GRE AW Argument Part
1. Introductory paragraph 6分钟
a. repeat 结论(拆开写)
b. repeat 支持结论的细节 (不照抄)
c. 说有问题, unwarranted,不要说false,没有错,只是缺乏论证条件
2. Body paragraph (2-3段足矣)
用细节分
a. Repeat某一个结论
b. Repeat 某一个细节
c. 说不!因为…..
d. 让步!就算…..
e. 说不!还是缺少……
3. Concluding paragraph
a. Sum or repeat 结论
b. 如果要证明结论,需要_______, 说的越笼统越好,给个意见就行
1 The following appeared in a memorandum written by the vice president of Nature's Way, a chain of stores selling health food and other health-related products. We should therefore build our next new store in Plainsville(5), which has many such residents(8). Plainsville merchants report that sales of running shoes and exercise clothing are at all-time highs(1). The local health club, which nearly closed five years ago due to lack of business, has more members than ever, and the weight training and aerobics classes are always full(2,7). We can even anticipate a new generation of customers: Plainsville's schoolchildren are required to participate in a 'fitness for life' program, which emphasizes the benefits of regular exercise at an early age(3,4)."
1 The arguer fails to consider other possible factors besides residents’ interest in healthy lives that may contribute to the success of their existing stores. For example, the price of the product, provide good service, a good location~就算admit residents’ interest in healthy lives是成功的因素,但是这是以前的经验了，不代表现在也会如此，需要重新做市场调查。
2 P地有很多对健康关注的人，并不代表他们就会去NW购买, The arguer unfairly assumes that Plainesville residents will prefer NW over other merchants that sell similar products. 就算承认居民会来NW购物，但是The arguer does not provide any information regarding the cost of building such a new store thus we can not be convinced that the new store will be profitable.
3 Strong sales of exercise apparel do not necessarily indicate that Plainesville residents would be interested in exercising.可能是因为这些衣服舒服，就算承认是爱运动，也不能说明他们就会买health food. The popularity of the local health club is little indication that the residents in Plainsville live much healthier lives now, 有可能是打折，就算承认live healthier live，不代表他们会买吃的，说到这个fitness for live program，没有证据显示它就会使所有孩子都意识到锻炼的重要性，因为是mandatory。就算承认了这点，也不代表他们就会购买health food. and that NW will earn a profit from a store in Plainesville.
2, The following appeared in a letter sent by a committee of homeowners from the Deerhaven Acres to all homeowners in Deerhaven Acres.
"Seven years ago(3), homeowners in nearby Brookville community adopted a set of restrictions on how the community's yards should be landscaped and what colors the exteriors of homes should be painted. Since then,
average property values have tripled in Brookville(1). In order to raise property values in Deerhaven Acres, we should adopt our own set of restrictions on landscaping and housepainting(2,4,5). "
1 The committee fails to substantiate the assumption that this course of action was responsible for the increase in Brookville property values. 就算是因为这个set of restrictions.那么也是7年前的经验了，Many factors that could influence property value may change during these years, and the committee fails to rule out these factors. 有可能是人口大量迁入导致地价飙升，交通发达，社区的设施完善。
2. The committee fails to consider possible differences between Brookville and Deerhaven that might help to bring about a different result for Deerhaven. B地居民可能都很团unite，所以这个政策的效果好
The proposed action may be opposed by some homeowners, or may not be effectively executed by all the homeowners in Deerhaven Acres.
3, The following appeared in a newspaper article about law firms in the city of Megalopolis.
"In Megalopolis, the number of law school graduates who went to work for large, corporate firms declined by 15 percent over the last three years(1), whereas an increasing number of graduates took jobs at small, general practice smaller firms most likely because they experience greater job satisfaction at smaller firms. In a survey of first-year students at a leading law school, most agreed with the statement that earning a high salary was less important to them than job satisfaction(2,3). This finding suggests that the large, corporate firms of Megalopolis will need to offer graduates more benefits and incentives and reduce the number of hours they must work.(4,5)"
1 下降15 %并不代表在大公司工作不满意。Perhaps during the last three years Megalopolis' large firms have
had fewer and fewer job openings for these graduates. 而只能选择去一些小公司工作。就算承认满意度低导致的不去大公司工作，过去几届毕业生的选择也不代表以后毕业生的选择，可能大公司机会多，工资高还是会吸引毕业生的。
2 作者得出结果是一种推断，并没有证据显示是job satisfaction导致的选择偏好。就算是这样的，对所谓
工作满意的内容应该包括哪些方面，是不是仅仅是福利激励以及工作时间少，还是还有其它内容，比如工资高、发展机会多、工作环境。如果这样，单纯论断并不必然提高工作满意从而吸引学生。应该发现小公司的其他advantage
3 作者的这个survey没有说服力，The vocational goals of first-year law students cited in the survey do not
necessarily reflect those of graduating students. 大一学生与毕业生之间的区别是显然易见的：专业知识少、思考问题不成熟、没有生存压力。就算他们的观点一致保持到毕业，这也只是其中一所好学校学生的看法，样本不足，不代表所有毕业生。
4, The following was posted on an Internet real estate discussion site.
"Of the two leading real estate firms in our town—Adams Realty and Fitch Realty—Adams is clearly superior. Adams has 40 real estate agents. In contrast, Fitch has 25, many of whom work only part-time(1,2,5). Moreover, Adams' revenue last year was twice as high as that of Fitch, and included home sales that averaged $168,000, compared to Fitch's $144,000(3,4,6). Homes listed with Adams sell faster as well: ten years ago, I listed my home with Fitch and it took more than four months to sell; last year, when I sold another home, I listed it with Adams, and it took only one month(7). Thus, if you want to sell your home quickly and at a good price, you should use Adams."
1 The author provides no evidence that the quality of a real estate firm is directly proportional to the number of its agents or the number of hours per week that its agents work. 也许F人少，而且是兼职，但是工作能力强。或者是相同能力的人，但是工作时间更长等等。The author does not provide any information about how many Adams agents work
part-time.
2 The fact that the average sales price of a home sold by Adams is higher than the average price of a home sold by Fitch does not indicate that Adams is more effective in selling homes than Fitch. We compare the profit, not the revenue. The disparity in sales volume can readily be explained by factors other than the comparative quality of the two firms, such as serving area and location. Good location means higher price. 就算profit也高, Last year’s sales result may not be representative 3 The disparity in the speed of a sale is explainable by other plausible factors that would change through the time, or some essential differences of the two properties. 地理位置，房屋质量等等，都不能得出A就一定比F好.
5, The following appeared in the business section of a newspaper.
arthritis should be very profitable(1). expires in three years, and other companies will then be able to produce a cheaper version of the drug(2). Thus, it is more likely that in ten years the most profitable pharmaceutical company will be Perkins Pharmaceuticals, maker of a new drug called Xylan, which clinical studies show is preferred over Xenon by seven out of ten patients suffering from the most extreme cases of arthritis(3,4)."
1 The arguer falsely assumes that a rise in the number of arthritis sufferers implies a rise in profitability for arthritis drug manufacturers, future competition may diminish the profit for each individual company. 就算承认竞争不激烈，但是某种关节炎number rise并不代表整个的关节炎patient增加，而且这也only是一个预期值。
2 The expiration of the patent on Xenon does not necessarily lead to the decline in the profit of Becton, because Becton may have the advantage of market seniority. 就算承认别的公司制造便宜药会动摇advantage，但是B公司可能有更新的技术…
3 The preference of particular patients does not indicate that Xylan is a more profitable drug, 而且这是针对extreme 关节炎，也不具备代表性，也许只占人群的一小部分。就算承认Xylan确实是一个好药，we do not know the manufacturing cost and sales price of Xylan.
6, The following was written as a part of an application for a small business loan by a group of developers in the city of Monroe.
"A jazz music club in Monroe would be a tremendously profitable enterprise. Currently, the nearest jazz club is 65 miles away(1); thus, our proposed club, the C Note, would have the local market all to itself(3,7). Plus, jazz is extremely popular in Monroe: over 100,000 people attended Monroe's jazz festival last summer, several well-known jazz musicians live in Monroe(4), and the highest-rated radio program in Monroe is 'Jazz Nightly,' which airs every weeknight(2). Finally, a nationwide study indicates that the typical jazz fan spends close to $1,000 per year on jazz entertainment(5,6). It is clear that the C Note cannot help but make money."
1 the nearest club is 65 miles away does not mean that profitable. 可能是没有这方面的需求，否则需求高的话应该早就开了很多家club了。就算是需求很高而且没有竞争对手，也不代表C Note就一定盈利，还得看经营和管理水平等等。
2 The popularity of Monroe's annual jazz festival does not necessarily indicate that jazz is extremely popular in Monroe. 可能是外边来的观众。就算是本地观众，也不代表他们就会参加俱乐部。此外，several well-known jazz musicians live in Monroe也与jazz popular没有直接的联系。The jazz radio program is high-rated也不代表居民就一定会去
俱乐部，可能在家欣赏音乐，或者去其他播放这类音乐的俱乐部。
3 The result of the nationwide study could not ensure that Monroe residents are willing to spend much money on jazz entertainment. 就算全国调查代表了M地，但是这1000块有多少是花在俱乐部消费上，作者并未提及。
7, The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Clearview newspaper.
"In the next mayoral election, residents of Clearview should vote for Ann Green, who is a member of the Good Earth Coalition, rather than for Frank Braun, a member of the Clearview town council(3), because the current members are not protecting our environment. For example, during the past year the number of factories in Clearview has doubled(1), air pollution levels have increased, and the local hospital has treated 25 percent more patients with respiratory illnesses(2). If we elect Ann Green, the environmental problems in Clearview will certainly be solved(4,5)."
1 文章并没有提出证据显示Braun was a factor in the city council’s decisions. 就算承认委员会的决策和B有关，但是也不能保证A就一定是个保护环境的人。也许也发展工业神马的
2 The argument unfairly assumes that last year's increase in the number of factories poses environmental problems for Clearview. 空气污染可能和工厂的数量没有直接关系，工厂很环保！或者是周围城市造成的。就算承认工厂导致了空气的污染，但是作者提到respiratory illness 的增加并不一定和空气污染有直接的联系，可能是气候变化异常。
3 The mere fact that Green is a member of the Good Earth Coalition hardly suffices to prove her willingness and ability to help solve Clearview's environmental problems. 以前的工作经验什么的。没有任何证据显示她会比另一个候选人做得好
8, The following appeared in a memorandum(备忘录) issued by the strategic planning department at Omni Inc.
product, Diabolique Salsa, has had increased sales over each of we should buy Mesa Foods(5), and concentrate in particular on marketing Diabolique Salsa throughout the country."
1 The assumption that Mesa's snack foods appeal to 14-to-25-year olds is open to doubt. 可能是为更小的孩子生产的snack food。就算符合这个年龄段，但是M的产品只是在一个小范围内卖的不错，并不代表能推广到全国
2 Last year's 20% increase in Mesa's profits may be an aberration, no evidence could indicate that this trend will continue in the future. And Diabolique Salsa, has had increased sales over each of the past three years也并不代表以后这种trend就会延续
3 我们并没有获得其余mesa food产品的信息，所以could not evaluate if Omni should buy the entire company. 而且将D推广到全国并不一定是可行的，只在一个小地方流行。
9, The following appeared in a memorandum from a dean at Omega University.
classes, and overall student grade averages at Omega have risen by thirty percent.(2) Potential employers apparently believe the grades at Omega are inflated; this would explain why Omega graduates have not been as successful at getting jobs as have graduates from nearby Alpha University(3,7). To enable its graduates to secure better jobs, Omega University should now terminate student evaluation of professors.(4,5,6)"
1 The dean provides no evidence about the number or percentage of Omega students who participate in the procedure. 也许只有一小部分。就算很多人都参与, The argument also assumes unfairly that the grade-average increase is the result of the evaluation procedure—rather than some other factors. 例如学生努力的结果。
2 The dean's claim that grade inflation explains why Omega graduates are less successful than Alpha graduates in getting jobs is unjustified. 也许是A大学知名度更高，学生素质更高。就算是两个学校没有差异，就业的情况也不一定就是因为grade inflation导致的，可能有其他因素，比如更多的O学校学生选择继续深造。
3 Merely terminating the evaluation system might not suffice to enable Omega’s graduates to secure better jobs. 应该通过其他方面提高学生的竞争力。此外，dean忽视了evaluation带来的正面作用，比如促进教授好好教课等等。所以得到这个结论是仓促的
10, The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a Batavia newspaper.
"The department of agriculture in Batavia reports that the number of dairy farms (2)throughout the country is now 25 percent greater than it was 10 years ago. During this same time period, however, the price of milk at the local Excello Food Market(1,3) has increased from $1.50 to over $3.00 per gallon(4,5,6). To prevent farmers from continuing to receive excessive profits on an apparently increased supply of milk, the Batavia government should begin to regulate retail milk prices(8). Such regulation is necessary to ensure both lower prices and an adequate supply of milk for consumers(7)."
1 The number of dairy farms does not necessarily indicate the supply of milk. 可能是每个农场的牛的数量减少了。就算是supply增加，可能demand增长的更快，这就能解释价格的上升。
2 The author unfairly assumes that Excello's milk prices reflect those throughout Batavia. 可能只是一个特殊的情况。就算涨价是一个普遍的现象，increased in general, no information is offered to show whether the production in Excello also increased. 如果它的milk货源不充足，也可能导致涨价。
3 作者得到限价的结论是仓促的。The author does not provide a cost benefit analysis. We are not informed about how much did the price of milk actually increase after adjustment for inflation. 如果实施，The proposed regulation may lead to undesirable consequences. Lower the enthusiasm of the producers.
11, The following appeared in a memo from the mayor of the town of West Egg. much aluminum and paper (1)as they did in previous years(2,3). Next month the amount of material recycled should further increase, since charges for garbage pickup will double(5). Furthermore, over ninety percent of the respondents to a recent survey(6) said that they would do more recycling in the future. Because of our residents' strong commitment to recycling, the available space in our landfill should last for considerably longer than predicted.(4,7)"
1 We do not know the actual amount of recycled garbage in previous years, thus the doubling may be insignificant. 就算加倍是一个很显著的行为，Aluminum and paper may account for only some of the materials West Egg's residents can recycle. 不知道能占总体的多少。就算这两种物质代表了可回收物品的绝大部分，An increase in the amount of recycled materials does not necessarily indicate a decrease in the total amount of trash deposited in the city's landfill. 其余垃圾的增加导致总垃圾数量还是会持续增加。
2 The assumption that increased charges for trash pickup will serve to slow the rate at which the landfill is reaching
capacity is unwarranted. 就算承认涨价有助于增加回收，也不代表垃圾站就能使用更久，因为回收可能只是减少垃圾的其中一个组成部分，影响landfill capacity的还有其他因素。
3 The mayor provides no evidence that the survey's respondents are representative of the overall group of people whose trash goes to the city's landfill.-4 The consultants may have already taken the recycling factors into consideration when they made the prediction, thus the assumption that the available space in our landfill will last for longer than predicted is unfounded. 此外，政府仅考虑到回收对垃圾站使用年限的影响，忽略其他因素，所以得到这个结论是仓促的。
12, The following appeared in a memo from a vice president of Alta Manufacturing.
"During the past year, Alta Manufacturing had thirty percent more on-the-job accidents(2,4) than nearby Panoply of on-the-job accidents at Alta(6) and thereby increase productivity(1), we should shorten each of our three work shifts by one hour so that our employees will get adequate amounts of sleep(3)."
1 The president fails to consider that the per-worker accident rate might reveal that Alta is actually safer than Panoply, depending on the total number of workers at each company. 就算承认两个公司的员工数量差不多，P公司工作时间少也并不代表就会更安全。也许工作负荷很大，而A公司工作环境轻松。
2 可能不是A公司事故高的原因。可能是其他原因导致的，工作危险性高。。就算是，The assumption that Alta's workers would use the additional hour of free time to sleep or rest is open to doubt. 也许有的人会去part-time job，也许有的人会去bar等等。
3 The president provides no evidence that overall worker productivity is attributable in part to the number of on-the-job accidents. 就算相关，Merely shortening the work shifts might not suffice to reduce the number of on-the-job accidents. 还需要进行安全教育或者是提高工作环境的安全保障。所以作者得到结论仓促。
13, The following appeared in a memo from the chief executive of a video game company. the rights is substantial and will place economic constraints on our company in the short-term, there are two reasons that the purchase of
these rights will undoubtedly be a wise investment. First, Wood's last three books have been best sellers(1) and the movie based on his first book was highly profitable(2). Second, the popular characters and story line in "Squirrel Power" (4)will save us time in developing our video game, thereby reducing our costs(3,5)."
1 The arguer fails to convince us that Squirrel Power will also be a best seller solely because its writer Peter Wood achieved tremendous success in his last three books. 不能用过去的经验套用到现在。就算承认SP也会是best seller， 但是The fact that the movie based on Wood’s first book was profitable does not ensure our game will also be profitable. 电影和游戏有明显的不同，爱看电影的人不一定喜欢玩游戏.
2 The arguer unfairly assumes that the characters and story line in “Squirrel Power” will surely be popular. 如果不是特别受欢迎，在设计游戏的时候还需要考虑其他因素，增加成本。The arguer fails to consider other costs in producing the game. 所以The arguer fails to demonstrate that the revenue generated by the game will greater than the cost.
3 鉴于游戏的生产成本很高且对公司短期经济有较大影响，且未来收益的不确定性，所以得到这个结论是仓促的。
14, The following appeared in a memo from the owner of Green Thumb Gardening Center, a small business serving a suburban town.
"There is evidence that consumers are becoming more and more interested in growing their own vegetables. A national survey(1) conducted last month indicated that many consumers(3) were dissatisfied with the quality of fresh vegetables available in supermarkets. And locally, the gardening magazine Great Gardens has sold out at the Village News stand(6) three months in a row(4,5). Thus, we at Green Thumb Gardening Center can increase our profits by greatly expanding the variety of vegetable seeds we stock for gardeners(2) this coming spring(7)."
1 The argument depends on a dubious assumption that the national levels of satisfaction with store-bought groceries could reflects the level of a certain area. 可能本地居民还是更愿意去supermarket买蔬菜。就算全国调查可以代表本地，The arguer fails to provide any information about what fraction of consumers buy their vegetables from supermarkets. 如果这个比例不大的话，没有什么说服力。
2 We do not know the content and circulation of the magazine, thus the fact that the magazine has sold out three months in a row does not necessarily indicate that people in this area are interested in planting vegetables
themselves. 就算这代表人们喜欢种菜，但不代表他们就会亲自种，上班很忙，没时间照顾，去超市很方便等等。
3 under the falsely assumes that consumers who are dissatisfied with store-bought groceries are likely to grow their own vegetables instead and stock a large amount of seeds is precarious! Cost is high and the revenue is unclear.得到结论仓促
15, The following appeared in a newsletter offering advice to investors.
"Over 80 percent of the respondents to a recent survey indicated a desire to reduce their intake of foods containing fats and cholesterol(1,5), and today low-fat products abound in many food stores(2). Since many of the food products currently marketed by Old Dairy Industries are high in fat and cholesterol(7), the company's sales are likely to diminish greatly and their profits will no doubt decrease(3,4). We therefore advise Old Dairy stockholders to sell their shares and other investors not to purchase stock in this company(6)."
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