestoolsforprediction

andforecastingusingdataandstatistical

models.Itisapplicabletoa、析devarietyofacademicdisciplines,includingnaturaland

socialsciences,government,andbusiness.

Infunctionalgrammar

languagehasthreemeanings/functions:theideational

function,theInternationalfunctionandthetextualfunction.AndRegisterisdefmedby

Hallidayasvariation

accordingto

use.Ithasthreefactors,i.e.field,mode

that

ale

and

tenor.

nlefieldmainlydeterminestheexperiential/ideationalmeanings

tenormainly

expressed;the

determinestheinterpersonalmeanings;andthemodemainlydetermines

thetextualmeanings.

Foreignforeigntrade

adequately.

tradeEnglishis

anEnglishvarietyused

can

ininternationaltrade

andanalyze

English、析tlltheRegistertheory

displaythelanguagecharacteristics

AnAnalysis

on

the

WritingSkill—so—fForeignTradeEnglishBased

on

theRegisterTheory

1.3.2TheArrangementoftheThesis

Thewholethesisconsistsoffive

chapters.Andtheorganizationofthisdissertation

goes弱follows:

ChapterOneis

all

introduction

to

thethesis,includingtheimportanceofforeign

tradeEnglishininternationaltrade,thepurposeofthethesis,themethodologyandthe

arrangementofthepaper.Afterreadingthispartthereaderthewholethesis.

ChapterTwoisliteraturereview.Firstlytheauthor

Call

get

roughpictureof

introduces

thestudysituation

of

foreign

trade

English.And

thenthe

importantconceptsin,thisdissertationa∞

introduced,such鹪thenotionofinternationalGrammarandthetheoryofRegister.

trade,foreign

tradeEnglish,Functional

ChapterThreeisthelinguistic

tenor

analysis

on

FTEfromthethreevarietiesofRegister,skillsof

i.e.field,modeand

andpredictthewriting

foreigntradeEnglishbased

on

thefeatureofpredictabilityofRegister.TheauthorsummariesthewritingskillsofFTEfromthree

aspects.And

itdrawsforththe

next

chapter'Chapter

supported

Foura

by

further

of

explanationofthewritingskillsfromthesethreeaspects

mount

examples.

ChapterFour

threedifferent

expoundsthewritingskillsoflevelsandeverylevelconsists

by

FTEbased

on

ChapterThree

from

ofseveralsub-levelsfordetailedfrom

the

book

explanation,supported

plenty

of

examples

ofBUSINESS

this

CORRESPONDENCEANDDIALOGUESwritten

byQiYunfang.Afterchapter,

thereadersCanunderstandthelanguagefeaturesofFTEclearlyandmastersome

writingskillsofFTE,which

Can

dosomehelptotheirwritingofFTE.

Chapter

paper

Fiveis

conclusionofthedissertation.Itsummarizesthefindingsofthis

writing

andofferssomeimplicationsfor

foreigntradeEnglishlettersinthelight

oftheresultsobtained.Atthesame

time,thelimitations

are

pointed

out

andsome

suggestionsaregivenbytheauthorforfurtherresearch.

II.LiteratureReview

II.LiteratureReview

2.1TheStudySituationofFTE

Internationaltradeplays

moreandmoreimportantrulein

country’Seconomy

anditstandsfor

plays

country’S

national

powerhave

insomeextent.AsforeigntradeEnglish

to

very

on

importantpartforeign

ininternationaltrade,itisofgreatneed

beensomestudies

haveanacademic

analysis

tradeEnglish.There

alreadyfortunately,but

thestudies

on

FTEarenotenoughforthe

Da

readers.

analyzedthe

reasons

FanLianying,from

occurrences

LianHaiShiUniversity,has

forthe

ofthe

high

frequencyabbreviationsandsummarizesthespellingrulesof

hispaperofAnalysis

the

on

abbreviations

Abbreviations

intelexinforeigntrade

in

Foreign

Trade

Englishin

the

English

in

2001.From

classificationof

abbreviationsin

Englishforinternationaltrade,formation

abbreviations

featuresandoccurring

are

occasionsoftheseabbreviationsin

are

revealed,andconclusions

drawnthat

Englishforinternationaltradearedifferentfrom

abbreviationsin

generalEnglishintermsofnumber,word—formationandpartsofspeech.

trade

JinXinhasanalyzedthetranslationofforeign

correspondenceand

exactness

has

proposed

paper

thetranslationstandardofbusinessEnglish---faithfulnessand

The

Register

inhis

Trade

of

Theory

and

English

Translation

of

Foreign

Correspondencein2007.Inthepaperhe

to

pointed

text

outthat

theChineseversionshouldtry

achieve

equivalence诵tllforeign

trade

will

theoriginalinfunction,namely,intheideational,

registerapproachthatappliesto

interpersonalandtextualmeaningof

Englishfor

register.The

provides

correspondence

play

an

new

perspectivetobusiness

mle

in

the

cultural

translation,which

increasingly

important

communicationintheageofglobalization.

Han

Ronghasoffered

detailedinvestigation

on

thecriteriaandmodelofFrE

translationby

brief

contrast

betweenBusiness

English

and

FTE.Thetranslation

criteria:“faithfulness'’,“exactness’’and‘'customariness’’aresuggested,and

explanationisalsogiven.

detailed

LiLifromZhejiangNormalUniversityhasstudiedpresenting

foreigntradeEnglishby

genre

analysis

ofauthenticletterswrittenbyChinese

andAmericansin

internationaltradepractice.Theresearchgoesfurthertoprobeintothelinguistic

featuresofdiscoursebyemployingthe

politenesstheory.Thestudyshowsthestriking

differencesinthepolitenessstrategiesusedbyeachgroup.AlthoughtheChinese

writersshow

all

awarenessofvarioustypesofpolitenessstrategies,thelanguageusedto

expresspolitenesstendedtobelessflexibleandmoredirectthanthatofthewriters.Thestudydemonstratesthe

AmeriCan

factthatbusinesswritinginEnglishbynon-native

the

speakers,eventhatwhichisgrammaticallyflawless,mayreaderbecauseoftheinappropriate

Aswehaveknown

use

beperceivednegativelyby

ofpolitenessstrategies.

goodcommandofwritingforeigntradeEnglishleRersis

basicandnecessaryskillininternationaltrade,however,noneofthethesisbeforeisfocused

on

thewritingskillofforeigntradeEnglishletters.

2.2APreliminaryStudy

InternationalTrade

on

SinceforeigntradeEnglishisanEnglishvarietyusedininternationaltrade,itis

necessaryfor

US

tohaveagoodunderstandingon

international

trade.The

authorwill

introduceinternationaltradeindetailinthesecondpartofthis

Trademeansbuyingandsellinggoods

exchange

isdone

or

chapter.

all

exchanginggoodsforgoods.Ifsuch

or

betweenpersons

or

ofdifferentcountries

regions,wecallthis

theexchangeof

to

internationaltrade

foreigntl"oIde.Inotherwords,internationaltradeis

or

capital,goods,andservicesacrossinternationalborders

ofgoods

territories.Itrefers

exports

andservicesby

firm

toa

foreign-basedbuyer(importer).Inmost

famous

recent

countries,it

represents

significantshareofgrossdomesticproduct(GDP).Whileinternational

Silk

tradehasbeenpresentthroughoutmuchofhistory,forexamplethe

Iba也

its

economic,social,andpoliticalimportance

Industrialization,

havebeen

on

theriseincenturies.

advanced

are

transportation,all

globalization,

on

multinational

corporations,andoutsourcinghaving

majorimpact

to

theinternationaltrade

system.Increasingintemationaltradeiscrucial

itis

thecontinuanceofglobalization.And

major

sourceofeconomic

revenue

foranynationthatisconsidered

limited

to

worldpower.

Withoutinternationaltrade,nations

wouldbe

thegoodsandservices

produced

withintheirOwnborders.

isinprinciple

not

Internationaltrademotivation

different

in

fromdomestictrade

as

the

andthebehaviorofpartiesinvolved

on

tradedoes

or

not

change

fundamentallydepending

whethertradeisacross

border

not.The

main

differenceis

reasonisthat

thatinternationaltradeistypicallymorecostly

thandomesticWdde.The

tariffs,timecostsdue

bordertypicallyimposesadditional

costssuchas

II.LiteratureReview

to

borderdelaysand

ora

costs

associated谢mcountry

differencessuch

aS

language,the

legalsystem

differentculture.

internationaltradeisthatfactorsof

Another

differencebetweendomesticand

productionsuchascapitaland

across

labor

are

typicallymoremobilewithincountrythan

ingoodsand

countries.Thus

onlyto

internationaltradeismostly

restricted

totrade

or

services,and

lesserextenttotradein

capital,labor

as

otherfactorsof

production.Then

factorsof

tradeingoods

and

services

Canservesubstitutefortradein

production.

factor

ofproduction,a

InsteadofimportingthecountryCanimport

goodsthat

makeintensive

USC

ofthefactorofproductionandthusembodytherespectivefactor.

An

exampleistheimport

of

labor-intensive

goodsbytheUnitedStatesfromChina.

IIlsteadofimportingChinese

were

labortheUnitedStatesis

importing

goodsfromChinathat

produced嘶tll

Chinese

labor.International

tradeisalsobranch

ofeconomics,

which,togethereconomics.

with

international

finance,forms

thelargerbranchofinternational

Internationaltradeisrathercomplicated,becauseithas

longhistory

andthere

arc

manycommercialpracticesandtrade

terms.These

trade

terms

havestandardand

commonlyacceptabledefinitionsandmaybeinterpretedindifferentwaysbydifferent

countries.Therefore,itis

Besides,we

necessaryfor

usto

studycarefullythesepractices

andterms.

have

toget

familiar晰tllcountries

commercialhabits,customsregulationsand

as

othertradeproceduresofthe

Trading、历mother

Athome

wearedealingwitll.

trading

countriesisnotthesame

within

one’S

own

country.

company

isfamiliar、jl,iⅡlitsownpeople,laws

andbusiness

practices.

laws,

Abroadthepicturebecomescomplexone.Languagebarriers,differencesin

rate

insurancecoverageandexchange

Tradeabroadisalso

fluctuations

all

add

toa

company’Sproblems.

and

risk

becausethesellerusuallydoesn’t

create

knowthebuyer.Time

distancearefactorsthatmayproblemsincommunicationandinthesalabilityof

goods,especiallythosewhichare

Ininternationalwade,the

perishable.

isin

one

importercountry

andthe

exporter

isinanother.getto

Theyare

and

findHow

separatedsometimesbythousandsofmiles.How

an

Cananimporter

know

exporter?How

andSO

can

anexporter

find

whoisinthemarketforthis

can

goods?

CantheimporterPayforthegoods

on

hehas

bought?How

is

the

exporterreceive

thecommonly

thepayment?So

acceptable

trade

forth.Therefore,it

砀e

procedures

important

of

tofollow

procedures。

international

all

trade

consistof

establishingtraderelationship,makinginquiry,making

offer,onprice,ordering,

.8,———...—.........——A......n......A.......n....a...

concluding

transaction,makingshipment,insurance,negotiatingpayment,lodging

can

claim,etc.thefollowingdiagram

ItiS

presenttheproceduresin

more

concreteway.

according

to

to

theproceduresofinternationaltradethattheauthorselectsher

covers

material

beanalyzed.Andthematerialinthispaper

thewholeactivityofan

internationaltrade.

Intoday’S

complexeconomicworld,no

nationis

self-sufficient

and

to

no

nationhas

allofthecommoditiesthatitneeds.Therefore,itisveryimportant

promotethe

developmentofinternationaltradeforeverycountry.Nationshaveutilizeddifferent

economicresources;peoplehave

worldtradeand

Inthe

developeddifferentskills.Thisisthefoundationof

economicactivity.

are

contemporaryworld,scienceandtechnology

to

developing

one

fast.Therefore,

tolauncha

countrieshave

depend

onone

another.ItiSimpossiblefor

electronic

country

spaceshuttlewithoutanothercountry’S

technology.Also,even

country,it

still

thoughthe

large

UnitedStatesproducesmoreautomobilesthanother

imports

numbersofautosfromGermany,Japandemandsmorestylesandmore

Foreigntradeisofvital

andSweden,primarily

becausetheUSmarket

innovationsthanit

Canprovide

itself.

trades

importance

toanation’S

economy.Everycountry

withotherChina’S

countries.China

isnOWtrading

with

morethan150

countriesand

regions.

reformsand

openinguptotheoutsideworldarebound

togiveimpetustothe

advanceofhereconomy.

Whenever

country

or

companyattemptstowinintheworldtradeitwill

market.Growinginternational

to

participateinthesharpcompetitionintheworld

cooperationineconomic,monetary

andpoliticalmatterswillcertainlycontribute

the

flouringoftheworldtradeintheyearstocome.

2.3TheIntroductiontoFTE

Thispaperisfocusedof

on

analyzingthelanguage

aspect

characteristics

andwritingskills

foreigntradeEnglishfromthe

oftheRegister

theory.Consequently,itisof

greatnecessaryto

on

understand

theconceptofFTE.Wemayhave

verybriefimpression

what

foreigntrade

author

EnglishiSfromthe

former

partofthisthesis,however,itiSnot

enough.The

partofthis

willillustrate

tousindetail

foreigntrade

Englishinthefollowing

chapter,withtheexplanationoftherelationshipbetweenFTEandBusiness

Englishformanypeopleareconfusedaboutthem.

II.LiteratureReview

2.3.1TheConceptofFTE

English,astheinternationalcommunicationmeans,nowplaysforeigntrade

entranceinto

our

or

animportant

rolein

internationaltrade.WiⅡltheeconomicglobalizationandChina’S

tradeEnglishisplaying

WTO,foreign

life.

moreandmore

important

rolein

economic

Simply

speaking,foreign

trade

English

refers

to

Englishemployed

in

internationaltrade.Itis

sub-varietyofESP(Englishforspecialpurpose)andincludes

goodsin

largevarietyofstylesconcernedwitllthesaleof

commercial

foreign

countries,suchas

salespromotion,inquiryofprice,businessdiscussion,trading

correspondence,insurancepolicy,marketing,packingandshipment,ete.

111ecompletion

of

transaction,nomatterwhattypeoftrade,internal

or

international,generallyinvolvesbothspoken

andwrittenactivities.However,written

activity

runs

throughthewholetransaction,especiallyininternationaltradeforthe

are

reasonthatintheinternationaltradetransaction,thebuyersandsellers

different

from

countries,they

mayhavedifferentunderstandingofthesameexpressionwhich

givesrisetodisputes.Insuchcircumstances,thewrittenformofthe

over

termstakespriority

aregenerally

the

spokenform.Thus,for

written

mosttransactions

spokenactivities

accompanied谢tll

ones.Therefore,this

paperisdevotedtothewrittenEnglish

forintemationaltrade,namely,foreigntradeletters/correspondences.

2.3.2TheRelationshipbetweenBEandFTE

Peopleusuallyfeelconfused

aboutBusiness

English

andForeign

itisnecessarytodistinguishtheminthisofthis

paper.Wehavelearned

minthe

TradeEnglish,SO

frontpart

chapter,andthen

wewilllearnBusinessEnglishinthefollowingpart.

Business

EnglishreferstothekindofEnglish

usedinbusinessactivity,that

business

istofield.

say,BusinessEnglishbelongsto

specialEnglishvarietyappliedinthe

is觚area

of

ESP(EnglishforSpecificPurpose),but

itdiffersfromothervarietiesof

ESPinthatitisoften

mixtureofspecificcontext(relatingto

particular

job

areaor

industry)and

general

context(relating

to

general

abilityto

communicate

more

effectivelyinbusinesssituations).

ItWassinceBusinessEnglishisbusiness

1980sthat

Business

Englishhas

becomepopularinthe

world.

varietyofEnglishforspecialpurposeservingfortheinternational

ofthreeelements,i.e.theknowledge

business

on

and

it

consists

usedinthefieldofbusinessandthe

communicationskills.Thelanguageused

business,thelanguage

10AnAnalysisontheWritingSkillsofForeignTradeEnglishBasedonth——eR——egister.....Theor—y—inspecificsituationisdepended

skills;thecontextonthebackgroundofbusinessandcommunicationofbusinessdeterminesthechoiceofbusinessterms;the

SOoncommunicationskillsdeterminesthesentencepattern,textstructure,style,tone

andSO

Itforth.coversaseriesofwideEnglishvarietiesinbusiness,such

TVastheforeigntradeEnglish,printadvertisements,jobapplicationletters,and

calladvertisements.Finally,WedrawaconclusionthatFTEandBEbotharevarietiesofEnglish

forspecialpurpose,i.e.ESP.Thenwhatparticularfeaturesdothey

ofhaveasspecialtypesEnglish?ⅢSiStheproblemthisdissertationwinSOlve.

2.4TheNotionofFunctionalGrammarandRegisterTheory

2.4.1AnOverviewonSystemicFunctionalGrammar

aSystemicfunctionalgl'ammaristhemostwell-knowncomponentofbroadsocial

semioticapproachtolanguage.Systemic—functionallinguisticsisoriginallyarticulatedbyHallidayinthe1960s.Systemic?functionalgrammarisconcernedprimarily、加吐lthechoicesthataremadeavailabletospeakersofalanguagebytheirgrammaticalsystems.

toconcreteThese

formschoicesareassumedofatObemeaningfulandrelatespeaker’Sintentionstypicallydividedintothreebroadlanguage.Meaningsareareas,calledmetafimctions:theexperiential,grammarforrepresentingtheworld;theinterpersonal,grammarforenactingSOcialrelationships;and

texts.thetextual,grammarforbindinglinguisticelementstogetherintobroader

Systemic-functionalgrammarisstillunusualinitscommitmenttodealing、析tllalloftheseareasofmeaningequallyandwithinthegrammaticalitself.Thetheorysetsouttoexplainhowwordingsmakemeanings.ThisissignificantlydifferentfromthequestionaskedbyNoamChomsky:‘'whatisthefinite

arulesystemwhichgeneratesallandonlythegrammaticalsentencesin

alanguage?'’Hallidayinvestigateslinguistics舔sub—branchofsociology.Systemic?functionalGrammarthereforepaysmuchmoreattentiontopragmaticsanddiscoursesemantics.

Thebasicconceptisthatof‘'contextofsituation",originally

byFirthinhissuggestedbyMalinowski(1923)andsubsequentlyelaboratedpaperofPersonalityand

onlylanguageinsociety.Essentiallywhatthisimpliesisthatlanguagecomestolife

whenfunctionsinSOmeenvironment.Wedo

wedidSOwewouldnotrecognizeitasnotexperiencelanguageiniSOlation--ifalwaysinrelationtoalanguage-butscenario,somebackgroundofpersonsandactionsandevents,fromwhichthethingswhichare

II.LiteratureReview

saidderivetheirmeanings.Thisisreferredtoasthe“situation".Solanguageissaid

whichfailstobuildintofunctionin‘'contextofsituation'’andany

situationasanaccountoflanguagetheessentialingredientislikelytobeartificialandunrewarding.Inanother

areword,theconceptof‘‘contextofsituation'’referstothosefeatureswhich

thespeechthatistakingplace.relevantto

Whenpeopleu∞languagetoexpressmeanings,theydo

useSOinspecificsituations,andtheformofthelanguagethattheyisinfluencedbythecomplexelementsof

thosesituations.SituationalSOaffectstheexpressionofmeaninginwrittenEnglish.Abusinessletterrequestingpaymentofadebtislikelytobeverydifferentinformatandstyle舶m

isused.aletteronasimilartopicwrittentoanoldfriendwhoowesthewriterSOmenotonlymoney.ThesituationdoesaffectthechoiceofwordsbutalSOthegrammarthat

Thesituation

developsclearcanhavesuchaconstrainingeffectonlanguagethatsocietyoftenorconventionsofuse

belikethoseassociated、析tllbusinesslettersformalgreetingswhichhavetolearnedbeforethenewcomersofthecircumstancesCan

behave

andappropriately.lastpoiIltisaThereflectionofthecontextsofsituationinwhichlanguageisused,thewaysinwhichonetypeofsituationmaydifferfromanother.Typesoflinguistic

onesituationdifferfromanother,broadlyspeaking,inthreerespects:fixstly,whatis

actuallytakingplace;secondly,whoistakingpart;andthirdly,whatparttheisplaying.Thesethreevariables,takenlanguagetogether,determinetherangewithinwhichmeaningsareselectedand,theformswhichareusedfortheirexpression.Inotherwords,theydeterminethe‘'register'’.

2.4.2AnIntroductiontotheTheoryofRegister

AswehaveknowfromtheanteriorpartofthisdissertationthatthetheorywhichsupportsthestudyisthetheoryofRegister.Inorderto

ofthetheory,theauthorwillhaveacorrectandclearcomprehension

episode.illustrateittothereadersinthefollowing

2.4.2.1TheConceptofRegister

Languageisalwaysusedforcertaincommunicativepurpose

aondifferentoccasions.Inordertomeetthedifferent

whichcommunicativeneeds,wehavelotoflanguagevarietiesformthecategoryofregister.Theterm‘'register'’Wasfirstusedinthissensethat

12——AnAnalysis

on

the

Writ—i—n—gSk—ills

ofForeign

Tra—de—En——gl—i—sh——B——as——ed...o..n....。t...h....。e.......R.。...e....g.....i...s...t...e.....r......T.......h.....e.....o......r.—y—

of

textvarietyby

Reid,andthentheconceptwastakenupanddevelopedby

Jean

Ure,

andinterpreted

withintheframeworkofHill’SInstitutionalLinguisticbydrew

Halliday.

(1964).Halliday

primarydistinctionbetween

asa

twotypesoflanguagevariety:

dialect,whichtheydefined

varietyaccording

to

theu∞f’andregister,whichthey

defined

as

varietyaccordingtotheuse.Thedialectiswhat

person

speaks,determined

whatheisdoing

bywhoheis;theregisteris

at

what

personis

can

speaking,determinedby

thetime.Thisgeneraldistinctionbeaccepted,insteadofcharacterizing

register

largelybyitslexica-granunaticalproperties.

Whenlanguageisused,itisalwaysusedin

context.Whataresaid

andhowthey

aresaidarealwaysdictatedbygenerallyandconsistentlyvarietiesoflanguage

ona

varietyofsituations.Somesituationsseemtodepend

regularsetoflanguagefeatures

SO

thatsomedistinctive

occur.

The

constantfeaturesof

thesituationalcircumstancesofspeech

usuallyfallinto

events

which

can

beconsistentlyrelatedtovariationsinlanguage

groupoffeaturesrelatetothereasonably

two

maingroups:one

permanent

to

characteristicsoftheUSersintheusers’u∞oflanguagein

speechevents.The

othergroupoffeaturesrelates

particularevents.Andthentherearethedialectalanddiatypic.

two

mainkindsofsituationalvarieties:

Dialectalvarietiescommonlycalleddialectsarelanguagevariationsthatare

associated、析tlldifferent

in

users

ofthelanguage.AstheUSersin

society

call

bedefined

rangeof

and

terms

oftheindividual,temporal,regional

andsocialaffiliationsandtheir

intelligibility,SOvarietiesCanbedividedinto

standardvarieties

individual,temporal,regional,social

respectively.Thesearerelativelypermanentfeaturesofthe

language

userin

speech

event.

Diatypicvarieties

commonlycalledRegisterarelanguagevariations

thatare

associatedwitllthe

use

different墩towhich

thelanguage,but

on

theyareput.Suchvarietiesdo

notdependon

thepeoplewho

theoccasionwhenitisused.TheoccasionsCan

presenting

beclassified

partplayed

alongthreebythe

dimensions,each

andmode.

anaspectofthesituationandthe

languageinthem.Inthisway,registersmaybedistinguished

accordingto

field,tenoris

Register

definedbyHalliday(Halliday&Hassa,1985/89)asvariation

use

according

toUSe:thatiswetypicallycertainrecognizableconfigurationsoflinguistic

resoBrcesincertaincontexts.1fllerearethreemaindimensionsofvariationwhichcharacterizeany

register:what

is

beingtalkedabout(thefield);thepeopleinvolved

in

II.LiteratureReview

13

thecommunicationandtherelationshipbetweenthem(thetenor);andhowthelanguageisfunctioningintheinteraction,whetheritiswritten

or

spoken(themode).

to

nenotionofregisterisvery

language

wespeak

or

simpleandverypowerful.Itrefers

to

thefactthatthe

use

writevariesaccording

todiscover

thetypeofsituationinwhichwe

it.

11他theoryofregisterattemptsvariation,SOthatwe

ale

thegeneralprincipleswhichgovemthis

abletounderstandwhichkindofsituationalfactorsdetermines

whichl(indoflinguisticfeatures.Itisfundamentalpropertyofalltypesoflanguages

thatitdisplaysvariationaccordingtouse.However,littleisyetknownaboutthenature

ofthevariationinvolved,largelybecauseitisdifficultfactors.

Allofthe

to

identifythecontrolling

language

functionsinsomecontextsofsituation,anditisrelatetothose

contexts.Thequestion

is

notwhat

peculiaritiesof

vocabulary

or

grammarof

pronunciationCanbe

directly

accounted

forbyreferringtothesituation,butwhich

kindsofsituationalfactor

determine

whichkindsofselectioninthelinguisticsystem.

ne

notionofregisteristhusformofprediction:giventhatwe

know

thesituation,the

social

context

is

oflanguageuse,we

ail

canpredict

occur.砸s

importantfeatureof

registe叩dictability

on

greatdealaboutthelanguagethatwill

anditisbased

on

this

featurethattheauthortradeEngliSh.2.4.2.2

undergoestheanalysisthelanguagecharacteristicsofforeign

Metafunctions

Infunctionalapproachestogrammarweessentiallyequatemeaning、析tllfunction.

GeoffThompsonsummarizedthethreekindsofmeaningsthatweinan

have

SO

faridentified

informal

1.People

way

use

as

follows:(GeoffThompson,2000;P.28)

totalk

language

about

events

our

experience

oftheworld,includingtheentities

worldsin

our

own

minds,todescribe

use

andstatesandtheinvolvedinthem.

andmaintain

on

2.Peoplealsolanguage

to

interact

with

other

people,to

establish

relations、ⅣitIlthem,toinfluencetheirbehavior,to

intheworld,and

express0111"ownviewpoint

things

3.Finally,musinglanguage,peopleorgafllZeourmessagesmwayswluchindicate

…‘

toelicitorchange

theirs.

‘‘‘‘o

howtheyfitinwimtheothermessageswhichwearetalkingorwriting.

around

them

and、析m

above

the

widercontext

in

InHalliday’SFunctionalGrammar,thethreecategories

areusedasthebasis

theyallowthe

forexploringhowmeaningarecreatedand

understood,because

matchingofparticulartypesoffunctions/meaningswithparticulartypesofwordings

ail

to

extent

thatothercategorizationsgenerallydo

can

not.

oneor

Allthemorespecificfunctions

beassignedtO

to

otherofthethreebroad

as

functionsoutlinedabove;andhencewerefer

The

thesebroadfunctionsmetafimctions.

labelsforeachthemetafunctionsarereasonablytransparent:thefirstisthe

theinterpersonal

experiential/ideationalfunction;thesecondis

thetextualfunction.

function;andthetllirdis

Withinthelinguisticsystem,itisthesemanticsystem

thatisofprimary

concernin

sociolinguisticcontext.What

ale

thesefunctionalcomponentsofsemanticsystem?

Theyarethemodesofmeaningthatarepresentineveryuseoflanguageineverysocial

context.Atextis

productofallthree;itismelodies

are

polyphoniccomposition

to

inwhichintegrated

differentsemanticinterwovenfunctional

berealized

as

lexica-grammatical

structureto

structures.Each

componentcontributes

bandof

thewhole.

observer.

Theexperientialfunctionrepresentsthespeaker’Smeaningpotential嬲an

Thisisthe

component

throughwhichthelanguageencodestheculturalexperience,and

as

thespeakerencodeshisownindividualexperience

expressesthe

memberofthe

culture.It

are

phenomenaoftheenvironment:thethingsoftheworldwhich

therelationsof

itself,and

our

creatures,objects,actions,events,qualities,states,and

consciousness,including

the

phenomenon

ale

own

of

language

alsothe

metaphenomena,thethingsthatalreadyencoded嬲factsandreports.

The

isthe

interpersonalcomponentrepresentsthespeaker’Smeaningpotential嬲an

intruder.Itistheparticipatoryfunctionoflanguage,language船doingsomething.This

component

throughwhichthespeakerintrudeshimself

intothe

context

ofthe

situation,bothexpressing

attitudes

hisownattitudesandjudgmentandseeking

role

toinfluence

andbehaviorofothers.Itexpressesthe

those

that

a他defined

relationshipsaSsociated、^,imthe

of

situation,including

bylanguageitself,relationships

questioner-respondent,informer-doubterandthelike.Theseconstitutethe

meaningoflanguage.

interpersonal

The

whichwhich

textual

componentrepresentsthe

speaker’S

text-formingpotential;it

in

isthat

makeslanguagerelevant.Itisthecomponentwhichprovidesthemakesdifferencebetweenlanguagesandlanguagethatisoperational

texture

and

context

ofsituation.Itexpressestherelationoflanguagetoitsenvironment,includingtheverbal

environment—whatwere

component

said

or

wriaenbefo玎争—-andthenonverbal

to

environment.

two

Hencethetextual

has

animportantfunction、析mrespect

theother

II.LiteratureReview

15

functionsthatitisonlythroughthecombination、析tllthetextualmeaningsthattheideationalandinterpersonalmeanings

Eachofthesethreesetsof

Canbe

actualized.

optionsischaracterizedbystronginternalbutweak

externalconstraints,foreffect

on

example,anychoicemadeintransitivitysystemshasverylittlemood

or

the

choiceswithinthe

themesystem.Hencethe

COle

functional

organizationofmeaninginlanguageisbuiltintothe

ofthelinguisticsystem嬲the

mostgeneralorganizingprincipleofthelexicogrammaticalstratum.2.4.2.3RelationshipbetweentheThreeVariablesand

Astheauthorhasillustratedinthe

Metafunctions

arethree

anteriorparts,there

dimensionsof

variationsdistinguishingregisterwhich

kindsofmeanings

are

field,tenorandmode.Andtherearethree

are

i.e.metafunctions,whichtheexperiential/ideationalfunction,the

interpersonalfunction,andthetextualfunction.Consideringthattheybotllconsistof

threeelements,thenwhatiSthe

Thefactthatthereareall

relationshipbetweenthetwoconcepts?threecomponents

toone

arc

ofthe

two

conceptsisnotaccidental

sinceeachofthe

variationscorrespondsofthemetafunctions:thefieldmainly

determinestheexperientialmeaningsthatexpressed;thetenormainlydetermines

theinterpersonalmeanings;andthemodemainlydeterminesthetextualmeanings.Thefollowing

diagramCanillustratetherelationshipin

concreteway.

Varietyofregister

Metafunctions

ExperientialInternational

Textual

ofutterances

on

Field

Tenor

Mode

Halliday

makesthepointthattherelationshipbetweentheforms

and

thetypesofmeaningtheyCanexpressis

thatwhat

complex

one

whichisbased

ale

theprinciple

speakerssaymakessen.∞inthecontextinwhichthey

sayingit.Halliday

claimsinaddition,however,that甜ladultlanguageisorganizedround

offunctionalunderlieall

smallnumber

componentswhich

use

correspond

tometafuctionsor

thepurposeswhich

language

andthatthesemetafunctions

have

systematicrelationship

、^,itIlthelexicogrammarofthelanguage.

By

andlarge,it

istheideational

componentoftenor,andthe

systemthatisactivatedbythe

choiceoffield,theinterpersonalbythetextualbythemood.Thereis,inencodingtherole

otherwords,ageneraltendencywherebythe

speaker,inrelationships

inthesituation(thetenor),draws

on

theinterpersonalcomponentinthesemantic

16

AnAnalysis

on

the

WritingSkillsofForeign_TradeEnglishBased......t...h.....e........R.......e.....g.....i...s....t....e....r.......T.......h.....e.....o...r.—y—

system,realizedforexamplebymood;inencodingtheactivityincludingsubject-matter

(thefield),draws

on

theideationalcomponent,realizedfor

examplebytransitivity;and

SO

inencodingthefeaturesofthechannel,therhetoricalmodeand

on

on(themode)draws

thetextual

componenL

realizedfor

examplebythe

informationfocus.

2.4.2.4TheFeatureofPredictabilityofRegister

All

language

functionsin

are

contextofsituation,and

isrelatetothosecontexts.But

whatfeaturesoflanguage

determinedbyregister?Whichkindsofsituationalfactors

determine

language.

whichkindsofselectioninthelinguisticsystem?Asshownintheabove,the

elementsofregister,field,tenor,andmode,in

l孤gepart

are

thedeterminantsof

Through

manyresearches,theSystemicway:languageisfinally

FunctionalGrammar

represents.the

Registerinthis

determined

can

bythecontextviathesemantic

system.Ontheotherhand,thesituationtypeforms.Thesemanticsystemis

an

alsobepredictedfromthelinguistic

interfacebetweenthecontextofsituationandthe

linguisticsystem.Itisalsorealizedbythelexicon-grammaticalsystems.Itisinthis

perspectivethat

semanticsystem

is

maybecome

accessible.

Therefore,register

bom

as

theoryofsocietyinwhichlanguageplays

as

centralpart,

thedeterminerandthe

determined.Language

iscontrolledbythesocial

structure,andthesocial

Hence,itoffersthe

structure

ismaintainedandtransmittedthroughlanguage.

foundationforinterpretingprocessesofsemanticchange.

Understandingtheinterrelationshipbetweencontext,semanticsand

Hallidayfurthershisnotionofregister:thenotionofregisterisgiventhatweknowthesituation

linguistics,

thus

formofprediction:

we

ale

andthesocialcontextoflanguagelanguage

thatwill

using,we

canpredict

ofbeing

greatdeal

about

the

ocCUI',withreasonableprobability

right.(Halliday,1978).ThisisthepredictabilityofRe西ster.obviousthatlanguage

isusedin

Itis

multitudeofdifferentways,for

multitude

ofdifferent

purposes.The

as

selectionoflanguagemust

conform

TV

to

theca'tainspecific

situation,suchwhichlanguage

will

bepreferredinclassroomteaching,in

TVadvertising

or

weatherhand,

conversation,inthebusinessworld,in

theactual

textor

news.Ontheother

theactual

linguistic

realizationCanaswellpredicttheactual

context.

That’sthemutualpredictionprocessandthatisalsothecrucialapplicationofRegister

in

our

reallife.

m.The

LinguisticAnalysis

on

ForeignTradeEnglish

17

Ⅲ.The

LinguisticAnalysis

on

ForeignTradeEnglish

InthischaptertheauthorwillanalyzethelanguagecharacteristicsofFTEindetail

fromthepointoftheRegistertheory,andthensummarizethewritingskillsofFTE.

3.1AGeneralAnalysis

FTEfromthePerspectiveofRegister

clearillustration

are

on

InChapterTwo,theauthorhasalreadygivenUS

aon

Functional

GrammarandRegisterTheory.Weknowthattheremainlythreevarietiesof

Register,i.e.field,modeandtenor.Andtherea托threemainfunctionsoflanguageinfunctionalglanlmar,i.e.theideationalfunction,theinternationalfunctionandthe

textualfunction.

Field'relatedtotheideationalfunctionoflanguage,isthedomainwhere

isused;mode,relatedtothetextualfunctionof

variety

language,isthe

wayandchannel

language

isused;tenor,relatedtotheinterpersonalfunctionoflanguage,hastwo

levels

ofmeaning:onelevelistheusers’statusandrelationship,theotheristhepurposeofthe

user

toIn

usea

variety.

word,itistheideationalfunctionoflanguagethatisactivatedbythechoiceof

thetextualbythe

field,theinterpersonalbythetenor,and

tendencywherebythespeaker,in

mood.There

is

general

encodingtherolerelationshipsinthesituation(the

inthe

tenor),draws

exampleby

on

on

theinterpersonalcomponent

semantic

system,realizedfor

mood;inencodingtheactivityincluding

for

subject-matter(thefield),draws

theideational

component,realized

example

and

SO

bytransitivity;andinencoding

on

the

featuresofthechannel,therhetoricalmodeon(themode),draws

thetextual

component,realized

forexamplebytheinformationfocus.

Inthebusinesscommunitytoday,the

even

importanceofgoodcommunicationskillsis

USe

morestressed,asitisessentialthatemployeesCan

to

thetoolsoftheevolving

informationtechnology

communicateclearly,accuratelyandeffectively.

one

Foreigntradeletterisistheprincipalthrough

ofthemost

importanttypesofforeigntradewritings.It

customers

meansusedby

businessfirmto

ke印intouch晰mits

and

thelettersthecustomers

form

their

impression

ofthe

firmandtheir

transactions.

Theform

offoreigntradelettershas

slight

differenceinpattemfrom

ordinary

letters.Weknowthatthetheory

weknowthesituation

ofregisterhasfeatureofpredictabilitythatgiventhat

andthesocialcontextofthe

language

we

are

using,WeCan

predict

greatdealaboutthelanguagethatwilloccur.Thatisthepredictabilityof

willfindhowthethreevarietiesofregisterpredicatethe

Register.We

languageusedin

foreigntradeEnglishcorrespondenceinthischapter.

3.2TheLinguisticAnalysis

ForeignTradeCorrespondence

on

Allcommunicationismadeupofsenders,receivers,messages,channels,feedback,

noiseandsetting.Everytimepeoplecommunicate,theseelements

are

going

tobe

somewhat

different.

Thesenderengagesthesource;themanagerandtheencoderdeveloptheinternal

and

externalmessages.Thetransmitterthruststheexternalmessageintothechannel.messagemovesthroughtime

The

and

spacetothe

receiver.The

receivingapparatus

theinternal

pickupthe

message.The

decoder

anddestinationandmanagerconvert

messageinto

meanings.Then

thereceiverbecomes

sender,initiatesfeedback,andthe

spiralcontinuestogrow.

Accordingly,thehumanoperation

communication

author’Sanalysis

appliedtointernationaltradehasthesame

on

mechanism.The

theFTEisbased

on

theoperation

mechanismaswell.

3.2.1TheFieldofFTEandtheLanguageFeaturesPredicted

Field,relatedtotheideationalfunctionoflanguage,isthedomainwhereis

variety

used.Due

to

thevast

concerns

ofmodem

business,buyingand/orsellingare

preceded

goods,

蜥tIl

otheractivitiessuch

as

seekingandprovidinginformation,promoting

services,and

butto

goodwillinorder.Inmanycases,weare

notto

sell

particularproduct

createa

favorable

imageofthecompanythatproducesthe

product.Thuswhat

trddeletters.

peopleactually

doinsuchsituationsdeterminesthe

languageoftheforeign

Nowadays,thebusinessworldisbusilyrunning.Everyday,thebusinessmenwill

handle

lotoftelephonecallsandtransactions.Andtheyshouldacknowledgethatthey

诚nberathercarefulandconsideratewith

theircustomers.Otherwise,theirmistake

or

or

carelessfault

willpossibly

resultinfailure

greatlossintheir

business.Therefore,

do

todeal、析tllthe

theyshouldalwayskeeptheirsubjectinmind.Whatthey

will

signingofthecontract?Isitappropriatetowritehandlethe

letterinthisway?Isiteconomicalto

businessin

this

way?HowCanIremainthe900dandlong?standing

all

relationshipwithmy

customers?啊№businessmentake

to

thesefactorsinto

considerationandthendecidehow

managethem.111esefactorsformthefieldofthe

Ⅲ.The

LinguisticAnalysis

on

ForeignTradeEnglish

19

businessletter.Thefieldofthebusinessletterisbetweenthepartiesinvolved,andtheresponses

to

obtaincompleteunderstanding

first

required.The

objective

can

be

achievedthroughclarityofexpression;theseconddemandstherightapproach.Thismeansthatthebusinessmenshouldbe

courteous,honest,tactful

and

genuinely

account

interestedinpromoting

mutuallybeneficialbusinessarrangement,takinginto

theircustomers’requirements,levelofinformation.

understanding,and

probable

reactiontothe

Becauseofitsstrongprofessionalpurpose,thefiledofFTEisusuallyestablishedbyconvention,forexample,formalthanks

are

used

at

thebeggingof

letterandthenit

comestothesubject.Takethe

DearMr.Wang:

letter

on

page48for

example.

ThankyouforyourletterofFeb.15tIl,2001andtheenclosurerequisitionquotesforpartsforthecaptionedmachine.

Asrequested,weplaceyourorderwitll

ale

submittingOurquotationintriplicateand、^,iShforyouto

possible

us嬲earlyas

becausewe

have

largebacklog.

We

await

your

decision.

Sincerely,

Sander

DeHaan

InternationalSales

Manager

111isletterhasemployedtheappropriatestyleof

n^C.111e

firstparagraphofthis

ofthe

letterexpressesthewriter’Sthanks,thesecondparagraphisthethelastparagraphistheclose.n圮writeruses

subjectletter,and

seriesofwordstoexpresshonesty,

friendshipandgoodwillinthisletter,suchasthank

you,wish,await,etc.

cooperation,situation

would

Sometimesthe

formerbusiness

activities,good

of

intemationalmarketandthereflectionoftheclientsand

ordertopromote

SOon

bementionedin

request,whichis

l【indofcommunicationstrategy.

FTCisalwaysaboutonethingwithdisagreement谢meachother,such

as

on

price,

insurance,termsofpayment,date

isdeterminedbythecontext

ofshipment.Itisobviousthatthefieldof

discourse

andthewriters’experienceandwritinglevel.Besides,itis

alsodeterminedbythestepsoffollow

our

businessactivity,forinstance,makingtheopponent

pace,promoting

request,counterattackintime,breakingthedeadlock.

Forexample:

ItisnaRu'althatallparents、^,ishto

strong

see

theirsoILSanddaughtersgrowuptobe

cases

andhealthypersons;however,many

as

failtheirexpectations.…doctors

diagnosethesymptom

lackof

nutrition….Now

newl(indofnutritionalsupplement

our

forchildrenhasbeenproduced...(Makingtheopponentfollow

…Ifyouhavechildren,domake

pace);

poimtobuy

bottleforthem(promoting

request);

Theevidenceyouhaveprovidedisinadequate,therefore,wecannot

consider

your

claim

as

requested(counterattackintime);

WeshallmeetyouhalfwaybyreducingOurpriceto…(Breakingthedeadlock)

(Fromhttp://wgyxy.hutc.zj.cn/old/swyyxz/ReadNews.asp?NewslD=521)

3.2.2TheTenorofFTEandtheLanguageFeaturespredicted

The

tenor

oftheforeigntradelettersrelatestotherelationshipbetweenthe

socialroleshavealreadybeenobserved

participantsinsuchsituations.The

andwell

defined,i.e.customerandseller,consumerandproducer,etc.Consideringtheultimatepurposeoftheseller

Peoplearein

or

producer,there

is

lotof

persuasiontoeffect

transaction.

businesstomakemoneyand

nottowaste

time.This

paramount

to

concern

、析meffecting

functionof

business

transactionandmakingmoneyaffectstheinterpersonal

thestatusof

language.However,thisfunctionisrealizeddifferentlydue

theclientineach

case.The

rulethataffectstheinterpersonalfunctionisthat‘'the

turn

customerisalwaysright'’whichin

shopkeeper’s

determinesthedegreeofpoliteness

ofthe

on

language.Thisiscloselyrelatedtothedegreecustomeris

knownto

the

seller.A

offormalitythatisbased

tone

howwell

cordial,cooperative

in

correspondenceCando

are

muchhelptoestablishsatisfactoryrelations,andsuchrelations

importantin

business.

ItisfoundthatthetenorofFTEconsistsoftwo

typesofrelationship.Oneisthe

long-standrelationship,i.e.thefirstorderofsocialrole;andtheotheristheand

temporary

dynamic

relationshipwhich

isalsocalledthesecondorderofsocial

role(Halliday,

1978).

(1)Seenfrom

theviewoflong-time

the

and

static

relationship,tenor

referstothe

participants’rolerelationshipin

context

ofculture,whichmeans

therelative

III.TheLinguisticAnalysis

on

ForeignTradeEnglish

21

features

compared诚tll

otherparticipants,nottheindividualcharacterabsolutely.Itis

nodeinthenetofcomplexsocialrelationship.TheinterpersonalrelationshipinFTE

involvestherelationshipbetweenthewriterandtheaddressee,therelationship

between

SOon.

thebuyerandtheseller,therelationshipbetweentheinsuredandtheinsurerand

Actuallytheconceptoftenor

extentof

Canbeclassifiedinto

threehypo-categories,i.e.status,the

status

pfirticipationandthefeelings.Status,includingequal

suchasthedegreeof

andunequalstatus,

is

affectedbythefactors

toitsstatusis

familiarity.Therefore,thelanguage

refersto

whichisfit

thelanguageharmonious、^,itllthesituation.

pointoftemporary

(2)Viewedfromtheanddynamicrelationship,tenor

therolerelationshipoftheparticipantsinthecontext.AccordingtoHalliday’S

functionalgrammar,there

are

twotypesofrolesinthecontextofinternationaltrade

which

are

givingandasking,formingtwopairsofrole

relationship,i.e.offer/receiver

bedividedinto

two

andrequester/provider.Besides,theexchangeofgoodscouldalso

types,i.e.informationandgoods&services.Allthe

goodsthathavebeenexchanged

Canbe

desirable

or

undesirable,profit

or

nonprofit.Desirabilityiscloselyrelatedto

benefit,andnley

havethe

can

relationshipofsubjectivereflect(desirability)andobjective

influencethe

result(benefit)which(Zhanggoods

communicativecour∞andthelanguageused

Delu,1989).For

example,in

FTC,withthepurposeofaskingfor

information,

persuadethe

andservice,peopleinonepartoftenparttoofferthose

usethemethod

ofpersuasionto

opposite

information,goodsand

on

service.Oneofthemainfunctions

ofFTCistohavean

influence

theattitudeandbehaviorofthe

oppositepart,so

the

methodofpersuasioniswidelyused.

Thepersuasionmethodcallmake

fire

the

opponent

believethat

Ourproductandservice

ofhigherquality

and

lower

price,andOur

requestisreasonable,anditisbeneficial

tocooperate、析tllus.Themostsuitablelanguageshouldbeusedaccordingtothe

opponentand

thecontexttoform

harmoniouslanguagesituationandachievethebest

communicationeffect.Hereisanexample.

The

compete

priceswequoteabovefirethelowestwefireable

well、^,itllothers

to

offer.Ourproductswill

isrising

brandsbecauseofoursuperiorquality.Sincedemand

to

andpricesfire

bound

togoup,weurgeyoumakeyourdecisionasearlyaspossible.

(Page80)

Thepersuasionmethodused

customerbelieveinwhatwesaidand

Generally

intheabovesentencewill

probably

makethe

makeanorderwithus.

speaking,allthewords

should

helptoform

friendlyatmosphere

our

makingthepotential

customerhappyandacceptableandthusrealize

writingaim.

22

AnAnalysis

on

the

Writing

SkillsofForeign

T—r—a—d—e——E—ngli—sh

acts

—..s...e....d.......o....n.......t..h.....e......R......e...g.....i..s...t...e....r.....T.....h.....e...o.....r.—y—

Suchconsiderationsinthetenoroftheforeigntradelettersbusinesscommunicationmayincludeotherselling.Promoting

inaddition

to

are

verynecessary,as

theactsofbuyingand

goodwill,complaining,apologizing,accepting,rejecting,claiming,

arc

demandingandmanyotheractSpartand

parcelofsomebusinesscommunication

situations.SuchactSassumespecialsignificancewhenweconsiderdifferencesinthemode

ofdiscourse.i.e.inwrittenbusiness

communicationthereare

already

well-establishedsub-varietiessuchaslettersofcomplaint,lettersofapplication,ete.

Asthebuyervery

andthesellerhaveboth

commonandcontradictoryinterests,itiS

important

tokeep

inmindthedistinctionbetweencertainoverlappingconcepts:amount

to

Courtesyoverdone

may

obsequiousness;sincerityoverdonemay

amount

to

naivety.Inshort,proprietyistheprincipleindistinguishingtherightwrong.

coursefromthe

3.2.3The

Mode

ofFTEandtheLanguageFeaturesPredicted

is

Modeisthewayandchannel

language

used,as

thisthesisfocuses

on

the

writtenformforeigntradeEnglish,thetransmissionchannelisthroughthewritten

correspondences.

Foreign

trade

correspondence(FTC)is

specialvarietyofwrittenEnglishwith

carefulplans.Therefore,ithasitsuniquestylisticfeaturesinthechoiceofwords,sentencesandthetextual

FTC,as

preciseness

structure.

formalvarietyofEnglish,hastherequirementofsobriety,elegance,

and

formalness.And

nOWwewill

illustratethe&ldof

text.

FTEfromthree

aspectsinthefollowingpart,theaspectsofglossary,syntaxand

1.Intheaspectofglossary,FTChasitsownfeatures.

(1)FTCoften

uses

differentwordstoexpressthesame

we

arc

meaning埘tIl

ordinary

English,andtheordinarywords

familiar

with

ale

givennewmeanings.For

example,thewriteruSe“forward'’takesplaceof“send'’.

(2)FTCand

uses

longer

andmore

formal

lexicalphrases,suchasinaccordance

with

inthemarketfor.

TI抡u∞ofthephraseinaccordancewithand加themarketfor

can

make

sentencemoresolemnandformal.

(3)FTCfrequently

Pleasequote

uses

wordswithbusinesscharacter,such

as

thetermofCIF.

US

CIFNewYorkincluding3%commission.(Page64)

Ⅲ.TheLinguisticAnalysis

(4)FTC

FOB(freeononForeignTradeEnglish23oftenusesmanyabbreviations,forinstance,L/C(1etterofcredit),board),W.P.A.(withparticularaverage),B/S(balancesheet),A.R.(allrisks),A.N.(arrivalnotice),A.P.(accountpayable),A/S(accountsales),B/L(BillofLading),av,a/v(average),b/d(broughtdown),C.O.d.(cashondelivery),C.W.O(cash诵morder),D/P(documentsagainstpayment),D/O(deliveryorder),gr-wt.(grossweight),ETA(estimatedtimeoforrival).

canThatfactisthatthewriteravoidtheprolixexplanation,simplifythe

useprocessofbusinessactivityandmaketheworkefficient、析tlltheproper

terms,especiallytheconciseandcomprehensiveabbreviations.

2.Insyntax,FTC、析tllofbusinessEnglishgrandstnlc眦ismoresuitablethanthatoforalform.

USForexample,thesentencethat‘'AsweareinthemarketforyourelectricSaWS,weshouldbepleasedifyou

USwouldsendyourbestquotations.”isbetterthanitsoralformorethat“Pleaseoffersyourbestpricesbecausewe

onreadytobuyyourelectricSaWS.’’Astheforeigntradelettersmainlyfocusthematterstobehandledatonce,the

presenttenseandthefuturetensearepreferabletothepasttense.

Besides,thebusinessmenallpaymuchattentiontoinformationandeffectiveness,SOtheshortsentencesalefrequentlyusedinforeigntradeEnglish.

fig3.Intheconstructionofatext,FTChasitsspecialformatwell鹊itsparticular

meRnstorealizeitsparticulartextualfunction.Inordertosavetimeandachievethepurposeofeffect,foreign

totradelettersoreallshortandbrief.Businessactivitiesincludetheproceduresrelatingnumbersandtradeitems,andthebestwaytoconstructatext

istodemonstratethedatafordatademonstrationCanenhancetheefficiencyofinformationdelivery.Forexample:

Thankyouforyourletterof

b.Quantity:300metrictons

tonFOB15thMay.Weoregladtoofferyouthefollowing:a.Commodity:Soybeans,Heilongjiangorigin,2002cropc.Price:US¥600permetricDalian

d.Packing:Inordinarysecond-handgunnybags

e.Shipment:InOctober,2002

payablebydraftat£Payment:Byconfirmed,irrevocableL/Csight

(Page80)

3.3WritingRequirementsof

ofthechaptertheFTEIntheformerpartauthorhasillustratedthelanguage

characteristicsofFTEfromtheperspectiveofRegistertheoryaccordingtothethreefactorsi.e.field,modeandtenor.Althoughthisis

someextent.onlyaroughpicture,wecouldalsounderstandthefeaturesofFTEin

3.3.1TheRequirementsof3Cs

SomeyearsagotherewastendencytowritebusinessletterusingawhatWasknownas“commercialese.’’Nowithasgivenwaytomoremodemapproach,whichisdirectandconcise.Therearecertainessentialqualitiesofbusinessletters,whichCanbesummedupintheThreeCprinciple,i.e.Clearness,ConcisenessandCourtesy.

sothat1.Clearnessmeansthatthe

thereaderwillwritermustattempttoexpresshimselfclearlyunderstandcorrectly.Toachievethispurpose,heshouldkeepinmind

correctthepurposeofhiswritinganduseappropriatewordsin

conveyhismeaning.sentencestructuresto

Inaword,tomakethemessageclear,thewritermustpresentitinwell-constructedsentencesandparagraphs.

2.Courtesystemmingfromasincereyou-attitudeisnotmerepoliteness.Thecourteouswritershouldbesincere,tactful,thoughtfulandappreciative.

Firstly,accordingtothisrequirement,thelettershouldbepoliteandeuphemistic.Secondly,thewritershouldconsiderthingsfromthesituationofhispartner,theexpressionsof‘‘You'’.‘‘Yourbusiness'’and‘‘Yourneeds’’andsoonshouldbeused

thisway.

orfrequently.ThereaderwillfeelthathisbenefitisputinthefirstplacethroughWeCangetaconclusionthatthewritershouldavoidirritating,offensive

belittlingstatements,andifanapologyismadeintheletter,itshouldbemadegraciously.

3.Concisenessmeanssayingthingsinthefewestpossiblewords.AconciseF1’Ewritingshouldsaythingsbrieflybutcompletelywithoutlosingclarityorcourtesy.

Theobjective

AllofofFTEwritingisdoingbusinessandgainingtheresponsesrequired.theseCanbeachievedthroughclarityofexpressionandtherightapproachsuch

aascourteous,honest,tactfulandgenuinelyinterestedinpromoting

foreigntrademutuallybeneficialbusinessarrangement,takingintoaccountthereader’Srequirement,level

reactiontotheofunderstanding,andprobableinformation.

HI.TheLinguisticAnalysisonForeignTradeEnglish25

Alettercanbemadeclearer,easiertoreadand

amoreattractivetolookatbycarefulparagraphing.Aparagraphforeachpointis

stressgoodrule.Itshouldhardlybenecessarytotheimportanceofcourtesyinthecorrespondence.Oneofthemostimportantthingsispromptness.Punctualitywillpleasethecustomerwhodislikeswaitingfordaysbeforehegetsareplytohisletter.

3.3.2PredictionoftheWritingRequirementsfromtheRegisterTheory

Basedonthelinguisticsituationalanalysisabove,theauthorroughlypredictsthelanguageoftheforeigntradelettersfromthefollowingthreeaspects.

1.nlelexicallevel

Firstly,aleRershouldbeofclarity.Toaccomplishthisgoal,thedictionshouldbeshort,familiar,andconcreteandtrytoavoidthebig,complicatedandabstractwordsandphrases.

2.Thesyntacticlevel

Asentencenormallycontains

Inasubject,averborverbphraseandacomplement.foreigntradeletters,inordertoachieveclarityandcompleteness,thesentenceshould

topic.Andtrytoavoidthelongbeshortandcomplete.Onesentence

theuseisfocusedononeandcomplicatedsentenceandofsentencefragments.

3.Thetextuallevel

Abusybusinessmanoftenselectstheshortestandsimplestletterinfrontofhimto

aanswerfirst,SOitiseasytounderstandthevalueofclarityandbrevityinforeigntrade

controltheEnglishletter.Therefore,thewritershouldatleasttrytobeconciseandto

lengthofaleRer.Asaresult,shortparagraphsarepreferable.Eachparagraphshouldbe

oneplannedlogically、Ⅳitllparagraphaboutonetopic.Furthermore,thetoneoftheletter

shouldbenoted,which

ofclosing.

AwillberepresentedatthebeginningofsalutationandattheendpointthatisambiguousinaletterwillcauSetroubletobotllsidesandftu'therexchangeofletterforexplanationwillbecomeinevitable,thustimewillbelost.Therequirementisthatwhenpeoplealesureaboutwhattheywanttosay,sayitinplain,simplewords.Good,straigIltforward,simple

letters.ClearnessEnglishiswhatisneededforforeigntradeandconcisenessoften

helptogohand-in-handandtheeliminationofwordybusinesstermscallmake

aaletterclearerandatthesameatimemoreconcise.Aavoidconciseletter

whiledealingisnotnecessarilyshortone.SometimesletterCannotbeinglongwithamultiplicityofmatters.Ifconcisenessconflictswithcourtesy,then

26AnAnalysisontheWritingSkillsofForeignTradeEnglishBasedontheRegister亚orymakealittersacrificeofconciseness.Generallyspeaking,people

ones.willgaininclearnessandconcisenessbywritingshortsentencesratherthanlong

Inaword,thepurposetowriteaFTEistosolvetheproblemsinbusiness

activities,includingthepragmaticfunctionofestablishingtraderelations,inquiresandoffers,claimsandarbitration,and

gosmoothlyand

goSOon.Thefinalpurposeistomakebusinessactivitiesistomakeprofit.Thebusinessworkersknowdeeplythat“noadvanceshouldbeback.”andtimeisthemoney,andthereintemationallyacceptableprinciplestomakepeople、析tlldifferentculturesandmotherlanguagesbeabletocommunicatewitlleachothermorequicklyandsmoothly.Theseconsciousnessand

usebehaviorsprinciplesleavestylemarkerinFTE.Specificity,theFTEtheyhasstrong

alepurpose,appropriatewords,politeness,clearmeaningandbriefstructure.Thesethe

varietyofforeigntradeEnglishformedinthespecificsituationofinternationaltrade.

IV.Studies

on

the

WritingSkills

ofFTEBased

on

theRegisterTheory

27

IV.Studies

on

the

WritingSkills

ofFTEBased

on

theRegister

Theory

Intheanteriorpartofthedissertationtheauthorhasillustratedthelanguage

characteristicsofFTEfromtheperspectiveoftheRegistertheory.Ⅵ佬knowthatFrEis

particularvarietyofEnglishusedinthefieldofinternationaltrade,andithasitsown

to

requirements

write.1f1圮authorwillillustratethewritingskillsofFTEinthe

on

followingpartindetailsupportedbyabundantexamplesbasedtheanalysisabove

fromthreedifferentaspectswhicharethelexicallevel,thesyntacticlevelandthe

textuallevel.

BusinessWe

is

verycomplicatedtransactioninvolvingseriesofdifferentprocedures.

haveknownalreadythatthe

proceduresofinternationaltradeincludingestablishing

all

traderelationship,makinginquiry,making

offer,onprice,ordering,concluding

transaction,makingshipment,insurance,negotiatingpayment,lodging

claim,etc,and

foreigntradelettersexistineverystepofthetradeactivity.Duetodifferentfields

(purposes)of

the

foreign

trade

letters,tlley

Canbe

dividedintodifferent

categories--lettersofestablishingletters

on

business

relations,leRersofinquiries

on

and

offers,

price,lettersofordering,letters

on

termsof

payment,letters

on

contracts,

lettersofshipment,letters

Afterstudythewrittenby

insurance,together、^,imlettersofclaimsandarbitration.

ofBUsINEsscoRREsPONDENcEAND

DIALOGUES

book

QiYunfang,the

authorhasselected205sentencesin40lettersof

foreign

tradeEnglishatrandomfromthisbookcoveringalmosteverystepoftheproceduresof

foreigntrade,andanalyzed

has

themcarefullyusingthemethodofstatistics.Andtheauthor

usedsampleexamples

fromtheselettersto

support

her

point.

on

Afterthischapter,thereadersCanhaveofFTE,and

betterunderstanding

trade

thewritingskills

good

commandofwritingsuccessfulforeign

4.1TheLexicaILevel

correspondences.

ThefieldofinternationalwadedeterminesthelexicalparticularityofFTC.For

example,the

phrases

frequentuseofprofessional

terms,abbreviations,un-ambiguity

words

and

and

SOon.

Weknow

thatFTE

onone

handcharacterizedbycertainspecialvocabulary;onthe

otherhand,itissubsetofthegeneralEnglishwhichformspartoftheknowledge

of

28AnAnalysisontheWritingSkillsofForeignTradeEnglishBasedontheRegisterTheorymostEnglishspeakers.Therefore,FTE,atthesametime,sharesthevocabularyofthegeneralEnglishandhasthespecialvocabularyofitsown.

TheauthorwillillustratethefeaturesofthevocabularyofFTCindetailinthefollowingpartofthechapter.

4.1.1FrequentEmploymentofAbbreviations

ThefrequentemploymentofabbreviationsisthemostoutstandingfeatureofFTE.SotheauthorwillpaymoreattentiontoabbreviationsusedinFTEinthispaper.

Becauseoftheadvantagesofconciseness,precisenessandpracticalityovertheirfullforms,abbreviationsarefrequentlyusedinEnglishforinternationaltrade,i.e.FTE.Theuseofabbreviation

orsavestime,foritismuchmoreeconomicaltonameaprocessthantodescribeituseitsfullform.SincetheinitialissueofIncoterms1936,

abbreviationsoftradetermsinintemationaltradehavebeenusedmorefrequentlythan

astheirfullforms.Eveninratherformalwritingscontracts,abbreviatedtradetermscan

maketheirwayintouse,suchas"FOB(freeonboard),CIF(cost,insuranceandfreight),C&F(costandfreight).Furthermore,manygenerallyacceptedabbreviationshaveratherllighfrequencyofemploymentininternationaltransactions,suchas,B/L(BillofLading),战(LeaerofCredit),D/P(DocumentsagainstPayment),WTO(WorldTradeOrganization),dz(dozen),1jF(footorfeet),50onand50forth.Inaddition,highlyfrequent眦ofabbreviationsisanoutstandingfeatureoftelegramandtelexwhichplayanimportantroleininternationaltrade,especiallyin1970sand1980s.Many

assoonasabbreviationsareuniquetotelegramandtelexsuchasadasap(advise

possible),mfg(manufacturing),cbl(cable).Thefrequentlyusedabbreviations

uniquetothedomainofEnglishforinternationaltradeorareeitherareaendowed、析tllstrongeconomicfavor.

Forexample

(1)Inorderto

stipulationsareinavoidsubsequentamendments,pleaseseetoitthattheL/Cexactaccordancewiththetermsofthecontract.为了避免日后的修

152)

L/C,payableat改,务必注意信用证条款应严格按照合同规定。(PagePleasenotethatOurtermsofpaymentarebyirrevocablesight

againstpresentationofshippingdocuments.(Page50)

Paymentwillbe

ThemadebyL/CinNewYorkagainstdocuments.付款凭单据在纽creditwhichisa约以信用证支付。(Page95)abbreviation‘‘L/C’’inthesesentencesmeansletteroftermof

IV.StudiesontheWritingSkillsofFTEBasedontheRegisterTheory29

payment?

(2)PleasequoteUSCIFNewYorkincluding3%commission.请报至纽约成本价保险、运费价(到岸价格)包括3%的佣金。

WewillopenallirrevocableL/CinyourfavorthroughtheFirstNationalCityBank,NewYork,tocoverthetotalCIFvalueofthisorder.(Page64)

Theabbreviation“CIF”intheabovesentencesstandsforcost,insuranceandfreight.

(3)Asagreed,thetermsofpaymentfortheaboveordersareletterofcreditof60days’sightorD/Psightdraft.双方同意,上述订货货款以60天信用证或即期付款交单方式支付。

BuLinviewofourfriendlyrelations,wewill,as

onallexceptionalcase,acceptpaymentforyourtrialorder

willacceptD/PatD/Pbasis.(Page125)InordertopavethewayforyourpromotionofOUrproductsinyourmarket,wesightasaspecialaccommodation.为有助于在贵地市场推销我方产品,作为特殊照顾,我方将接受见票即付的付款交单方式。(Page152)

abbreviationofD/Pintheabove

aThewhichissentencemeansdocumentsagainstpayment,

againsttermofpayment.enclosingthecertificateofsurvey,alsothePolicy,whichis(4)Weare

F.P.A.(Page243)

The

whichisabbreviationintheabovesentencemeans“freefromparticularaverage”,akindofinsurance.

aS(5)Asfar

inIknow,theinsurancecompanyacceptscoverageofthegoodspackedcardboardcartonsagainstTPND.(Page427)

The

aabbreviationintheabovesentencestandsfortheft,pilferageandnon-delivery,kindofinsurance.

4.1.2TheChangingoftheMeaningofSomeCommonWords

InforeigntradeEnglish,manycommonwordsusedin

setourdailylifemayhavetheirmeanings,slightlydifferentfromtheirordinaryones.Forexample:

trade1)(a).“Claim'’meansinforeign

considered

Weone’sEnglish‘'demandorrequestforathingdue”.onclaimedthatshippingcompanyforthelossinvolved.

claimonWetherefore,compelledtoyoutocompensateusfortheloss,¥27,500,

whichwehavesustainedbythedamagetothegoods.

30AnAnalysisontheWritingSkil——lsofForeignTra.d....。eEnglish..B。..as...e.d.....on。.h...e.....R。...e..g....i...s...t....e....r......T.......h.....e..o...r.—y—

Consideringthisdamagewasdue

weclaimedontothetoughhandlingbythesteamshipcompany,themforrecoveryofthelOSS.(Page245)

asa(b)Itis

Wealsofondthat“claim'’isoftenusednoun.Forexample:onsentyouapreliminary

anoticeofthecaptionedclaimAugust17,2001,andherebyfiledetailedclaimfor¥l,700.00.(Page244)

or2)“Reference”means‘'personsfL'mSnamedbyacustomeraskingasupplierfor

credit,fromwhomthesupplierCangetinformationaboutthebusinessreputationofthecustomer,i.e.cautioners”.

MyreferencewillprovetoyouthatIamefficientanddependable.

not3)111emeaningof‘'trust'’is

We

WetrustthatthistrusttobelieveinbuttohopeinforeigntradeEnglish.proformainvoicewillsuityourresponse.(Page108)thisorderwillbethefirstofaseriesofdealsbetweenus.(Page105)Weappreciate

toyourcooperationandtrustthatthefirstpartialshipmentwhichhisbeeffectedearlymonthwillturnout

Wetoyourcompletesatisfaction.(Page163)andtrust

turna陀gladtohavefilledyourorderafterlongdelaythatthegoodstoyourwillreachyouintimetomeetyoururgentneedandthatthey

191)willoutcompletesatisfaction.(Page

Wetrusttheaboveinformationservesyourpurpose.(Page220)

notto4)mmeaningof‘'cover'’is

Ifyouinsist

elsewhere.

Inordertocoverouronhidebuttopurchase,topayforandtoinsure.youroriginalquotation,wewillhavetocoverOurrequirementsorder,wehavearranged、j ̄ritlltheBankofChina,Shanghaiacreditfor¥l,000.

Wewill

Bank,NewopenanirrevocableL/CinyourfavorthroughtheFirstNationalCityY0比tocoverthetotalCIFvalueofthisorder.(Page103)

notto5)111emeaningof“establish'’isbuildupbuttoopen.

aAfterthesaidlicenseisapproved,weshallestablish

ItisL/Cinyourfavor.understoodthataletter

orofcreditinourfavorcoveringthecaptionedmerchandisewillbeestablishedon

notaboutthe25mofthemonth.(Page163)a6)‘‘Forward'’iS

Pleaseanadverb,itiSverbmeaningtosendortoconvey.informusofyourtrade

UStermsandforwardsamplesandproductbrochures.Pleaseinformofyourtradetermsandforwardsamplesandproductbrochures.

(Page23)

7)“Effect'’isnot

Thesellershallanoun,butaverbmeaningtorealize,toproceed.effectmarineinsuranceagainstAllRisksandW盯Risks.

IV.StudiesontheWritingSkillsofFTEBasedontheRegisterTheory31

We

t0beappreciateyourcooperationandtrustthatthefrostpartialshipmentwhichhiseffectedearlymomhwillturnouttoyourcompletesatisfaction.(Page163)

Pleaseopentheletterofcredittelegraphicallywithoutdelay,SOastoenableUStOefj白ctshipmeutduringOctober/November.(Page50)

suggestion,butthenotice,andaccordingly,theword‘‘advise'’8)‘‘Advice’’is

meansgiveanotanotice,letknow.

anL/C.Wehavedulyreceivedtheadviceofopening

USPleaseadvisewhenthegoodsarereadyforshipment.(Page81)

not9)‘'Collection'’is

Wewill

collectiondrawtOgathertogether,butakindofaccountingmethod.OUrbank,ononyoubydocumentarydraftatsight,throughbasis,withoutL/C.(Page125)

En酉ishmeansbusiness.

1935,andtherefore10)“Line”iIlforeigntradeWehavebeeniIlbusinesssincehave、)I,ideexperiencesiIlall

thelineswehandle.(Page23)

11)“Policy”inforeign

takeoBrtradeEnglishmeanstheinsurancebill.WeshallinsuranceatthisendunderOUrOpenPolicy.

onThispolicyisissuediIlduplicateatShanghaithe7恤dayofMayintheyeartwo

thousandandone.(Page222)

WeareholdersofPolicyNo.54321issuedbyyouragentson1,000casesofteavaluedatStg.25,500.55.(Page243)

12)‘‘Agalust'’isnot‘‘negative’’butis‘‘onthebasisof'’.

ThegoodswerecheckedagainstOUrorder.

PleasenotethatOurtermsofpaymentarebyirrevocableL/C,payableatsightagainstpresentationofshipping

Indocuments.exceptionallyacceptdeliveryagainstD/Pat

acompliancewimyourrequest,wethisshouldnotbesight,butmgardedasprecedent.

PaymentwillbemadebyL/Ci11NewYorkagainstdocuments.(Page95)

atPleasenotethatOurtermsofpaymentarebyirrevocableL/C,payablesight

beagainstpresenmtionofshippingdocuments.(Page50)Ourusualtermsofpaymentarecashagainst

acceptabletOyou.(Page117)documentsandwehopetheywill

13)‘‘Order'’means‘‘orderforgoods'’not‘‘command'’.

Ifthefirstshipmemturnsoutsatisfactory,weshall

orderbeabletOplacesubstantialwithyou.

WeexpecttOfindagoodmarketforthesecottonslargerorders、析tllyouinthenearfuture.(page117)

l4)‘‘o髓r"means‘'theoppositetOinquiry",not“provide”.PleasemakeUSanofferCIFLondonfor20metrictOnsgroundnuts.(Page49)4.1.3TheFrequentUseofPhrases

InforeigntradeleRem,inordertOaddanairofformalityandseriousness,somephrasesfrequentlyoccurinthelettem.Suchas:

Infavorof,priortO,asper,inaccordancewith,inthemarketfor,inapositiontO,

ainreceiptof,uponreceiptof,underseparateCOVe',subjecttO,tobeofinterest,、^,iⅡl

viewtO,oftheopinionthat,muchtoourregret,inurgentneedto,toOurdisappointment,as/uponrequest,etc.

Forexample:

/naccordancewiththecontract,youarekindlyrequestedtoopenwithintendaysafterreceiptforthispreliminaryshippingLetterofCreditinadvice,晰也thetoUSBankofChina,therelativeOurfavor,tobeadvisedbytheUnionBankofSwitzerland,Zurich.(Page124)

Weareinthemarketforelectricsaws.(Page49)

aHowever,atpresentweneed

enclosedlargequantityofparts/accessoriesasperthelist.(Page47)

withthenliscertificateofsilkproductsisissued/ncompliance

request.(Page1consignee’S75)

areAsrequested,we

placesubmittingOurquotationintriplicateand、析Sh内ryoutOayourorder、ⅣimUSasearlyaspossiblebecausewehave

tolargebacklog.(Page48)Tllisofferisfinn,subject

endofthismonth.(Page53)

But,inviewyourreplywhichshouldreachUSnotlaterthantheofOurfriendlyrelations,we

onwill,asanexceptionalcase,acceptpaymentforyourtrialorderD/Pbasis.(Page125)

4.1.4Frequently-UsedFormalWordsorPhrases

Formalwordsfrequentlyappearinpresentedfully、丽吐ItheuseforeigntradeEnglish,theseriousnessofFTEisoftheseformalexpressions.

IV.Studies

on

the

Writing

SkillsofFTEBased

on

theRegisterTheory

33

Hereis

compare、析tllexpressionsusedinforeigntradeEnglishandthoseusedin

colnmonEnglish.Whenwrite

properexpression.

FTEInsteadof

foreigntradecorrespondence,it

isbetter

tou:se

the

CommonEnglish

say

CommunicationPurchaseTerminate

Utilize

Inthenearfuture

Ietterbuy

end

soon

Cometodecision

decide

youconsider

at

Yourgoodself

Takeintoconsideration…Inaccordancewith

Inviewofthefactthat

Intheamountof¥20AtthepresenttimePriorto

since

for¥20

now/atpresent

before

abouttheinquiryafteryourcall

assoon

With

respecttotheinquiry

SubsequenttoyourcallAtyourearliestconvenienceEnclosed

OnlytoopleasedtoPlease

aspossible

I/,Weenclose

Verygladto

be

goodenoughtoadvise惦Please

separately(orby

let

US

know

UnderseparatecoVer

ThereinafterAggregateto

registered

post)

inthefollowing

totalamount

Inthelightof

accordingtomake(acontract)

CalTyout

Conclude(acontract)

Implement

Forexample:

(1)./n

accordancewiththe

contract,you

be

ale

kindlyrequestedtoopenwithinten

daysafterreceiptforthispreliminaryshippingrelativeLetterofCreditin

advice,晰tll

US

theBankofChina,the

Our

favor,to

advisedto

by

theUnionBankof

Switzerland,Zurich.(Page124)

34AnAnalysisontheWritingSkillsofForeignTradeEnglishBasedontheRegisterTheory

(2).Enclosedisourpricelist.(Page79)

relations,wewill,asall(3).But,切viewofourfriendlyexceptionalcase,accept

paymentforyourtrialorderonD/Pbasis.(Page125)

4.1.5TheFrequentUseofBusinessTerminology

Therealemanyexpressions、析mbusinesscharacteristicsusedinforeigntradeEnglish.Forexample:

1.Therealemanyterms

ononpriceinforeigntradeEnglish.ale(1)FOBmeans“free

ataportboard'’.ThegoodsplacedonboardashipbythesellerorofshipmentnamedinthesalescontracLTheriskoflossofdamagetothegoodsistransferredfromthesellertothebuyerwhenthegoodspasstheship’Srail.

YouarekindlyrequestedtoquotetheFOBNewYorkrate.请报纽约船上交货价。(Page47)

(2)CFRmeans“costand

t0bringthefright'’.Thesellermustpaythecostandf试ghtnecessarydamagetothegoodstothenameddestination,buttheriskof

Slossoforgoods,as

thewellofanycostincreases,intransferredfromthesellertothebuyerwhenship’Srailintheportofshipment.

USgoodspassthePleaseprovidewithquotesforthegoodslistedontheenclosedinquirysheet,

givingyourpricesCFRJakarta.(Page49)

freight'’.Thistermisbasicallythesameas(3)CIFmeans"cost,insuranceand

CFRbut、^,itlltheadditionthatthesellerhastoprocuremarineinsuranceagainsttheriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsduringthecarriage.Thesellercontracts、^,imtheinsurerandpaystheinsurancepremium.

PleasequoteUSCIFNewY0rkincluding3%commission.请报至纽约成本价保险、运费价(到岸价格)包括3%的佣金。(Page64)

WewillopenallirrevocableL/Cinyourfavor

thetotalC1FvalueofthisthroughtheFirstNationalCitySank,NewYork,tocoverorder.(Page70)

2.Thetermsofpaymentandfmance.

(1)Outstandingaccounts:accountsthatare

Wehopetheoutstandingaccountcanoverdueforpaymem到期未付的账thismonth.Otherwise,ourbesettledwithin

accountingdepartmentwillconsiderchangingtheconditionsofpaymentforfutureorders.我们希望你方本月能将欠账结清,否则,我方财务部将考虑改变定单支付条件。

IV.StudiesontheWritingSkillsofFTEBasedontheRegisterTheory35

(2)Debitnote:anoteinaformsimilarto锄invoicebutusedwhereallinvoicewouldnotberightforthepurpose.Thedebitnoterelatestocharges,such

extra

allasfreight,toamountsalreadyinvoicedforgoods,andisalsousedtocorrectmistakessuchasanamountunder-chalgedininvoice.

Weshallofcourserefundtoyouthepremiumuponreceiptofyourdebitnoteor,if

onusyoulike,youmaydrawatsightfortheamountrequired.一收到你们的索款通

知单,我们当立即把保险费还给你们。如果你们愿意的话,也可以开即期汇票向我们收取所需金额。

(3)L/C,letterofcredit.信用证

Pleasenotethatourtermsofpayment锄℃byirrevocableL/C,payableatsightagainstpresentationofshippingdocuments.(Page50)

PaymentwillbemadebyL/CinNewYorkagainstdocuments.付款凭单据在纽

约以信用证支付。(Page95)

Inordertoavoidsubsequent

aleinexactaccordance诵tlltheamendments,pleaseseetoitthattheL/Cstipulationstermsofthecontract.为了避免日后的修改,务必注

account.承兑交单

on意信用证条款应严格按照合同规定。(Page152)(4)D/A,documentsWe

(Page125)againstacceptance,ordepositregretthatweareunabletoconsideryourrequestforpaymentDIAterms.

(5)D/P,documentsagainstpayment.付款交单

But’inviewofOurfriendlyrelations,wewill,asallexceptionalcase,acceptpaymentforyourtrialorder

willacceptD/PatsightasonD/Pbasis.(Page125)promotionof0111"productsinInordertopavethewayforayouryourmarkeLwespecialaccommodation.为有助于在贵地市场推销我方产品,作为特殊照顾,我方将接受见票即付的付款交单方式。(Page152)

3.Theterms

TherealeofinsurancemanyinsurancetermsusedinforeigntradeEnglish,suchas,totalloss,partialloss,generalrisk,freefromparticularaverage(F.P.A),withparticularaverage(W.P.A),allrisk(A.R),additionalrisk(A.R),theft,pilferageandnon-delivery(TPNT),船shwaterandraindamage(F.W.R.D),riskofshortage,riskofleakage,riskofclashandbreakage,hookdamage,Warriskstrikesrisk.

againstallrisk¥100,000,valueof5,000setsof“Butterfly”

shippedatShanghai,onboardS.S.“Fengching”,sailingforNew(1)PleaseinsureUSSewing

YorkonMachinesMay20m.(page219)

36AnAnalysisontlleWritingSkillsofForeignTradeEnglishBasedontheRegisterTheory

(2)Weareenclosingthecertificateofsurvey,alsothePolicy,whichisagainstF.P.A.(Page243)

(3)AsfarasIknow,theinsurancecompanyacceptscoverageofthegoodspackedincardboardcartonsagainstTPND.(Page427)

4.Thephrasesandexpressionsregardingpaymentof

oftechnicalityterms,forchargesmostlyarenewwords.Fromtheuseinstance:honor'cover,levy,collect,

one’Scharge,tobeborneby,foraccountof,bepayable,atexpenseandetc,wecansee

thedegreeofformality

Forexample:andsolemnityofstyle.

(1).ThisL/CwillbehonoredonlyifthesellersubmitsaIetterortelexfromABeCompanycertifyingthatall

compliedwitll.termsandrequirementsunderL/CNo.631005havebeen

(2).Weknowthataccordingtoyourusualpractice,youinsurethegoodsonlyfor10%overinvoicevalue,therefore,theextrapremiumwillbeborne砂US.(Page232)

theBankofChina,(3).Inorderto

ShanghaiacoverOurorder,wehavearranged谢tllcreditfor¥1,000.(Page80)

Fromtheexamplesabove-mentioned,togetthedeepunderstandingofbusinessvocabulary,themasteryofthemeaningofcommonEnglishwordsisfarfromenough,what’Smore,themeaningofwordsinthecontextofbusinessEnglishshouldbeattachedmoreimportance.

4.2.TheSyntacticalLevel

BesidesthelexicalrequirementsofforeigntradeEnglish,thespecificfeaturesofforeigntradeEnglishanditswritingrequirementscouldalsofindtheembodimentsinsyntacticallevel.Thefollowingepisodeisadetailedanalysisabouthowtowriteasuccessfulforeigntradecorrespondence谢Ⅱlappropriatesentences.4.2.1TheMixedUseoftheLongSentencesandtheShortSentences

Intheforeigntradeletters,wemayfindthelongandshortsentencesareinteractivelyused.Thelongsentenceshavethecomplicatedstructure,whichcanconveytherather

structm'ecomplicatedmeanings.WhiletheshortsentenceshavethesimpleCallandgrammar,whichareeasiertounderstandandachievetheactiveandconciseeffect.

IV.StudiesontheWritingSkillsofFTEBasedontheRegisterTheory37

Wecallseethedifferenteffectachievedbyusinglongsentenceandshortsentencetoexpressthesamemeaningfromthefollowingexample.

Iaminreceiptofyourletterofthe9thinstant,relatinginparttothestenographerandtype-writerexaminationsnextspringandalsothequestionoflocalappointmentsinconnection谢mexaminations,concerningthelatterofwhich1wouldsaythat、^,imtheexceptionoftherouteexaminationswhichareconductedbythevariousdistrictsecretaries,theexaminationsarcheldbyemployeesoftheconductingofCivilServicethepostofficesatthedifferentplacesofexamination,whohavebeenspecially

adesignatedforsuchpurposeunderprovisionoftheCivilServicerules.

Thereaderwhogetsthesentencemusthavefelt弱ifheisperusingarailroadtime-table.TocauseyourreaderorcorrespondentunnecessarymentallaboristhegreatestofallblundersinBusinessEnglish.11圮morepatiencehespendscatchingyourthought,thelessinteresthewillhaveforyourproposition.LetUSturnthatallegedsentenceintoaparagraph.Therea他severalversionsthat

ofthem:mightbemade.Hereis

Ioneversionhaveyourinquiryof

nextJuneninth.Youaskfirstaboutthestenographerandtype-writerexaminationsspring.(Here

inlethimanswerthatinquiry.)Youinquirealso弱tolocalappointmentsconnection、^,itlltheconductingofCivilService

examinations.ne

11坨othersareheldrouteexaminationsareconductedbythevariousdistrictsecretaries.atthedifferentplacesofexaminationbypost-officeemployeeswhohavebeenspeciallydesignatedforsuchpurposeundertheCivilServicerules.

111esinglesentencehasninety?fourwordswhilethecorrespondingparagraphhasonlyseventy,althoughitcontainsfivesentences.Apparently,theparagraphismucheasiertograspthanthesentence.111eparagraphgivesthewriterroom.ItallowshimtotakebreaththatheCanproceedinaleisurelymariner

tothetomakeonepointandthenanother.toAndprecisely嬲theseareadvantageswriter,theyareadvantagesthereader.

Becauselongsentenceswitllcomplexstructurestaketoomuchtimetounderstand,theyarenotsofrequentlyusedinforeigntl'adeEnglish.Accordingtotheauthor’S

205sentences,onlytakingupresearch,thereareonly15longsentences

7.32%.amongthetotal

1.Thelong

thesentencesusedintheforeigntradelettersareusuallythecomplexandtostringcompoundsentences,诵tll

subordinationandthewordand,but,so,therefore,etconetheideastogether,whensomeoftherelatedideaSshouldbeplacedinusesentence.Intelligentofco-ordinationCangivesmoothness,varietyandunitytothewriting.

38

AnAnalysis

on

the

WritingSkillsofForeignTradeEnglishBased

on

theRegis——te—r—T——heory

Forexample:

(1)if,whetherduringthe

whetherbefore

or

executionoftheworks

or

or

aftertheircompletionand

aftertherepudiation

otherterminationofthecontract,betweenthe

out

EmployerandtheContractorarisesanydisputeinconnectionwith,orarising

Contract

or

of,the

theexecutionoftheworks,includinganydisagreementbyeither

or

party谢tll

anyaction,inaction,opinion,instruction,determination,certificate

valuationofthe

Engineer,themattershall,inthefirstplace,berefen'ed

to

theDisputesReviewBoard.

无论是在工程执行过程中,还是在工程完成以后,也无论是在放弃合同或其他终止合同之前或者之后,如果业主与承包商之间出现任何与合同或工程执行有关的或因合同或工程执行而引发的争端,包括任何一方对工程师的任何行动、不行动、意见、指示、决定、证书或评价所产生的异议,那么该争端应首先提交争端审核委员会。(Page175)

(2)Shouldthequality,specifications,quantityconformity、Ⅳitllthestipulationsoftheorder,due

theinsurancecompany,shippingcompany,airlinesthestrengthofsurvey

goods

or

weight

be

found

not

in

tocauses

or

otherthanthoseforwhich

postofficeareliable,weshall,on

reportissuedbytheaforesaidBureau,havetherighttorejectthe

delivered.如果发现质量,规格,数量或重量与订单中规定不符,且不是保

险公司,轮船公司,航空公司或邮局的责任,我们有权根据上述检验局的检验报

告拒收运来的货物。(Page173)

Firstly,“Shouldthe

quality…arereliable'’isalladverbialclauseofcondition;

causes

secondly,‘'those'’in“dueto

otherthanthoseforwhich…reliable’’refersto

‘'causes”;Thirdly,‘'onthestrengthofsurveyserved

as

reportissuedbythe

aforesaidBureau'’

parentheses.

Then,therelationship

betweenthecomponentsis

muchclearer.

on

BusinessEnglishfailsintothecategoryofthestyleofLaw,whichstressesthoughtful

castof

mindandwell—knit

structure.

(3)Weherebydeclarethat

correct

thisinvoice

amounting

toUSD4500

isinallrespects

andcontainsfulland

or

true

statementoftheparticularsofthegoodsandofthe

priceactuallypaid

that

no

tobepaidforthesaidgoodsandtheactLlalquantitythereofand

or

otherinvoicehasbeen

no

will

befamishedto

or

anyone

or

else,and

will

thatthegoodsare

ofChineseorigin,andthat

thatshown

on

discount

rebatehasbeen

beallowedotherthan

this

invoice.我们兹声明,本#5@p金额4500美元是正确的:#5@p对本

批货物和所说货物及其实际数量已付或将付的价格的所有的详细情况的陈述是全面和真实的:同时我们声明没有其他的#5@p已经或将提供给其他任何人;同时申明货物是中国产;除了本#5@p上所示,我们没有或将会给予折扣。

IV.Studies

on

the

Writing

SkillsofFTEBased

on

theRegisterTheory

39

Thisis

specialtermin

L/C.Thethemestructurebringsaboutfour

object

clauses,whichexemplifythefollowing:

WeWe

herebydeclarethatthisinvoice...herebydeclarethat

no

otherinvoice…

WeherebyWe

111e

declarethatthegoods…

no

herebydeclarethat

discount…

difficultpointistheparallel

component

inthefirstobjectclause.Three

prepositions“of'’,three‘'and”and‘‘or"areused

decoded

as

after"contains".These

couldbe

follows:

The

statementabouttheparticularsofthegoodsisfullandtrue;

,nlestatement

about

theparticularsofthepriceisfulland

true;

Theterm‘‘o,behind‘'price”is

as

parallel

component,whichmodifies

as

the"price”

object.Therefore,We

(4)Referring

to

couldtranslatethesentence

follows:(#5@p对)本批货物和

价格的所有详细情况的陈述是全面和真实的。

Our

lettersandtelexesinrespecttoOrderNo.2170for1,000

metrictonsofTinFoilSheets,SOfarwehavenodefinite

information

fromyou

about

deliverytime,althoughthesegoodsarecontractedforshipment

beforetheendoflast

month,and(Page192)

our

L/CWas

opened谢tll

theBankofChinaasearlyasinMarch2001.

The

main

sentence

is‘‘SOfarwehave

no

definiteinformationfmmyou

an

about

deliverytime",‘'referringto…Sheets,”isusedasthesesgoods…2001.”is

adverbial

clause,and‘'although

clauses,

concessiveclausewhichconsistsconjunction.

your

oftwoparallel

‘'although”isthe

(5)Weare

concessive

gladtohavefilled

orderafterlongdelayandtrustthatthegoods

willreachyouintimetomeetyoururgentneedandthattheywill

turnoutto

your

completesatisfaction.(Pagel91)

The

mainsentenceis"weare酉adto…andtrust…”.“We'’isthesu巧ectand“are

glad’’and‘'trust'’arethepredicate

verbs.The

predicateverb‘'trust"is

followed

bytwo

objectiveclausesintroduced

(6)Withinspecifications

or

bytheword‘'that'’.

90daysafterthearrivalofthegoodsatdestination,shouldthequality,quantity

be

found

not

inconformity、析tllthestipulationsofthe

or

Contractexceptthoseclaimsforwhichtheinsurancecompanyvesselareliable,theBuyersshall,onthestrengthofthetheChina

theowllersofthe

Inspection

Certificate

issuedby

claimfor

Import

and

ExportCommodity

goods,or

for

InspectionBureau,havetheright

to

replacement、ⅣitIlnewcompensation,and,alltheexpenses,(suchas

40AnAnalysisontheWritingSkillsofForeignTradeEnglishBasedontheRegisterTheoryinspectioncharts,freightforretumingthegoodsandforsendingthereplacement,insurancepremium,storageand

thesellers.(Page175)

’nlissentenceloadingandunloadingcharges,etc.)shallbebornebyisacompoundcomplexsentence.‘‘’]【’heBuyers'’and‘'allthe

borne'’arethe

areexpenses'’arethesubjectsrespectivelywhile‘‘have"and“shallbepredicates.“Witllin90daysafterthearrival…ortheownersofthevesselliable'’is

theadverbialclauseoftimeinwhichcontainstheconditionalsub-clause(should)andtheattributivesub-clause(Which).Andinthepredicateofthesentence,thereisanotherconditionalsentence‘‘onthestrengthof'’.

2.However,theforeigntradelettersshouldconveytheconcise,correctandcompleteideas.Therefore,theshortsentencesarepreferable,suchastheclosing

190shortsentences.Accordingtotheauthor’S

total205sentencesanalysistherearesentencesamongtheanalyzed,takingup92.68%.

sheet.We

Weareenclosinghere丽tll锄inquirylookforwardtohearingfromyouinthenearfuture.

hopetohearfromyouassoonWeaspossible,asthisisamatterofsomeurgency.1waityourearlyreply.

Yourcompliancewillbehighlyappreciated.

oftheshipment.

aPleasesendUSconfirmationWe

耶1etrustthisorderwillbethefirstofuseseriesofdealsbetweensentencesUS.mixedofthelongandshortwilldef'mitelyenrichtheeffectivenessofthewholeletter.Onreadingsuchletters,thereaderwillnaturallyacknowledgewhatshouldbedone,whatshouldbetakentoneheresponsibilitiesandinwhatshouldanswertheletter.

Intheforeigntradeletters,eachsentenceshouldcontainonlyasinglethoughtoraunitofclearlyrelatedthoughts.Unrelatedideasshouldbeputinseparatesentencesandirrelevantmaterials

shouldshouldbeomitted.IftheideaCanbeexpressedinfewerwords,wenot峨themorewordsandcutoffunnecessarywordstomakethewholelettercomplete,conciseandclear.

4.2.2TheTenseUsedinFTE

Theforeigntradelettersmainlyfocusonthematterstobehandledatonce,asaresult,thepresenttenseandthefuturetensearepreferable.Inforeigntradeletters,we

IV.StudiesontheWritingSkillsofFrEBasedontheRegisterTheory41

oftenfindthepresenttenseorthepresentcontinuoustenseisusedinsteadofthefuturetense,whichhasalreadybecomethestrikingcharacteristicsoftheforeigntradeletters.

1.Presentsimpletense

useIntheclosingparagraph,thewritersoftenthecomplimentarysentencesof

presentsimpletensetoexpress

as:hisattitudeorhiswillingnesstoestablishrelationship、^,iththeothers,such

We

We

We

Welookforwardtoreceivingyourenquirylooksoon.forwardtoaproductivetrade.cable.awaityouracceptancebypleasureanticipatetheofhearingfromyoubeforelong.2.PresentcontinuoustenseInforeigntradelettersthefuturetensecanbeexpressedinthewayofthepresenteontinuonstense,forexample:

WealeenclosingOurConfirmationofPurchaseinduplicate.(Page105)InreplytoyourfaxdatedApril2,weareenclosingthisorder,No.SX/0014.(Page81)

Wearesending

(Page25)

Asrequested,wearesubmittingOurquotationintriplicateplaceyouunderseparatecoverbyairmailacopyofthelatestcatalog.and丽shforyoutoyourorderwithus

areasearlyaspossiblebecausewehavealargebacklog.(Page48)SuchlossescuttingdownOursmallprofitandanysuchshortagemustnotbe

allowedtohappenagain.4.2.3TheVoiceIsUsedDiscriminately

Theactiveandpassivevoiceshavetheirownfunctions.Theactivevoiceputemphasisonthepersonswho

awillperformsomeactions.Generallyspeaking,theactivevoiceseemstobemorenaturalanddirectapproachandmoreforceful.

1).Thepassivevoice

Comparatively,thepassivevoiceisusedwhenthewriterwantstoputtheemphasis011thereceiveroftheaction,softenthetoneoravoidmentioningthepersonresponsible

addingtheirfortheaction.(1)The

confirmation.advisingbankisrequestedtonotifythebeneficiarywithout

42AnAnalysisontheWritingSkillsofForeignTrade—En—glishBasedon—t—h—eRegister———T—h——eo—r—y

(2)The

addingtheiropeningbankrequeststheadvisingbanktOnotifythebeneficiarywithoutconfirmation.我们(开证行)请求通知行通知受益人没有加具它们的保

findthethepassive兑。Comparingthetwo

voice,givesallsentencesabove,wecallsentenceusingatmosphereoffriendshipandpolitenessthusitismorelikelytObeaccepted.

Generallyspeaking,thepassivevoiceisusedinthefollowingways.

1.Thepassivevoiceisusedwitll

Forexample:

Itisanimpression“it'’asthesubject.hopedthat、^,itllyoursupportweshallbeabletOexplorethepossibilityofbusinessinsomeotheritems.

ItwasanticipatedthattheL/CwouldhavereachedUSbynow.

ItshouldberecognizedthattheintentofthisagreementistObenefitbothparticipants.

Itisunderstoodthataletterofcredit

onorinOurfavorcoveringthecaptionedmerchandisewillbeestablishedaboutthe25mofthemonth.(Page163)

Intheeventofdamage,it

alewillbesurveyedbytheJohnsonSurveyCo.andclaimspayableatShanghai.(Page222)

conveyaTheabovesentences

performer.kindofcourtesyandtactfulnessbyusingthepassivevoiceandbYputting‘‘it'’astheformalsubjectwithoutmentioningthespecific

2.Thepassivevoiceis

Forused丽tIlthesecondperson‘‘you”asthesubject.example:

areYoukindlyrequestedtOquotetheFOBpricesNewYork

intherate.(Page47)usedforThemoodabovesentencegives

aamoreorlessimperativeair,beingpolitecommandandforleavingfavorableimagefortheotherside.

toIfwechangetheabovesentenceintotheactivevoicethat‘‘Werequestyou

quotetheFOBpricesNewYorkrate.”themoodwillsoundtO

probablyleadthebusinesstransactionintofailure.

InordertosoftentheforcefuleffectofthebetOoforcefulandwillabovesentence,theword“kindly'’isusuallyusedbeforeorafter‘‘request'’,suchas‘‘Youarekindlyrequestedto...’’and“YouarerequestedkindlytO…’’

3.The

Yourpassivevoiceisusedwitllthephraseof“your…”asthesubject.compliancewillbeappreciated.(Page106)

1V.StudiesontheWritingSkillsofF1'EBasedontheRegisterTheory43

Yourpromptattentionandcooperationinthismatterwillbetliglllyappreciated?(Pagel24)

Yourcompany’SnamehasbeengiventoUSbytheChamberofCommerceofLondon.(Page24)

4.Thepassive

theproduct.

ThispolicyisissuedinduplicateatthousandandvoiceisusedwithanounasthesubjectsuchasthecompanyandShanghaionthe尹dayofMayintheyeartwoone.(Page222)

casesTheshipencounteredheavyweather,and252weredamagedbyseawager.

(Page243)

Abookletincludingageneralintroduction,thescopeofbusinessandothertopicsisenclosedforyourreference.(Page37)

2).Theactivevoice

Thepurposetowriteaforeigntradeletteristobuyorsellgoods,ortoprovideinformation,therefore,thewriterusuallyusetheword‘'we’’asthesubjecttoexpresshis/hercompany’Sstandpoim.Besides,theexpressionsproductareof‘'our…’’andasnounsabouttheusedasthesubjectaswell,buttheyarenotusedfrequentlyastheword‘'we”.

Accordingtotheauthor’S

205analysisthereale97activesentencesamongthetotalsentences,takingactivesentencesup47.32%.And83sentencesofthetotalusetheword‘'we’’勰theirsubjects,takingtheup40.49%ofthe205sentencesand85.57%oftotal97activesentences.

I.Thesentencesareused、Ⅳimthesubjectof‘!we”.

countriesanddistricts.Weare

(Page37)

Weare

foreign

flexibleactiveinthetradeandfinancialcirclesofvariousstrivingtoexpandeconomicutilizecooperationandexchangeoftechnologywithacountries,andwillway.(Page37)commonandreasonableinternationalpracticesin

2.Thesentences

ofbill.areusedwiththesubjectofnounssuchastheproductandakind

Ourcompanyimportsgeneralmerchandise.(Page23)

HongOurbankers

CorporationofareChaseManhattanBankandtheKong&ShanghaiBankingHungKong.TheycallprovideyouinformationaboutOUrbusinessandfirlance.(Page23)

ChinesetableclothsaleverypopularinEurope.(Page65)

44AnAnalysisontheWritingSkillsofForeignTradeEnglishBasedontheRegisterTheory4.2.4TheClausesofCondition

Whenwerequestademandtheproper殴oftheconditionalclauses

ourrequest.Forcallsoftenthetoneofthesentencesandmakethereaderhappytoaccept

USexample:(1)Pleasesendsampleswithinthisweek.

USWewillappreciateifyoucansendsampleswithinthisweek.

(2)PleaseinformUSbyfaximmediately.

WeshallbegladifyouinformUSbyfaximmediately.

above,weComparingthetwogroupsofexamplescanfindthatthetoneofthe

second

makingsentencesusingtheconditionalclauseissofterandmoreeuphemistic,thUSthereaderfeelverycomfortable,andthepossibility

atorealizeourpurposeismuchbigger,besides,itisbettertoremain

Thereale900drelationship.mainlyfourpattemsofconditionalclausesinforeigntradelettersaccordingtotheauthor’Sresearch.

1.Theconditionsentencesaremostlyintroducedbythe

(Page24)

PleaseletUSword“if'’.aIfyouCansupplythistypeofmerchandise,kindlyairmailussampleandcup.knowiftherealeanyitemswhichareofinteresttoyouwewillsendyouquotesandsamples.(Page25)

yourordernoButifyouplacelaterthantheendofthismonth,wewouldensure

promptshipment.(Page65)

2.There

foralegreatdealsofphrasesusedintheclauseofcondition,suchasincaseof,onlyif,onlyafter,provided,unless,if,inviewof,onconditionthat,providingthat,example:

But/nviewofOurfriendlyrelations,wewill,asanexceptionalcase,acceptpaymentforyourtrialorderonD/Pbasis.(Page125)

SOInsuchcase,theBuyersmay,ifrequested,sendasampleofthegoodsin

questiontotheSellers,providedthatsamplingisfeasible.(Page175)

3.Sometimestheterm“if’isomittedandthesentenceisinverted,whichislikelytobeseenintheformalstyle.

Forexample:

beadvisedofstoppingrenewalShouldthenegotiatingbanknotwithin15days

aftereachnegotiation,theunusedbalanceofthiscreditshallbeincreasedtotheorigilaalamount.(Page172)

IV.StudiesOntheWritingSkillsofFTEBasedontheRegisterTheory45

ShouldtheSellersfail

ontoloadthegoodswithinthetimeasnotifiedbytheBuyers,onboardthevesselbookedbytheBuyersatlcritsarrivaltheportofshipment,allexpensessuchasdeadfreight,demurrage,etc.,andconsequencesthereofshallbebornebytheSellers.(Page173)

4.Someidiomexpressionsareused,forinstance:ifany,ifpracticable,ififrequired,ifavailable,ete.

Forexample:possible,

Signedcommercialinvoiceissuedin2/3original,1coPycertifyingissuanceinstrictconformity、析mProformaInvoiceregardingtheunitpriceandifavailabletrademarkofthemanufacture.(Page135)

Claims,/fan),,shouldbe

London.(Page232)

Insuchcase,theBuyerssettledagaimtthesurveyreportfromaLoydsAgentinmay,/fSOrequested,sendasampleofthegoodsinqueaiontotheSellers,providedthatsamplingisfeasible.(Page175)4.2.5TheEllipticalSentence

Ellipticalsentencesmainlyincludetheomissionofthesubject,the

SOomissionoftheauxiliary‘‘be”andtheomissionin

sentencescantheclauseofcondition,andon.Theellipticalmakethecommunicationofinformationmoreconvenientandfaster,however,ifusedtoomuch,theyCancausesomedifficultydealing、杭mthe

becontrolledinainformation,therefore,the

1.Theuseoftheellipticalsentencesshouldproperamount.omissionofthesubject

arcn坨lettersallbetweenthebuyersandthesellers,thustheomissionofthe

notcause蛐bjec一‘、Ⅳe”and“you'’_Can

themostdisagreement,andthiskindofomissionisamongFTC.

ofyourtradetermsandforwardsamplesandproductPlease(You)informus

brochures.(Page23)

2.Theomissionoftheauxiliary‘'be”iSalsoverycommoninFTC.(1).Paymentwillp砂madebyirrevocableL/Cat

137)sight.(Page81)(2).Partialshipment(is)allowed.(Page

(3).Certificateoforigin倒induplicate.(Page136)3.Theomissionintheclauseofconditioniscommonlyusedforthesakeofconciseness.WcCanunderstandthesesentencesaccordingtothecontext.

46———A—nAnalysis

011

the

WritingSkillsofForeignTradeEnglishBasedontheRegisterTheory

(1).Claims,/faro,,should

inLondon.(Page232)

besettledagainstthesurveyreportfrom

LoydsAgent

(2).Insuchcase,the

Buyers

may,/fSOrequested,send

sampleofthegoodsin

questiontOtheSellers,providedthatsamplingisfeasible.(Page175)

as

(3).ShouldtheSellers

Buyers,onboardthevessel

failtOloadthegoodswithinthetimenotifiedbYthe

ofshipment,

booked

bytheBuyersafteritsarrivaltheport

all

on

expensessuch勰deadfreight,demurrage,etc.,andconsequencesthereofshallbe

borne

bytheSellers.(Page173)

4.2.6ThePreferencetoDeclarativeSentences

TherearefourtypesofsentencesinEnglishi.e.thedeclarative,theinterrogative,

theimperativeandthe

accordingtOher

exclamative

on

sentences.The

authorhaSdrawn

at

diagram

analysis

the205sentenceschosenfromthebookrandom.

Typeofsentences

No.ofsentences

O180023205

Percentage

Exclamative

sentences

DeclarativesentencesInterrogativesentences

87.80%

Imperative

Total

sentences

11.22%

sentences

The

sentences

table

above

showsthatthedeclarativesentences

are

usedthemost

frequently

amongthefourusual

sentences.Imperative

sentences

are

usedsometimes;exclamative

and

interrogativesentencesarenotfoundinuse.

To

greatextent,theforeigntradelettersare

used

ale

forthebusinessnegotiations

tostate

betweenthe

two

parties.Almostallthesentences

performed

thefacts

or

conditions,tO

expressthesincerityto

cooperate诵m

the

others,ortoconvey

thehopeof

finalizingtheorderandbenefitingbomparties.Thepurpose

or

oftheforeigntradeletters

no

isratherclearanddefinite.Theinitiator

responderhaStogive

othersbut

one

response

totheletter.Based

on

suchbusinesssituations,thedeclarative

sentencesare

muchmorepreferable.

Besides,accordingtotheauthor’Sresearchtheimperativesentencestheexpressionsof‘‘pleaSe’’and‘‘kindly'’and

Forexample:

SO

on

are

used谢th

tOSORenthe

tone

ofthesentences.

(1).PleaSedispatch

one

sampletineachofthesixqualitiesreturn.

byairparcel

immediatelyand,meanwhile,confirmyouracceptanceby(Page103)

IV.Studies

on

the

Writing

SkillsofFTEBased

on

theRegisterTheory

47

(2).Please

advise

US

whenthegoods

are

readyforshipment.(Page95)

(3).Kindlymail

US

yourcataloganddetailsof

sentences

yourspecifications.(Page49)

whatwehavedoneand

WhatiSmore,theaflhmativeareusedmuchmoreoftenthannegative

sentences.Specificallyspeaking,weshould

stresson

what

we

Candoinsteadofwhat

we

have

notdone

and

whatwe

see

cannotdone.

theimportanteffectbyusingthe

Fromthefollowingtwosentenceswecan

a伍rmative

sentence.

(1)WeCannotship(2)Wewill

yourorderuntiltheendofnextmonth.

shipyourorderattheendofnextmonth.

anegative

on

Sentence(1)is

sentencefocusing

on

whatwe

callnot

do;sentence(2)is

isthe

sanle

positivesentencefocusing

what

we

cando.Theinformationconveyed

inthe

two

sentences,butthesentence(1)is

theirfocusisdifferent.Thenegative

positiveandsentence(2)isnegativedueto

word‘'no’’and“not'’willcausethereaderfeel

makethereaderfeel

unpleased.While

go

on

the

positivesentencewillfollowingtwo

can

comfortable.Then

we

tocomparethegroupsofsentences.

draw

Fromtheanalysisabove,we

conclusionthatweshoulduse

fits

positive

sentencesinsteadofnegative

sentencesS

possible

we

can.

4.3TheTextualLevel

4.3.1.ShortLetterswithShortParagraphs

Accordingtothe

analysisinChapterThree,weknow

that

busybusinessman

will

oftenselecttheshortestandsimplestlettersinfrontofhimtoanswer.Therefore,one

shouldatleasttrytobeconciseparagraphs

ale

and

to

controlthe

lengthof

letter.As

result,short

one

preferable.Eachparagraphshould

toneof

beplanned

logically、柝tll

paragraphfor

one

topic.Furthermore,the

thelettershouldbenoted,which

will

berepresentedatthebeginningof

salutation

on

and

attheendofclosing.

Accordingtotheauthor’Sresearcherthe40letters,thereare128paragraphsand

in

205sentences.So,onaverage,thereare3.2paragraphsineveryletter,5.12sentences

everyletter,and1.60sentencesineveryparagraph.

Typeofletter

No.ofletter

No.ofwordNo.ofsentence

AverageNo.of

word

Letterofestablishing

342

24

14.25

4墅jnAnalysisOntheWritingSkillsofForeignTradeEnglishBasedontheRegisterTheoryrelationship

Letterofoffer54192616.12andinquiries

Letteronprice

Letterof64585392382215.3917.82ordering

Letteronterms32751419.64ofpayment

Letteron43611721.24contract

Letteron45172322.48shipment

Letterof42071612.94insurance

Letterofclainls64362517.44andarbitration

Total403534

a20517.24is17.24.FromtheseThediagramshowsthattheaveragenumberofsentence

figureswecanseetheconcisenessoftheforeigntradeletters.

4.3.2.TheLayoutofaForeignTradeLetter

Toagreatextent,foreigntradelettersareformalletters,SOthereareconventionalstylesaboutthelayout.AmongthestylesofbusinessEnglishlettersthemostcommonletterlayoutsremaintheblockstyle,modifiedblockstyle,andsimplifiedstyle.TheauthormayUSewhicheverofthemaccordingtothepreferencesandtraditionsofhis/herorganization.

(1)Blockstyle

Blockstylerequiresthewritertoplacealloftheletterelementsflushagainsttheleftmargin,theletterbodyinthemiddleofthe

notpage,andthelettertextbeginonthefinalpageafterthetopmarginand

Fortocenteritiftheletterislongerthanononepage.example

Inathefirstletterofthisbookstylepage23.(2)Modifiedblockmodifiedblockstyleletterthewritershouldplacethedateontheright-handside;centerthesubjectheadingoverthebodyoftheletter;placethecomplimentary

IV.StudiesontheWritingSkillsofFTEBasedontheRegisterTheory49

close,thesignatureandthetypednameeitherontherightorinthemiddleofthepage;

onsecondletterplaceallotherpartsagainsttheleftmargin.Forexamplethepage24?

(3)Simplifiedstyle

asThesimplifiedstylefollowsthesamerulestheblockstyleinplacingtheentire

letteragainsttheleftmargin.Thedifferencesa陀thisstyleofletteromitsthesalutationandthecomplimentaryclose,butput吐lethethemeclearer.ForsubjectonlineinthefrontoftIlebody,makingexamplethetiffrdletterpage25.4.3.3TheTextStructureofForeignTradeLetter

foreigntradeletterformalthanksusedatthebeggingofthereturn,or

totheInaareagoodrelationshipismentionedinthefirstparagraph,andthencomes

suchasansubject,offer.Andattheendofaletterthanksareexpressedagain.Forexample

DearMr.Wang:

ThankyouforyourletterofFeb.15m,2001partsforthecaptionedmachine.andtheenclosurerequisitionquotesfor

Asrequested,we

placeyourorderarcsubmittingOUrquotationintriplicateandwishforyoutoawithus缌earlyaspossiblebecausewehavelargebacklog?

Weawaityourdecision.

Sincerely,

SanderDeHaan

InternationalSalesManager

(Page48)

~liIlall,thefeaturesofthetextofforeigntradecorrespondencecouldbesummarizedinthefollowing‘‘7C’’principle,thatis,‘'correctness,completeness,concreteness,clearness,conciseness,courtesyandcomidemtion'’.Wherein,themostrepresentativecharacteristicsareconsiderationandcourtesy,whichindicatethatmoreattentionsshouldbepaidtotheetiquetteandmoderatewording.

50AnAnalysisontheWritingSkillsofForeign————a————d————e——————E————.n.———g—.—l———s———B———d——————o....—n————..t..。h—...e......R......e....g.....i..s..。t...e...r.....T.....h.....e....o....r.—y—

(1)Completeness

Whenwewriteaforeigntradecorrespondence,weshouldmakesurethecontentiscomplete,whichdemandsthatthelettershouldcoVeralltheconditionandproblemsneedingthereader’Spositiveresponse,orallthequestionsandrequeststheclienthasasked.Whenweordersomegoods,weshouldwriteclearlywhatwebuy,whenweneedthegoods,theaddressee,theplaceofdeliveryandthetermofpaymentsoforth.onandSO

(2)Conciseness

Peoplewhoworkinbusinessfield

enoughtimetoreadaareusuallyverybusyandtheydon’thavelongbusinessletter,SOtheFTCshouldbeconciseonthebaseofincludingalltheinformationnecessary.Thefactisthatthetwofeatures,completenessandconciseness,aredependedoneachother.

(3)Concreteness

Theforeign

FTCshouldtradelettersshouldavoidambiguityandabstract,thatistosaythebeconcrete.Forexample,whenwewriteinquiries,offersandclaims,weshouldusesomefiguresandrealfactors.Thenounsandverbsshouldbeusedwithclearmeanings.

(4)Correctness

Abusinesslettershouldbeexpressed、Ⅳimcorrectlanguageformandbusinessconventionwithoutanymistake.Otherwise,youmaycausegreateconomiclosstoyourcompany.

(5)CIarity

Business

worthoflettersarepurpose-oriented,andtheyshouldbeofclearlevelsandcontentsbereading.Theshouldbeeasilyunderstood,withoutambiguityandhackneyedandstereotypedexpressions.Inordertomeettherequirementoftheclarity

letter.ofFTE,sometimes

Andthesamples,illustrationsanddiagramsshouldbeattachedtotheuselanguageshouldbesimple,direct,perspicuous,andfamiliarphrasesasmoreaspossible.

understandthe(6)ConsiderationConsiderationmeansweshouldthinkinthepo缸ofyou-attitudeto

client’Sneed,willingandfeelings,anddiscussaproblempositivelyandavoidnegotiatingnegatively.

(7)Courtesy

Bysayingthewordcourtesywemeanthatabusinesslettershouldbehonestand

andofproperwording.polite.Andtheexpressionshouldbeeuphemistic,positive

IV.StudiesontheWritingSkillsofFTEBasedOntheRegisterTheory5l

Besides,rigorousnessisalsofoundintheEnglishbusinesscorrespondence.Theprepositionsorepexegesistodescribetime

orareusedtoconfineandavoidambiguity.Forafter'’,‘'tillandexample,thephrases‘'on

November5”:theamountexpression

codebefore”,‘‘onandincluding",‘‘from(on)”,‘'bothdaysincluded'’,‘'promptly”,“immediately'’,“asofmoneyandorsoon硒possible",“aboutcountrynumbershouldbenoticed嬲well,thereiStheof“say…oIlly,’beforeorafteramountinwords,andthelettemofnumberabbreviationletterofcurrencyshouldbeaddedbeforethecurrencysymb01.

Inaword,inpracticalFTEwriting,someprinciplesshouldbefollowed.Asforthe

greatemphasisispaidonchoiceofwords,theaccuracythanrhetoric;asforthe

syntacticstructures,muchattentionispaidtotheformula.Andthepassagewrittenisrequiredtobecourtesy,clarity,andconciseness.

V.Conclusion

V.Conclusion

5.1Conclusion

Winl

itsdoortotherapiddevelopmentoftheinternationalbusiness,Chinahaswidelyopenedtheoutsideworld.EspeciallywiththeentranceintoWTO,theinternationalbusinessbecomesmoreandmoreprosperous.Withthe

thedevelopmentofmultinational

asaglobalizationofeconomyandcooperation,Englishhasbeenincreasinglyacceptedchiefme龇塔forinternationalbusinesstransaction.Therefore,theforeigntradeEnglishwillobviouslybecomemoreandmoreimportant.HowtolookattheforeigntradeEnglishandhowtomakefulluseofitinpracticebecomesrathercrucial.

Languageisconsideredtobemorethanlexical,grammatical

systemsandstructures.Wecanmgarditasorphonologicalinabehaviorsrelatingtotheparticipantsspeecheventtotheirenvironment,toeachotherandtothemediumofcommunicationitself.

FromthedissertationweknowthatForeignTradeEnglishisanEnglishvarietyusedinintemationaltrade;itisasub-catalogueofESP.neriseofESPhasledtoarevolutioninthelinguistics.Traditionally,theaimoflinguisticshadbeentodescribetherulesofEnglishusage,thatis,thegrammarandthesurfaceforms.However,latestnewstudieshaveshiftedattentionawayfromdefiningtheformalfeaturesoflanguageusagetodiscoveringthewaysinwhichlanguageisactuallyusedinrealcommunications.Byapplyingthetheoryof

theoryspecifically,to

theviewthatthereareasystemic-functional‘衲mmar,thelinguisticRegistergreatextent,determinestheforms.础sgives

tworisetoimportantdifferencesbetween,say,theEnglishofcommerceandfieldsarequitethatofengineering,becausethesituationtypesoftheabove

different.

Infunctionalgrammarlanguagehasthreemeanings/functions:theexperiential

andtheorideationalfunction,theinternationalfunction

threefactors,i.e.field,modetextualfunction.Andregisterhasandtenor.nerelationshipisthatthefieldmainly

tenordeterminestheexperientialmeaningsthatareexpressed;themainlydetermines

theinterpersonalmeanings;andthemodemainlydeterminesthetextualmeanings.

ForeigntradeEnglishisanEnglishvarietyusedininternationalwade,andRegisterisdefinedbyHallidayasvariationaccording

theRegistertheorycanto眦.AnalyzeforeigntradeEnglishwith

toanalyzepresentthelanguagecharacteristicsthoroughly.Therefore,inthisdissertationtheauthorusesRegistertheorythelanguagefeaturesofFTE

竺垒里垒望型y啦里璺尘皇!塑t.里墨skillSofForeign

Trade

Engl—ishthe—Register

Based

on

Theory

andsummarizessomewritingskills晰tllthehope

to

helpthosewho

are

studyingFTE

andusing

FTEatwork.

5.2LimitationsoftheThesis

ne

authorhasillustratedindetailthelanguagecharacteristicsofFTEfromthe

on

perspectiveofRegistertheory,andsummarizedthewritingskillsofFTEbased

the

theory.Becauseoftimeandlengthlimited,theauthorhasonlyanalyzedindetailthebookQtBUslNESsCoRREsPoNDENCEANDDIALOGUESbyQiYunfang,andmade

statistics

on

40lettersofthebook,SOthere

on

are

someshortcomingsofthisdissertation.

Andtheauthorhasonlyfocusedwhich,ofcourse,playsavery

notthe

thelanguageofthe

inwriting

body

offoreigntradeletters,

importantpart

successful

business

letter,but

whole.

Inordertowrite

goodforeigntradecorrespondence,there

are

someotheraspects

shouldbepaidattentionto.Forexample,thewritershouldpayattentiontotheletterhead,theinsideaddress,thesalutation,thecomplementaryclose,thereference

signature,

initials,enclosure,postscript,the

space

andmargin,the

paper

used,ete.

(1)mletterhead

neletterhead

isusuallycenteredatthetopofaletterpaper.Sometimesthename

ofthefilmisprintedinthemiddleandotherinformationisgivenontheleftandright

sidesunderthename

as

well.Ifyouarewriting

ona

pieceofplainblankpaperwithout

primedletterhead,youshouldtypetheletterheaddoublespace

over

on

therightcornerofthepaper

thedateline.

帅atiS

arrangement

more,never

or

omit

thedatelinebecauseitplays

disputeincourtsof

roleofevidenceof

isusuallytyped

all

contractinc舔eof

law.n圮date

on

thefighthandsidedoublespacebelowthelastlineoftheletterhead.

(2)111eImideNameandAddress

,nIeinside

na.rne

andaddressnormallyrequire

three

or

fourtypewrittenlines;flush

witlltheleftmarginatleastfourlines

below

the

date

line.111ewritershouldalways

writeboththenamesofthepersonandthecompanytowhomtheletteriswritten

properly.The

styleshouldbe

governedbythestyleoftheletterhead.Besides,donot

omitcountrywhentheletteriswrittentosomeoneinanothercountry.

writing,youshouldu∞it

arc

Whenyouknowthename

、析tlIhis

or

ofthe

persontowhom

you

are

hertitleinsteadof‘'theManager'’.Thewaysinwhichtitles

usually

writtenareasfollows:Ifweknowthe

personwearewritingtoareordinarymenand

V.Conclusion

wome玛we

Call

writethetitlesinthisway,such

as:Mr.BarbaraEvans,Mrs.June

writeto

Smith,Miss

Nana

Wang,andMs.SerenaLiu.Ifwe

men诵tll

titles

or

or

degrees,

thetitlesshouldbewritteninthisway:SirJohn

Smith(NotSirJ.Smith

Sir

Smith),

or

Dr.B.Brian

or

Dr.Bruce

Brian,ProfesS0r

MartinHastings.Ifweare

writingtotwo

moremen,weshouldwriteIikethis:MessrsMacDonald&Evans.Whenwriteunmarriedwomen

Chen;writeto

use

to

MissElizabethWimpole,MissE.Wimpole,andMiss

Judith

marriedwomenwithMrs.SusannahSmith,Mrs.Nana

statuses

Chou;writeto

womenwhosemarital

areunknownuseMs.McrryLawrenceetc.

(3)The

Salutation

threetyping

nlesalutationshouldbeplaced

address

spacesbelowthelastlineoftheinside

andtypeditflush

winltheleRmargin.Anditmustagree、析ththeinside

address.

(4)111eComplimentaryClose

Thecomplimentaryclose

goodimpression

on

endstheletterwith

politeway,consequentlymaking

thereader.Tllecomplimentarycloseshouldbealwaysplaced

doublespacebelowthebodyoftheletter,preferablyaligning、析tllthedateline

or

conforming

to

thestyleoftheletterused.Andthe

complimentary

closeshouldmatch

thesalutation.MostEnglishlettersendinthe

Person

followingways:

Close

Yourssincerely

Addressed

Salutation

Mr.T.Smith

Dr.A.Smith

砀eManager

n圮Secretary

DearMr.SmithDear

Dr.Smith

Madam

Yourssincerely

YoursfaithfullyYoursfaithfullyYourssincerelyYourstruly

DearSir

Dear

Ms.Smith,Secretary

MessrsSmithand

Jones

DearMs.Smith

Gentlemen

or

DearSirs

(5)ne

writesthe

Signature

Everybusinesslettermustbesignedbyitswriter,thus

tellingthereaderwhodouble

letter.And

therulesare:signthelettercustomarilyspacebelowthe

complimentaryclosewitllthetypewrittennameundemeath;four

job

spacesareallowedfor

thehandwrittennameofthewriter;putthewriter’Sdepartment

or

title,nameofthewriter’S

divisioninthe

companyforcompany’S

whichheworksimmediatelyfollowingthe

type?written

name;put

or

the

nameeither

immediately

belowthe

complimentaryclosebelowthetypedname

andthetitlesofthewriterinallcapital

nRnle

letters;don’tputanycourtesytitlefor

manbeforetheman’s

inthesignatureline

堑垒nAnalysisontheWritingSkillsofForeignTradeEnglishBasedontheRegisterTheorybuttheabbreviationsofhisacademic

adegrees;typeprofessionalratingsafterthesigner’Stypewrittenname、柝mcommabeinginsertedbetweenthem.

(6)ThePapertoBeUsed

The

thatthewritershouldalwayswriteletters、^,itllpaperofgoodquality,andmakesureenvelopeandthesecondsheetofthesameletteralwaysmatchtheletterheadstationeryinquality.

(7)TheSpacing

(a)ThespacingandtheMargin

Thewriter

shortshouldtypetheletter、Ⅳimsinglespacebetweenlines,typesextremelyandoneparagraphedletters诵mdoublespacesbetweenlines,andalwaysleaveadouble-spacedlinebetweenparagraphs.

@Themargin

Marginsare

shouldleaveatnecessaryaastheframesofapicture.Itisrequestedthatthewriterleastone-inchmarginattheleftsideoftheletterandkeeptheright

onemarginroughlythesame;leaveatleast

atthebottomofthepage;leaveatleastandone—halftimesthatofthesidemarginsoneandone-halftimesthatofthesidemarginsthetopmarginofplainpaperwithout

Exceptfortheknowledgealetterhead.writershouldmentionedabove,thebefamiliar、Ⅳitllthe

internationaltrade,knowledgerelatingtointernationaltrade,suchastheprinciplesof

thelawofinternationaltrade,internationaleconomyandinternationalfinance.Sincetheyarenottheobjectiveofthisresearch,theauthorwillnotillustratetheminthisdissertation.

Inaword,ifwewanttowriteareallygoodbusinessletterweshouldpayattention

usetomanyaspects,rangingfromthelanguagewe

eveninthelettertothestyleofthelettertheenvelopandthepaperweuse.Theauthorhasstudiedthelanguagefeaturesof

outsomeFTEbasedontheregistertheory,andpointedrespectsremainedtObestudied

inthisdissertation.Becauseoflackingoftime,theauthordoes

determininganotstudyalltheaspectssuccessfulletter,andthematerialanalyzedisverylimited,however,theauthorhasmanagedtosummarizethewritingskillsanddoeshopeherstudyhelpfultothosewhoarestudyingandusingF,rE.willbe

Acknowledgements57

Acknowledgements

TheauthorwouldliketoacknowledgethevaluablecommentsandsuggestionsofhersupervisorProfessorYangYue.Without

SOhisl【indhelptheauthorcouldnothaveaaccomplishedthedissertation

Thanksalsogotoallmywellinsuchshorttime.taughtmeduringthepastthreeyears,teachers,whohave

aandallmyfriendswhohelpedmelot.Andthesincerethanksgototheteacherswho

onhaveexaminedmypaperandgivemanyadvices

Thanksaremypaper.alsoowedtomyclassmatesespeciallytomyroommates,becausethey

only、析tllmystudybutalso、^,itllmyeverydaylifeinthisuniversity.helpmealotnot

AspecialgratitudeisexpressedtomyclassmatesYangHongandKongNannan,fortheirhelpgiventomeduringthosedayswhen1wasnotinmyuniversitybecauseofworkingoutofXi’a11.

Finally,、Ⅳimagreatsenseofdebt,Ithankmyfamilyverymuch,for廿leyhavebroughtmeupandgivenmetheopportunitytostudyintheuniversityandcontinuetopursuemymaster’Sdegreeafter

Igraduation.AnditistheywhomakemewhatIamnow.Cannotimaginethelifewithouttheirsupport.

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